高考英语二轮复习阅读专题一第6节语篇结构的五大模式——宏观认识课件
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| 名称 | 高考英语二轮复习阅读专题一第6节语篇结构的五大模式——宏观认识课件 |
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| 文件大小 | 1.0MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 试卷 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2026-04-08 00:00:00 | ||
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(共81张PPT)
第6节 语篇结构的五大模式——宏观认识
技法探究 强化意识
【考查类型】
【解题步骤】
一 问题—解决模式(Problem-solution pattern)
该模式一般由背景(situation)、问题(problem)、反应(response)、评价(evaluation)或结果(result)组成。一般来说问题—解决模式结束的标志是对“问题”提出肯定的解决办法, 而否定的评价则标志着另一轮“问题”的开始。
具有这种模式的阅读材料, 往往在开头就摆出问题、提出不利情况、棘手问题或发出设问, 下文可能出现solution、take action等提示词。行文结构一般是: 交代背景—提出问题—对问题的反应—解决方案—评价解决方案。文章的重点往往落在解决方案以及对解决方案的评价上面, 命题者一般抓住这些要点命制试题和设置选项。
【典例展示】
(2025·全国Ⅱ卷·D篇)
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively(专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1, 000 in revenue(收入), and of that waste only 15. 7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84. 3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients(配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
【文章模式图解】
【文章模式分析】
本文按照交代背景—提出问题—介绍解决方案—评价解决方案的行文结构展开。文章开篇第一段提出粮食浪费这个全球性问题, 随后介绍了针对该问题的解决方案, 即生产商和销售商都在想办法, 一家纽约餐厅尝试了一种新方法: 用边角料食材制作菜肴。接着, 文章着重从三个方面对该解决方案进行评价: 其一, 提高人们对食物浪费的认识;其二, 对零浪费概念的推进;最后总结, 这个方法虽然只有两种, 但具有明显的警醒作用。
【阅读技巧点拨】
对于问题—解决型文章, 学生应学会:
一、将文章大致分为问题(背景)、解决方案、方案评价(结果)三个不同层面, 逐层破解中心段落。
二、留意 problem、solution、 take action等提示词, 更快定位问题句、方案句。
三、关注文章对不同方案的评价, 把握作者的态度。
二 概括—具体模式(General-specific pattern)又称一般一特殊模式
这种模式可分为两类: 一般—例证模式(Generalization-example)和预览—细节模式(Preview-detailed pattern)。这一模式的一大特点就是将整篇篇章分为三部分, 即概括陈述、具体陈述和总结陈述。其中概括陈述和具体陈述比较固定, 一般来讲, 一个语篇只能有一个概括陈述, 它阐明通篇的主题, 统领整个语篇。具体陈述在语篇中处于从属地位, 往往有多个。总结陈述是对通篇内容的总结, 但不一定每个语篇都有。
【典例展示】(2025·八省联考·C篇)
Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city—in particular focusing on what makes a successful urban community. At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense(稠密) and exciting urban environments. She prefers disorder to order, walking to driving, and diversity to uniformity.
For Jacobs, urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves and not be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials. The best judges of how a city should be—and how it should develop—are the local residents themselves. Jacobs argues that urban communities are best placed to understand how their city functions, because city life is created and sustained through their various interactions.
Jacobs notes that the built form of a city is crucial to the life of an urban community, especially the sidewalks. The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another. Such a complex but ultimately enriching set of encounters helps individuals know their neighbours and neighbourhood better.
Diversity and mixed-use of space are also, for Jacobs, key elements of this urban form. The commercial, business, and residential elements of a city should not be separated out but instead be side by side, to allow for greater integration of people. There should also be a diversity of old and new buildings, and people’s interactions should determine how buildings get used and reused.
Finally, urban communities grow better in places where a critical mass of people live, work, and interact. Such high-density spaces are, she feels, engines of creativity and vitality. They are also safe places to be, because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood.
【文章模式图解】
【文章模式分析】
本文采用了“提出结论、分步解释、最后评价”的行文结构, 文章首段提出作者的愿景: 都市生活应该充满活力。接着从不同维度对城市功能进行了阐述: 城市的总体感受, 城市街道的作用, 城市多样性的作用。最后总结, 城市安全有活力, 人口密度是关键。
【阅读技巧点拨】
结论解释型文章的重心在于结论和评价部分, 需重点阅读。学生应学会:
一、理解总分结构, 把握中心结论。
二、根据 for example、such as 等提示词区分举例说明部分。
三、细读评价部分, 从不同侧面拆分作者对结论的态度。
三 主张—反主张模式(Claim-counter-claim pattern)
在这一模式中, 作者首先提出一种普遍认可或某些人认可的主张或观点, 然后针对该观点的合理性及原因展开讨论, 最后予以澄清, 并说明自己的主张或观点, 或者提出反主张或真实情况。其行文结构是: 观点(新/旧观点)—试验论证、举例说明—评价解释。全文中心句可能为观点介绍句(通常位于第一段或第二段段首), 也可能为解释评价句(通常为文章后半部分评价段落中心句)。
【典例展示】(2025·北京高考·C篇)
Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll(翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad ” the teenager replied. The parent—who was me, by the way—just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”.
Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy.
Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed(利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make—ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves—are vital to our ability to thrive(成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts.
Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I. ” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views—for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great. ”
What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over.
【文章模式图解】
【文章模式分析】
本文采取了旧观点—分析旧观点—提出并论证新观点—评价新观点的结构。第一段讲述了作者的亲身经历, 作者在教育孩子的过程中, 把自家情况与别人家的情况进行了比较。第二段通过作者的反思引出旧观点: 所有的比较都是不健康的。 下文接着介绍了比较的弊端和如何积极地利用比较, 从而提出了新的观点: 比较也许会产生负面作用, 但换个角度看待比较会产生积极的作用。随后, 作者认为应该尽早让孩子知道如何积极地利用比较, 从比较中获得收益。
【阅读技巧点拨】
对于观点展示型文章, 学生应学会:
一、重点关注新观点的内容和实验、研究内容等。
二、关注作者对新旧观点的评价, 留意是否对新旧观点有中立或反面评价。
三、要关注作者的评价性词语、语气以及所举事例等, 作者的观点和态度往往隐含在评价性的词语和所举的例子背后。
四 匹配—比较模式(Matching pattern)
这种语篇模式常用来比较事物异同。比较事物相似之处称为“匹配相容”(Matching compatibility), 比较事物差异则称为“匹配对比”(Matching contrast)。这种模式的语篇往往在前两段提出即将讨论或说明的话题, 然后进行对比和分析, 最后做出评价。其行文结构是: 话题或论点—对比分析或正反论证—评价或总结。阅读时要特别关注作者的情感基调, 提炼观点或者中心话题。
【典例展示】(2025·全国Ⅱ卷·C篇)
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1, 200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70, 000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now, ” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think. ” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone(激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants, ” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces. ”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one(or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one, ” Detrinidad says.
【文章模式图解】
【文章模式分析】
本文通过一个例子引出话题, 第二段通过引用专家的话, 提出观点: 生活在植物丰富的环境中的人对生活的满意度更高。随后通过实验比较不同环境中植物对于学生学业的积极影响, 并类比成人的工作场所, 进行相容匹配。最后, 作者从创建绿植环境的实践角度给出建议, 无论擅长种植与否, 都要坚持绿化生活环境。
【阅读技巧点拨】
对于匹配—比较模式的文章, 学生应学会:
一、读前两段提炼观点或话题。
二、厘清正反对比阐释的内容和结论。
三、把握作者的态度、文章的立意。
五 叙事模式(Narrative pattern)
几乎所有作品中都或多或少出现叙事性篇章或片段。叙事模式结构如下:
(1)点题(Abstract)—What was this about 故事开始之前对故事的简要概括。
(2)指向(Orientation)—Who, when, what, where 故事开始时, 对时间、地点、人物及其活动或环境的描述。
(3)进展(Complication action)—Then what happened 指故事本身的发生、事态的发展。
(4)评议(Evaluation)—So what 内部或外部的评论, 可渗透于整个叙事结构中。
(5)结果或结局(Result or solution)—What finally happened 故事的结局, 包括人物的下场、目的的实现或失败等。
(6)回应(Coda)—叙述者用一两句话来回应主题。
这种模式的语篇着重叙述某个故事、经历或介绍某个人物, 有较完整的故事情节。其行文结构是:
(1)顺叙: 按照时间先后、按照地点的转换和按照事情的内在逻辑联系叙述。
(2)倒叙: 开头提及高潮或结局, 再一步一步地揭示这个高潮或结局所形成的原因和经过, 以产生独特的艺术效果。
(3)插叙: 在人物事件原定的叙述线索适当的地方, 插入某些情况的介绍, 交代某些关系, 或对某些矛盾作侧面说明, 以使文章的情节更加完整。
【典例展示】(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·B篇)
“I am not crazy, ” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture(针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time. ” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic(按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well, ” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job. ”
【文章模式图解】
【文章模式分析】
本文采取倒叙手法。 首先介绍故事的结局——Farber利用中西医结合方法治疗宠物, 虽然有时候被同行笑话, 但他是笑到最后的那个。然后交代故事的起因——Farber 年轻时背疼, 吃药不管用, 然后采用针灸, 疼痛很快缓解, 因此他相信中医, 并使用中医方法治疗宠物。他的这套中西医结合方法效果如何 ——紧接着用两个例子作为证明。 最后, 用Farber对中西医结合的信心和期待作为评价, 升华主题。
【阅读技巧点拨】
了解叙事类文章的行文结构后, 学生应学会:
一、抓住故事脉络及情节递进规律, 把握故事传达的主旨。
二、读懂文章细节, 联系上下文理解故事具体词句的含义。
三、识别过渡句, 必要时可以通过转折词寻找作者的情感变化、文章情节的转折过程。
精练新题 提升素养
Passage 1
(2025·福州模拟)
At my first lesson in Chinese calligraphy, my teacher told me plainly: “Now I will teach you how to write your name. And to make it beautiful. ” I felt my breath catch. I was curious.
Growing up in Singapore, I had an unusual relationship with my Chinese name. My parents are ethnically Chinese, so they asked the elders to decide my name, aiming for maximum luck. As a result, I ended up with a nonsense and embarrassing name: Chen Yiwen, meaning, roughly, “old”“barley(薏米)” and “warm”.
When I arrived in America for college at 18, I put on an American accent and abandoned my Chinese name. When I moved to Hong Kong in 2021, after 14 years in the States, I decided to learn calligraphy. Why not get back in touch with my heritage I thought.
In calligraphy, the idea is to copy the old masters’ techniques, thereby refining your own. Every week, though, my teacher would give uncomfortably on-the-nose assessments of my person. “You need to be braver, ” he once observed. “Have confidence. Try to produce a bold stroke(笔画). ” For years, I had prided myself on presenting an image of confidence, but my writing betrayed me.
I was trying to make sense of this practice. You must visualize the word as it is to be written and leave a trace of yourself in it. As a bodily practice, calligraphy could go beyond its own cultural restrictions. Could it help me go beyond mine My teacher once said to me, “When you look at the word, you see the body. Though a word on the page is two-dimensional, it contains multitudes, conveying the force you’ve applied, the energy of your grip, the arch of your spine. ” I had been learning calligraphy to get in touch with my cultural roots, but what I was really seeking was a return to myself. Now I have sensed that the pleasure out of calligraphy allows me to know myself more fully.
During a recent lesson, my teacher pointed at the word I had just finished, telling me: “This word is much better. I can see the choices you made, your calculations, your flow. Trust yourself. This word is yours. ” He might as well have said, “This word is you. ”
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者学习中国书法以寻回文化根源并重新认识自我的经历。
1. What can we learn about the author’s Chinese name
A. It was given by the author’s teachers.
B. It has a meaningful and elegant meaning.
C. It was decided by the elders as the author’s parents wished for good luck.
D. The author has always been proud of it.
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“My parents are ethnically Chinese, so they asked the elders to decide my name, aiming for maximum luck. As a result, I ended up with a nonsense and embarrassing name: Chen Yiwen, meaning, roughly, ‘old’‘barley’ and ‘warm’. ”可知, 作者的中文名是长辈应父母祈求好运的愿望而定的。故选C。
√
2. Why did the author decide to learn calligraphy when moving to Hong Kong
A. To make more friends in Hong Kong.
B. To get back in touch with Chinese heritage.
C. To improve writing skills for exams.
D. To teach calligraphy in the future.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“When I moved to Hong Kong in 2021, after 14 years in the States, I decided to learn calligraphy. Why not get back in touch with my heritage I thought. ”可知, 作者搬到香港后决定学习书法是为了重新接触中国文化遗产。故选B。
√
3. The underlined word “on-the-nose” in Paragraph 4 probably means .
A. very direct and accurate B. not relevant at all
C. hard to understand D. full of mistakes
【解析】选A。词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“‘You need to be braver, ’ he once observed. ‘Have confidence. Try to produce a bold stroke. ’ For years, I had prided myself on presenting an image of confidence, but my writing betrayed me. ”可知, 老师对作者的评价直接且准确, 所以画线单词“on-the-nose”意为“非常直接和准确的”, 与“very direct and accurate”同义。故选A。
√
4. What does the author really seek through learning calligraphy
A. To become a famous calligrapher.
B. To show off calligraphy skills.
C. A return to herself and a better understanding of herself.
D. To make her Chinese name more beautiful only.
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第五段中的“I had been learning calligraphy to get in touch with my cultural roots, but what I was really seeking was a return to myself. Now I have sensed that the pleasure out of calligraphy allows me to know myself more fully. ”可知, 作者通过学习书法真正寻求的是回归自我和更好地了解自己。故选C。
√
Passage 2
(2025·长沙模拟)
Alex is my regular hiking, ice-climbing, and mountain-biking partner. We were on a one-night trip, and what he brought for dinner was just rice. Literally nothing else.
This was not because he was trying to pack as light as possible, nor was it because he was broke. I tried to convince him to at least add some soy sauce(酱油) to it. But no, Alex wasn’t having any of it. “I don’t need it, ” he said simply.
Now, if he was talking only about outdoors’ meals, I almost understood the reason. When you’re ravenous after a day of burning off calories walking or climbing or backcountry skiing in the mountains, how awesome do things taste! Just as the saying goes, hunger is the best sauce. And I agree. Absolutely.
But there’s more to it than that. Last month, I went down the coast car camping with my family. One morning, my wife made a statement. “I don’t see the point, ” she said. “It’s so much work, camping. But the views at home are better. The beds are more comfortable. It’s more peaceful. And at home, the food is better. ” I’ll admit she’s right about the first three. But the food We had a simple pasta one night, sausages another, chicken curry the third, but they all tasted good. Better than at home. And it wasn’t simply that we were hungry; it was because we were camping.
The real point I want to convey is that meals taste particularly good when I’m camping because it reminds me of things that are easily overlooked at home, where I can just go to the cupboard or the supermarket and grab whatever I feel like. When you’re camping, life is reduced to its essentials, and I’m reminded of how privileged most of us are to be dry, warm and fed. More importantly, I’m reminded that, sadly, not everyone is as fortunate as we are. And I’m reminded that, as a society, we should do better for them.
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章通过讲述作者与同伴Alex户外旅行的饮食经历, 以及和家人露营时对食物的感悟, 揭示了露营能让人重新审视生活, 意识到自身的幸运, 并唤起对社会弱势群体的关怀, 强调了露营是对美好生活的一种深刻提醒。
1. Why did Alex bring only rice for dinner on the trip
A. He didn’t like soy sauce.
B. He preferred to travel light.
C. He couldn’t afford a better meal.
D. He thought simple food is enough outdoors.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第二段“But no, Alex wasn’t having any of it. ‘I don’t need it, ’ he said simply. ”可知, Alex认为在户外简单的食物就足够了, 不需要复杂的调味或更多的食物。故选D。
√
2. What does the underlined word “ravenous” in the third paragraph mean
A. Exhausted. B. Starving.
C. Charming. D. Refreshed.
【解析】选B。词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“after a day of burning off calories walking or climbing or backcountry skiing in the mountains”可知, 在户外活动一天后, 人们消耗了大量卡路里, 处于非常饿的状态。“ravenous”表示极度饥饿。故选B。
√
3. What makes the author sad in the last paragraph
A. Some people lack the basic necessities of life.
B. Some people fail to appreciate what they have.
C. People easily forget the beauty of simple things.
D. People easily quit camping due to its discomfort.
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据最后一段“When you’re camping, life is reduced to its essentials, and I’m reminded of how privileged most of us are to be dry, warm and fed. More importantly, I’m reminded that, sadly, not everyone is as fortunate as we are. And I’m reminded that, as a society, we should do better for them. ”可知, 作者感到难过的是, 有些人缺乏基本的生活必需品。故选A。
√
4. What message does the author want to convey in the passage
A. Camping is a test of adaptability to challenges.
B. Camping is a bonding experience for family.
C. Camping is a reminder of our good life.
D. Camping is a chance to enjoy a feast.
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段可知, 选项C “露营是一种提醒人们所拥有的美好生活的方式。”是作者想通过文字传递的信息。故选C。
√
外刊原创 高考同源
Passage 3
Over the last century, along with rapid growth in technology, we have witnessed increasing environmental problems such as air pollution, water pollution, and global warming. People have gradually acknowledged the influence of human behaviors on the natural world. In environmental psychology, the function of psychosocial variables of pro-environmental behavior, including attitudes, behavioral control, moral norms, intentions, and so forth, has received considerable attention.
Some researchers have attempted to provide theories to explain the development of different attitudes. One example is the New Environmental Paradigm, which focuses on the relationship between people and nature, and sees humans as a part of the natural environment. Another example is the Value-Belief-Norm(VBN) model. The model assumes that the value that one places on oneself, other people, or plants and animals provides the foundation for the attitudes one develops about environmental issues. Following the VBN theory, American environment psychologist Schultz and colleagues argue that environmental attitudes and concerns are based on an individual’s primitive belief that one is an integral part of the natural environment. They termed this belief as connections with nature.
Connections with nature are an important foundation of one’s environmental attitudes, and are relatively stable across time and situation. Although the discussion about human-nature relations has a long history in philosophical and sociological literature, insufficient attention has been given to this issue in psychology. Connections with nature are introduced by Schultz to examine the relationship between an individual and the natural world from a psychological perspective.
The concept of connections with nature has been interpreted in different ways. It was defined by Schultz as “the extent to which an individual includes nature within his/her cognitive(认知的) representation of self”. Other researchers viewed connectedness as an individual’s affective and experiential(rather than cognitive) connection to the natural world, or suggested it is an individual’s beliefs and attitudes about their connection to nature, not mere affective connection.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章从心理学角度阐述了人们对于自然的态度和采取的行为, 以及不同研究人员对这一研究视角的不同理解。
1. What do we know about the psychosocial variables of pro-environmental behavior
A. They are a new concept. B. They cause pollution directly.
C. They worry the scientists. D. They’ve drawn wide attention.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第一段中“the function of psychosocial variables of pro-environmental behavior, including attitudes, behavioral control, moral norms, intentions, and so forth, has received considerable attention”可知, 亲环境行为的心理变量的作用已经得到广泛关注。故选D。
√
2. What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us
A. Several theories. B. Various attitudes.
C. Different beliefs. D. Related research.
【解析】选A。段落大意题。本段主要介绍了几个环境心理学的理论。故选A。
√
3. What does the author think of Schultz’s concept of connections with nature
A. Secret. B. Novel.
C. Advanced. D. Acquired.
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第三段中“insufficient attention has been given to this issue in psychology”可知, 虽然在哲学和社会学文献中对人与自然关系的讨论由来已久, 但在心理学中对这一问题的关注却不够。 由此可知, Schultz提出的概念是新颖的。故选B。
√
4. What can we infer about the concept of connections with nature from the last paragraph
A. Schultz is proud of it. B. It causes heat debate.
C. People understand it differently. D. It changes people’s beliefs.
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Other researchers viewed connectedness as an individual’s affective and experiential(rather than cognitive) connection to the natural world, or suggested it is an individual’s beliefs and attitudes about their connection to nature, not mere affective connection. ”可知, 不同的研究人员对这个概念的理解是不一样的。故选C。
√
反复精读 识记积累
障碍词语 calligraphy n. 书法, 书法艺术; plainly adv. 明白地, 坦率地;ethnically adv. 人种上, 民族上; maximum adj. 最大限度的;nonsense adj. 无意义的, 荒谬的;roughly adv. 粗略地, 大约;abandon v. 抛弃, 遗弃; thereby adv. 因此, 从而;on-the-nose adj. 准确无误的, 直截了当的; assessment n. 评估, 评价;visualize v. 想象, 使形象化;bodily adj. 人体的, 身体的; multitude n. 众多, 大量 (Passage 1)
literally adv. 按照字面意义地, 简直; backcountry n. 偏僻地区; essential n. 必不可少的东西, 必需品; privilege v. 给予特权, 特别优待 (Passage 2)
障碍词语 variable n. 可变性, 可变因素;pro-environmental adj. 支持环保的; behavioral adj. 行为的;norm n. 社会准则, 行为规范;considerable adj. 相当大的, 相当重要的; assume v. 假定, 假设, 认为;primitive adj. 原始的, 远古的;integral adj. 必需的, 必要的, 不可或缺的; foundation n. 地基, 基础; insufficient adj. 不充分的;perspective n. 视角, 观点;interpret v. 解释, 说明; connectedness n. 连通性; affective adj. 情感的, 表达感情的 (Passage 3)
熟词生义 catch 熟义: v. 接住;抓住, 握住, 染病 文中义: v. 哽咽, 停止
pride熟义: n. 自豪;骄傲 文中义: v. 以……自豪
calculation熟义: n. 计算, 运算 文中义: n. 考量
flow熟义: v. /n. 流动, 流淌 文中义: n. 心流, 气韵 (Passage 1)
broke熟义: v. (break 的过去式形式)弄坏;打碎;违反 文中义: adj. 一文不值的, 身无分文的
camp熟义: n. 营地;军营;度假营 文中义: v. 野营, 露营
reduce熟义: v. 减少, 降低 文中义: v. 简化 (Passage 2)
term熟义: n. 术语;学期 文中义: v. 把……称为 (Passage 3)
长难句分析 Though a word on the page is two-dimensional, it contains multitudes, conveying the force you’ve applied, the energy of your grip, the arch of your spine.
分析: 主句核心结构: it contains multitudes;让步状语从句: Though a word on the page is two-dimensional;伴随状语: conveying the force you’ve applied, the energy of your grip, the arch of your spine;在伴随状语中有三个并列宾语: the force. . . ;the energy. . . ;the arch. . . 。
翻译: 尽管纸上的字是二维的, 但它蕴含万千——传递着你的运笔之力、握笔之势, 乃至脊背的弧度。 (Passage 1)
长难句分析 1. We had a simple pasta one night, sausages another, chicken curry the third, but they all tasted good.
分析: 这是一个but连接的并列句, 难点在于one night. . . , another. . . , the third 的理解。
翻译: 我们第一晚吃了简简单单的意大利面, 第二晚是烤肠, 第三晚是咖喱鸡——但都美味得很。 (Passage 2)
长难句分析 2. In environmental psychology, the function of psychosocial variables of pro-environmental behavior, including attitudes, behavioral control, moral norms, intentions, and so forth, has received considerable attention.
分析: 句子主干: the function has received considerable attention;介词短语作状语: In environmental psychology;介词短语作后置定语: of psychosocial variables of pro-environmental behavior;介词短语作插入成分: including attitudes, behavioral control, moral norms, intentions, and so forth。
翻译: 在环境心理学中, 亲环境行为的心理社会变量功能——包括态度、行为控制、道德规范、行为意向等——已受到广泛关注。 (Passage 3)
第6节 语篇结构的五大模式——宏观认识
技法探究 强化意识
【考查类型】
【解题步骤】
一 问题—解决模式(Problem-solution pattern)
该模式一般由背景(situation)、问题(problem)、反应(response)、评价(evaluation)或结果(result)组成。一般来说问题—解决模式结束的标志是对“问题”提出肯定的解决办法, 而否定的评价则标志着另一轮“问题”的开始。
具有这种模式的阅读材料, 往往在开头就摆出问题、提出不利情况、棘手问题或发出设问, 下文可能出现solution、take action等提示词。行文结构一般是: 交代背景—提出问题—对问题的反应—解决方案—评价解决方案。文章的重点往往落在解决方案以及对解决方案的评价上面, 命题者一般抓住这些要点命制试题和设置选项。
【典例展示】
(2025·全国Ⅱ卷·D篇)
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively(专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1, 000 in revenue(收入), and of that waste only 15. 7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84. 3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients(配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
【文章模式图解】
【文章模式分析】
本文按照交代背景—提出问题—介绍解决方案—评价解决方案的行文结构展开。文章开篇第一段提出粮食浪费这个全球性问题, 随后介绍了针对该问题的解决方案, 即生产商和销售商都在想办法, 一家纽约餐厅尝试了一种新方法: 用边角料食材制作菜肴。接着, 文章着重从三个方面对该解决方案进行评价: 其一, 提高人们对食物浪费的认识;其二, 对零浪费概念的推进;最后总结, 这个方法虽然只有两种, 但具有明显的警醒作用。
【阅读技巧点拨】
对于问题—解决型文章, 学生应学会:
一、将文章大致分为问题(背景)、解决方案、方案评价(结果)三个不同层面, 逐层破解中心段落。
二、留意 problem、solution、 take action等提示词, 更快定位问题句、方案句。
三、关注文章对不同方案的评价, 把握作者的态度。
二 概括—具体模式(General-specific pattern)又称一般一特殊模式
这种模式可分为两类: 一般—例证模式(Generalization-example)和预览—细节模式(Preview-detailed pattern)。这一模式的一大特点就是将整篇篇章分为三部分, 即概括陈述、具体陈述和总结陈述。其中概括陈述和具体陈述比较固定, 一般来讲, 一个语篇只能有一个概括陈述, 它阐明通篇的主题, 统领整个语篇。具体陈述在语篇中处于从属地位, 往往有多个。总结陈述是对通篇内容的总结, 但不一定每个语篇都有。
【典例展示】(2025·八省联考·C篇)
Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city—in particular focusing on what makes a successful urban community. At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense(稠密) and exciting urban environments. She prefers disorder to order, walking to driving, and diversity to uniformity.
For Jacobs, urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves and not be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials. The best judges of how a city should be—and how it should develop—are the local residents themselves. Jacobs argues that urban communities are best placed to understand how their city functions, because city life is created and sustained through their various interactions.
Jacobs notes that the built form of a city is crucial to the life of an urban community, especially the sidewalks. The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another. Such a complex but ultimately enriching set of encounters helps individuals know their neighbours and neighbourhood better.
Diversity and mixed-use of space are also, for Jacobs, key elements of this urban form. The commercial, business, and residential elements of a city should not be separated out but instead be side by side, to allow for greater integration of people. There should also be a diversity of old and new buildings, and people’s interactions should determine how buildings get used and reused.
Finally, urban communities grow better in places where a critical mass of people live, work, and interact. Such high-density spaces are, she feels, engines of creativity and vitality. They are also safe places to be, because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood.
【文章模式图解】
【文章模式分析】
本文采用了“提出结论、分步解释、最后评价”的行文结构, 文章首段提出作者的愿景: 都市生活应该充满活力。接着从不同维度对城市功能进行了阐述: 城市的总体感受, 城市街道的作用, 城市多样性的作用。最后总结, 城市安全有活力, 人口密度是关键。
【阅读技巧点拨】
结论解释型文章的重心在于结论和评价部分, 需重点阅读。学生应学会:
一、理解总分结构, 把握中心结论。
二、根据 for example、such as 等提示词区分举例说明部分。
三、细读评价部分, 从不同侧面拆分作者对结论的态度。
三 主张—反主张模式(Claim-counter-claim pattern)
在这一模式中, 作者首先提出一种普遍认可或某些人认可的主张或观点, 然后针对该观点的合理性及原因展开讨论, 最后予以澄清, 并说明自己的主张或观点, 或者提出反主张或真实情况。其行文结构是: 观点(新/旧观点)—试验论证、举例说明—评价解释。全文中心句可能为观点介绍句(通常位于第一段或第二段段首), 也可能为解释评价句(通常为文章后半部分评价段落中心句)。
【典例展示】(2025·北京高考·C篇)
Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll(翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad ” the teenager replied. The parent—who was me, by the way—just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”.
Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy.
Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed(利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make—ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves—are vital to our ability to thrive(成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts.
Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I. ” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views—for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great. ”
What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over.
【文章模式图解】
【文章模式分析】
本文采取了旧观点—分析旧观点—提出并论证新观点—评价新观点的结构。第一段讲述了作者的亲身经历, 作者在教育孩子的过程中, 把自家情况与别人家的情况进行了比较。第二段通过作者的反思引出旧观点: 所有的比较都是不健康的。 下文接着介绍了比较的弊端和如何积极地利用比较, 从而提出了新的观点: 比较也许会产生负面作用, 但换个角度看待比较会产生积极的作用。随后, 作者认为应该尽早让孩子知道如何积极地利用比较, 从比较中获得收益。
【阅读技巧点拨】
对于观点展示型文章, 学生应学会:
一、重点关注新观点的内容和实验、研究内容等。
二、关注作者对新旧观点的评价, 留意是否对新旧观点有中立或反面评价。
三、要关注作者的评价性词语、语气以及所举事例等, 作者的观点和态度往往隐含在评价性的词语和所举的例子背后。
四 匹配—比较模式(Matching pattern)
这种语篇模式常用来比较事物异同。比较事物相似之处称为“匹配相容”(Matching compatibility), 比较事物差异则称为“匹配对比”(Matching contrast)。这种模式的语篇往往在前两段提出即将讨论或说明的话题, 然后进行对比和分析, 最后做出评价。其行文结构是: 话题或论点—对比分析或正反论证—评价或总结。阅读时要特别关注作者的情感基调, 提炼观点或者中心话题。
【典例展示】(2025·全国Ⅱ卷·C篇)
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1, 200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70, 000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now, ” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think. ” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone(激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants, ” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces. ”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one(or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one, ” Detrinidad says.
【文章模式图解】
【文章模式分析】
本文通过一个例子引出话题, 第二段通过引用专家的话, 提出观点: 生活在植物丰富的环境中的人对生活的满意度更高。随后通过实验比较不同环境中植物对于学生学业的积极影响, 并类比成人的工作场所, 进行相容匹配。最后, 作者从创建绿植环境的实践角度给出建议, 无论擅长种植与否, 都要坚持绿化生活环境。
【阅读技巧点拨】
对于匹配—比较模式的文章, 学生应学会:
一、读前两段提炼观点或话题。
二、厘清正反对比阐释的内容和结论。
三、把握作者的态度、文章的立意。
五 叙事模式(Narrative pattern)
几乎所有作品中都或多或少出现叙事性篇章或片段。叙事模式结构如下:
(1)点题(Abstract)—What was this about 故事开始之前对故事的简要概括。
(2)指向(Orientation)—Who, when, what, where 故事开始时, 对时间、地点、人物及其活动或环境的描述。
(3)进展(Complication action)—Then what happened 指故事本身的发生、事态的发展。
(4)评议(Evaluation)—So what 内部或外部的评论, 可渗透于整个叙事结构中。
(5)结果或结局(Result or solution)—What finally happened 故事的结局, 包括人物的下场、目的的实现或失败等。
(6)回应(Coda)—叙述者用一两句话来回应主题。
这种模式的语篇着重叙述某个故事、经历或介绍某个人物, 有较完整的故事情节。其行文结构是:
(1)顺叙: 按照时间先后、按照地点的转换和按照事情的内在逻辑联系叙述。
(2)倒叙: 开头提及高潮或结局, 再一步一步地揭示这个高潮或结局所形成的原因和经过, 以产生独特的艺术效果。
(3)插叙: 在人物事件原定的叙述线索适当的地方, 插入某些情况的介绍, 交代某些关系, 或对某些矛盾作侧面说明, 以使文章的情节更加完整。
【典例展示】(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·B篇)
“I am not crazy, ” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture(针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time. ” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic(按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well, ” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job. ”
【文章模式图解】
【文章模式分析】
本文采取倒叙手法。 首先介绍故事的结局——Farber利用中西医结合方法治疗宠物, 虽然有时候被同行笑话, 但他是笑到最后的那个。然后交代故事的起因——Farber 年轻时背疼, 吃药不管用, 然后采用针灸, 疼痛很快缓解, 因此他相信中医, 并使用中医方法治疗宠物。他的这套中西医结合方法效果如何 ——紧接着用两个例子作为证明。 最后, 用Farber对中西医结合的信心和期待作为评价, 升华主题。
【阅读技巧点拨】
了解叙事类文章的行文结构后, 学生应学会:
一、抓住故事脉络及情节递进规律, 把握故事传达的主旨。
二、读懂文章细节, 联系上下文理解故事具体词句的含义。
三、识别过渡句, 必要时可以通过转折词寻找作者的情感变化、文章情节的转折过程。
精练新题 提升素养
Passage 1
(2025·福州模拟)
At my first lesson in Chinese calligraphy, my teacher told me plainly: “Now I will teach you how to write your name. And to make it beautiful. ” I felt my breath catch. I was curious.
Growing up in Singapore, I had an unusual relationship with my Chinese name. My parents are ethnically Chinese, so they asked the elders to decide my name, aiming for maximum luck. As a result, I ended up with a nonsense and embarrassing name: Chen Yiwen, meaning, roughly, “old”“barley(薏米)” and “warm”.
When I arrived in America for college at 18, I put on an American accent and abandoned my Chinese name. When I moved to Hong Kong in 2021, after 14 years in the States, I decided to learn calligraphy. Why not get back in touch with my heritage I thought.
In calligraphy, the idea is to copy the old masters’ techniques, thereby refining your own. Every week, though, my teacher would give uncomfortably on-the-nose assessments of my person. “You need to be braver, ” he once observed. “Have confidence. Try to produce a bold stroke(笔画). ” For years, I had prided myself on presenting an image of confidence, but my writing betrayed me.
I was trying to make sense of this practice. You must visualize the word as it is to be written and leave a trace of yourself in it. As a bodily practice, calligraphy could go beyond its own cultural restrictions. Could it help me go beyond mine My teacher once said to me, “When you look at the word, you see the body. Though a word on the page is two-dimensional, it contains multitudes, conveying the force you’ve applied, the energy of your grip, the arch of your spine. ” I had been learning calligraphy to get in touch with my cultural roots, but what I was really seeking was a return to myself. Now I have sensed that the pleasure out of calligraphy allows me to know myself more fully.
During a recent lesson, my teacher pointed at the word I had just finished, telling me: “This word is much better. I can see the choices you made, your calculations, your flow. Trust yourself. This word is yours. ” He might as well have said, “This word is you. ”
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者学习中国书法以寻回文化根源并重新认识自我的经历。
1. What can we learn about the author’s Chinese name
A. It was given by the author’s teachers.
B. It has a meaningful and elegant meaning.
C. It was decided by the elders as the author’s parents wished for good luck.
D. The author has always been proud of it.
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“My parents are ethnically Chinese, so they asked the elders to decide my name, aiming for maximum luck. As a result, I ended up with a nonsense and embarrassing name: Chen Yiwen, meaning, roughly, ‘old’‘barley’ and ‘warm’. ”可知, 作者的中文名是长辈应父母祈求好运的愿望而定的。故选C。
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2. Why did the author decide to learn calligraphy when moving to Hong Kong
A. To make more friends in Hong Kong.
B. To get back in touch with Chinese heritage.
C. To improve writing skills for exams.
D. To teach calligraphy in the future.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“When I moved to Hong Kong in 2021, after 14 years in the States, I decided to learn calligraphy. Why not get back in touch with my heritage I thought. ”可知, 作者搬到香港后决定学习书法是为了重新接触中国文化遗产。故选B。
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3. The underlined word “on-the-nose” in Paragraph 4 probably means .
A. very direct and accurate B. not relevant at all
C. hard to understand D. full of mistakes
【解析】选A。词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“‘You need to be braver, ’ he once observed. ‘Have confidence. Try to produce a bold stroke. ’ For years, I had prided myself on presenting an image of confidence, but my writing betrayed me. ”可知, 老师对作者的评价直接且准确, 所以画线单词“on-the-nose”意为“非常直接和准确的”, 与“very direct and accurate”同义。故选A。
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4. What does the author really seek through learning calligraphy
A. To become a famous calligrapher.
B. To show off calligraphy skills.
C. A return to herself and a better understanding of herself.
D. To make her Chinese name more beautiful only.
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第五段中的“I had been learning calligraphy to get in touch with my cultural roots, but what I was really seeking was a return to myself. Now I have sensed that the pleasure out of calligraphy allows me to know myself more fully. ”可知, 作者通过学习书法真正寻求的是回归自我和更好地了解自己。故选C。
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Passage 2
(2025·长沙模拟)
Alex is my regular hiking, ice-climbing, and mountain-biking partner. We were on a one-night trip, and what he brought for dinner was just rice. Literally nothing else.
This was not because he was trying to pack as light as possible, nor was it because he was broke. I tried to convince him to at least add some soy sauce(酱油) to it. But no, Alex wasn’t having any of it. “I don’t need it, ” he said simply.
Now, if he was talking only about outdoors’ meals, I almost understood the reason. When you’re ravenous after a day of burning off calories walking or climbing or backcountry skiing in the mountains, how awesome do things taste! Just as the saying goes, hunger is the best sauce. And I agree. Absolutely.
But there’s more to it than that. Last month, I went down the coast car camping with my family. One morning, my wife made a statement. “I don’t see the point, ” she said. “It’s so much work, camping. But the views at home are better. The beds are more comfortable. It’s more peaceful. And at home, the food is better. ” I’ll admit she’s right about the first three. But the food We had a simple pasta one night, sausages another, chicken curry the third, but they all tasted good. Better than at home. And it wasn’t simply that we were hungry; it was because we were camping.
The real point I want to convey is that meals taste particularly good when I’m camping because it reminds me of things that are easily overlooked at home, where I can just go to the cupboard or the supermarket and grab whatever I feel like. When you’re camping, life is reduced to its essentials, and I’m reminded of how privileged most of us are to be dry, warm and fed. More importantly, I’m reminded that, sadly, not everyone is as fortunate as we are. And I’m reminded that, as a society, we should do better for them.
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章通过讲述作者与同伴Alex户外旅行的饮食经历, 以及和家人露营时对食物的感悟, 揭示了露营能让人重新审视生活, 意识到自身的幸运, 并唤起对社会弱势群体的关怀, 强调了露营是对美好生活的一种深刻提醒。
1. Why did Alex bring only rice for dinner on the trip
A. He didn’t like soy sauce.
B. He preferred to travel light.
C. He couldn’t afford a better meal.
D. He thought simple food is enough outdoors.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第二段“But no, Alex wasn’t having any of it. ‘I don’t need it, ’ he said simply. ”可知, Alex认为在户外简单的食物就足够了, 不需要复杂的调味或更多的食物。故选D。
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2. What does the underlined word “ravenous” in the third paragraph mean
A. Exhausted. B. Starving.
C. Charming. D. Refreshed.
【解析】选B。词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“after a day of burning off calories walking or climbing or backcountry skiing in the mountains”可知, 在户外活动一天后, 人们消耗了大量卡路里, 处于非常饿的状态。“ravenous”表示极度饥饿。故选B。
√
3. What makes the author sad in the last paragraph
A. Some people lack the basic necessities of life.
B. Some people fail to appreciate what they have.
C. People easily forget the beauty of simple things.
D. People easily quit camping due to its discomfort.
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据最后一段“When you’re camping, life is reduced to its essentials, and I’m reminded of how privileged most of us are to be dry, warm and fed. More importantly, I’m reminded that, sadly, not everyone is as fortunate as we are. And I’m reminded that, as a society, we should do better for them. ”可知, 作者感到难过的是, 有些人缺乏基本的生活必需品。故选A。
√
4. What message does the author want to convey in the passage
A. Camping is a test of adaptability to challenges.
B. Camping is a bonding experience for family.
C. Camping is a reminder of our good life.
D. Camping is a chance to enjoy a feast.
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段可知, 选项C “露营是一种提醒人们所拥有的美好生活的方式。”是作者想通过文字传递的信息。故选C。
√
外刊原创 高考同源
Passage 3
Over the last century, along with rapid growth in technology, we have witnessed increasing environmental problems such as air pollution, water pollution, and global warming. People have gradually acknowledged the influence of human behaviors on the natural world. In environmental psychology, the function of psychosocial variables of pro-environmental behavior, including attitudes, behavioral control, moral norms, intentions, and so forth, has received considerable attention.
Some researchers have attempted to provide theories to explain the development of different attitudes. One example is the New Environmental Paradigm, which focuses on the relationship between people and nature, and sees humans as a part of the natural environment. Another example is the Value-Belief-Norm(VBN) model. The model assumes that the value that one places on oneself, other people, or plants and animals provides the foundation for the attitudes one develops about environmental issues. Following the VBN theory, American environment psychologist Schultz and colleagues argue that environmental attitudes and concerns are based on an individual’s primitive belief that one is an integral part of the natural environment. They termed this belief as connections with nature.
Connections with nature are an important foundation of one’s environmental attitudes, and are relatively stable across time and situation. Although the discussion about human-nature relations has a long history in philosophical and sociological literature, insufficient attention has been given to this issue in psychology. Connections with nature are introduced by Schultz to examine the relationship between an individual and the natural world from a psychological perspective.
The concept of connections with nature has been interpreted in different ways. It was defined by Schultz as “the extent to which an individual includes nature within his/her cognitive(认知的) representation of self”. Other researchers viewed connectedness as an individual’s affective and experiential(rather than cognitive) connection to the natural world, or suggested it is an individual’s beliefs and attitudes about their connection to nature, not mere affective connection.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章从心理学角度阐述了人们对于自然的态度和采取的行为, 以及不同研究人员对这一研究视角的不同理解。
1. What do we know about the psychosocial variables of pro-environmental behavior
A. They are a new concept. B. They cause pollution directly.
C. They worry the scientists. D. They’ve drawn wide attention.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第一段中“the function of psychosocial variables of pro-environmental behavior, including attitudes, behavioral control, moral norms, intentions, and so forth, has received considerable attention”可知, 亲环境行为的心理变量的作用已经得到广泛关注。故选D。
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2. What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us
A. Several theories. B. Various attitudes.
C. Different beliefs. D. Related research.
【解析】选A。段落大意题。本段主要介绍了几个环境心理学的理论。故选A。
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3. What does the author think of Schultz’s concept of connections with nature
A. Secret. B. Novel.
C. Advanced. D. Acquired.
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第三段中“insufficient attention has been given to this issue in psychology”可知, 虽然在哲学和社会学文献中对人与自然关系的讨论由来已久, 但在心理学中对这一问题的关注却不够。 由此可知, Schultz提出的概念是新颖的。故选B。
√
4. What can we infer about the concept of connections with nature from the last paragraph
A. Schultz is proud of it. B. It causes heat debate.
C. People understand it differently. D. It changes people’s beliefs.
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Other researchers viewed connectedness as an individual’s affective and experiential(rather than cognitive) connection to the natural world, or suggested it is an individual’s beliefs and attitudes about their connection to nature, not mere affective connection. ”可知, 不同的研究人员对这个概念的理解是不一样的。故选C。
√
反复精读 识记积累
障碍词语 calligraphy n. 书法, 书法艺术; plainly adv. 明白地, 坦率地;ethnically adv. 人种上, 民族上; maximum adj. 最大限度的;nonsense adj. 无意义的, 荒谬的;roughly adv. 粗略地, 大约;abandon v. 抛弃, 遗弃; thereby adv. 因此, 从而;on-the-nose adj. 准确无误的, 直截了当的; assessment n. 评估, 评价;visualize v. 想象, 使形象化;bodily adj. 人体的, 身体的; multitude n. 众多, 大量 (Passage 1)
literally adv. 按照字面意义地, 简直; backcountry n. 偏僻地区; essential n. 必不可少的东西, 必需品; privilege v. 给予特权, 特别优待 (Passage 2)
障碍词语 variable n. 可变性, 可变因素;pro-environmental adj. 支持环保的; behavioral adj. 行为的;norm n. 社会准则, 行为规范;considerable adj. 相当大的, 相当重要的; assume v. 假定, 假设, 认为;primitive adj. 原始的, 远古的;integral adj. 必需的, 必要的, 不可或缺的; foundation n. 地基, 基础; insufficient adj. 不充分的;perspective n. 视角, 观点;interpret v. 解释, 说明; connectedness n. 连通性; affective adj. 情感的, 表达感情的 (Passage 3)
熟词生义 catch 熟义: v. 接住;抓住, 握住, 染病 文中义: v. 哽咽, 停止
pride熟义: n. 自豪;骄傲 文中义: v. 以……自豪
calculation熟义: n. 计算, 运算 文中义: n. 考量
flow熟义: v. /n. 流动, 流淌 文中义: n. 心流, 气韵 (Passage 1)
broke熟义: v. (break 的过去式形式)弄坏;打碎;违反 文中义: adj. 一文不值的, 身无分文的
camp熟义: n. 营地;军营;度假营 文中义: v. 野营, 露营
reduce熟义: v. 减少, 降低 文中义: v. 简化 (Passage 2)
term熟义: n. 术语;学期 文中义: v. 把……称为 (Passage 3)
长难句分析 Though a word on the page is two-dimensional, it contains multitudes, conveying the force you’ve applied, the energy of your grip, the arch of your spine.
分析: 主句核心结构: it contains multitudes;让步状语从句: Though a word on the page is two-dimensional;伴随状语: conveying the force you’ve applied, the energy of your grip, the arch of your spine;在伴随状语中有三个并列宾语: the force. . . ;the energy. . . ;the arch. . . 。
翻译: 尽管纸上的字是二维的, 但它蕴含万千——传递着你的运笔之力、握笔之势, 乃至脊背的弧度。 (Passage 1)
长难句分析 1. We had a simple pasta one night, sausages another, chicken curry the third, but they all tasted good.
分析: 这是一个but连接的并列句, 难点在于one night. . . , another. . . , the third 的理解。
翻译: 我们第一晚吃了简简单单的意大利面, 第二晚是烤肠, 第三晚是咖喱鸡——但都美味得很。 (Passage 2)
长难句分析 2. In environmental psychology, the function of psychosocial variables of pro-environmental behavior, including attitudes, behavioral control, moral norms, intentions, and so forth, has received considerable attention.
分析: 句子主干: the function has received considerable attention;介词短语作状语: In environmental psychology;介词短语作后置定语: of psychosocial variables of pro-environmental behavior;介词短语作插入成分: including attitudes, behavioral control, moral norms, intentions, and so forth。
翻译: 在环境心理学中, 亲环境行为的心理社会变量功能——包括态度、行为控制、道德规范、行为意向等——已受到广泛关注。 (Passage 3)