语法专题:名词性从句[下学期]

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名称 语法专题:名词性从句[下学期]
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语法专题九:名词性从句
直击高考考点
(1)考情分析: 名词性从句为常考考点。主要考查:语序问题;连接词的选用;时态呼应等。高考题中名词性从句出现的频率自高到低依次为:宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
(2)命题趋势:名词性从句近二年经常与定语从句和状语从句的知识点放在一起考查,且多以考查主语从句的引导词为主,今后高考对于名词性从句的考查仍然如此。
基础知识清单
(1)名词性从句的基础知识
名词性从句相当于名词,可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。名词性从句包括四种从句即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位词从句。名词性从句的特点:that, who, whom, what, whether及 when, where引导名词性从句时必须是陈述句词序。
(2)常用的关联词
1)连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。
2)连接副词:when, where, why, how。有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语。
3)连接词:that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略;if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分。
(3)主语从句:
种类 关联词 例 句 说 明
主语从句 连词 that That he will come and help you is certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 that在句首不可省去
whether Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。
连接代词 who, what, which, whatever What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 主语从句放在句首,句子常显得笨重,因此一般
连接副词 when, where, why, how It is important that we should go to the school to talk with the teacher. 我们到学校跟老师谈谈很重要。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 把它移到句子后面,前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。
(4)宾语从句:
关联词 例 句 说 明
宾语从句 陈述意义 that I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。
疑问意义 if, whether I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思。 He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day. 他不在乎天气是否好。 whether常与or not连用,不能用if代替。 作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。从句是否定句时一般用if引导。
特殊疑问意义 who, whom,which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever Please tell me what you want. 请告诉我你需要什么? She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。
注1 We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,将从句后置。
注2 We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 think, believe, imagine, suppose等动词引出的宾语从句,要将从句中的否定形式,移动主句中。
(5)表语从句:
种类 关联词 例 句 说 明
表语从句 连词 that, whether, as if The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 It looks as if it’s going to rain. 看起来天要下雨。 在非正式的文体中that可以省去。
连接代词 who, what, which That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 问题是谁(你们哪一位)接着发言。 表语从句位于主句系动词之后
连接副词 when, where, why, how This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
(6)同位语从句:
种类 关联词 例 句 说 明
同位语从句 由连词that引导,不担任成分,也可有when, how, where等引导。 The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容,常用的名词如:fact, news, idea, hope, thought, question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof, belief, story等。
重点难点突破
(1)表语从句,即名词性从句放在表语位置就是表语从句,需要注意的是:当主语是 reason时,表语要用that引导而不是because.
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
(2)宾语从句应注意:
1) 注意时态呼应,当主句为过去时时,从句时态一定往前推移,不可出现现在时或现在完成时。
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
2)whether与if都可以引导宾语从句,常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。
①宾语从句是否定句时,只用if,不用whether。
e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.
②用if 会引起误解,就要用whether。
e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.(此句如果把whether改成if,容易当成条件句理解)
③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用,就不能换成if;不直接连用,可换。
e.g. I don’t know whether or not the report is true.
I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.
④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,还可引导让步状语从句,以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时,只能用if,而不能用whether。
e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.
They don’t know whether to go there.
Please come to see me if you have time.
(3)同位语从句注意与定语从句区别
同位语从句对前一名词做补充说明,在从句中无语法位置,而定语从句所修饰词在从句中占一语法位置如:
The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong.( 同位idea在从句中无位置,而从句只是具体说明idea的内容)。
The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong. (定语从句,idea做put forward 的宾语)。
(4)主语从句如果是用连接代词what, whatever, whoever等引导的,表示的是一个具体的东西或人,这种主语从句不能用引导词it来替换。
Eg. What he said interested me greatly. 他所说的使我很感兴趣。
Whoever is tired may rest. 谁累了都可以休息。
(5)whoever, whatever及whichever引导的从句都可以在句中作主语或宾语。
I’ve give it to whoever needs it.
谁需要我就把它给谁。
(whoever在此引导的从句作介词to的宾语,whoever同时又在从句中作主语,不可换成whomever。又由于从句表示的是具体的人,相当于any person who needs it,故whoever不可换成who。
Whoever breaks the law should be punished.
不管是谁犯了法都应该受惩罚。
It is considered unwise to give your child whatever he wants.
孩子想要什么就给他什么被认为是不明智的做法。
I’ve just bought five new books; you can take whichever book you like.
我刚买了五本新书,你喜欢哪本就拿哪本吧。
方法技巧点拨
(1)方法与技巧
学习名词性从句应达到这样的目标:
1)熟悉并掌握各个连接词、关系代词和连接副词的用法。
2)熟悉并掌握名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句),并了解其与定语从句和状语从句区别。
(2)解题注意点
在名词性从句中,连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句,因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分,连接词whether 和if(是否),as if(好像)在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。根据句义,如果连接代词与连接副词,whether、if 和as if都用不上时,才用that作连接词(that本身无任何含义)。
高考真题练习 见状语从句部分
考能提升训练
1.After having waited for ____ seemed two hours, I began to get impatient, wondering ______happened to Ben.
A. when; what B. what; what C. which; what D. what; that
2. ______ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail amount.
A. What is required B. What requires C. It’s required D. It requires
3. Remember that the birthday _______ we spend happily each year was just _____ our mothers suffered bitterly.
A. when; that B. that; when C. when; what D. that; what
4. I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize _______ silly mistakes I had made.
A. what B,. that C. how D. which
5. Those who suffer from terrible poverty are surely ready to accept ______ help they can get.
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever
6. The basketball club asked the coach to write an article on _______ the team had failed to win the game.
A. why B. what C. who D. that
7. _______ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Whom D. That
8.(07徐州一质测35)It is not yet well understood _______ has made the rainforest disappear year by year.
A. what B. which C. that D. how
9.(07郑州一质测29)There is a feeling in her she will be chosen to attend the conference on behalf of her company.
A. which B. of which C. what D. that
10.(07成都一诊29)——Can you see the Jinsha Museum from ________ you are standing
—Yes,and it’s really well designed.
A.where B.which C.the place D.here
11.(07昆明一测24) --Anyone can be ________ he wants to be, a doctor, a lawyer, or a scientist as long as he sets his mind to it.
--Quite right. What’s your goal
A. whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever
12.(07滨州一测32)Many experts hold the view teacher development is the key to better education lies.
A.which; where B.which; in which C.that; where D.that; in which
参考答案:
1。B。第一个空格引导for后面宾语从句,在从句中作主语,要用what;第二个空格也在宾语从句中作主语,所以也要用what。
2。C。It’s requird that …是个习惯句型,It是形式主语;that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail amount 是主语从句,that之后内容为真正的主语。
3.B. that we spend happily each year是定语从句,修饰birthday。That要作spend 的宾语;when our mothers suffered bitterly是表语从句。
4.A.句意:我对她的话很吃惊,它使我认识到我犯了多么愚蠢的错误。本题测试宾语从句连接词的用法。从句表感叹,中心词为名词,所以选A。
5.C.句意:那些遭受极端贫困的人愿意接受他们能得到的任何帮助。whatever引导宾语从句,意为“无论什么样的”,作定语修饰help。
6.A.句意:篮球俱乐部要求教练就球队没有赢得比赛的原因写了一篇文章。on后面接宾语从句,而空格处应该在从句中作状语,所以要用连接副词why。
7.B.whoever 相当于who,但比who语气强。结合语境可知,本句需要语气强的连接词作主语从句的主语,故whoever为最佳答案。
8.A.it为形式主语,空格处系主语从句的引导词,因其在句中必须充当主语,故用连接代词what来引导。which引导名词性从句时意为“哪一个”,此处不合适。that不作任何成分,how不能作主语。
9.D.空格处引导一同位语从句作feeling的同位语。
10.A.from后缺宾语,故空格处应是引导宾语从句的引导词,且在句中作状语。只能选A。
11.A.句意:只要下定决心,任何人都可以成为他想做的任何职业,医生、律师或科学家。空格处应填一个连接代词,引导一个表语从句,且在从句中做表语,因其后跟的是职业,故用whatever为佳。
12.C.句意:许多专家持有这样的观点,教师的发展在于取得更好地教育的关键。第一空格是引导同位语从句的,且不作任何成分;第二空格是引导表语从句的,因lie是一个不及物动词,故应用where在从句中作状语。