定语从句、被动语态讲解与练习[下学期]

定语从句专题复习
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose(一般指人), that（指人或物）, which(指物)等。
关系副词有： when（时间）, where(地点), why（原因）等。
（1）关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
① who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you
他就是你想见的人吗？（who / that在从句中作主语）
He is the man (whom/ that) I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/who/that在从句中作saw的宾语,可以省略）
② whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.　
那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose/of which cover（封面）is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
③ which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
Rosa likes music that/which is quite and gentle.（which / that在句中作宾语）
This is the book (that/which) I'm looking for.（which / that在句中作look for的宾语）
（2）关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
① when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如：
Do you remember the day when I saw you (你还记得我见到你的那一天吗？)
Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born.　北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why（for which）he refused our offer 　
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
② that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year（that / when / in which）he was born.　
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place（that / where / in which）he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
（3）判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I’ll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错
（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对）This is the mountain village（which）I visited last year.
（对）I'll never forget the days（which）I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where，when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1：Is this museum _____ you visited a few days age
A. where　 B. that　 C. on which　 D. the one
例2：Is this the museum _____ the exhibition was held.
A. where　　 B. that　 C. on which　　 D. the one
答案：
例1 D；例2 A
例1变为肯定句：
This museum is _____ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句：
This is the museum _____ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中，主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。
（4）介词+关系词
① 介词后面的关系词不能省略。
② that前不能有介词。
③ 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词
when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club
Do you remember the day when you joined our club
（7）关系代词that 的用法
① 不用that的情况
a. 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
The tree, which（不能用that）is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b. 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which（不能用that） we get our food.
② 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a. 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
b. 先行词有the only, the very , the last, the same 等修饰时修饰时，只用that。　
c. 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
d. 先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。(a)
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. (a)
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
1. This is the bag ________ my mother bought yesterday.
A. that B. who C. whom D. this
2. Is this the factory ________ a lot of students visited yesterday
A. the one B. which C. who D. whom
3. Is this the shop ________ sells children’s clothing
A. which B. where C. in which D. what
4. The hotel ________ during our holidays stands by the seaside.
A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at
C. we stayed D. in that we stayed
5. Please show me the book ________ you bought yesterday.
A. which B. whom C. whose D. this
6. The man ________ next to us is my English teacher.
A. whom live B. which live C. who lives D. /
7. The girl ________ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister.
A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing
8. I’ll never forget the years ______ I lived in the country with the farmers ______ has a great effect on my life.
A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who
9. I’ll remember the time _____ we spent together in the country.
A. that B. when C. during which D. at which
10. I don’t believe the reason ______ he has given for his being late.
A. why B. that C. how D. what
11. Will you please show me the way to the only tall building _______ stands near the post office.
A. / B. in which C. that D. where
12. The last place _______ we visited was the Great Wall .
A. which B. that C. where D. it
13. He talked happily about the men and books ______ interested him greatly in the school.
A. which B. that C. who D. when
14. There is no dictionary _______you can find everything.
A. that B. which C. where D. in that
将下列两个简单句合并成带定语从句的复合句
1. The bridge has been rebuilt now. It was built in 1959.
____________________________________________________
2. She is going to the town. I do not know the town.
____________________________________________________
3. He did not attend the meeting. He told me the reason.
_____________________________________________________
4. The train started at 4:50 p.m. I missed it.
______________________________________________________
5. The medicine was quite helpful. Dr. Li gave him it.
_______________________________________________________
6. The nurse is very kind. She looks after my little brother.
_______________________________________________________
7. The play was very interesting. We saw it the night before.
_______________________________________________________
8. The plane was late. It was going to Tibet.
_______________________________________________________
9. The student studies very hard. Her father is a worker.
_______________________________________________________
10. He is the most careful boy. I know him.
_______________________________________________________
11. The necklace is worth more than five hundred dollars. Polly stole it.
_______________________________________________________
12. The man is in the next room. He brought us the letter yesterday.
_______________________________________________________
13. We met the woman at the gate. Do you know her
_______________________________________________________
14. Cheese is made from milk. It is liked by people in western countries.
_______________________________________________________
15. The lady is our English teacher. You saw her just now.
_______________________________________________________
被 动 语 态
一、被动语态概述
　语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等词来表示被动意义。
　如：
　He opened the door.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态）
　The door was opened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态）
二、被动语态的构成
　被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。
　1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种，现以动词clean为例列表说明：
　
2、被动语态的句式变化：
　以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：
　3、含有情态动词的被动语态
　情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，"be+过去分词"部分不变。如：
　Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。
　Tables could be made of stone at that time. 那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）
　Can tables be made of stone 桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）
三、主动语态变为被动语态
　转换图示：
　
1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：
　（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语：
　注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如：
　Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom.
　（2）将动词改为"be+过去分词"。
　注意：
　They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday.
　他们昨天开会了。
　（3）将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。
　注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。
　He sang a song. → A song was sung by him.
2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：
　 含有双宾语，即直接宾语（常指事物）和间接宾语（常指人）的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。
　Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。
　We were told the truth by Jack.
　The truth was told (to) us by Jack.
四、动词的主动形式表示被动之意
　系动词无被动语态：以主动形式表示被动之意
常见的系动词有：
① be动词
② ……起来（7个）：look/seem/appear, feel(感觉，摸起来), sound, smell, taste
e.g. She seems/appears happy. It smells terrible.
③ (逐渐)变得/变成：become, grow, get, turn, come, go
e.g. His wish has come true.
People often went hungry in the old days.
The tree is growing tall.
④ 保持：keep, stay
e.g. We must keep quiet in the reading room.
五、下列动词（词组）没有被动式：
1、happen, take place, break out, belong to ,cost, take
2、不及物动词sell, wash, read , write, open, close, shut, lock, wear等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。　
、An accident was happened yesterday.（×）昨天发生了一起事故。
　 An accident happened yesterday.
　、The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。
　、The watch looks good.这表看起来很好。
　、This book sells well.这本书畅销。
、The kind of cloth washes well. 这种布很容易洗。
、The article reads well. 这篇文章读起来很好。
、The supermarket opens at 8:00 in the morning. 超市在早上八点钟营业。
、The door won’t close/shut. 这门关不上。
、The door locks easily. 这门容易锁。
、This material wears well (won’t wear). 这种材料耐久（不耐久）
六、各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例）
　1．一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）
　English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。
　Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。
　The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。
　2．一般过去时(was/ were +done)
　The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。
　He was saved at last. 他最终获救了。
　My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。
　3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
　A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。
　A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。
　I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
　4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)
　The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。
　The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。
　A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。
　5．现在完成时(have/ has been + done)
　Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。
　The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。
　6．过去完成时(had been+done)
　They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。
　She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。
　He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.
　他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。
被动语态专项练习
Ⅰ单项选择
1. Good books ____ again and again.
A. should be readed B. should be read
C. must read D. ought to read
2. The children ____ by the nurse.
A. were looked B. looked after C. were looked after D. looked
3. He ___ some pieces of advice, but he ____ to them.
A. gave, didn't listen B. was given, wasn't listened
C. give, wasn't listened D. was given, didn't listen
4. When____ the accident _____
A. was, happen B. did, happen
C. is, happen D. was, happened
5. The question ____ by us soon.
A. is going to discuss B. will discuss
C. is going to be discussed D. has been discussed
6. The lab ____ about five years ago.
A. was builded B. was built C. builds D. has been built
7. A lot of tall buildings _____ in his hometown in the last three years.
A. have set up B. have been set up
C. were set up D. set up
8. They ____ printing 500 copies by the end of last month.
A. had finished B. have finished
C. had been finished D. have been finished
9. Rice ___ also _____ in their hometown.
A. is…grown B. is…grew C. was…grew D. was…grown
10. He ____ by the teachers.
A. is always praised B. praises
C. have been praised D. always is praised
11. Great changes ____ place. Many new schools____ .
A. have taken, have been opened B. take, are open
C. are taken, open D. have been taken, are opened
12. The picture______ in October, 1996.
A. was taking B. had been taken C. was taken D. had taken
13. We can't use the bridge now, because it______ .
A. has been repaired B. is repairing C. is repaired D. is being repaired
14. I ______the way to the railway station by a policeman.
A. was shown B. showed C. have shown D. was showing
15. The war______ in 1941.
A. broke out B. had been broken out
C. was broken out D. had broken out
16. When water______ , it will be changed into vapor(蒸汽).
A. is heated B. heating C. has heated D. heats
17. We can't enter the room because its door______ .
A. locked B. locks C. is locked D. is locking
18. They ______day and night.
A. are made work B. are made to work
C. made to be worked D. are making to work
19. Chang'an Road is ______of people.
A. filled B. fill C. full D. fulled
20. Man-made satellites ______into space by many countries.
A. was sent up B. is sent up
C. have been sent up D. has been sent up
21. This English song _____ often _____ by the children.
A. is, singing B. is, sung C. will, sing D. was, sung
22.The windows of our house _____once a week.
A. must clean B. have cleaned C. is cleaned D. are cleaned
23. When ______ the People's Republic of China_____
A. was, found B. was, founded C. did, found D. does, found
24. Mary's radio ______ by my brother just now.
A. will be mended B. has mended C. was mended D. mended
25. Your exercise books _____ after class.
A. will hand in B. must hand in
C. handed in D. must be handed in
26. Some trees may ______ at other times of the year.
A. be planted B. plant
C. are planted D. will be planted
27. The sun _____ at night as usual.
A. can be seen B. can't see C. can't be seen D. doesn't see
28. A new English play _____ there next week.
A. will put on B. will be put on
C. is going to put on D. will be putted on
29. A strange thing _____ in our school yesterday.
A. was happened B. has been happened
C. happened D. was going to happen
30. The glass ______ . It _____ by little Tom this morning.
A. broke, is broken B. is broken, was broken
C. was broken, broke D. has been broken, broken
Ⅱ把下列句子改为被动语态
1. I saw the boy run yesterday.
2. He told me that he would come back soon.
3. You can find a lot of differences between the two languages.
4. Do you water your flowers every day
5. The wind blew down the big tree last night.
6. I think that he is right.
7. He had not thrown the bad food.
8. Mother was not mending the trousers.
9. They would not take him to Beijing.
10. Nobody knew me in this town at that time.
参考答案
Ⅰ单项选择
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C
6. B 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. A
11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. A
16. A 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. C
21.B 22. D 23.B 24. C 25.D
26. A 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. B
Ⅱ、把下列句子改为被动语态
1. The boy was seen to run by me yesterday.
2. I was told that he would come back soon.
3. A lot of differences can be found by you between the two languages.
4. Are your flowers watered every day
5. The big tree was blown down last night.
6. It is thought that he is right.
7. The bad food had not been thrown.
8. The trousers were not being mended by my mother.
9. He would not be taken to Beijing.
10. I was known by nobody in this town at that time.
九年级英语语法
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