高考英语中虚拟语气的用法—难点突破
对虚拟语气的测试主要涉及以下方面:
主语、表语、同位语、宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法
wish
,
would
rather虚拟语气结构的用法
if
条件句中虚拟语气的用法,应特别注意省略if
的倒装结构是考试的重点
if
only
结构中虚拟语气的用法
but
for
,
or,
otherwise
等含蓄条件句的用法
It’s
time
(that)
等结构中虚拟语气的用法
(一)虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用
条件从句有两类,一是真实条件句,另一是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句,这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如:
If
time
permits,
we’ll
go
fishing
together.如果时间允许,我们就一起去钓鱼。
如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。如:
If
you
had
come
yest
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erday,
you
would
have
met
that
famous
professor.如果你昨天来,你就会见到那位著名的教授了。(隐含的事实是:你昨天没来,也没见到那位著名教授)。
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气,现将其形式列表如下:
1.表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。
条件从句
主句
动词过去式(be用
were)
Would/should/could/might
+
动词原形
If
I
were
you,
I
should(would
,could,
might)tell
him
the
truth.
要是我是你,我就会告诉他真相了。(事实上我
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )不是你)
If
she
had
time,
she
would(could,
might)help
me.
如果她有时间,她就会帮我了。(事实上她没有时间)
2.
表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。
条件从句
主句
Had
+过去分词
Would/should/could/might
+
have+过去分词
If
you
had
taken
my
a
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dvice,
you
wouldn’t(couldn’t)
have
failed
in
the
exam.
如果你听了我的建议,你就不会考试不及格。(事实上你根本没听我的。)
3.表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果
条件从句
主句
should+动词原形were
to+动词原形would(could/should/might)+动词原形
Would/should/could/might
+动词原形
If
it
should
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rain,
the
crops
would(could,
might)be
saved.假如天下雨,庄稼可能就收获了。
注:在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中,were
to
+
动词原形比较正式,常用于书面语中。如:
If
you
were
to
go
to
Beijing,
you
would
(could,
might)
have
a
chance
to
visit
Tian
An
Men
Square.
★★条件从句中省去if的情况
在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中,常可以省略if,将had,
were或should提至句首。如:
Had
I
seen
the
fi
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lm,
I
would
have
discussed
it
with
them
last
night.
假如我看了那部电影,昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。
Were
I
a
bird,
I
could
fly
freely.
假如我是一只小鸟,我就能自由翱翔。
4.主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气(混合条件句)
有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作,发生的时间不一致,这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如:
If
you
had
follow
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed
my
advice,
you
would
be
able
to
finish
the
work
now.
如果你当时听了我的话,现在就能完成这份工作了。(从句说明过去,主句说明现在。)
If
I
were
you,
I
would
have
gone
to
her
birthday
party.
如果我是你,我就去参加她的生日晚会了。(从句说明现在,主句说明过去。)
If
you
hadn’t
lent
me
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )some
money,
I
couldn’t
have
bought
the
new
house
and
most
likely
I
would
be
still
living
in
the
dangerous
house
now.假若你不借钱给我,我不可能买下这幢新房,很可能现在还住在危房里。(从句说明过去,主句说明过去和现在。)
5.含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况,如:
What
would
I
have
done
without
you
如没有你,我会怎么办呢?(条件暗含在分词短语without
you中)
But
for
your
help
we
couldn’t
have
succeeded
in
the
experiment.
如果没有你的帮助,我们的实验是不会成功。
(暗含条件是but
for
your
help)
He
must
have
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the
strength
of
a
hippopotamus,
or/otherwise
he
never
could
have
vanquished
that
great
beast.
他一定是力大如河马,否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)
(二)虚拟语气某些从句中的运用
1.
虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。
在“It
is
impo
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rtant
(strange,
natural,
necessary)
that…”这类句型中,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用
“(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某事是“重要”,“奇怪”,“自然”,“必要”等意义。如:
It
is
important
tha
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
every
Beijinger
(should)
be
able
to
speak
English.
重要的是每个北京人能说英语。
It
is
necessary
tha
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
he
(should)
be
sent
to
hospital
at
once.
有必要马上把他送医院。
2.
虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。
a.表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were
)表示。如:
I
wish
I
knew
the
answer
to
the
question.
我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。)
b.表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词用
had+过去分词。如:
I
wish
(that)
I
hadn’t
wasted
so
much
time.
我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(实际上已经浪费掉了。)
c.表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )形式为
“would/could/might+动词原形”,此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外)。如:
I
wish
it
would
stop
raining.但愿雨能停止。
I
wish
you
would
be
quiet.我希望你安静一些。
(2)在suggest(建议),
dem
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and(要求),
order(命令),
propose(建议),
insist(坚持要做),
command(命令),
request(要求),
desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用
“(should)+动词原形”,表示建议,要求,命令等。如:
I
suggest
that
we
(should)
start
the
meeting
at
once.我建议马上开会。
The
undergraduate
insisted
that
he
(should)
go
to
work
in
the
south.
这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。
★★ 当suggest表示暗示,主语为something;insist表示坚持观点时,后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较:
His
silence
suggested
that
he
agreed
with
my
decision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。
He
suggested
that
I
(should)
stick
to
my
decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。
He
insists
that
do
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing
morning
exercises
does
good
to
people’s
health.
他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。
He
insists
that
he
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )(should)
do
morning
exercises
every
day.他坚持他每天都要早操。
3.
虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法。
当主语为advice,
sug
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gestion,
order,
proposal等词时后接表语从句,表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内如:
My
advice
is
that
y
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ou
should
practise
speaking
English
as
often
as
possible.
我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。
4.特殊的虚拟语气结构。
(1)虚拟语气用在状语从句中
由as
if
或as
though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时,从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。 (用法与wish相同)
The
teacher
treats
the
student
as
if
he
were
her
own
child.
这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。
He
speaks
as
if
he
had
been
to
the
United
States.他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。
(2)在It
is
time
(that)从句中,谓动词常用动词过去式或should+动词原形表示虚拟语气。
(3)I’d
rather
(that)…句型中从句中虚拟语气,如:
I
would
rather
you
did
it
now.
I
would
rather
you
did
it
tomorrow.
I
would
rather
you
had
done
it
yesterday.
5.
用在if
only
引起的感叹句中(用法与wish相同)
If
only
the
driver
didn’t
drive
so
fast!
6.在由
for
fear
that,
in
case,
lest
等引导的状语从句中,用should+动词原形