课件34张PPT。一、介词的分类
介词可大致分为简单介词、复合介词与短语介词。
1) 简单介词
简单介词基本上都是些单音节词 ,如at, by, for, from, in, of, off,on等。
2) 复合介词
复合介词又分为两种:派生词与合成介词
派生介词借助前缀构成,如aboard, about, across, around, before, behind, beneath, beyond 等
合成介词由两个介词或由一个副词和一个介词构成,如into, throughout, upon, within, without等3) 短语介词
短语介词由两个介词或由形容词、分词、副词或连词与介词构成,如out of(出于), according to(根据), ahead of(在…之前), irrespective of(无关的), instead of, owing to(由于), at the expense of(在损害…的情况下), by means of, by virtue of (由于,凭), for the sake of (为…着想), as compared with(与…比较)
二、介词的位置
介词通常位于名词或代词之前。
例如 I went to Beijing by train.
我乘火车去北京。但在以下情况中可能把介词移到句末,这叫介词的后置。
1) 以介词 + whom / which / what / whose时。
例 1 What did you open it with?
你是用什么打开它的?
例 2 Who are the committee composed of?
委员会是由谁组成的?
2) 在间接疑问句中,当what, whom, where等连接代词 、连接副词引导名词性从句时。
例 1 We all know what water consists of.
我们都知道水是什么组成的。
例 2 He is not sure where she is from.
他不清楚她是那里人。3 ) 定语从句中,当关系代词或作带有介词的短语动词的宾语时。
例 1 This is the old man I was traveling with.
这就是和我一起旅行的老人。
例 2 Is this the map (which ) you have been looking for?
这就是你一直在找的地图吗?(关系代词常被省略)
4 ) 当有介词的短语动词为被动语态时。
例 1 The patient was well looked after in the hospital.
病人在医院里被照顾得很好。
例 2 The rule must be attended to.
这些规则必修要遵守。 5 ) 用作主语或状语的动词不定式(短语)需要介词时。
例 1 I need a pen to write my notes with.
我需要一支笔来记笔记。
例 2 Houses are built to live in, not to look at.
房子建起来是让人住的,不是让人看的。
6 ) 为加强语气将介词宾语放在句后时。
例如 Two things man can’t live without —— air and water.
人缺了两样东西是不能活的 —— 空气和水。in ,on, at的区别和用法1) at 表示在某一时刻或短暂的时间。
at one o’clock(在一点钟), at dawn(在黎明), at sunrise (在日出时), at noon(在正午), at that time(在那时), at the last moment (在最后一刻), at breakfast (在早餐时)
at亦可表示 “年龄”、 “节日”等。at the age of twenty(在二十岁时), at Mid-autumn(在中秋节时), at Christmas(在圣诞节时)
2) in 用来表示一天之内上下午、傍晚等时间。
in the morning(在早晨), in the night(特指某一夜间,而at night表泛指的夜间),in the day(在白天)in 还可表示星期、年、月、四季等比一天长的时间。
in June(在六月), in a week(在一周后), in summer(在夏天),in 1999(在1999年),in the twentieth century(在二十世纪),in modern times(在现代),in one’s old age(在某人晚年)
3) on用于某日或特定某日的早晚、上下午等。
on Sunday(在星期日), on October the first, 1999(在1999年10月1日), on Monday morning(在星期日早晨), on a cold evening(在一个寒冷的晚上), on New Year’s Eve(新年前夕)in, within, after的区别和用法1) in 表从现在时间角度看将来,意为“在…之后“,“过若干时间就…”。
例如 The project will be finished in a week.
工程一周后将竣工。 (特指第七天或第八天)
2) within 表示期限,,意为“在某时间之内”。
例如 He must be back within a week.
他必须一周之内回来。 (七天之内任何一天都可以,但不可超过七天)
3) after 表示 “什么时间之后”,后可接表某一时刻或某种活动的词。
例 1 The meal was ready after thirty minutes.
三十分钟后饭熟了。
例 2 We left after the party.
晚会后我们离开了。备注 after 一般用于过去时
可以说:We shall leave after four o’clock / the party.
我们将在四点钟/晚会后离开。 (表某个时刻、日期或事件)
但不可以说:I’ll go to Beijing after two weeks.
我将在两周后去北京。(after 后不能接表示一段时间的词,应将句中的after改为in。)
during, for的区别和用法
during 表示“在(某一段时间)内”,“在…期间”,用于已知一段时间或已限定的时期或阶段。for 用来指延续一段时间。
例如 I went to shanghai during the vacation and stayed there for 20 days.
我假期里去了上海并在那儿呆了二十多天。by, till / until的区别和用法
1) by表示到某时某事已发生或已出现情况,经常与完成时连用;till 表示
行动或状态一直迟续到某一时间。
例 1 We discussed about the matter till/until midnight.
我们一直谈那件事,直到午夜时分。(midnight 指动作的终点).
例 2 You must hand in your term paper by next Monday.
你必须在下星期日之前交学期论文。 (不晚于星期一,可以是星期一,也可以是这之前某个时间发生)2) till / until 经常用在否定句中,译作 “到…才”, 强调时间晚了。.
例如 He didn’t arrive until ten o’clock.
他直到十点钟才来。
between, among的区别和用法
1) 一般情况下,between用于两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上之间。
例 1 It is about 100 metres between the post office and our school.
邮局和我们学校相距约一百米。
例 2 Divide the money among the four of you.
这笔钱你们四个人分。但在有些情况下between可用于三者或三者以上之间。
A) 提到明确位置时
例如 Ecuador lies between Colombia, Peru, and the Pacific Ocean.
B) 提到事物之间区别时
例如 Do you know the difference between lie, lay and laid?
你知道lie, lay与laid的区别吗?
C) 提到各分配对象时
例如 He divided his money between his wife, his son and his daughter.(此句也可用among,但意义有差别。between强调个体各有一份,among强调整体, 表示分钱的范围)D) 强调两者以上的事物两两之间的相互关系,如:
the Treaty Between the Three Powers
三国协约 (不可用among)
E) 用在“between ourselves”结构中,意为“私下说的话(不可告诉别人)”。
例如 The matter is highly classified. It is between ourselves.
这件事高度机密,不能告诉别人。besides, but, except, except for, other than的区别和用法
1) besides表示“除…之外,还有…”,包括其后的宾语在内。
例如 He had to learn English besides Japanese.
除了英语,他还得学日语。2) but与except同义, 但but多用在every, any, no(及它们的复合词), all, none, who, what, where等后。
例 1 The students go to school every day but Sunday.
除了星期日,学生们每天都上学。
例 2 Who but George would do such a thing?
除乔治之外,还有谁会干这种事?
3) except表示“除了”,不包括其后的宾语。
例如 Everyone came on time except Henry.
除了亨利,人人都来了。
4) except for“除了…,只是…”,前后比较对象不属于同一类或同一个层次。例如 The road was empty except for a few cars.
除几辆车外,路上一片空旷。
5) other than与except用法相似,但other than还有其他的含义:
A) not, any thing but (不是,除了)
例如 She can hardly be other than grateful.
她会感激不尽。
B) otherwise than; in any other way than (与…不同;与…不同方式)
例如 You can’t get there other than by swimming.
除游泳之外,别无其他方法抵达那里。
6) apart from 可表示besides, except, except for或without的意义:例 1 It’s time-consuming apart from the cost(=besides).
除了价格高以外,还很费时。
例 2 You did a good job, apart from a few slight faults(=except for) .
除了一些小缺点外,你做得还不错。
例 3 He cares nothing in the world apart from himself(=except).
在世上,他除了自己什么都不在乎。
例 4 There is no short-cut to it apart from hard work(=without).
除了努力工作,别无捷径可走。连词概说
连词是用来连接词、短语、从句或句子的词。连词属于虚词,在句中不重读,不能单独作句子成分。
1) 按形式分类,连词可分为:
A) 简单连词,如and, but, after, since, that, nor等
B) 关连连词,如not only…but also, both…and, either…or, as…as等
C) 复合连词,如however, nevertheless, moreover, therefore等
D) 组合连词,如as if, as well as, in order that, in case等
2) 按词义及作用分类,连词分为等立连词和从属连词。A) 等立连词用来连接具有并列关系的词、短语、从句或句子。按其在句中的用法可分为并列连词,转折连词,选择连词和因果连词。
B) 从属连词在句中只起连接名词从句和状语从句的作用,详见其它章。
备注 使用等立连词时,必须注意平行原则,即它们连接的双方都是语法结构同等的词、词组或句子。
例如 误: You may either have an apple or an orange.
正: You may have either an apple or an orange.
你可以吃个苹果或是桔子。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词和分句。并列连词主要有and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor, as well as等。
1) and
A) 一般表示并列关系,译作“和”、“同”、“而且”。
例如 solid, liquid and gas
B) 表示较轻的转折关系,译作“而”。
例如 This bag is blue and that one is red.
C) 在某些动词后,and能代替不定式作目的状语。
例如 I’ll go and visit him.
D) and表示并列和对称关系时,可以省略。
例 1 He came in and (he) took off his hat.例 2 She peeled (the potatoes) and chopped the potatoes.
E)?? 表示其他逻辑关系及用法
A)??? and可以用来表示结果或说明。
例 1 Water the seeds and they will grow.
例 2 She was ill and took medicine.
B) and也可以用来表示条件。
例如 Move and you are a dead man.
2) both … and …
“both … and …”只能连接两个对等成分:例 1 Both my sister and I are teachers.
例 2 He went to Beijing both on business and for a holiday.
3) not only … but also … (不仅…而且…)有时“not only … but also …” 中的but或also可省略。
例 1 He could not only read English, but also speak it fluently.
例 2 Not only you but we are tired of such meetings.
备注 not only位于句首时,其后的句子要主谓倒装。
例如 Not only did he hear about it, but (also) he saw it.
4) neither … nor …
“neither … nor …” 的反义词是“both … and … ”或“either … or …”, neither和nor都可单独使用作连词,以neither或nor开头的句中须用倒装结构。
例 1 Neither you nor he is welcome.例 2 She doesn’t know anything about it. Neither do I.
5) as well as
A) as well as 连接两个并列成分时,重点在前一个,常译作“不仅…而且…”。
例如 He can speak Russian as well as English.
B) 由as well as连接两个词作主语时,谓语动词和第一个词在人称和数上一致。
例如 My father as well as I likes swimming.
6) 其他表并列关系的短语有rather than(而不), moreover(而且), besides(此外), further more(此外), likewise(同样)等。
例 1 I’d prefer to go by train rather than by airplane.例 2 We should show the children right ways to do things rather than just punishing them when they make mistakes.。
例 3 The medicine is new. Moreover, it is in good condition.
转折连词
1) 转折连词有but(但是),while(而),yet(可是,然而),whereas(但是,却),however(不过,然而),nevertheless(虽然如此,不过), still(仍然,还是), only(但)等。
例 1 He is warm-hearted, but not every one understands him.例 2 While their country has plenty of oil, ours has none.
例 3 She is a funny girl, (and / but) yet you can’t help liking her.
例 4 He wants a flat, whereas I would rather live in a house.
例 5 He hasn’t arrived. He may, however, come later.
例 6 I can’t follow your advice. Nevertheless, thank you for giving it.
例 7 We knew he was unlikely to win, but it is still unfair that he didn’t get a higher mark.
例 8 You may go, only come back early.?注 1 but 与not连用时,往往译作“而”。
例如 He is not a gentleman as he appears, but a criminal.
注 2 but与 may连用时,一般译作“但”,“不过”。
例如 His proposal may be quite good, but it must be discussed by all of us.?
2) 引导让步状语从句的although, though, granted (granting) that(假定,纵使)等和but不能用在同一个句子当中,但可与yet,still, nevertheless等一起使用。
例如 Though he accepted little formal education, yet he later became a famous scientist.选择连词
选择连词主要有or, or else, otherwise, either…or等。
1) or,or else,otherwise,rather than都作“否则”讲;or语气较弱;otherwise最强。
例 1 Which would you rather eat, a pear or an apple?
例 2 Follow my instruction, or else you will make mistakes.
例 3 Seize the chance, otherwise you will regret it.
2) either…or (要么…要么…,或者…或者…)
例 1 You can hand in your homework either today or tomorrow.
例 2 Either you or I am wrong.因果连词
因果连词有for, then, hence, therefore, so, consequently等。
1) for
for 是并列连词,不能用于句首,语气比because要弱。而because, since和as是从属连词,可位于句首,亦可用于句后。
例如 I did not go to school yesterday, for I caught a bad cold.
2) so和therefore
按惯用用法,这两个词前可加and.。
例如 She was born in a rich family, and so she could hardly get used to the bad conditions here.备注 so还可表示“也”,“同样地”,这时句子必须倒装。
例如 She likes to eat noodles, so do I.
3) hence
hence 后可跟一个省略句。
例如 The town was built on the side of a hill; hence (comes) the name Hillside.
as, because, for, since, now that, in that 区别和用法
1) 在回答问题或认为听话人不明事因时,只能用because。
例如 ——Why are you late?
——Because I missed the early bus by five minutes.
2) for的用法参见前面3)如认为事因已清楚,用since或as,两者语气较because弱。如果“既然”的意思较明显,用since。 since比as正式。
例 1 He saw her, as they were both getting off the bus at the same time.
例 2 Since you can’t answer the question, we’d better ask someone else.
4) now that意义与since接近,但now that必须引出一个意外的情况,否则就用别的词。
例如 Now that you mention it, the reason why he did that becomes clear.
5) in that与because意义相近,后面跟一个原因状语从句。例如 He was quite different from his brothers in that he was brought up in another family.
as, like (介词)像的区别和用法
1) like一般放在名词或代词前,用于简单比较。如果该名词或代词后出现动词,即构成状语从句,则只可用as,不用like。
例如 When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
2) as也可单独与名词连用,但与like含义不同。试比较:
A) He played tennis like a professional player.
B) He played tennis as a professional player.
whether, if 的区别和用法
1) whether可引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,而if只可引导宾语从句。例 1 Whether he is still alive or not remains a secret. (不用if)
例 2 I don’t know whether / if she still works in this factory.
2) whether和if引导宾语从句时也有区别:
A) whether可接or not,而if不可。
例如 We don’t know whether he will be present or not.
B) whether引导的宾语从句可省略为带to的不定式,if则不能。
例如 I don’t know whether to accept or to refuse.
C) whether可用于介词后,而if不能。
例如 I am not interested in whether he’s telling truth or not.although, though的区别和用法
although, though两词作连词时同义,但有时使用场合不同。
1) although更为正式,且语气较重;though更通俗。
2) 在短语as though(好象)中,though不可用although代替。
例如 He behaves as though he were better than us.
3) 在倒装的让步状语从句中,用though,而不用although。
例如 Poor though I am, I can afford beer.
4) though可用在句中或句末,与however同义。although则不可。例 1 He’s a bad president. There’s no reason, though, to shoot him.
例 2 It’s hard work. I enjoy it though.
if, as (so) long as, providing ( provided) that, on condition that的区别和用法
这几个连词 / 连词词组都表示条件,但它们各有侧重,不可随意互换。后几个可由if取代,反之则未必。1) as (so) long as意为“只要”,它所引导的从句中的谓语动词必须是持续性的。例如 As long as you remain calm, you will win the match.2) providing(provided)意为“只要,如果”,说话人往往希望该条件实现。例如 I will come provided that I am well enough. 不可说: I will not come provided that I am not well enough. (应把provided that改为if)3) on condition that比较正式,强调所要求的条件。例如 You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go far from the river bank.