高考英语二轮复习阅读专题一第2节推理判断题——由表及里课件
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| 名称 | 高考英语二轮复习阅读专题一第2节推理判断题——由表及里课件 |
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| 文件大小 | 1.7MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 试卷 | ||
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2026-04-08 00:00:00 | ||
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(共41张PPT)
第2节 推理判断题——由表及里
技法探究 强化意识
【考查类型】
【解题步骤】
精练新题 提升素养
Passage 1
Cleaning the kitchen floor the other day, I disturbed a big spider sitting by the skirting board. On this occasion, I cleaned around it, hoping it might move out in its own time. What I should have done was to drive it off, using the glass-and-paper technique that also works well for confused bees.
When it comes to inspiring fear, spiders equal snakes with even less reason. Inborn or learned—the point where a phobia(恐惧症) about spiders begins has provided materials for countless scientific papers, without ever reaching a firm conclusion. But no such animal has inspired such a rich amount of fiction, from the spider character of A True Story by Lucian of Samosata, regarded as the earliest known work of science fiction, to Charlotte, the heroine of E. B. White’s book Charlotte’s Web.
Early descriptions(describe) of spiders tend to be sympathetic: Roman poet Ovid’s account of Arachne, the skillful weaver changed into a spider, suggests the poet’s own sad situation. Spiders appear as kind creatures in many texts—they offer shelters from enemies.
But the story of Robert the Bruce and the never-give-up spider, widely spread in the 19th century by Walter Scott, was somewhat unusual in an era when the image of spiders went into sharp decline. From Thomas Hardy’s Sue Bridehead, who spends a night in a cupboard full of webs, to other tales referring to spiders, it is a step towards seeing spiders as a symbol of horror. Even such engaging characters as Charlotte have failed to restore the reputation of spiders.
For 30 years, London Zoo has been doing its best to change the public’s mind with its Friendly Spider Programme. This year’s sessions are fully booked, but while waiting for dates next year, those who are afraid of the seasonal appearance of spiders might follow the example of Laurence Sterne’s Uncle Toby. Troubled by an annoying fly, he directs it out of a window, saying, “This world surely is wide enough to hold both you and me. ”
【文章大意】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述作者在打扫厨房时发现了一只蜘蛛, 进而从文学作品的角度阐述了蜘蛛形象的重大变化, 最后呼吁人们以包容的态度对待蜘蛛。
1. Why did the author choose to ignore the spider
A. It was likely to hurt her. B. It made her frightened.
C. It was hard to drive it off. D. It would move out soon.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“What I should have done was to drive it off, using the glass-and-paper technique that also works well for confused bees. ”可知。由于作者害怕蜘蛛, 作者没有把它赶出去, 而是选择忽视它, 期望它能自己出去。故选B。
√
2. What does the author say about spider-phobia
A. It proves to be inborn. B. Its origins are under study.
C. It gives writers inspiration. D. Its impact is a scientific focus.
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第二段中的“When it comes to inspiring fear, spiders equal snakes with even less reason. Inborn or learned—the point where a phobia about spiders begins has provided materials for countless scientific papers, without ever reaching a firm conclusion. ”可知, 无论蜘蛛恐惧症是天生的还是后天习得的, 其起源为无数科学论文提供了素材, 但始终没有定论, 这意味着蜘蛛恐惧症的起源仍在研究中。故选B。
√
3. How was the image of spiders changed in literature
A. From likeable to negative. B. From fearful to engaging.
C. From friendly to harmful. D. From unknown to popular.
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第四段中的“But the story of Robert the Bruce and the never-give-up spider, widely spread in the 19th century by Walter Scott, was somewhat unusual in an era when the image of spiders went into sharp decline. From Thomas Hardy’s Sue Bridehead, who spends a night in a cupboard full of webs, to other tales referring to spiders, it is a step towards seeing spiders as a symbol of horror. ”可知, 后来的文学作品中, 蜘蛛转变成了恐怖的象征。因此文学作品中蜘蛛形象的重大变化是由可爱的变成负面的。故选A。
√
4. How should we treat spiders according to the last paragraph
A. Stop showing fear of them.
B. Attend activities to protect them.
C. Direct them out of the building.
D. Turn open and tolerant of them.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Troubled by an annoying fly, he directs it out of a window, saying, ‘This world surely is wide enough to hold both you and me. ’”可知, 此处作者通过Uncle Toby对待苍蝇的态度给害怕蜘蛛的人提出了建议即作者鼓励人们用开放、包容的态度对待蜘蛛。故选D。
√
Passage 2
(2025·安徽模拟)
Mastering the science and art of performing surgery takes years of study and practice for a human. Robots, as it turns out, can learn to do surgical tasks much faster. A new study presented at the 8th Annual Conference on Robot Learning in Germany introduced the world to a medical robot that employs artificial intelligence(AI) to learn to perform surgical tasks as well as a human.
The research team from Johns Hopkins and Stanford University used a da Vinci Surgical System in the study, which is designed to perform surgical tasks while being remotely controlled by a human surgeon. The robot allows the surgeon to work with greater control and precision. Using a type of AI training called imitation learning, in which an AI learns a new task by observing and copying human actions, the da Vinci robot was able to learn the very complex set of actions needed to carry out a surgical task.
Presenting the robot with a dataset that it hadn’t trained on, the researchers found that it was able to perform the virtual simulation(模拟) successfully. This meant that the robot was capable of generalizing, rather than just memorizing, and would be able to manage the unexpected situations that tend to occur in a real-life operating room.
“It’s magical to have this model where all we do is feed it camera input, and it can predict the robotic movements needed for surgery, ” said Dr. Axel Krieger, assistant professor in mechanical engineering at Johns Hopkins and senior author of the study. “We believe this marks a significant step forward in medical robotics. ”
Previously, programmers had to go through the painstaking task of hand-coding(手动编码) a robot to get it to perform the action it was being tasked with. Now, it can be trained to learn a new task in a matter of days. Though the idea of a robot surgeon may seem scary to some people, the truth is that some surgeons have been using robots in the operating room for some time now, and it has only improved the medical field.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款能够利用人工智能技术学习执行手术任务的医疗机器人。该机器人的出现标志着医疗机器人领域取得了重大进展, 使得机器人学习新任务变得更加高效, 同时也已经改善了医疗领域。
1. What can be learned about the da Vinci robot in Paragraph 2
A. Its self-taught ability. B. Its design style.
C. Its high working speed. D. Its great strategy.
√
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Using a type of AI training called imitation learning, in which an AI learns a new task by observing and copying human actions, the da Vinci robot was able to learn the very complex set of actions needed to carry out a surgical task. ”可知, 关于达芬奇机器人在第二段中可以了解到的是它的自学能力。故选A。
2. Why did the researchers present the robot with an unfamiliar dataset
A. To avoid the unexpected.
B. To test its performance.
C. To control the simulation.
D. To overcome its weaknesses.
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第三段可知, 研究人员给机器人提供了一个不熟悉的数据集是为了测试它的性能。故选B。
√
3. What does Dr. Axel Krieger most probably describe the da Vinci robot as
A. A lost art.
B. A desperate attempt.
C. A misguided trend.
D. A major breakthrough.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第四段可知, 阿克塞尔·克里格博士最有可能将达芬奇机器人描述为一项重大突破。故选D。
√
4. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A. Applications in the medical field need updating.
B. A human surgeon should rely on medical robots.
C. The days of automated surgery may arrive someday.
D. Automated systems make medical care available worldwide.
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Though the idea of a robot surgeon may seem scary to some people, the truth is that some surgeons have been using robots in the operating room for some time now, and it has only improved the medical field. ”以及结合上文内容可知, 一些外科医生在手术室里使用机器人已经有一段时间了, 用于改善医疗领域。由此作者在最后一段暗示了自动化手术的时代可能有一天会到来。故选C。
√
外刊原创 高考同源
Passage 3
Nearly half of all bottled water sold in the United States is tap water, which companies put in plastic bottles and sell at huge profits, according to a new report by Food & Water Watch. Tap water’s share of the bottled water market grew from 32. 7% in 2000 to 47. 8% in 2009(the rest is spring water), according to the group, which based its analysis on the bottled water industry’s own data. In all, 2. 5 billion gallons of city tap water, which taxpayers pay to treat, is bottled and sold for $1(or often much more) per gallon, when the same city tap water typically costs a penny or less per gallon . . . and is conveniently delivered to your home.
“These are the numbers the bottled water industry doesn’t want you to see, ” said Food & Water Watch executive director Wenonah Hauter. “These figures reveal that more and more bottled water is basically the same product that flows from consumer taps, funded by taxpayer dollars—then poured into an environmentally destructive package, and sold for thousands of times its actual value. ”
According to Food & Water Watch, the increase in the use of tap water comes down, primarily, to Nestle’s decision to switch its Pure Life brand from spring to tap water in 2005 . . . and it’s subsequent advertising campaign, which boosted sales nearly 20%(for an arguably less desirable product).
Surveys have shown that perceived(感知到的) health benefits are behind the increase in the consumption of bottled water—from 13. 4 gallons per person in 1997 to 29. 3 gallons per person in 2007. While on paper, the Food and Drug Administration limits on pollutants in bottled water mirror the Environmental Protection Agency’s strict limits on pollutants in tap water supplied by community water systems, that doesn’t mean bottled water is as closely watched or as safe as tap water.
For years, advocacy groups have been raising concerns about bottled water: Not only do bottles end up littering the landscape, and not only are those plastic bottles come from fossil fuels, but they also may release chemicals into water and the quality of the water is not strictly monitored.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了瓶装水的潜在污染, 人们越来越多地引用自来水作瓶装水。
1. About bottled water, what can we infer from the first paragraph
A. Much of it is actually tap water.
B. It becomes more and more popular.
C. It is the most profitable industry.
D. Taxpayers pay to produce it.
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第一段中“Tap water’s share of the bottled water market grew from 32. 7% in 2000 to 47. 8% in 2009”可知, 自来水在瓶装水市场上的份额在2009年达到47. 8%, 由此推知大部分瓶装水是自来水装瓶而来的。故选A。
√
2. What does Wenonah Hauter think of bottled water on the market
A. Of high value.
B. Highly profitable.
C. Rapidly expanding.
D. Environmentally friendly.
【解析】选B。观点态度题。根据第二段中“sold for thousands of times its actual value”可知, 瓶装水是暴利产品。故选B。
√
3. Why do many people prefer to consume bottled water
A. They mistake it for being healthy.
B. They drink it for convenience.
C. Tap water is slightly polluted.
D. It is promoted by the government.
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第四段中“perceived health benefits are behind the increase in the consumption of bottled water”可知, 人们喝瓶装水是因为他们感觉瓶装水更健康。故选A。
√
4. What may be discussed about bottled water in the following passages
A. Its promotion.
B. Its price reduction.
C. Its pollution treatment.
D. Its quality monitoring.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据最后一段中“and the quality of the water is not strictly monitored”可推测, 接下来文章很可能谈论如何监控瓶装水的质量。故选D。
√
反复精读 识记积累
障碍词语 skirting board踢脚板; firm adj. 结实的, 坚决的;确切的; tend to倾向于;
account n. 账户, 描述, 报道; shelter from保护某人不受打击;engaging
adj. 迷人的, 吸引人的;session n. (某项活动的)一段时间 (Passage 1)
remotely adv. 远距离地;precision n. 精确(性); generalize v. 使……一般化,
概括;mechanical adj. 机械(方面)的; previously adv. 以前地, 先前地;
painstaking adj. 刻苦的, 下苦功的 (Passage 2)
taxpayer n. 纳税人;conveniently adv. 便利地; executive adj. 执行的;
basically adv. 基本上, 大体上; destructive adj. 破坏性的;come down to 归
结为; switch v. 改变, 转变; subsequent adj. 随后的; campaign n. 运动;
arguably adv. 可论证地, 按理; pollutant n. 污染物; advocacy n. 拥护, 提倡
(Passage 3)
熟词生义 inspire 熟义: v. 激励, 鼓舞 文中义: v. 引起, 导致
book 熟义: n. 书, 书籍 文中义: v. 预订 (Passage 1)
employ 熟义: v. 雇用 文中义: v. 利用
feed 熟义: v. 饲养, 喂养 文中义: v. 输入(Passage 2)
bottle 熟义: n. 瓶子 文中义: v. 装瓶
fund 熟义: n. 基金 文中义: v. 资助
mirror 熟义: n. 镜子;写照 文中义: vt. 与……十分相似
litter 熟义: n. 垃圾 文中义: v. 乱扔垃圾 (Passage 3)
长难句分析 Inborn or learned—the point where a phobia about spiders begins has
provided materials for countless scientific papers, without ever
reaching a firm conclusion.
翻译: 先天习得或后天习得——蜘蛛恐惧症的成因始终是无数学术
论文的研究课题, 然而相关探讨至今未能形成定论。(Passage 2)
长难句分析 1. But the story of Robert the Bruce and the never-give-up spider, widely
spread in the 19th century by Walter Scott, was somewhat unusual in an era
when the image of spiders went into sharp decline.
分析: 主要结构是: But the story. . . was somewhat unusual;“of Robert the
Bruce and the never-give-up spider, widely spread in the 19th century by
Walter Scott”为介词短语作后置定语, 修饰前面的名词story;“in an era
when the image of spiders went into sharp decline”为介词短语作时间状
语。其中又含有when 引导的定语从句。
翻译: 但罗伯特·布鲁斯与那只永不放弃的蜘蛛的故事——这个故事经
由华特·司各特在19世纪广为传播——在一个蜘蛛形象急剧下降的时
代显得颇为不同寻常。 (Passage 1)
长难句分析 2. A new study presented at the 8th Annual Conference on Robot Learning
in Germany introduced the world to a medical robot that employs artificial
intelligence(AI) to learn to perform surgical tasks as well as a human.
翻译: 在德国举行的第8届机器人学习年会上, 一项新研究向世界展示
了一种利用人工智能(AI)学习执行手术任务与人类同样好的医疗机器
人。
长难句分析 3. This meant that the robot was capable of generalizing, rather than
just memorizing, and would be able to manage the unexpected
situations that tend to occur in a real-life operating room.
翻译: 这意味着机器人能够概括, 而不仅仅是记忆, 并且能够处理
在现实手术室中可能发生的意外情况。 (Passage 2)
长难句分析 4. While on paper, the Food and Drug Administration limits on pollutants in bottled water mirror the Environmental Protection Agency’s strict limits on pollutants in tap water supplied by community water systems, that doesn’t mean bottled water is as closely watched or as safe as tap water.
分析: “While on paper, the Food and Drug Administration limits. . . supplied by community water systems”为While 引导的让步状语从句;其中主语部分的核心词是limits, 谓语动词是mirror; 宾语部分的核心词是limits;“that doesn’t mean bottled water is as closely watched or as safe as tap water” 为主句;其中“bottled water is as closely watched or as safe as tap water”为宾语从句。
翻译: 虽然从书面规定来看, 美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration)针对瓶装水中污染物的限量标准与美国环境保护署(Environmental Protection Agency)对社区供水系统所供自来水中污染物的严格限量标准相一致, 但那并不意味着瓶装水受到的监管程度与自来水相同, 也不意味着瓶装水像自来水一样安全。 (Passage 3)
第2节 推理判断题——由表及里
技法探究 强化意识
【考查类型】
【解题步骤】
精练新题 提升素养
Passage 1
Cleaning the kitchen floor the other day, I disturbed a big spider sitting by the skirting board. On this occasion, I cleaned around it, hoping it might move out in its own time. What I should have done was to drive it off, using the glass-and-paper technique that also works well for confused bees.
When it comes to inspiring fear, spiders equal snakes with even less reason. Inborn or learned—the point where a phobia(恐惧症) about spiders begins has provided materials for countless scientific papers, without ever reaching a firm conclusion. But no such animal has inspired such a rich amount of fiction, from the spider character of A True Story by Lucian of Samosata, regarded as the earliest known work of science fiction, to Charlotte, the heroine of E. B. White’s book Charlotte’s Web.
Early descriptions(describe) of spiders tend to be sympathetic: Roman poet Ovid’s account of Arachne, the skillful weaver changed into a spider, suggests the poet’s own sad situation. Spiders appear as kind creatures in many texts—they offer shelters from enemies.
But the story of Robert the Bruce and the never-give-up spider, widely spread in the 19th century by Walter Scott, was somewhat unusual in an era when the image of spiders went into sharp decline. From Thomas Hardy’s Sue Bridehead, who spends a night in a cupboard full of webs, to other tales referring to spiders, it is a step towards seeing spiders as a symbol of horror. Even such engaging characters as Charlotte have failed to restore the reputation of spiders.
For 30 years, London Zoo has been doing its best to change the public’s mind with its Friendly Spider Programme. This year’s sessions are fully booked, but while waiting for dates next year, those who are afraid of the seasonal appearance of spiders might follow the example of Laurence Sterne’s Uncle Toby. Troubled by an annoying fly, he directs it out of a window, saying, “This world surely is wide enough to hold both you and me. ”
【文章大意】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述作者在打扫厨房时发现了一只蜘蛛, 进而从文学作品的角度阐述了蜘蛛形象的重大变化, 最后呼吁人们以包容的态度对待蜘蛛。
1. Why did the author choose to ignore the spider
A. It was likely to hurt her. B. It made her frightened.
C. It was hard to drive it off. D. It would move out soon.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“What I should have done was to drive it off, using the glass-and-paper technique that also works well for confused bees. ”可知。由于作者害怕蜘蛛, 作者没有把它赶出去, 而是选择忽视它, 期望它能自己出去。故选B。
√
2. What does the author say about spider-phobia
A. It proves to be inborn. B. Its origins are under study.
C. It gives writers inspiration. D. Its impact is a scientific focus.
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第二段中的“When it comes to inspiring fear, spiders equal snakes with even less reason. Inborn or learned—the point where a phobia about spiders begins has provided materials for countless scientific papers, without ever reaching a firm conclusion. ”可知, 无论蜘蛛恐惧症是天生的还是后天习得的, 其起源为无数科学论文提供了素材, 但始终没有定论, 这意味着蜘蛛恐惧症的起源仍在研究中。故选B。
√
3. How was the image of spiders changed in literature
A. From likeable to negative. B. From fearful to engaging.
C. From friendly to harmful. D. From unknown to popular.
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第四段中的“But the story of Robert the Bruce and the never-give-up spider, widely spread in the 19th century by Walter Scott, was somewhat unusual in an era when the image of spiders went into sharp decline. From Thomas Hardy’s Sue Bridehead, who spends a night in a cupboard full of webs, to other tales referring to spiders, it is a step towards seeing spiders as a symbol of horror. ”可知, 后来的文学作品中, 蜘蛛转变成了恐怖的象征。因此文学作品中蜘蛛形象的重大变化是由可爱的变成负面的。故选A。
√
4. How should we treat spiders according to the last paragraph
A. Stop showing fear of them.
B. Attend activities to protect them.
C. Direct them out of the building.
D. Turn open and tolerant of them.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Troubled by an annoying fly, he directs it out of a window, saying, ‘This world surely is wide enough to hold both you and me. ’”可知, 此处作者通过Uncle Toby对待苍蝇的态度给害怕蜘蛛的人提出了建议即作者鼓励人们用开放、包容的态度对待蜘蛛。故选D。
√
Passage 2
(2025·安徽模拟)
Mastering the science and art of performing surgery takes years of study and practice for a human. Robots, as it turns out, can learn to do surgical tasks much faster. A new study presented at the 8th Annual Conference on Robot Learning in Germany introduced the world to a medical robot that employs artificial intelligence(AI) to learn to perform surgical tasks as well as a human.
The research team from Johns Hopkins and Stanford University used a da Vinci Surgical System in the study, which is designed to perform surgical tasks while being remotely controlled by a human surgeon. The robot allows the surgeon to work with greater control and precision. Using a type of AI training called imitation learning, in which an AI learns a new task by observing and copying human actions, the da Vinci robot was able to learn the very complex set of actions needed to carry out a surgical task.
Presenting the robot with a dataset that it hadn’t trained on, the researchers found that it was able to perform the virtual simulation(模拟) successfully. This meant that the robot was capable of generalizing, rather than just memorizing, and would be able to manage the unexpected situations that tend to occur in a real-life operating room.
“It’s magical to have this model where all we do is feed it camera input, and it can predict the robotic movements needed for surgery, ” said Dr. Axel Krieger, assistant professor in mechanical engineering at Johns Hopkins and senior author of the study. “We believe this marks a significant step forward in medical robotics. ”
Previously, programmers had to go through the painstaking task of hand-coding(手动编码) a robot to get it to perform the action it was being tasked with. Now, it can be trained to learn a new task in a matter of days. Though the idea of a robot surgeon may seem scary to some people, the truth is that some surgeons have been using robots in the operating room for some time now, and it has only improved the medical field.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款能够利用人工智能技术学习执行手术任务的医疗机器人。该机器人的出现标志着医疗机器人领域取得了重大进展, 使得机器人学习新任务变得更加高效, 同时也已经改善了医疗领域。
1. What can be learned about the da Vinci robot in Paragraph 2
A. Its self-taught ability. B. Its design style.
C. Its high working speed. D. Its great strategy.
√
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Using a type of AI training called imitation learning, in which an AI learns a new task by observing and copying human actions, the da Vinci robot was able to learn the very complex set of actions needed to carry out a surgical task. ”可知, 关于达芬奇机器人在第二段中可以了解到的是它的自学能力。故选A。
2. Why did the researchers present the robot with an unfamiliar dataset
A. To avoid the unexpected.
B. To test its performance.
C. To control the simulation.
D. To overcome its weaknesses.
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第三段可知, 研究人员给机器人提供了一个不熟悉的数据集是为了测试它的性能。故选B。
√
3. What does Dr. Axel Krieger most probably describe the da Vinci robot as
A. A lost art.
B. A desperate attempt.
C. A misguided trend.
D. A major breakthrough.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第四段可知, 阿克塞尔·克里格博士最有可能将达芬奇机器人描述为一项重大突破。故选D。
√
4. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A. Applications in the medical field need updating.
B. A human surgeon should rely on medical robots.
C. The days of automated surgery may arrive someday.
D. Automated systems make medical care available worldwide.
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Though the idea of a robot surgeon may seem scary to some people, the truth is that some surgeons have been using robots in the operating room for some time now, and it has only improved the medical field. ”以及结合上文内容可知, 一些外科医生在手术室里使用机器人已经有一段时间了, 用于改善医疗领域。由此作者在最后一段暗示了自动化手术的时代可能有一天会到来。故选C。
√
外刊原创 高考同源
Passage 3
Nearly half of all bottled water sold in the United States is tap water, which companies put in plastic bottles and sell at huge profits, according to a new report by Food & Water Watch. Tap water’s share of the bottled water market grew from 32. 7% in 2000 to 47. 8% in 2009(the rest is spring water), according to the group, which based its analysis on the bottled water industry’s own data. In all, 2. 5 billion gallons of city tap water, which taxpayers pay to treat, is bottled and sold for $1(or often much more) per gallon, when the same city tap water typically costs a penny or less per gallon . . . and is conveniently delivered to your home.
“These are the numbers the bottled water industry doesn’t want you to see, ” said Food & Water Watch executive director Wenonah Hauter. “These figures reveal that more and more bottled water is basically the same product that flows from consumer taps, funded by taxpayer dollars—then poured into an environmentally destructive package, and sold for thousands of times its actual value. ”
According to Food & Water Watch, the increase in the use of tap water comes down, primarily, to Nestle’s decision to switch its Pure Life brand from spring to tap water in 2005 . . . and it’s subsequent advertising campaign, which boosted sales nearly 20%(for an arguably less desirable product).
Surveys have shown that perceived(感知到的) health benefits are behind the increase in the consumption of bottled water—from 13. 4 gallons per person in 1997 to 29. 3 gallons per person in 2007. While on paper, the Food and Drug Administration limits on pollutants in bottled water mirror the Environmental Protection Agency’s strict limits on pollutants in tap water supplied by community water systems, that doesn’t mean bottled water is as closely watched or as safe as tap water.
For years, advocacy groups have been raising concerns about bottled water: Not only do bottles end up littering the landscape, and not only are those plastic bottles come from fossil fuels, but they also may release chemicals into water and the quality of the water is not strictly monitored.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了瓶装水的潜在污染, 人们越来越多地引用自来水作瓶装水。
1. About bottled water, what can we infer from the first paragraph
A. Much of it is actually tap water.
B. It becomes more and more popular.
C. It is the most profitable industry.
D. Taxpayers pay to produce it.
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第一段中“Tap water’s share of the bottled water market grew from 32. 7% in 2000 to 47. 8% in 2009”可知, 自来水在瓶装水市场上的份额在2009年达到47. 8%, 由此推知大部分瓶装水是自来水装瓶而来的。故选A。
√
2. What does Wenonah Hauter think of bottled water on the market
A. Of high value.
B. Highly profitable.
C. Rapidly expanding.
D. Environmentally friendly.
【解析】选B。观点态度题。根据第二段中“sold for thousands of times its actual value”可知, 瓶装水是暴利产品。故选B。
√
3. Why do many people prefer to consume bottled water
A. They mistake it for being healthy.
B. They drink it for convenience.
C. Tap water is slightly polluted.
D. It is promoted by the government.
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第四段中“perceived health benefits are behind the increase in the consumption of bottled water”可知, 人们喝瓶装水是因为他们感觉瓶装水更健康。故选A。
√
4. What may be discussed about bottled water in the following passages
A. Its promotion.
B. Its price reduction.
C. Its pollution treatment.
D. Its quality monitoring.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据最后一段中“and the quality of the water is not strictly monitored”可推测, 接下来文章很可能谈论如何监控瓶装水的质量。故选D。
√
反复精读 识记积累
障碍词语 skirting board踢脚板; firm adj. 结实的, 坚决的;确切的; tend to倾向于;
account n. 账户, 描述, 报道; shelter from保护某人不受打击;engaging
adj. 迷人的, 吸引人的;session n. (某项活动的)一段时间 (Passage 1)
remotely adv. 远距离地;precision n. 精确(性); generalize v. 使……一般化,
概括;mechanical adj. 机械(方面)的; previously adv. 以前地, 先前地;
painstaking adj. 刻苦的, 下苦功的 (Passage 2)
taxpayer n. 纳税人;conveniently adv. 便利地; executive adj. 执行的;
basically adv. 基本上, 大体上; destructive adj. 破坏性的;come down to 归
结为; switch v. 改变, 转变; subsequent adj. 随后的; campaign n. 运动;
arguably adv. 可论证地, 按理; pollutant n. 污染物; advocacy n. 拥护, 提倡
(Passage 3)
熟词生义 inspire 熟义: v. 激励, 鼓舞 文中义: v. 引起, 导致
book 熟义: n. 书, 书籍 文中义: v. 预订 (Passage 1)
employ 熟义: v. 雇用 文中义: v. 利用
feed 熟义: v. 饲养, 喂养 文中义: v. 输入(Passage 2)
bottle 熟义: n. 瓶子 文中义: v. 装瓶
fund 熟义: n. 基金 文中义: v. 资助
mirror 熟义: n. 镜子;写照 文中义: vt. 与……十分相似
litter 熟义: n. 垃圾 文中义: v. 乱扔垃圾 (Passage 3)
长难句分析 Inborn or learned—the point where a phobia about spiders begins has
provided materials for countless scientific papers, without ever
reaching a firm conclusion.
翻译: 先天习得或后天习得——蜘蛛恐惧症的成因始终是无数学术
论文的研究课题, 然而相关探讨至今未能形成定论。(Passage 2)
长难句分析 1. But the story of Robert the Bruce and the never-give-up spider, widely
spread in the 19th century by Walter Scott, was somewhat unusual in an era
when the image of spiders went into sharp decline.
分析: 主要结构是: But the story. . . was somewhat unusual;“of Robert the
Bruce and the never-give-up spider, widely spread in the 19th century by
Walter Scott”为介词短语作后置定语, 修饰前面的名词story;“in an era
when the image of spiders went into sharp decline”为介词短语作时间状
语。其中又含有when 引导的定语从句。
翻译: 但罗伯特·布鲁斯与那只永不放弃的蜘蛛的故事——这个故事经
由华特·司各特在19世纪广为传播——在一个蜘蛛形象急剧下降的时
代显得颇为不同寻常。 (Passage 1)
长难句分析 2. A new study presented at the 8th Annual Conference on Robot Learning
in Germany introduced the world to a medical robot that employs artificial
intelligence(AI) to learn to perform surgical tasks as well as a human.
翻译: 在德国举行的第8届机器人学习年会上, 一项新研究向世界展示
了一种利用人工智能(AI)学习执行手术任务与人类同样好的医疗机器
人。
长难句分析 3. This meant that the robot was capable of generalizing, rather than
just memorizing, and would be able to manage the unexpected
situations that tend to occur in a real-life operating room.
翻译: 这意味着机器人能够概括, 而不仅仅是记忆, 并且能够处理
在现实手术室中可能发生的意外情况。 (Passage 2)
长难句分析 4. While on paper, the Food and Drug Administration limits on pollutants in bottled water mirror the Environmental Protection Agency’s strict limits on pollutants in tap water supplied by community water systems, that doesn’t mean bottled water is as closely watched or as safe as tap water.
分析: “While on paper, the Food and Drug Administration limits. . . supplied by community water systems”为While 引导的让步状语从句;其中主语部分的核心词是limits, 谓语动词是mirror; 宾语部分的核心词是limits;“that doesn’t mean bottled water is as closely watched or as safe as tap water” 为主句;其中“bottled water is as closely watched or as safe as tap water”为宾语从句。
翻译: 虽然从书面规定来看, 美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration)针对瓶装水中污染物的限量标准与美国环境保护署(Environmental Protection Agency)对社区供水系统所供自来水中污染物的严格限量标准相一致, 但那并不意味着瓶装水受到的监管程度与自来水相同, 也不意味着瓶装水像自来水一样安全。 (Passage 3)