选修8 Unit One A land of diversity Grammar课件[下学期]

课件98张PPT。雄哥课件制作工作室制作
2006.04.29
作者: Samuel Chen Grammar
名 词 性 从 句1.概念
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等, 因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句Who will win the match is still unknown.
I want to know what he has told you.
The fact is that we have lost the game.
The news that we won the game is exciting. 主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句 连接这些从句与主句的关系词主要有三类：1.从属连词：that（无有词义） , whether（是否） ,if （是否）
2.连接代词：who（谁，主格） , whom（谁，宾格）,whose谁的，所有格） , what（什么）,which（哪个，哪些）
3.连接副词：when（什么时候） where（什么地方）why（为什么） , how（怎样）名词从句中的从属连词在从句里不担任任何成分，只起连接的作用；而关系代词和关系副词不仅仅是起连接的作用，而且还在从句里担任一定的成分;关系代词常在从句中担任主语、宾语或表语等成分；关系副词常在从句中担任状语。 另外，在使用上面的这些关系词时，有几个问题值得我们注意：首先，只能用whether而不能用if的情况.1）引导主语从句，例如：
Whether we'll make a loan for the project has not been decided （正确）
OR: It has not been decided whether we'll make a loan for the project . （ 正确）
If we'll make a loan for the project has not been decided .（错误）
OR: It has not been decided if we'll make a loan for the project . （错误）2）作介词的宾语， I have no idea about whether I can raise the money for
buying a car . （正确）
我不知道我是否能为买车筹措到资金。
I have no idea about if I can raise the money for buying
a car . （错误）3）后接不定式 He didn‘t know whether to go all himself first or wait for her here.(正确)
He didn't know if to go all himself or wait for her here . （错误）4）后接or not We wonder whether they'll come in time or not.(正确)
我们担心他们会不会准时到。
We wonder if they'll come in time or not . （错误） 其次，what引导的名词从句表达的意思是"……所……的"。这个"所怎么的"定义根据"从句谓语的动作意义"而定。 I don't understand what you said.
What he needs is to practice more.
Money is what she is really after.
People have different ideas about what happiness means . 最后，要了解 -ever = no matter ，用于表示强调，意为"无论……"。也就是说： whatever = no matter what（无论什么）
whoever = no matter who（无论谁）
whichever = no matter which（无论那个）
whenever =no matter when （无论何时）
wherever = no matter where（无论何地）
however = no matter how （无论怎样） 但 – ever 在句中作主语、宾语和表语;而 no matter …引导的是让步状语从句.Whoever breaks the law will be punished. ( 作主语 )
No matter who breaks the law, he will be punished. (让步状语从句) 不可省略的连词：
1) 介词后的连词
2)?引导主语从句,表语从句和同位语从句的连词 that不可省略。 That?she?was?chosen?made?us?very?happy.
We?heard?the?news?that?our?team?had?won. 一. 主语从句在复合句中作主语, 它可以位于句首, 但常见的主语从句多放在句末,句首则用形式主语it。That the earth is round is true.
= It is true that the earth is round. 主语从句的用法2. Whether he will come hasn’t been decided.
= It hasn’t been decided whether he will come.
注意: 连词that, whether在从句中不担任 句子成分,只起连接作用,不能省略 (注:if不可用来引导主语从句）二. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is＋名词＋从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that…是常识
(2) It is＋形容词＋从句 (多用 should)
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词＋从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It is ＋ 过去分词＋从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说… It is certain that he will come.
It is said that some American friends will visit our school next week.
It happened that we were out for a walk yesterday evening.
It doesn’t matter whether I stay or not.三. 用带-ever的引导词 (如whoever, whatever) 引导的主语从句一般不后置。
Whoever leaves the room last should close the door.
Whatever we do must be in the interests of the people.四. it 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
it 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构, 主语从句的连接词有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.五. what与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语,而that 则不然,即不担任成分。例如：
What you said yesterday is right.
That she is still alive is a consolation. 3）在It + be +形容词/ 名词 + that从句的结构中，由于某些形容词/ 名词的原因，that从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式。这类形容词/名词常见的有：essential（绝对必要的）, important（重要的），natural（自然的）, necessary必要的）, regretful（遗憾的）,
strange（奇怪的）, proper（适当的）, urgent（紧急的）
duty（义务、责任）, a pity （遗憾）, no
wonder（难怪）, a regret（遗憾）。例如：It is strange that he ( should ) say so . 他居然会这样说，真是奇怪。
It is a great pity that you ( should ) think so . 他居然会这样想，真是一件憾事。
It is natural that a bird ( should ) rest in trees . 鸟在树上安歇是很自然的。
It is a wonder that he should have passed the exam. 他这次考试居然会及格，真是个奇迹。4）以what引导的主语从句常用于句首表示强调。
What they need now is financial aid . 他们现在所需要的是经济援助。
What she thinks of me doesn't mean much to me . 她怎么样看我，对我来说无所谓。
What you have said hurt her a lot .你所说的话对她伤害很大。
句子结构：
主句 + 连接词(引导词) + 宾语从句
连接词:
从属连词that, whether, if
连接代词 Who, whom, whose, which, what
连接副词 where, how, why, when 宾语从句的用法：He has got a pen. I think…
I think ( that ) he has got a pen.
Where do they study English? Lily asks…
Lily asks where they study English.
Will you help me? I ask…
I ask if you will help me.一. 连词 (引导词)
1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句和否定句), 连词由that引导, 因为that在从句中不作任何成分, 也没有任何具体意思, 因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。 He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster.
Jane said (that) she wasn’t late for the meeting. 2. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时, 由特殊疑问词充当连接词, 因为该特殊疑问词(即连接词)在从句中担任一定的句子成分, 具有一定的意义, 所以不可以省略。Do you know what he said just now?
I don’t remember when we arrived.
I asked him where I could get so much money.
Please tell me who we have to see.
Do you know what time the plane leaves? Mary wrote an article on ___ the team had failed to win the game.
A. why B. what
C. who D. that I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize___ silly mistakes I had made.
A. what B. that
C. how D. which3. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时,由连词whether或if引导(口语中常用if),因为if/whether翻译成是否,具有一定的意义,所以不能省略。
Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag .
Let’s see if /whether we can find out some information about that city . ② 关联词if, whether均可使用的情况如下：
　 A) 引导宾语从句。如：
I wonder if (whether) the news is
true or not.
B) 在 “be+形容词” 之后。如：
　　 He was not sure whether (if) it is
right or wrong.③ 关联词只能用 whether或if, 不能用that的情况如下：
　 若doubt一词作“怀疑”解接宾语从句时，主句为肯定句用whether或if，主句为否定句或疑问句用that。如：
I doubt whether he will come soon. I do not doubt that he will come soon.
Do you doubt that he will come soon
注意: 下面这个例句中doubt的含义为“认
为……未必可能”。
I doubt that he will come.4. 跟在介词后的宾语从句: 宾语从句放在介词后作介词的宾语, 在使用这种结构时不能丢掉介词。
There is no news about whether a new bridge will be built.
We are considering of where these trees should be planted.二. 语序: 连接词＋陈述句
合成一个句子：
He would be back in an hour. He said…
He said (that) he would be back in an hour.Do they speak English? We want to know…
We want to know if/whether they can speak English.
What is her name? He asks me…
He asks me what her name is.
三. 时态：
如果主句是过去的时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时),那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态。When will Professor Li give us a talk? We wanted to know …
We want to know when Professor Li would give us a talk.
Jim is a good student. The teacher said …
The teacher (that) Jim was a good student. Has Mr. Green been in Beijing for five years? He asked …
He asked if/whether Mr. Green had been in Beijing for five years.四. 在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词之后,宾语从句中谓语的否定常转移到主句的谓语上。
I don’t think he will see you.
I don’t believe he will go.
We don’t expect he is coming.
I don’t think he can do it, can he? 注: 此种用法主句的主语必须是第一人称I或we. 而且它的反意疑问句的助动词由从句的助动词来定。
I don’t think he can do it, can he?
I don’t think you are right, are you?
在suggest, insist, demand, order, require , command, desire, propose, recommend, request等表示建议,命令,要求的动词后,从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。如:
I insisted that he（should）do it at once.
She suggested that the work (should) be finished at once. 注意:
1. 当从句是客观真理,定义,公理,定理时用一般现在时。
2. 如果主句的谓语动词是ask时,连词不可能是that;如果主句的谓语动词是say时, 连词用that。
1) She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.2) He asks if I like playing the piano .
3. 如果从句中含有or或or not时,只能用whether而不用if。
Do you know whether he is right or not?
I don’t care whether he’ll stay here or not.
I don’t know whether it is going to rain or not.2) He asks if I like playing the piano .
3. 如果从句中含有or或or not时,只能用whether而不用if。
Do you know whether he is right or not?
I don’t care whether he’ll stay here or not.
I don’t know whether it is going to rain or not.五. 在接复合宾语的句子中, 为了保持句子平衡, 用it 作形式宾语,将从句放于句尾, 常接复合宾语的动词有: make, find, see, hear, feel, think...
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.
I?think?it?a?pity?to?waste?the?food. 2) He asks if I like playing the piano .
3. 如果从句中含有or或or not时,只能用whether而不用if。
Do you know whether he is right or not?
I don’t care whether he’ll stay here or not.
I don’t know whether it is going to rain or not.I hate ___when people talk with their mouths full.
A. it B. that
C. these D. them
在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从句, 引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。
That’s what we should do.
That’s why I want to see you. 表语从句的用法 The reason for my absence was that I was ill.
1. be, seem, look等动词后均可跟表语从句：
My suggestion is that we should go shopping.
It seems that it is going to rain. 2. as if, because 也可引导表语从句。
It looks as if it’s going to rain.
It was because I got up late.
3. 在非正式文体中,引导表语从句的that可以省略。如:
The trouble is (that) he is ill. 注意:在表语从句中,当reason做主语时, 引导词只能用that,不能用because,如:他迟到的原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。 The reason why he was late was that he didn’t catch the early bus. 4. 主句的主语是名词idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement时, 表语从句应用虚拟语气,即: (should) +v.
My suggestion is that we should have a discussion about this matter instead of just setting it aside. --Do you think it necessary that he ____to Miami but to New York?
--I agree, but the problem is___ he has refused to.
will not be sent; that
B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what
D. should not send; what同位语从句
同位语从句就是在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构.在使用同位语从句时要特别注意：尽管主从连词that在同位语从句中没有任何意义，但却不能省略。另外，同位语从句常用于下面这些名词的后面:fact（事实）, fear（担心、害怕）, belief（信念,意见）, evidence（证据）, hope（希望）, idea（想法）news（新闻）, doubt（怀疑）, suggestion（建议）, proposal（提议）, order（命令）, recommendation（推荐），等等。例如：
There is the news that an American delegation will arrive in Beijing tomorrow afternoon . 有消息说一个美国代表团将于明天下午抵达北京。Is there any proof that the food of the plant differs from that of animals ?
是否有任何证据可以说明植物性的食物不同于动物性的食物呢？
We all know the fact that organization helps memorization.
我们都知道这样一个事实：把要记忆的材料组织起来有助于记忆。
What do you think of his proposal that we ( should ) put on a play at the English evening ? 他建议我们在英语晚会上演一个剧，你觉得怎么样？当从句是作 order, suggestion, requirement, advice, request等的同位语时,从句的谓语要用虚拟语气 should + 动词原形, should可省略.
The order that he (should) start at once has come.
The advice that the thief be punished sounded reasonable.
The requirement that more money be spent on the project was accepted.1) The news that he told me is true. (which)
（他告诉我的消息是真的．）
　that引导的从句是定语从句
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.
（汤姆将出国这个消息是他讲的。）
　that 引导的是同位语从句一.同位语从句注意点 在have no idea 之后常用wh-引导同位语从句.
　I have no idea where he has gone.
I have no idea when he did it.
I have no idea what he did.Can you make sure __ the gold ring?
(MET 89)
A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice out C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put
2. ___we need money is quite clear. A. If B. What C. That D. 练习：3. ___ the car can be used has not been known yet. A. If B. What C. That D. Whether
4. ___we can’t understand is ___he didn’t join us in our discussion. A. That; why B. Which; how C. What; what D. What; why5. They expressed the hope ___ they would come over to China again. A. which B. whom C. what D. that
6. Word came ___ his poem won the first prize. A. that B. whether C. as D. because7.?The young man asked ___ it’s summer or winter. A. either B. that C. weather D. whether
8.??We don’t know ____ they did it. A. how B. who C. what D. which 9. The teacher asks us __ Jim can come back on time. A. that B. if C. when D. what time
10. Does anybody know __ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not. A. if B. where C. whether D. that 11. Could you tell me where we __ next week. A. would go B. to go C. had to go D. will go
12. Could you tell me how much __to fly to Hainan? A. do it cost B. does it cost
C. it cost D. it costs13. The small children don’t know __. A. what is their stockings in B. what is in their stockings C. where is their stockings in D. what in their stockings14. Someone is ringing the doorbell . Go and see ___ . A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is
15. Could you tell me how long ___? A. you have bought the watch B. you have kept this science book C. have you been away from China D. have you been a member of Greener China16. He says that if it ____ tomorrow, he ____ fishing. A. will rain, won’t go B. rained, wasn’t go C. rains, won’t go D. rain, will go 17. Did you understand___? A. what she said B. what to say C. what did she said D. how she had said
18. The girl is thinking about __she will go abroad to study English next year. A. if B. what C. whether D. when19. The teacher said that___. A. the sun moves around the earth B. the earth moved around the sun C. the moon is our satellite D. the moon was our satellite20. I don’t know when he ___back. Please tell him the news when he ___back. A. come; will come B. comes; comes C. will come; comes D. will come; will come 21. I don’t know if his uncle ____. I think he ____if he is free. A. will come; comes B. will come; will come C. comes; comes D. comes; will come
22. There is not much different between the two. I really don’t know____. A. what should I choose B. which I should choose C. which should I chose D. what I choose23. No one knows____. A. which gate we have to go B. which gate we must go C. which gate do we have to go to D. which gate we have to go to24. - Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
　 -Oh, that’s_______. A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited 25. -I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. (NMET 99)
　 -Is that___ you had a few days off?
A. why B. when C. what D. where
26. I _____that you _____here in the classroom.
A. don’t know ; are
B. didn’t know ; were
C. didn’t know ; are
D. don’t know ; were27. __fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. A. What B. That C. This D. Which 28. ___ she couldn’t understand was ___ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that
29. A computer can only do ___ you have instructed it to do. A. how B. after C. what D. when30. We believe ___ you have been devoted to ___ naturally of great necessity. A. That; being B. all that; be C. that all; are D. what; is
31. My mother asked ____ with me. A. what wrong was B. what the matter was C. what was the matter D. what is wrong
32. A computer can only do ____ you have instructed it to do . A. how B. after C. what D. when33. My hometown is different from __it used to be. A. that B. when C. what D. which
34. I am interested in __is helpful to him. A. that B. what C. which D. wherethat比较: I am interested in all ____ is helpful to him.35. This reminded me of ____ he had once told us. A. what B. that C. which D. when36. The teacher ordered all the exercise books ___ before school is over. A. must be handed in B. would be handed in C. be handed in D. should hand in 37. If depends on ____ we will be ready in time. A. whether B. that C. if D. when
38. ____ do you think is the best doctor in the hospital? A. Whom B. What C. Who D. Whose 39. Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and ___it is rough or smooth. A.不填 B. whether C. how D. what
40. Mary wrote an article on ____ the team had failed to win the game . A. why B. what C. who D. that 改错：
1). I want to know that what it is.
I want to know what it is.
2). I can’t understand that the teacher said.
I can’t understand what the teacher said.3). I don’t know this is whose bike.
I don’t know whose bike this is.
4). He asked me where was Mary.
He asked me where Mary was .
5). Do you remember how much did you pay for the book?
Do you remember how much you paid for the book?Thank you
bye---bye