高考英语二轮复习阅读专题二第3节分析逻辑关系——条理清晰课件
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| 名称 | 高考英语二轮复习阅读专题二第3节分析逻辑关系——条理清晰课件 |
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| 文件大小 | 1.1MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 试卷 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2026-04-08 00:00:00 | ||
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(共74张PPT)
第3节 分析逻辑关系——条理清晰
技法探究 强化意识
【解题步骤】
第一步: 识别段落逻辑类型, 确定解题方向
核心思路: 快速判断设空处与上下文的逻辑关联, 缩小选项范围。
第二步: 针对不同逻辑关系, 执行匹配策略
逻辑关系 1: 总分关系
判断标志:
总述句: 含 “in general”“there are several ways” 等概括性表述;
分述句: 含 “firstly”“for one thing” 等序数词或举例标志。
解题要点: 设空为总述句时, 需概括后文所有分点;设空为分述句时, 需匹配总述句核心词。
逻辑关系 2: 解释关系
判断标志:
标志词: that is/namely/in other words/which means/this is because
逻辑特征: 后句对前句进行同义转述或细节解释。
解题要点: 设空处需与前文语义等价, 常用 “换词不换义” 策略;排除引入新信息的选项。
逻辑关系 3: 例证关系
判断标志:
标志词: for example/such as/like/take. . . as an example/study shows
逻辑特征: 观点句 + 具体例子/数据。
解题要点: 设空为观点句时, 需概括后文例子核心;设空为例子时, 需匹配前文观点关键词。
逻辑关系 4: 转折关系
判断标志:
标志词: but/however/yet/while/on the contrary/in contrast
逻辑特征: 前后语义相反。
解题要点: 设空处需与前文形成对比, 重点关注转折词后的核心信息;排除与前文语义顺承的选项。
逻辑关系 5: 因果关系
判断标志:
原因标志: because/since/owing to/due to
结果标志: so/thus/therefore/result in/lead to
解题要点: 若设空为原因, 需解释前文结果;若设空为结果, 需呼应前文原因。
逻辑关系 6: 递进关系
判断标志:
标志词: furthermore/besides/what’s more/in addition/also
逻辑特征: 后句在前句基础上语义加深。
解题要点: 设空处需与前文情感一致, 且程度/范围递进;排除转折或无关选项。
逻辑关系 7: 并列关系
判断标志:
标志词: and/also/meanwhile/at the same time/on one hand. . . on the other hand
逻辑特征: 句式结构相似, 内容属性一致。
解题要点: 设空处需与并列项词性、结构一致;内容需属同一范畴。
逻辑关系 8: 指代与复现关系
判断标志:
代词: this/that/these/those/it/they;
复现词: 原词、同义词、同根词、反义词。
解题要点: 代词设空: 向上文寻找指代对象;复现词设空: 匹配选项与上下文的核心词。
技法一 根据总分关系确定答案
【典例展示】
(2023·全国甲卷·节选)
·Practice gratitude(感激) . . .
·Make yourself wait . . .
· 39
So many of us have the belief that being comfortable is the only state we will tolerate, and when we experience something outside of our comfort zone, we get impatient about the circumstances. . .
A. Find your causes
B. Start with small tasks
C. Accept the uncomfortable
√
解题思维: 根据下文内容可知, 走出舒适区会让我们变得不耐烦, 要想变得有耐心就应该接受不舒适。观察A、B、C三个选项, C项“接受不舒适”符合段落主题, 和后文内容是总分关系, 且C选项中uncomfortable对应下文comfortable。故选 C 。
技法二 根据解释关系确定答案
【典例展示】
(2024·全国甲卷·节选)
Control emotional(情绪的) eating. 39 Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom. But by learning healthier ways to manage emotions, you can regain control over the food you eat and your feelings.
A. Eat properly throughout the day.
B. We don’t always eat just to satisfy hunger.
C. Don’t swallow a meal on the way to work.
D. Most of us need to double the amount we eat.
E. Instead, surround yourself with healthy choices.
F. For many of us, moderation means eating less than we do now.
G. That won’t lead to cheating or giving up on your new eating plan.
√
解题思维: 本题考查解释关系。根据本段首句“Control emotional eating. (控制情绪化进食。)”以及下文“Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom. (我们中的许多人也会求助于食物来处理不愉快的情绪, 如悲伤、孤独或无聊。)”可推知, 本段主要建议读者不要情绪化地进行暴饮暴食, 要进行健康饮食。B项“我们吃东西并不总是为了充饥。”指出有些人吃东西并不总是为了充饥, 引出下文有些人通过食物发泄情绪, 符合语境。故选 B 。
技法三 根据例证关系确定答案
【典例展示】
(2023·全国乙卷·节选)
There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide. They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking. 39 .
E. Plants like peace lilies and devil’s ivy are among the best
F. Changing the pot of your plant from time to time will also help
G. Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding
√
解题思维: 本题考查例证关系。上文提到: 也有研究表明, 盆栽植物可以通过去除二氧化碳等有害气体来净化周围的空气。它们还能去除油漆或烹饪中的一些有害的化学物质, 即盆栽植物能够清除有害物质。由此可知, E项“Plants like peace lilies and devil’s ivy are among the best(像和平百合和魔鬼常春藤之类的植物是最好的)”能够承接上文, 列举了在这方面做得最好的植物, 符合语境。故选 E 。
技法四 根据转折关系确定答案
表示转折关系的连接词有but但是;however/whereas然而;nevertheless然而, 不过;nonetheless尽管如此;still但, 不过;though可是, 不过, 然而;yet然而;in spite of不顾, 不管;at any rate不管怎样;in any case不管怎样;on the contrary正相反;in contrast与此相反, 相比之下;by contrast相反, 相比之下;in comparison相比之下;by comparison相比之下;conversely相反(地);otherwise否则;not. . . but. . . 不是……而是……等。
【典例展示】
(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·节选)
In addition, I have an old two-volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence. Of course, with its 2, 672 pages, it’s not exactly short. It contains around 163, 000 words, plus word combinations and idiomatic phrases. 39 However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there’s nothing better.
A. I don’t often use this dictionary.
B. It takes no account of the context.
C. But I still don’t want to replace them.
D. But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.
解题思维: 本题考查转折关系。下文“However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there’s nothing better. ”提到了词典的使用情况, A选项“I don’t often use this dictionary. (我不经常用这本词典。)”是对词典使用频率的说明, 与下文构成转折关系。故选 A 。
√
技法五 根据因果关系确定答案
表示因果关系的有as a result/consequently结果; thus/therefore因此; so(such). . . that. . . 如此……以至于……等。
【典例展示】
(2022·浙江高考·节选)
I have a drawer full of letters to Santa. Each year my children would write up their Christmas wish lists. They were polite requests for the latest game or toy. As the children got older, they would give Santa some hints(提示)on where to buy their presents. 36
C. The age of pen-and-paper letter writing may have passed.
D. As a result, each year they received something they wanted.
E. You write “Hi Nanna and Pop” because you are close to them.
√
解题思维: 本题考查因果关系。根据空前“As the children got older, they would give Santa some hints on where to buy their presents. ”可知, 孩子们给圣诞老人提示去哪里买礼物。结合选项可知, D项为孩子们给出提示的结果: 收到心仪的礼物。前后为明显的因果关系。故选 D 。
技法六 根据递进关系确定答案
表示递进关系的有also也, 而且;further另外(地);furthermore而且, 此外;likewise同样地, 照样地; 也, 又;similarly相似地, 类似地;moreover而且, 再者, 此外;in addition另外, 加之;what’s more更重要的是;too也, 还;either也;not only. . . but also. . . 不但……而且……等。
【典例展示1】
(2025·浙江1月高考·节选)
·Consider the best method to deliver your message.
If the information you’re communicating isn’t urgent, consider sending an email. Written communication will give your audience more time to review it, think it over, and follow up with questions. 40
Building effective communication skills takes time, but the effects are worth the effort.
E. You may be surprised by what your listeners offer.
F. It will also give them a handy record to refer back to.
G. As the speaker, you already know what you’re going to say.
解题思维: 上文说明了发邮件作为书面沟通的好处, F选项(它还会给他们提供一个方便查阅的记录)进一步补充了发邮件的另一个好处, 与上文逻辑紧密, 是递进关系。故选 F 。
√
【典例展示2】
(2023·全国乙卷·节选)
Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing much, but in many ways they are the unsung heroes of the home. 36 , but studies have shown that they can promote people’s wellbeing by improving their mood(心情), reducing stress and helping their memory. What’s more, indoor plants are easy to look after and are not very expensive.
A. All plants are different
B. Not only do they look beautiful
C. There are many benefits to growing plants indoors
√
解题思维: 本题考查递进关系。根据下文“but studies have shown that they can promote people’s wellbeing by improving their mood, reducing stress and helping their memory(而且研究表明, 它们可以通过改善情绪、减轻压力和帮助提高记忆力来促进人们的健康)”可知, 空处与下文是递进关系, 构成not only. . . but. . . “不仅……而且……”结构。由此可知, B项“Not only do they look beautiful(它们不仅看起来很漂亮)”符合语境。故选 B 。
技法七 根据并列关系确定答案
【典例展示】
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷·节选)
So, how do you find a workout partner
First of all, decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit, able to move with strength and flexibility Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.
A. Your first meeting may be a little awkward.
B. A workout partner usually needs to live close by.
C. You’ll work harder if you train with someone else.
D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport
E. How can you write a good “seeking training partner” notice
F. Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.
G. Any notice for a training partner should include such information.
解题思维: 本题考查并列关系。根据后文中“Or do you just want to be physically fit, able to move with strength and flexibility ”的“Or” 可知, 空处与后文构成并列关系。D项“Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport ”与空后面的句子都是一般疑问句, 且结构一致, 符合语境。故选 D 。
√
技法八 根据指代与复现关系确定答案
名词的同义替换
前文关键词 选项替换词 案例场景
education schooling、academic learning 前文: “Education plays a key role in career development. ” 选项: “Schooling provides the foundation for professional skills. ”
前文关键词 选项替换词 案例场景
environment ecosystem、natural world 前文: “We must protect the environment from pollution. ” 选项: “Damage to the ecosystem affects all living organisms. ”
problem issue、challenge、dilemma 前文: “The city faces a serious traffic problem. ” 选项: “Solving this challenge requires better public transportation. ”
动词的同义替换
前文关键词 选项替换词 案例场景
improve enhance、boost、better 前文: “How can we improve our study efficiency ” 选项: “Strategies to enhance focus can make learning more effective. ”
前文关键词 选项替换词 案例场景
reduce decrease、cut down、minimize 前文: “We need to reduce carbon emissions. ” 选项: “Cutting down fossil fuel use is a practical solution. ”
understand grasp、comprehend、realize 前文: “It’s crucial to understand the author’s purpose. ” 选项: “Grasping the main idea helps analyze the text deeply. ”
形容词的同义替换
前文关键词 选项替换词 案例场景
important vital、crucial、significant 前文: “Time management is important for students. ” 选项: “Developing vital organizational skills ensures academic success. ”
difficult challenging、tough、hard 前文: “Learning a new language can be difficult. ” 选项: “Although challenging, the process brings many benefits. ”
前文关键词 选项替换词 案例场景
popular widespread、common、prevalent 前文: “Social media is popular among young people. ” 选项: “Widespread use of these platforms has changed communication. ”
【典例展示】
(2025·北京高考·节选)
But Turner’s other cycles are just as important. 36 If these life cycles are delayed, interrupted, or denied, you feel incapable of accessing your states of self, controlling unpleasant feelings, and manipulating(操控) the energy that puts together the fabric of your inner world.
D. In other words, you’re playing the game of life—life isn’t playing you.
E. They teach emotional awareness and management as well as identity.
F. You feel like an 18-year-old, especially when playing 80s music.
√
解题思维: 本题考查代词替换。由前文“But Turner’s other cycles are just as important. ”可知, Turner的其他周期也同样重要。因此本空应解释它们的重要性体现在哪里。E选项(它们教授情感意识和管理以及身份认同。)中的They指代前文的other cycles。故选 E 。
精练新题 提升素养
Passage 1
(2025·温州模拟)
Parenting is a constant balancing act. We want to teach our children important life lessons, while also maintaining harmony at home and avoiding unnecessary conflicts. 1
Recently, my 13-year-old daughter asked me to buy her a $28 phone case. Her old one wasn’t broken or worn out; she was just bored of it. 2 However, saying “no” in moments like this isn’t easy. The request felt small, but I knew there was a bigger lesson to teach. It’s about teaching our children to think critically about their spending. At the same time, we don’t want to come across as overly strict or dismissive of their feelings.
In this case, I realized my daughter’s request wasn’t just about the phone case; it was about her desire for something new, trendy, and exciting. 3 After all, to a 13-year-old, a new phone case might feel like a big deal, a way to express themselves or fit in with their friends. So how do we find the middle ground
Instead of shutting down the conversation, I used it as an opportunity to talk about wants and needs. I explained that we must prioritize what’s essential over impulse(冲动) purchases. 4 I also acknowledged her feelings. “I get it, ” I told her. Sometimes we just want something new because it feels exciting. This softened the conversation and made her more willing to listen. Instead of a flat-out “no”, I suggested a compromise(妥协). I offered her three options: earn it, wait it out or explore alternatives.
5 It was about guiding my daughter toward better decision-making without damaging our relationship.
A. But I didn’t stop there.
B. For me, it was a firm no.
C. That conversation wasn’t just about a phone case.
D. I promoted the habit of saving for things she wanted.
E. It felt important to her, even if it seemed unnecessary to me.
F. This balancing act can be tricky, especially when parenting teens.
G. Sometimes, the most valuable lessons aren’t about the money at all.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 介绍了如何在孩子提出不合理要求时, 既不伤害感情又能教会他们重要的人生道理。
1. 【解析】选F。根据上文可知, 育儿是一场持续的平衡行为, 需兼顾教育孩子与维持家庭和谐, 空处需进一步说明这种平衡行为。F项 “这种平衡行为可能很棘手, 尤其是在养育青少年时” 符合语境, “This balancing act” 直接复现上文核心概念, “especially when parenting teens” 递进式点明难度升级的场景, 衔接自然。故选F。
2. 【解析】选B。根据上文可知, 作者13岁的女儿要求买28美元的手机壳, 但旧壳完好只是女儿厌倦了它, 空处需揭示作者对这一非必要消费的态度。B项 “对我来说, 答案是坚决的‘不’” 符合语境, “firm no” 鲜明地表达了拒绝的立场。故选B。
3. 【解析】选E。根据上文 “这是关于她对新奇、时尚和令人兴奋的东西的渴望” 可知, 空处需转换视角, 体现孩子的主观感受与成人判断的差异。E项 “对她来说, 这很重要, 即使在我看来这似乎没有必要” 符合语境, “It felt important to her” 承接 “desire” 的情感重量, “even if” 转折凸显代际认知差异, 深化矛盾焦点。故选E。
4. 【解析】选A。根据上文 “我解释说我们必须优先考虑必需项而非冲动消费” 可知, 空处需引出作者在说教后的进一步行动。A项 “但我并没有就此止步” 符合语境, “didn’t stop there”与转折词 “But”连接, 暗示后续有更深入的沟通或引导, 为下文具体举措作铺垫。故选A。
5. 【解析】选C。根据下文 “这是关于在不破坏我们关系的前提下, 引导女儿做出更好的决策” 可知, 空处需点明 “手机壳争议” 背后的深层意义。C项 “那次对话不仅仅是一个手机壳的问题” 符合语境, “That conversation” 指代上文的沟通场景, “wasn’t just about” 与下文 “was about” 形成语义递进, 揭示事件的教育本质。故选C。
外刊原创 高考同源
Passage 2
Sometimes, when you’re feeling sad, tired, or stuck, it can be hard to know what to do next. My dad once gave me a simple piece of advice that really helps: just put on your shoes. 1 Just putting on my sneakers could lead me to go for a walk, visit a friend, or even start my chores—and he was right.
Getting dressed can help us feel more ready for the day. A psychologist, Dr. Greenberg, says that putting on clothes like shoes or workout gear makes people feel more confident. This can make us more motivated to take action. 2
3 For example, wearing pajamas tells our body it’s time to relax. But putting on a sporty outfit or your favorite shirt might give you energy. Therapists call this “enclothed cognition”—how our clothing affects the way we think and feel.
Doing things like exercising or being around friends helps improve your mood. When you move your body or talk to people you trust, your brain releases feel-good chemicals called endorphins. 4
In the end, putting on your shoes might not fix every problem. 5 It helps you move, connect, and feel more in control of your day. So next time you feel stuck, remember: start small, and just put on your shoes.
A. It’s a great way to start.
B. It’s definitely a universal approach.
C. I was told I didn’t need to make a plan.
D. It’s like stepping into a new version of yourself.
E. The clothes we wear send signals to our brains.
F. These make you turn to others for assistance.
G. That’s why getting out and staying active is so important.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 主要介绍了如何通过穿衣改变心情。
1. 【解析】选C。 根据空前 “父亲建议穿上鞋子” 及空后 “只需穿上运动鞋就能引导我去散步、访友甚至做家务” 可知, 此处需体现 “无需复杂计划, 行动即起点” 的逻辑。C项 “我被告知无需制订计划” 符合语境, “didn’t need to make a plan” 呼应父亲 “简单建议” 的核心, 与后文“Just putting on my sneakers” 形成行为衔接, 强调行动的直接性。故选C。
2. 【解析】选D。 根据空前可知, 心理学家指出穿鞋子或运动装备让人更自信、更有动力行动, 此处需进一步阐释着装对心理状态的影响。D项 “这就像步入了一个全新版本的自己” 符合语境, 用比喻手法形象化 “着装提升自信” 的效果, “stepping into a new version” 与 “more confident”“more motivated” 形成语义递进, 强化着装的积极作用。故选D。
3. 【解析】选E。 根据空后可知, 穿睡衣暗示身体该放松, 穿运动装或喜爱的衬衫赋予能量, 治疗专家称之为“着装认知”, 本段核心为“服装对大脑的信号作用”。E项 “我们穿的衣服向大脑发送信号” 符合语境, 作为段首句概括段落主旨, “send signals to our brains” 直接对应后文 “wearing pajamas tells our body” 及 “enclothed cognition” 的具体解释。故选E。
4. 【解析】选G。 根据空前可知, 运动或与朋友相处时, 大脑释放内啡肽改善情绪, 此处需推导 “行动释放内啡肽” 的结论。G项“那就是为什么外出活动如此重要” 符合语境。故选G。
5. 【解析】选A。 根据空前 “穿上鞋子可能无法解决所有问题” 及空后 “它帮助你行动、与人联结、掌控一天” 可知, 此处需转折强调 “小行动的积极意义”。A项 “这是一个很好的开始” 符合语境, “great way to start” 弱化 “解决所有问题” 的预期, 强化 “行动是起点” 的价值, 与后文 “start small” 形成呼应, 收束全文核心观点。故选A。
【备选习题】
Passage
(2025·商丘模拟)
In life, we spend a lot of our time either at home or at work—or school if we’re a student. But what about all the other places we hang out when we’re not at these places
Often referred to as third places, these are the spaces we occupy when we’re socializing with friends or relatives, or enjoying time on our own but in the presence of other people. 1 They may include theaters, gyms, cafes, bars, parks, libraries, or friends’ houses where everyone spends the most time.
“Third places play an important role in our lives by offering a break from the demands of work-home life, ” explains Elena Touroni, a consultant psychologist. 2 “Being part of a community and feeling connected is essential for good mental health. It can even increase our self-respect, ” she adds. 3 There are many reasons for this, including the rising cost of living, car dependency, and the ease with which we can now do so many things at home, straight from our computer.
4 We need to take care of our shared spaces, as well as organizing activities there and taking part in gatherings. Third places can transform a neighborhood into a welcoming home, but only if we take ownership of them. With many other things in day-to-day life, finding the time to visit third places isn’t always easy. 5 Successful third places are those that promote active, rather than passive interaction, and where people are welcome to drop in, and make conversation with others, whether they know them well or not.
It might be unrealistic to expect us to spend hours in third places every day, but even just short amounts of time when we’re able to can go a long way.
A. These third places can be many and varied.
B. What can we do to help sustain third places ourselves
C. Unfortunately, the popularity of the third place is in decline.
D. Even if people would not go there, it can be easier said than done.
E. She also emphasizes how third places can give us a sense of connection.
F. However, there are some things that third places can do to help themselves.
G. From developing creativity to building community, third places have lots of benefits.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 主要介绍“第三场所”的定义、作用、面临的现状。
1. 【解析】选A。根据上文对 “第三场所” 的定义, 即社交或独自享受时光时所占据的空间, 而下文则列举了剧院、健身房等多种具体场所。A项 “这些第三场所可以有很多种且各式各样”, 其中 “many and varied” 精准概括了下文所列举场所的多样性特点, 既承接了上文对第三场所的概念阐述, 又自然引出下文的具体例子, 起到了良好的过渡作用, 使文章从抽象概念过渡到具体实例。 故选A。
2. 【解析】选E。上文引用了咨询心理学家 Elena Touroni 关于第三场所能让人从工作和家庭生活中解脱的观点, 下文继续引用她的话强调与社区有联系对心理健康的重要性。E项 “她还强调第三场所如何能给我们一种连接感”, “also emphasizes” 与上文观点形成递进关系, “sense of connection” 与下文 “feeling connected” 形成词汇复现, 紧密衔接上下文, 进一步阐述了专家对第三场所作用的见解, 使专家观点的呈现更加连贯、完整。故选E。
3. 【解析】选C。下文提到生活成本上升、对汽车的依赖等多种原因, 且 “this” 指代某种现象, 说明空格处应先提出一个负面现象。C项 “不幸的是, 第三场所的受欢迎程度正在下降”, “in decline” 与下文所列举的原因形成因果逻辑关系, 符合语境。故选C。
4. 【解析】选B。下文详细说明了我们需要爱护共享空间、组织活动和参加聚会等具体行动, 这些都是关于维护第三场所的做法。B项 “我们自己可以做些什么来帮助维持第三场所 ” 以提问的形式引出下文的具体解决方案, 构建了 “提出问题—解决问题” 的逻辑结构。故选B。
5. 【解析】选F。上文指出日常生活中人们很难有时间去第三场所, 下文则阐述了成功的第三场所应具备促进主动互动等特点。F项 “然而, 有些事情第三场所可以做来帮助自己”, “However” 起到转折作用, 承接上文人们没时间去的问题, “help themselves” 引出下文第三场所自身在吸引人群方面的改进方向, 如促进主动互动等, 使文章在论述第三场所面临的问题和解决办法时更加连贯、自然。故选F。
反复精读 识记积累
障碍词语 dismissive adj. 轻视的
prioritize v. 优先考虑, 划分优先顺序(Passage 1)
sustain v. 维持, 支撑(Passage)
熟词生义 fix 常见义: v. 修理;固定 文中义: v. 解决(问题)(Passage 2)
hang out 常见义: 悬挂;闲逛(非正式场合指与朋友待在一起)
文中义: (在某处)逗留, 消磨时间(泛指在非家庭和工作场所的活动) (Passage)
长难句分析 A psychologist, Dr. Greenberg, says that putting on clothes like shoes or workout gear makes people feel more confident.
分析: 主干: A psychologist says that. . .
同位语: Dr. Greenberg(补充说明主语身份)
宾语从句: putting on clothes like shoes or workout gear makes people feel more confident(动名词短语作从句主语, “like” 引出举例)
翻译: 心理学家格林伯格博士表示, 穿上鞋子或运动装备之类的衣服会让人感觉更自信。(Passage 2)
长难句分析 Often referred to as third places, these are the spaces we occupy when we’re socializing with friends or relatives, or enjoying time on our own but in the presence of other people.
分析: 主干: these are the spaces
状语: Often referred to as third places(过去分词短语作状语, 补充说明 “these”)
定语从句: we occupy(省略引导词 that/which, 修饰 spaces)
时间状语从句: when we’re socializing. . . or enjoying time. . . (包含两个并列的谓语结构: socializing 和 enjoying)
翻译: 这些空间通常被称为 “第三场所”, 是我们与朋友或亲戚社交时, 或有他人在场但独自享受时光时所占据的空间。(Passage)
第3节 分析逻辑关系——条理清晰
技法探究 强化意识
【解题步骤】
第一步: 识别段落逻辑类型, 确定解题方向
核心思路: 快速判断设空处与上下文的逻辑关联, 缩小选项范围。
第二步: 针对不同逻辑关系, 执行匹配策略
逻辑关系 1: 总分关系
判断标志:
总述句: 含 “in general”“there are several ways” 等概括性表述;
分述句: 含 “firstly”“for one thing” 等序数词或举例标志。
解题要点: 设空为总述句时, 需概括后文所有分点;设空为分述句时, 需匹配总述句核心词。
逻辑关系 2: 解释关系
判断标志:
标志词: that is/namely/in other words/which means/this is because
逻辑特征: 后句对前句进行同义转述或细节解释。
解题要点: 设空处需与前文语义等价, 常用 “换词不换义” 策略;排除引入新信息的选项。
逻辑关系 3: 例证关系
判断标志:
标志词: for example/such as/like/take. . . as an example/study shows
逻辑特征: 观点句 + 具体例子/数据。
解题要点: 设空为观点句时, 需概括后文例子核心;设空为例子时, 需匹配前文观点关键词。
逻辑关系 4: 转折关系
判断标志:
标志词: but/however/yet/while/on the contrary/in contrast
逻辑特征: 前后语义相反。
解题要点: 设空处需与前文形成对比, 重点关注转折词后的核心信息;排除与前文语义顺承的选项。
逻辑关系 5: 因果关系
判断标志:
原因标志: because/since/owing to/due to
结果标志: so/thus/therefore/result in/lead to
解题要点: 若设空为原因, 需解释前文结果;若设空为结果, 需呼应前文原因。
逻辑关系 6: 递进关系
判断标志:
标志词: furthermore/besides/what’s more/in addition/also
逻辑特征: 后句在前句基础上语义加深。
解题要点: 设空处需与前文情感一致, 且程度/范围递进;排除转折或无关选项。
逻辑关系 7: 并列关系
判断标志:
标志词: and/also/meanwhile/at the same time/on one hand. . . on the other hand
逻辑特征: 句式结构相似, 内容属性一致。
解题要点: 设空处需与并列项词性、结构一致;内容需属同一范畴。
逻辑关系 8: 指代与复现关系
判断标志:
代词: this/that/these/those/it/they;
复现词: 原词、同义词、同根词、反义词。
解题要点: 代词设空: 向上文寻找指代对象;复现词设空: 匹配选项与上下文的核心词。
技法一 根据总分关系确定答案
【典例展示】
(2023·全国甲卷·节选)
·Practice gratitude(感激) . . .
·Make yourself wait . . .
· 39
So many of us have the belief that being comfortable is the only state we will tolerate, and when we experience something outside of our comfort zone, we get impatient about the circumstances. . .
A. Find your causes
B. Start with small tasks
C. Accept the uncomfortable
√
解题思维: 根据下文内容可知, 走出舒适区会让我们变得不耐烦, 要想变得有耐心就应该接受不舒适。观察A、B、C三个选项, C项“接受不舒适”符合段落主题, 和后文内容是总分关系, 且C选项中uncomfortable对应下文comfortable。故选 C 。
技法二 根据解释关系确定答案
【典例展示】
(2024·全国甲卷·节选)
Control emotional(情绪的) eating. 39 Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom. But by learning healthier ways to manage emotions, you can regain control over the food you eat and your feelings.
A. Eat properly throughout the day.
B. We don’t always eat just to satisfy hunger.
C. Don’t swallow a meal on the way to work.
D. Most of us need to double the amount we eat.
E. Instead, surround yourself with healthy choices.
F. For many of us, moderation means eating less than we do now.
G. That won’t lead to cheating or giving up on your new eating plan.
√
解题思维: 本题考查解释关系。根据本段首句“Control emotional eating. (控制情绪化进食。)”以及下文“Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom. (我们中的许多人也会求助于食物来处理不愉快的情绪, 如悲伤、孤独或无聊。)”可推知, 本段主要建议读者不要情绪化地进行暴饮暴食, 要进行健康饮食。B项“我们吃东西并不总是为了充饥。”指出有些人吃东西并不总是为了充饥, 引出下文有些人通过食物发泄情绪, 符合语境。故选 B 。
技法三 根据例证关系确定答案
【典例展示】
(2023·全国乙卷·节选)
There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide. They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking. 39 .
E. Plants like peace lilies and devil’s ivy are among the best
F. Changing the pot of your plant from time to time will also help
G. Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding
√
解题思维: 本题考查例证关系。上文提到: 也有研究表明, 盆栽植物可以通过去除二氧化碳等有害气体来净化周围的空气。它们还能去除油漆或烹饪中的一些有害的化学物质, 即盆栽植物能够清除有害物质。由此可知, E项“Plants like peace lilies and devil’s ivy are among the best(像和平百合和魔鬼常春藤之类的植物是最好的)”能够承接上文, 列举了在这方面做得最好的植物, 符合语境。故选 E 。
技法四 根据转折关系确定答案
表示转折关系的连接词有but但是;however/whereas然而;nevertheless然而, 不过;nonetheless尽管如此;still但, 不过;though可是, 不过, 然而;yet然而;in spite of不顾, 不管;at any rate不管怎样;in any case不管怎样;on the contrary正相反;in contrast与此相反, 相比之下;by contrast相反, 相比之下;in comparison相比之下;by comparison相比之下;conversely相反(地);otherwise否则;not. . . but. . . 不是……而是……等。
【典例展示】
(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·节选)
In addition, I have an old two-volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence. Of course, with its 2, 672 pages, it’s not exactly short. It contains around 163, 000 words, plus word combinations and idiomatic phrases. 39 However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there’s nothing better.
A. I don’t often use this dictionary.
B. It takes no account of the context.
C. But I still don’t want to replace them.
D. But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.
解题思维: 本题考查转折关系。下文“However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there’s nothing better. ”提到了词典的使用情况, A选项“I don’t often use this dictionary. (我不经常用这本词典。)”是对词典使用频率的说明, 与下文构成转折关系。故选 A 。
√
技法五 根据因果关系确定答案
表示因果关系的有as a result/consequently结果; thus/therefore因此; so(such). . . that. . . 如此……以至于……等。
【典例展示】
(2022·浙江高考·节选)
I have a drawer full of letters to Santa. Each year my children would write up their Christmas wish lists. They were polite requests for the latest game or toy. As the children got older, they would give Santa some hints(提示)on where to buy their presents. 36
C. The age of pen-and-paper letter writing may have passed.
D. As a result, each year they received something they wanted.
E. You write “Hi Nanna and Pop” because you are close to them.
√
解题思维: 本题考查因果关系。根据空前“As the children got older, they would give Santa some hints on where to buy their presents. ”可知, 孩子们给圣诞老人提示去哪里买礼物。结合选项可知, D项为孩子们给出提示的结果: 收到心仪的礼物。前后为明显的因果关系。故选 D 。
技法六 根据递进关系确定答案
表示递进关系的有also也, 而且;further另外(地);furthermore而且, 此外;likewise同样地, 照样地; 也, 又;similarly相似地, 类似地;moreover而且, 再者, 此外;in addition另外, 加之;what’s more更重要的是;too也, 还;either也;not only. . . but also. . . 不但……而且……等。
【典例展示1】
(2025·浙江1月高考·节选)
·Consider the best method to deliver your message.
If the information you’re communicating isn’t urgent, consider sending an email. Written communication will give your audience more time to review it, think it over, and follow up with questions. 40
Building effective communication skills takes time, but the effects are worth the effort.
E. You may be surprised by what your listeners offer.
F. It will also give them a handy record to refer back to.
G. As the speaker, you already know what you’re going to say.
解题思维: 上文说明了发邮件作为书面沟通的好处, F选项(它还会给他们提供一个方便查阅的记录)进一步补充了发邮件的另一个好处, 与上文逻辑紧密, 是递进关系。故选 F 。
√
【典例展示2】
(2023·全国乙卷·节选)
Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing much, but in many ways they are the unsung heroes of the home. 36 , but studies have shown that they can promote people’s wellbeing by improving their mood(心情), reducing stress and helping their memory. What’s more, indoor plants are easy to look after and are not very expensive.
A. All plants are different
B. Not only do they look beautiful
C. There are many benefits to growing plants indoors
√
解题思维: 本题考查递进关系。根据下文“but studies have shown that they can promote people’s wellbeing by improving their mood, reducing stress and helping their memory(而且研究表明, 它们可以通过改善情绪、减轻压力和帮助提高记忆力来促进人们的健康)”可知, 空处与下文是递进关系, 构成not only. . . but. . . “不仅……而且……”结构。由此可知, B项“Not only do they look beautiful(它们不仅看起来很漂亮)”符合语境。故选 B 。
技法七 根据并列关系确定答案
【典例展示】
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷·节选)
So, how do you find a workout partner
First of all, decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit, able to move with strength and flexibility Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.
A. Your first meeting may be a little awkward.
B. A workout partner usually needs to live close by.
C. You’ll work harder if you train with someone else.
D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport
E. How can you write a good “seeking training partner” notice
F. Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.
G. Any notice for a training partner should include such information.
解题思维: 本题考查并列关系。根据后文中“Or do you just want to be physically fit, able to move with strength and flexibility ”的“Or” 可知, 空处与后文构成并列关系。D项“Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport ”与空后面的句子都是一般疑问句, 且结构一致, 符合语境。故选 D 。
√
技法八 根据指代与复现关系确定答案
名词的同义替换
前文关键词 选项替换词 案例场景
education schooling、academic learning 前文: “Education plays a key role in career development. ” 选项: “Schooling provides the foundation for professional skills. ”
前文关键词 选项替换词 案例场景
environment ecosystem、natural world 前文: “We must protect the environment from pollution. ” 选项: “Damage to the ecosystem affects all living organisms. ”
problem issue、challenge、dilemma 前文: “The city faces a serious traffic problem. ” 选项: “Solving this challenge requires better public transportation. ”
动词的同义替换
前文关键词 选项替换词 案例场景
improve enhance、boost、better 前文: “How can we improve our study efficiency ” 选项: “Strategies to enhance focus can make learning more effective. ”
前文关键词 选项替换词 案例场景
reduce decrease、cut down、minimize 前文: “We need to reduce carbon emissions. ” 选项: “Cutting down fossil fuel use is a practical solution. ”
understand grasp、comprehend、realize 前文: “It’s crucial to understand the author’s purpose. ” 选项: “Grasping the main idea helps analyze the text deeply. ”
形容词的同义替换
前文关键词 选项替换词 案例场景
important vital、crucial、significant 前文: “Time management is important for students. ” 选项: “Developing vital organizational skills ensures academic success. ”
difficult challenging、tough、hard 前文: “Learning a new language can be difficult. ” 选项: “Although challenging, the process brings many benefits. ”
前文关键词 选项替换词 案例场景
popular widespread、common、prevalent 前文: “Social media is popular among young people. ” 选项: “Widespread use of these platforms has changed communication. ”
【典例展示】
(2025·北京高考·节选)
But Turner’s other cycles are just as important. 36 If these life cycles are delayed, interrupted, or denied, you feel incapable of accessing your states of self, controlling unpleasant feelings, and manipulating(操控) the energy that puts together the fabric of your inner world.
D. In other words, you’re playing the game of life—life isn’t playing you.
E. They teach emotional awareness and management as well as identity.
F. You feel like an 18-year-old, especially when playing 80s music.
√
解题思维: 本题考查代词替换。由前文“But Turner’s other cycles are just as important. ”可知, Turner的其他周期也同样重要。因此本空应解释它们的重要性体现在哪里。E选项(它们教授情感意识和管理以及身份认同。)中的They指代前文的other cycles。故选 E 。
精练新题 提升素养
Passage 1
(2025·温州模拟)
Parenting is a constant balancing act. We want to teach our children important life lessons, while also maintaining harmony at home and avoiding unnecessary conflicts. 1
Recently, my 13-year-old daughter asked me to buy her a $28 phone case. Her old one wasn’t broken or worn out; she was just bored of it. 2 However, saying “no” in moments like this isn’t easy. The request felt small, but I knew there was a bigger lesson to teach. It’s about teaching our children to think critically about their spending. At the same time, we don’t want to come across as overly strict or dismissive of their feelings.
In this case, I realized my daughter’s request wasn’t just about the phone case; it was about her desire for something new, trendy, and exciting. 3 After all, to a 13-year-old, a new phone case might feel like a big deal, a way to express themselves or fit in with their friends. So how do we find the middle ground
Instead of shutting down the conversation, I used it as an opportunity to talk about wants and needs. I explained that we must prioritize what’s essential over impulse(冲动) purchases. 4 I also acknowledged her feelings. “I get it, ” I told her. Sometimes we just want something new because it feels exciting. This softened the conversation and made her more willing to listen. Instead of a flat-out “no”, I suggested a compromise(妥协). I offered her three options: earn it, wait it out or explore alternatives.
5 It was about guiding my daughter toward better decision-making without damaging our relationship.
A. But I didn’t stop there.
B. For me, it was a firm no.
C. That conversation wasn’t just about a phone case.
D. I promoted the habit of saving for things she wanted.
E. It felt important to her, even if it seemed unnecessary to me.
F. This balancing act can be tricky, especially when parenting teens.
G. Sometimes, the most valuable lessons aren’t about the money at all.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 介绍了如何在孩子提出不合理要求时, 既不伤害感情又能教会他们重要的人生道理。
1. 【解析】选F。根据上文可知, 育儿是一场持续的平衡行为, 需兼顾教育孩子与维持家庭和谐, 空处需进一步说明这种平衡行为。F项 “这种平衡行为可能很棘手, 尤其是在养育青少年时” 符合语境, “This balancing act” 直接复现上文核心概念, “especially when parenting teens” 递进式点明难度升级的场景, 衔接自然。故选F。
2. 【解析】选B。根据上文可知, 作者13岁的女儿要求买28美元的手机壳, 但旧壳完好只是女儿厌倦了它, 空处需揭示作者对这一非必要消费的态度。B项 “对我来说, 答案是坚决的‘不’” 符合语境, “firm no” 鲜明地表达了拒绝的立场。故选B。
3. 【解析】选E。根据上文 “这是关于她对新奇、时尚和令人兴奋的东西的渴望” 可知, 空处需转换视角, 体现孩子的主观感受与成人判断的差异。E项 “对她来说, 这很重要, 即使在我看来这似乎没有必要” 符合语境, “It felt important to her” 承接 “desire” 的情感重量, “even if” 转折凸显代际认知差异, 深化矛盾焦点。故选E。
4. 【解析】选A。根据上文 “我解释说我们必须优先考虑必需项而非冲动消费” 可知, 空处需引出作者在说教后的进一步行动。A项 “但我并没有就此止步” 符合语境, “didn’t stop there”与转折词 “But”连接, 暗示后续有更深入的沟通或引导, 为下文具体举措作铺垫。故选A。
5. 【解析】选C。根据下文 “这是关于在不破坏我们关系的前提下, 引导女儿做出更好的决策” 可知, 空处需点明 “手机壳争议” 背后的深层意义。C项 “那次对话不仅仅是一个手机壳的问题” 符合语境, “That conversation” 指代上文的沟通场景, “wasn’t just about” 与下文 “was about” 形成语义递进, 揭示事件的教育本质。故选C。
外刊原创 高考同源
Passage 2
Sometimes, when you’re feeling sad, tired, or stuck, it can be hard to know what to do next. My dad once gave me a simple piece of advice that really helps: just put on your shoes. 1 Just putting on my sneakers could lead me to go for a walk, visit a friend, or even start my chores—and he was right.
Getting dressed can help us feel more ready for the day. A psychologist, Dr. Greenberg, says that putting on clothes like shoes or workout gear makes people feel more confident. This can make us more motivated to take action. 2
3 For example, wearing pajamas tells our body it’s time to relax. But putting on a sporty outfit or your favorite shirt might give you energy. Therapists call this “enclothed cognition”—how our clothing affects the way we think and feel.
Doing things like exercising or being around friends helps improve your mood. When you move your body or talk to people you trust, your brain releases feel-good chemicals called endorphins. 4
In the end, putting on your shoes might not fix every problem. 5 It helps you move, connect, and feel more in control of your day. So next time you feel stuck, remember: start small, and just put on your shoes.
A. It’s a great way to start.
B. It’s definitely a universal approach.
C. I was told I didn’t need to make a plan.
D. It’s like stepping into a new version of yourself.
E. The clothes we wear send signals to our brains.
F. These make you turn to others for assistance.
G. That’s why getting out and staying active is so important.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 主要介绍了如何通过穿衣改变心情。
1. 【解析】选C。 根据空前 “父亲建议穿上鞋子” 及空后 “只需穿上运动鞋就能引导我去散步、访友甚至做家务” 可知, 此处需体现 “无需复杂计划, 行动即起点” 的逻辑。C项 “我被告知无需制订计划” 符合语境, “didn’t need to make a plan” 呼应父亲 “简单建议” 的核心, 与后文“Just putting on my sneakers” 形成行为衔接, 强调行动的直接性。故选C。
2. 【解析】选D。 根据空前可知, 心理学家指出穿鞋子或运动装备让人更自信、更有动力行动, 此处需进一步阐释着装对心理状态的影响。D项 “这就像步入了一个全新版本的自己” 符合语境, 用比喻手法形象化 “着装提升自信” 的效果, “stepping into a new version” 与 “more confident”“more motivated” 形成语义递进, 强化着装的积极作用。故选D。
3. 【解析】选E。 根据空后可知, 穿睡衣暗示身体该放松, 穿运动装或喜爱的衬衫赋予能量, 治疗专家称之为“着装认知”, 本段核心为“服装对大脑的信号作用”。E项 “我们穿的衣服向大脑发送信号” 符合语境, 作为段首句概括段落主旨, “send signals to our brains” 直接对应后文 “wearing pajamas tells our body” 及 “enclothed cognition” 的具体解释。故选E。
4. 【解析】选G。 根据空前可知, 运动或与朋友相处时, 大脑释放内啡肽改善情绪, 此处需推导 “行动释放内啡肽” 的结论。G项“那就是为什么外出活动如此重要” 符合语境。故选G。
5. 【解析】选A。 根据空前 “穿上鞋子可能无法解决所有问题” 及空后 “它帮助你行动、与人联结、掌控一天” 可知, 此处需转折强调 “小行动的积极意义”。A项 “这是一个很好的开始” 符合语境, “great way to start” 弱化 “解决所有问题” 的预期, 强化 “行动是起点” 的价值, 与后文 “start small” 形成呼应, 收束全文核心观点。故选A。
【备选习题】
Passage
(2025·商丘模拟)
In life, we spend a lot of our time either at home or at work—or school if we’re a student. But what about all the other places we hang out when we’re not at these places
Often referred to as third places, these are the spaces we occupy when we’re socializing with friends or relatives, or enjoying time on our own but in the presence of other people. 1 They may include theaters, gyms, cafes, bars, parks, libraries, or friends’ houses where everyone spends the most time.
“Third places play an important role in our lives by offering a break from the demands of work-home life, ” explains Elena Touroni, a consultant psychologist. 2 “Being part of a community and feeling connected is essential for good mental health. It can even increase our self-respect, ” she adds. 3 There are many reasons for this, including the rising cost of living, car dependency, and the ease with which we can now do so many things at home, straight from our computer.
4 We need to take care of our shared spaces, as well as organizing activities there and taking part in gatherings. Third places can transform a neighborhood into a welcoming home, but only if we take ownership of them. With many other things in day-to-day life, finding the time to visit third places isn’t always easy. 5 Successful third places are those that promote active, rather than passive interaction, and where people are welcome to drop in, and make conversation with others, whether they know them well or not.
It might be unrealistic to expect us to spend hours in third places every day, but even just short amounts of time when we’re able to can go a long way.
A. These third places can be many and varied.
B. What can we do to help sustain third places ourselves
C. Unfortunately, the popularity of the third place is in decline.
D. Even if people would not go there, it can be easier said than done.
E. She also emphasizes how third places can give us a sense of connection.
F. However, there are some things that third places can do to help themselves.
G. From developing creativity to building community, third places have lots of benefits.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 主要介绍“第三场所”的定义、作用、面临的现状。
1. 【解析】选A。根据上文对 “第三场所” 的定义, 即社交或独自享受时光时所占据的空间, 而下文则列举了剧院、健身房等多种具体场所。A项 “这些第三场所可以有很多种且各式各样”, 其中 “many and varied” 精准概括了下文所列举场所的多样性特点, 既承接了上文对第三场所的概念阐述, 又自然引出下文的具体例子, 起到了良好的过渡作用, 使文章从抽象概念过渡到具体实例。 故选A。
2. 【解析】选E。上文引用了咨询心理学家 Elena Touroni 关于第三场所能让人从工作和家庭生活中解脱的观点, 下文继续引用她的话强调与社区有联系对心理健康的重要性。E项 “她还强调第三场所如何能给我们一种连接感”, “also emphasizes” 与上文观点形成递进关系, “sense of connection” 与下文 “feeling connected” 形成词汇复现, 紧密衔接上下文, 进一步阐述了专家对第三场所作用的见解, 使专家观点的呈现更加连贯、完整。故选E。
3. 【解析】选C。下文提到生活成本上升、对汽车的依赖等多种原因, 且 “this” 指代某种现象, 说明空格处应先提出一个负面现象。C项 “不幸的是, 第三场所的受欢迎程度正在下降”, “in decline” 与下文所列举的原因形成因果逻辑关系, 符合语境。故选C。
4. 【解析】选B。下文详细说明了我们需要爱护共享空间、组织活动和参加聚会等具体行动, 这些都是关于维护第三场所的做法。B项 “我们自己可以做些什么来帮助维持第三场所 ” 以提问的形式引出下文的具体解决方案, 构建了 “提出问题—解决问题” 的逻辑结构。故选B。
5. 【解析】选F。上文指出日常生活中人们很难有时间去第三场所, 下文则阐述了成功的第三场所应具备促进主动互动等特点。F项 “然而, 有些事情第三场所可以做来帮助自己”, “However” 起到转折作用, 承接上文人们没时间去的问题, “help themselves” 引出下文第三场所自身在吸引人群方面的改进方向, 如促进主动互动等, 使文章在论述第三场所面临的问题和解决办法时更加连贯、自然。故选F。
反复精读 识记积累
障碍词语 dismissive adj. 轻视的
prioritize v. 优先考虑, 划分优先顺序(Passage 1)
sustain v. 维持, 支撑(Passage)
熟词生义 fix 常见义: v. 修理;固定 文中义: v. 解决(问题)(Passage 2)
hang out 常见义: 悬挂;闲逛(非正式场合指与朋友待在一起)
文中义: (在某处)逗留, 消磨时间(泛指在非家庭和工作场所的活动) (Passage)
长难句分析 A psychologist, Dr. Greenberg, says that putting on clothes like shoes or workout gear makes people feel more confident.
分析: 主干: A psychologist says that. . .
同位语: Dr. Greenberg(补充说明主语身份)
宾语从句: putting on clothes like shoes or workout gear makes people feel more confident(动名词短语作从句主语, “like” 引出举例)
翻译: 心理学家格林伯格博士表示, 穿上鞋子或运动装备之类的衣服会让人感觉更自信。(Passage 2)
长难句分析 Often referred to as third places, these are the spaces we occupy when we’re socializing with friends or relatives, or enjoying time on our own but in the presence of other people.
分析: 主干: these are the spaces
状语: Often referred to as third places(过去分词短语作状语, 补充说明 “these”)
定语从句: we occupy(省略引导词 that/which, 修饰 spaces)
时间状语从句: when we’re socializing. . . or enjoying time. . . (包含两个并列的谓语结构: socializing 和 enjoying)
翻译: 这些空间通常被称为 “第三场所”, 是我们与朋友或亲戚社交时, 或有他人在场但独自享受时光时所占据的空间。(Passage)