20个情态动词使用技巧[上学期]
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20个情态动词使用技巧
情态动词的语法特征
：1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生；
2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式；
3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s；
4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
一、 比较can 和be able to
1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2）只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
注意：could不表示时态
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。
—— Could I have the television on
—— Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。
二、比较may和might
1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may. 此句意可从后半句推出。
三、比较have to和must
1) 两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
3） 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示"不必"
mustn't 表示"禁止"，
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it. 你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
四、must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day.You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
He must be staying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
——Why didn't you answer my phone call
——Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推测用 can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
五、表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。
六、情态动词+ have +过去分词
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2) must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
—— Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
——She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
七、should 和ought to
should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。
——Ought he to go
——Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。
八、 had better表示"最好"
had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.
九、 would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home
----Which ___ do
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句， would 提前，所以选B。
十、 will和would
注意：
1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me
2）Will you… Would you like… 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down
十一、 情态动词的回答方式
问句 肯定回答 否定回答
Need you… Yes, I must. No,I needn't
Must you… /don't have to.
典型例题
1）——Could I borrow your dictionary
——Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。
2）——Shall I tell John about it
——No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。
3）——Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
——______.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。
十二、 带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。 典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A.have told B.tell C.be telling D. having told
答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用 have。
十三、比较need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词： need （需要, 要求）
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。
Need you go yet
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：
need doing = need to be done
07年高考第一轮复习情态动词考点90例
( )1. "Must we do it now " "No, you______." (79)
A. won't B. needn't C. can't D. don't
( )2. He said he would rather not______ it right now. (79)
A. doing B. to do C. do D. to be doing
( )3. You____ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do. (81)
A. needn't to come B. don't need come
C. don't need coming D. needn't come
( )4. I_____ play football than basketball. (82)
A. would rather B. had better C. like better D. prefer
( )5. "May I pick a flower in the garden " "________". (83)
A. No, you needn't B. Not, please
C. No, you mustn't D. No, you won't
( )6. You'd better __________ late next time. (83)
A. don't B. not be C. not being D. won't be
( )7. --- Can I leave this door open at night --- You_____ better not. (85)
A. should B. had C. would D. could
( )8. Put on more clothes. You ____ be feeling cold with only a shirt on. (85)
A. can B. could C. would D. must
( )9. I thought you_____ like something to read, so I have brought you some books. (86)
A. may B. might C. could D. must
( )10. It's freezing outside. You ____ put on your overcoat. (87)
A. had better to B. had better
C. would better D. would better to
( )11. The plant is dead. I____ it more water. (87)
A. will give B. would have given
C. must give D. should have given
( )12. There was plenty of time. She______. (87)
A. mustn't have hurried B.needn't have hurried
C. must not hurry D. couldn't have hurried
( )13. You ____ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like. (88)
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
( )14.We____ for her because she never came. (88)
A. needn't wait B. shouldn't have waited
C. mustn't wait D. mustn't have waited
( )15.Mother_____us stories when we were young. (88)
A. was used to tell B. is used to telling
C. used to tell D. used to telling
( )16.-Where is my pen --- I _____ it. (88)
A. might lose B. would have lost
C. should have lost D. must have lost
( )17. I didn't hear the phone. I_____ asleep. (89)
A. must be B. must have been
C. should be D. should have been
( )18. He ____ you more help, even though he was very busy. (90)
A. might have given B. might give
C. may have given D. may give
( )19. A computer ______ think for itself; it must be told what to do. (91)
A. can't B. couldn't C. may not D. might not
( )20. Jenny _______ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind. (91)
A. must B. should C. need D. would
( )21.---Shall we go skating or stay at home ---Which_______ do yourself (92)
A. do you rather B. would you rather
C. will you rather D. should you rather
( )22. ---Could I borrow your dictionary ---Yes, of course you________ . (92)
A. might B. will C. can D. should
( )23. We _____ last night, but we went to the concert instead. (92)
A. must have studied B. might study
C. should have studied D. would study
( )24. Tom ought not to ____me your secret, but he meant no harm. (93)
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
( )25. Peter _____ come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. (93)
A. must B. may C. can D. will
( )26. I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I______ it out for her. (94)
A. had to write B. must have written
C. should have written D. ought to write
( )27.---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. --- _________ . (94)
A.I don't B. I won't C. I can't D.I haven't
( )28.---Shall I tell John about it ---No, you____. I've told him already. (N94)
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
( )29. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack ____ be here at any moment. (95)
A. must B. need C. should D. can
( )30. ---There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
---It___ a comfortable journey. (95)
A. can't be B. shouldn't be
C. must have been D. couldn't have been
( )31. ---Your phone number again I_____ quite catch it. --- It's 9568442 . (95)
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
( )32. Johnny, you ___ play with the knife. You ___ hurt yourself. (96)
A. won't…can't B. mustn't…may
C. shouldn't…must D. can't…shouldn't
( )33.---Can I help you, sir ---Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it_____. (96)
A. didn't work B. will not work C. can't work D. doesn't work
( )34.When he was there ,he ____go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day .
(1996年上海,12)
A. would B. should C. had better D. might
( )35. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _________ get out.
(NMET1997年,24)
A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could
( )36.---When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon . (98)
---They ______ be ready by 12:00 .
A. can B. should C. might D. need
( )37.---I stayed at a hotel while in New York .---Oh, did you You _____ with Barbars . (98)
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
( )38.---Will you stay for lunch ---Sorry, _____. My brother is coming to see me . (99)
A. I mustn't B. I can't C. I needn't D. I won't
( )39. There was a lot of fun at yesterday's party . You _____ come, but why didn't you.
(1999年上海,14)
A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have
( )40.---Are you coming to Jeff's party
---I'm not sure. I _____ go to the concert instead. (2000)
A. must B. would C. should D. might
( )41. Sorry, I'm late .I _____ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
(NMET2000春季北京,20)
A. might B. should C. can D. will
( )42. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he _________your lecture. (2000年春季上海,23)
A. couldn't have attended B. needn't have attended
C. mustn't have attended D. shouldn't have attended
( )43. I was really anxious about you. You ________home without a word .
(NMET2001年,33)
A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left
C. couldn't have left D. needn't leave
( )44. You can't imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _______ be so rude to a lady.
(2001年上海,34)
A. might B. need C. should D. would
( )45. —Write to me when you get home (NMET2001年春季北京,6) —_________.
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
( )46. Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How_________ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony (2001年春季上海,27)
A. can B. should C. may D. must
( )47. ---- I hear you've got a set of valuable Australian coins.____ I have a look
---- Yes, certainly. (NMET2002春季北京高考,29)
A. Do B. May C. Shall C. Should
( )48. Oh, I'm not feeling well in the stomach. I ______so much fried chicken just now.
(2002上海春季高考,28)
A. shouldn't eat B. mustn't have eaten
C. shouldn't have eaten D. mustn't eat
( )49. —Is John coming by train
—He should, but he_______ not .He likes driving his car.(NMET2002年,25)
A. must B. can C. need D. may
( )50. —I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.
—It_______ true because there was little snow there..(NMET 2002年北京,31)
A. may not be B. won't be C. couldn't be D. mustn't be
( )51. It has been announced that candidates________ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected .(2002年上海,27)
A. can B. will C. may D. shall
( )52. ---- The room is so dirty. _______we clean it ---- Of course. 2003北京春季高考)
A. Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do
( )53. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _______ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station. (NMET2003年,28)
A. should B. can C. must D. will
( )54. How _____ you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article (2003年上海卷,29)
A. can B. must C. need D. may
( )55.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared .Who_______ have taken it
(2003年春季上海,24)
A. should B. must C. could D. would
( )56. Children under 12 years of age in that country ________ be under adult supervision when in a public library. (2004年上海,28)
A. must B. may C. can D. need
( )57. ---Isn't that Ann's husband over there
---No, it______ be him —I'm sure he doesn't wear glasses. (2004年全国卷I,29)
A. can't B must not C won't D may not
( )58.You_______ be tired — you've only been working for an hour.(2004年全国卷II,29)
A. must not B. won't C. can't D. may not
( )59.I often see lights in that empty house .Do you think I_______ report it to the police
(2004年全国卷III,21)
A. should B. may C. will D. can
( )60.Mr White ________ at 8:30 for the meeting , but he didn't show up.
(NMET2004年全国卷III,27)
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
( )61. —Who is the girl standing over there
—Well, if you________ know ,her name is Mabel. (NMET2004年天津,31)
A. may B. can C. must D. shall
( )62. —Mum, I've been studying English since 8 o'clock . _____I go out and play with Tom for a while —No,I'm afraid not. Besides, it's raining outside now.
(NMET2004年辽宁,29)
A. Can't B. Wouldn't C. May not D. Won't
( )63. —I don't mind telling you what I know.
—You _____ I'm not asking you for it. (NMET 2004年江苏,22)
A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn't
( )64. I______ pay Tracy a visit ,but I'm not sure whether I will have time this Sunday.
(NMET2004年浙江,26)
A. should B. might C. would D. could
( )65.—I'll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.
—You_______ her last week .(NMET2004年福建,32)
A. ought to tell B. would have told
C. must tell D. should have told
( )66.—Excuse me ,but I want to use your computer to type a report .
—You______ have my computer if you don't take care of it.(NMET2004年湖南,28)
A. shan't B. might not C. needn't D. shouldn't
( )67."The interest________ be divided into five parts , according to the agreement made by both sides,"declared the judge.(NMET2004年重庆,24)
A. may B. should C. must D. shall
( )68.You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ________ not like the design of the furniture.(2004年春季上海,29)
A. must B. shall C. may D. need
( )69.—Excuse me . Is this the right way to the Summer Palace
—Sorry , I am not sure . But it ________ be .(NMET2004年湖北,26)
A.might B.will C.must D.can
( )70.I have lost one of my gloves. I________ it somewhere.(NMET2005年春季北京,27)
A. must drop B. must have dropped
C. must be dropping D. must have beet dropped
( )71.According to the local regulations, anyone who intends to get a driver's licence _______ take an eye test.(2005年春季上海,29)
A. can B. must C. would D. may
( )72.Tom, you _____ leave all your clothes on the floor like this ! (NMET2005年全国卷I,26)
A.wouldn't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
( )73. John, look at the time. _____ you play the piano at such a late hour
(NMET2005年全国卷II,19)
A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need
( )74.He _____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn't be enjoying himself by the seaside. (NMET2005年北京卷,26)
A. should B. must C. wouldn't D. can't
( )75.There ____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school. (NMET2005年上海卷,27)
A. mustn't B. shan't C. shouldn't D. needn't
( )76.I ____ have been more than six years old when the accident happened.
(NMET2005年天津,14)
A. shouldn't B. couldn't C. mustn't D. needn't
( )77.This cake is very sweet. You __________ a lot of sugar in it. (NMET2005年辽宁卷,26)
A.should put B.could have put C.might put D.must have put
( )78. ---- The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned.
---- Oh, dear! She _______ a lot of difficulties! (NMET2005年江苏卷,31)
A. may go through B. might go through
C. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through
( )79.The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it______be very slow. (NMET2005年浙江卷,9)
A. should B. must C. will D. can
( )80.—Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
—Thanks. You_______it. I could manage it myself. (NMET2005年福建卷,31)
A.needn't do B.needn't have done C.mustn't do D.shouldn't have done
( )81.—Do you know where David is I couldn't find him anywhere.
—Well . He________have gone far—his coat's still here. (NMET2005年湖北卷,32)
A.shouldn't B.mustn't C.can't D.wouldn't
( )82.If I _______ plan to do anything I wanted to , I'd like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. (NMET2005年湖北卷,33)
A.would B.could C.had to D.ought to
( )83. ----Lucy doesn't mind lending you her dictionary.
----She ____. I've already borrowed one. (NMET2005年湖南卷,24)
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. shouldn't
( )84. ---I've taken someone else's green sweater by mistake.
---It______ Harry's. He always wears green. (NMET2005年广东卷,33)
A. has to be B. will be C. mustn't D. could be
( )85. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They ______ at least 150 km an hour. (NMET2005年重庆卷,33)
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
( )86. He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free. (NMET2005年山东卷,34)
A. could B. would C. must D. need
( )87.---Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today
---Something ______to him. (NMET2005年江西卷,22)
A.must happen B. should have happened
C. could have happened D. must have happened
( )88. Helen ______ go on the trip with us, but she isn't quite sure yet. (NMET2005年安徽卷,26)
A. shall B. must C. may D. can
( )89.---- Don't you think it necessary that he _______ to Miami but to New York
---- I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to. (NMET2005年江苏卷,33)
A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
( )90.---Tom graduated from college at a very young age.
---Oh, he______ have been a very smart boy then.
A could B should C might D must
Answers
1-5 BCDAC 6-10 BBCBB 11-15 DBCBC
16-20 DBAAB 21-25 BCCAB 26-30 CBACD
31-35 ABDAC 36-40 BABDD 41-44 AABCC
46-50 ABCDC 51-55 DBBAC 56-60 AACAA
61-65 CADAD 66-70 ADCAB 71-75 BBABC
76-80 BDDDB 81-85 CBCDB 86-90 ADCBD
N种形容词排序的记忆方法
形容词排序的问题一直是一个比较复杂的问题，很多英语学习者发现难以找到适合自己的记忆方法。为此，我特地从网上找到了一些帮助记忆的方法，仅供参考。
一、英文形容词的排序：OPSHACOM
??关于两个及两个以上形容词修饰同一名词的顺序，一般语法书都有讲解。如《郎文英语语法》描述为：品质→尺寸→新旧→样式→颜色→产地→过去分词。
??
??为了让英语学习者容易记住这些形容词的顺序，英国广播公司（BBC）在英语教学节目"Professor Grammar"中提出了一种称为OPSHACOM的方法。现介绍给广大读者。
OPSHACOM 是个拼缀词，它的涵义如下：
OP---opinion评述性词。如beautiful，wonderful，expensive，terrible，
horrible，lovely，silly，ugly等。
SH---size ＆shape表大些?形状的词。如 long，short，round，square等。
A---age表新旧的词。如new，old等。
C---colour表颜色的词。如red，black，purple，brown，yellow等。
O---origin表产地的词。如Italian，Spanish，Canadian，Australian，Japanese
等。
M---material表材料的词。如leather，glass，rubber，metal，silk，plastic等。
按此顺序，"一件新的漂亮的意大利的黑皮茄克"的英语为"a beautiful new black Italian leather jacket。"
理论上一个名词前可有9个形容词，但在实际语言材料中一般不超过5个。因此，掌握了本方法可基本解决形容词修饰名词时的顺序问题。
学习OPSHACOM方法时还要注意以下事项：
1?各修饰词（即形容词）可有缺项，但顺序不变。如：a small Swiss watch。
2?当表大小（或长短）的词与表形状的词同时出现时，大小（或长短）在前，形状在后。如：a large square table。
3?定冠词、不定冠词、指示代词、形容词性所有格、数词等位于句首。
4?数词位于定冠词、指示代词后。（数词不与不定冠词或形容词性所有格连用）
5?分词最靠近所修饰的名词。如：his new Japanese timing device；three scottish handmade skirts。
下面请读者做几道练习题：
用OPSHACOM法将下列各题括号中的单词按正确顺序排列：
1．（Canadian ，extraordinary ，an ，new）play
2．（green，a，large）garden
3．（gold，British，the，round）coin
4．（ugly，writing，the，steel，seven）desks
5．（purple ，Russian ，nice ，long ，her）coat
答案：
1．an extraordinary new Canadian play
2．a large green garden
3．the round British gold coin
4．the seven ugly steel writing desks
5．her nice long purple Russian coat
二、口诀法：“美小圆旧黄，中国木书房”
在外语学习中，记忆是一个非常重要的环节。和外语相比，学生一般对自己母语更敏感，记忆母语更容易，印象更深刻。当学生在记忆外语词汇或语言知识时，总喜欢将其与母语挂钩。教师应结合具体情况利用母语帮助学生理解记忆。例如学生对名词前的修饰语的顺序弄不清，考试中经常出错。利用下面替代字组成的句子帮助记忆，教学效果就比较好。
“美小圆旧黄，中国木书房”。
注：“美”代表“描述或性质类”形容词；“小”代表“大小、长短、高低、胖瘦类” 形容词；“圆”代表“形状类” 形容词；“旧”代表“新旧、年龄类” 形容词；“黄”代表“颜色类” 形容词；“中国”代表“来源、国籍、地区、出处类” 形容词；“木”代表“物质、材料、质地类” 形容词；“书”代表“用途、类别、功能、作用类” 形容词；“房”代表“中心名词”。例如：
two beautiful new green silk evening dress 两件又新又漂亮的丝绸女士晚礼服；that hungry, tired, sleepy little match girl 那个饥饿、疲劳、困倦的卖火柴的小女孩；an old large brick dining hall 一个旧的红砖砌的大餐厅。
三、巧记形容词排列顺序
请看下面一道高考题：
This____girl Linda"s conusin.(2005北京卷)
A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty
C. Spanish pretty D. liite pretty Spanish
此题选A。 该题时对形容词排列顺序的考察。
在英语中，当名词有多个形容词修饰时，就有它们的先后顺序。下面的口诀可帮你记住这一先后顺序，也是解题的关键。
限定描绘大长高，
形状年龄和新老；
颜色国籍跟材料，
作用类别往后靠；
其中，“限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词，它位于各类形容词前。它本身分为三位，即：前、中、后。前位限定词有all、half、both、分数和倍数；中位限定词有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等；后位限定词有基数词和序数词，但序数词位于基数词前。如:both my hands、all half his income等。“描绘”性形容词如：beautiful、bad、cold、great等。“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词。表示“形状”的词如：round square等。“国籍”指一个国家或地区的词。“材料”的词如：wooden, woolen, stone,silk等。“作用类别”的词如：medical, college，writing desk，police car等。
另一口诀:
县官行令杀国材。县，表示限定词；官，指的是冠词；行，表示性质的定语；令，表示年龄；杀，表示颜色；国，表示国籍；材，表示材料。
你有兴趣的话,不妨也试试编个"顺口溜"玩玩.
四、熟记规则：大小形状和新老，颜色国际出（处）材料
多个形容词修饰同一名词时的顺序是固定的，其顺序为： ①冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词+②序数词+基数词+③一般性描绘形容词+④大小、长短、形状+年龄、新旧+⑥颜色+⑦国籍、出处+⑧材料+⑨用途、类别+⑩最终修饰的名词或动名词。例如：a beautiful little red flower 一朵美丽的小花。 those four old-looking,grey,wooden houses 所以这个翻译题 我有一个中国制造木制红色的大的园桌子可以翻译成 i have a big,round ,red,wooden,chinese table
形容词的次序有一个口诀。可以记下来：大小形状和新老，颜色国际出（处）材料
英语中的主动表被动
许多学生常常在该用主动形式表被动时,错用了被动形式。本文就何时应用主动形式表示被动含义总结如下。?
1.表示被动含义的主动动词?
1)系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有taste(吃起来), sound (听起来), prove(证明是), feel(摸上去感到)等,例如:?
Your reason sounds reasonable.?
你的理由听起来很合理。?
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.?
良药苦口。?
2)一些与can't(不能)或won't(不会)连用的动词。常用的有: lock(锁住), shut(关上) , open(打开), act(上演)等,例如:?
The door won't open.这门打不开。?
It can't move.它不能动。?
3)一些与well(很), easily(容易地), perfectly(十分地)等连用的动词,如: sell(销售) , wash(洗), clean(打扫), burn(燃烧), cook(煮)等,例如:?
The book sells well.?
这种书很畅销。?
These clothes wash well.?
这些衣服很耐洗。?
4)用在“主语+不及物动词+主语补语”句型中的一些不及物动词,例如:?
This material has worn thin.?
这料子已磨薄了。?
The dust has blownsintosthe house.?
灰尘被风吹进了房子。?
2.表示被动含义的主动结构?
1)动名词
be worth(值得), want (=need)(需要), need(需要), require(需要)后所用的动名词,必须用主动结构表示被动意义,例如:?
These young seedlings will require/need looking after (=need to be looked after) carefully.?
这些幼苗将需要小心的照管。?
Your hair wants/needs cutting (needs to be cut).?
你的头发该剪了。?
2)不定式?
作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系,即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这种情形最常出现在“There+be+主语+修饰主语的不定式”和“及物动词+宾语(或双宾语)+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中,特别是“主语+have+宾语+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中,例如:?
Give him some books to read.?
给他点书看。?
He has a family to support.?
他要维持一个家庭。?
There is a lot of work to do.?
有许多工作要干。?
当然,这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式,含义区别不大,例如:?
There is so much work to do/to be done.?
有这么多事情要做。?
Give me the names of the people to contact/to be contacted.?
把那些要联系的人的名字给我。?
在“主语+be+形容词+不定式”句型中,有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语,这是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多,最常用的有amusing(有趣的), cheap(便宜的), dangerous(危险的), difficult(困难的), easy(容易的), important(重要的), nice(令人愉快的), pleasant(愉快的)等,例如:?
That question is difficult to answer.?
那个问题不容易回答。?
Chicken?s legs are nice to eat.?
鸡腿很好吃。?
在be to结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:?〖HJ*5/9〗
Who is to blame for starting the fire ?
这场火灾应由谁负责 ?
The house is to let.此房出租。?
A lot remains to do.还剩下许多事情要做。?
3)特殊结构?
①“be + under +名词”结构:这种结构表示某事“在进行中”。例如:?
The building is under construction.?
这座楼正在建设中。?
The whole matter is under discussion (=is being discussed).?
整个事情正在讨论中。?
经常这样用的名词还有repair(修理), treatment(治疗), question(质问)等。?
②“be worthy of +名词”结构:在这一结构中,名词和句子的主语有被动含义,如:
a man worthy of support一个值得支持的人?
nothing worthy of praise没有值得称道的事情?
此结构后通常用表示行为的名词,而不用动名词的被动形式。
to的用法归纳
一：表示相对，针对
be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar, distinct, sensitive, immune, vulnerable, indispensable) to
Air is indispensable to life.
Aircrafts are vulnerable to interference caused by radiation.
This injection will make you immune to infection.
二：表示对比，比较
1：以-ior结尾的形容词，后接介词to表示比较，如：superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior
The quarrel happened prior to my arrival.
2: 一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词，如equal，similar，equivalent，analogous
A is similar to B in many ways.
3：表示一些先后顺序的形容词，如：second,subsequent,next,preliminary,preparatory
Subsequent to the war,they returned to their hometown.
4: to也偶尔出现在个别动词之后,与动词形成固定词组,表示比较,如:prefer to,compare to,in contrast to
compare to sth.表示比喻或比拟,而compare with sth.表示比较,如:
World is usually compared to a stage
Compared with his past,he has changed a lot.
Prefer的正确句型是:prefer A to B或prefer doing A to doing B,但当prefer后接动词不定式时,表示比较的介
词to就要改成rather than ,如:
The undaunted soldier preferred death to surrender.
Many people prefer spending money to earning money.
They prefer to pursue careers rather than remain home as house wives.
5: to与及个别的名词构成比较之意,如:alternative
Going to an under water concert is a great alternative to going to dinner.
三: 表示修饰关系
1: 表示回复,反应意思的词,如:answer to question,
solution to problem,response to inquiry,reaction to proposal,reply to letter
2: 表示建筑构件的词汇,如: entry,entrance,approach,access,passage,exit,vent,path
the approach to a bridge引桥
the approach to science
Half of the population was estimated to have no access to the health service.
The access to education 接受教育的机会
The access to medical care 享受公费医疗的权利
3: 表示人物职位和官衔的词,如:assistant to manager, ambassador to Spain, successor to tradition, heir to
throne,deputy to the National People’s Congress
advisor to the Prime Minister
4: 表示权利和许可的词汇,如:right,admission
The employee finally got the admission to the boardroom.
Everyone has an equal right to ……..
5: 表示栅栏或障碍的词汇,如:bars to development,the barrier to progress
6: 表示与书籍,文本相关的词,如:introduction to passage.
7: 表示恭喜或是祝贺,如:
The director proposed a toast to the health of the guests.
Let’s drink to Dick’s success in business
8: 另外还有一些名词符合这种用法,有的具有两者息息相关,缺一不可的含义.如:key to door,invitation to
party,
guide to action,limitation to life,accessory to school
四: to还具有依据,伴随,和着节奏的含义,如:sing to piano, chance to the tune, stamp to the rhythm of the song, add salt to taste
（一）：表示相关联，相连接，如：be related to,be relative to,in relation to,be relevant t Investigate all the facts related to the problem.
People often linked walth to happiness.
（二）：表示反对和赞同。
1：to引导的表示反对，抗拒，对抗意义的词组。Be opposed to,be oppsist to,be contrary to,be adverse to,be
resistant to,be contradictory to,object to,oppose to,deny tp,be aline to
These buildings are resistant to earthquake.
They are to tally opposed to any changes being made in the plans.
2: to引导的表示同意，赞同意义的词组：consent to,subseribe to,
The employer consented to give him a salary raise.
表示调整，使符合，使适应的含义，如：adapt to,commodate to, adjust to,conform to,habituate to,fit to,suit
to,correspond to,cater to
She tried to habituate herself to the style of plain living.
Your action should conform to the interests of the people.
They offered various foods to cater to the need of customers.
His words doesn’t fit to his actions.
Suit your writing style to the masses.
3: 表示投降,屈服,服从的含义,如:be subject to,be subordinate to,submit to,subject to,surrender to,give in
to,confess to,admit to.
The minority is subordinate to the majority少数服从多数
Countries nearby oceans are always subject to earthquake.
He confessed to having robbed the woman of her wallet.
We’re not the kind of people to yield to any military threat.
五: 表示趋势或倾向,如:tend to,be prone to,be inclined to,be apt to,be liable to
He’s liable to seasickness.
You are liable to come to wrong conclusion.
六: 表示对事情的坚持与执着,如:sick to,hold o,adhere to,cling to
He still holds on to his original views.
七: 表示约束,局限,如:limit to,confine to,resrict to
He’s confined to the house by illness.
He confined his remarks to scientific mangement.
八: 表示一种习惯或是一种适应性,如:get (be) to,used to,be accustomed to
Finally,the students got used to my teaching method.
九: 表示起因和原由,如:owing to,due to,thanks to,attribute to,come down to
The flight was cancelled due to the thick fog.
The famous artist attributed his success to his wife.
十: 表示目的或结果,如:aim to,lead to,give rise to
I aim to be an excellent college teacher.
His conceit lead to his failure.
These bad condition has given rise to a lot of crises
十一: 表示命运,注定,如:be doomed to,be destined to,
All military adventures by the two super powers are doomed to fail.
十二: 表示数量上的积累或增加,如:in addition to,add to,amount to
In addition to relief supplies,he also presented with some money.
The annual output of steel amounts to 1200 tons.
十三: 表示全身心投入的含义,如:be addicted to,contribute to,devote to,commit to
He is determined to devote all his life to his.
十四: 表示展望或是回顾,如:look forward to反date back to
The church dates back to the 13th century.
十五: 表示方位概念.如:close to,next to
I don’t like wool next to my skin.
十六: 表示依靠或借助,如:resort to,turn to,appeal to,
He usually appeals to arms to settle the territory dispute.
十七: 表示有关注,关于: as to,with regard to
十八: 表示关注或重视,如:pay attention to,attach to,
We should attach primary importance to job training.
十九: 表示依据或是根据,如:according to,in proportion to
According to today’s newspaper,the match will be postponed.
The lending countries subscribe towards capital stock in proportion to heir economic importance.
二十: 表示应该或必须含义的句式, 如:
It’s time to get up.
We are supposed to get here at seven.
It’s up to this country to ban nuclear weapons.
常用词组
respond to（反应）, appeal to（吸引）, catch on to（理解）, listen to （收听）,used to（过去常常）, give birth to,attend to（照料）, see to（负责）, be entitled to（有权）, belong to（属于）, come to（苏醒）, stand up to（勇敢面对）, help oneself to（请自便）, refer to,to the point（切题）,
Train them to stand up to any severe test in hard.
The ticket entitled you to a free meal in the luxury hotel.
See to it that the children get a hot meal after their swim.
You will catch on to the job shortly after wards.
People usually refer to television for up-to-the-minute news.
高考英语书面表达中常见的句子错例
（一）汉语式英语
1. I get up at six o'clock . At six thirty go to school. ×
I get up at six o'clock. At six thirty I go to school. √
2. He teached us English had two years.×
He has taught us English for two years.√
It is two years since he taught us English. √
He taught us English two years ago.√
3. There are six teachers taught me since I studied at school.×
Six teachers have taught me since I have studied at school.√
4. We should help and study each other.×
We should help and learn from each other. √
5. Please everyone attend the lecture.×
Please attend the lecture, everyone.√
6. He very like music. ×
He likes music very much.√
He much likes music.√
7. There are a lot of boys play football on the playground. ×
There are a lot of boys playing football on the playground.√
8. I there is a lot of homework to do.×
I have a lot of homework to do. √
9. There is nobody turn to for help. ×
There is nobody to turn to for help.√
10. There was a dog tie to the tree.×
There was a dog tied to the tree. √
11. There is a lecture at 3:00,p.m . The lecture place is in the hall of our school. The lecture will be given by Professor Wang. ×
There is a lecture at 3:00,p.m.,which will be given by Professor Wang in the hall of our school.√
（二）名词与冠词使用中的错误
1. English teacher is young man.×
My English teacher is a young man. √
2. She enjoys wearing a blue trousers. ×
She enjoys wearing (a pair of) blue trousers.√
3. I heard a good news.×
I heard a piece of good news.√
（三）动词be误用
1.He is always help others.×
He always helps others.√
2. The teacher is a good teacher. We are all like him. ×
The teacher is a good teacher. We all like him.√
3. We were met again in the street.×
We met in the street again.√
（四）比较级使用中错误
1. Rose is taller than any student in their class. ×
Rose is taller than any other student in their class.√
2.Li Ming's pronunciation is better than any other student in his class. ×
Li Ming's pronunciation is better than that of any other student in his class.√
（五）句子结构中的错误
1.He would like to go out for a walk the weather is fine. ×
He would like to go out for a walk, for the weather is fine.√
2.We have five classes in the morning, we have two classes in the afternoon. ×
We have five classes in the morning; we have two classes in the afternoon.√
We have five classes in the morning, and we have two classes in the afternoon. √
We have five classes in the morning. We have two classes in the afternoon.√
（六）标点符号的误用
1. Zhang Ming is not old enough, he cannot go to school.×
Zhang Ming is not old enough. He cannot go to school.√
Zhang Ming is not old enough; he cannot go to school.√
2.Have you read 《Red Star Over China》 ×
Have you read “Red Star Over China” √
Have you read A Tale of Two Cities √
3."I joined the League in 1995." he said. ×
"I joined the League in 1995," he said. √
4.I like Chinese、 maths、 history and English。×
I like Chinese, maths, history and English.√
5.Walk along this road。 and take the second turning on the left。×
Walk along this road, and take the second turning on the left.√
6. He was short and fat, he had no hair and....... ×
He was short and fat. He had no hair and.... √
（七）句子前后不连续不统一
1.When I was going out, it began to rain. ×
I was going out when it began to rain. √
2.I was born and grew up in Zhengzhou in 1988.×
I was born in 1988 and grew up in Zhengzhou.√
3. Some televison programs are harmful to children, so parents must be prevented from watching TV. ×
Some television programs are harmful to children, so parents must prevent their children from watching TV. √
4. While having our dinner, the doorbell rang. ×
While having our dinner, we heard the doorbell ringing. √
While we having our dinner, the doorbell rang. √
5. Having been told many times, but he still couldn't understand it.×
He had been told many times, but he still couldn't understand it. √
Having been told many times, he still couldn't understand it.
情态动词的语法特征
：1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生；
2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式；
3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s；
4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
一、 比较can 和be able to
1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2）只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
注意：could不表示时态
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。
—— Could I have the television on
—— Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。
二、比较may和might
1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may. 此句意可从后半句推出。
三、比较have to和must
1) 两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
3） 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示"不必"
mustn't 表示"禁止"，
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it. 你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
四、must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day.You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
He must be staying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
——Why didn't you answer my phone call
——Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推测用 can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
五、表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。
六、情态动词+ have +过去分词
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2) must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
—— Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
——She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
七、should 和ought to
should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。
——Ought he to go
——Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。
八、 had better表示"最好"
had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.
九、 would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home
----Which ___ do
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句， would 提前，所以选B。
十、 will和would
注意：
1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me
2）Will you… Would you like… 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down
十一、 情态动词的回答方式
问句 肯定回答 否定回答
Need you… Yes, I must. No,I needn't
Must you… /don't have to.
典型例题
1）——Could I borrow your dictionary
——Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。
2）——Shall I tell John about it
——No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。
3）——Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
——______.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。
十二、 带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。 典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A.have told B.tell C.be telling D. having told
答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用 have。
十三、比较need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词： need （需要, 要求）
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。
Need you go yet
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：
need doing = need to be done
07年高考第一轮复习情态动词考点90例
( )1. "Must we do it now " "No, you______." (79)
A. won't B. needn't C. can't D. don't
( )2. He said he would rather not______ it right now. (79)
A. doing B. to do C. do D. to be doing
( )3. You____ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do. (81)
A. needn't to come B. don't need come
C. don't need coming D. needn't come
( )4. I_____ play football than basketball. (82)
A. would rather B. had better C. like better D. prefer
( )5. "May I pick a flower in the garden " "________". (83)
A. No, you needn't B. Not, please
C. No, you mustn't D. No, you won't
( )6. You'd better __________ late next time. (83)
A. don't B. not be C. not being D. won't be
( )7. --- Can I leave this door open at night --- You_____ better not. (85)
A. should B. had C. would D. could
( )8. Put on more clothes. You ____ be feeling cold with only a shirt on. (85)
A. can B. could C. would D. must
( )9. I thought you_____ like something to read, so I have brought you some books. (86)
A. may B. might C. could D. must
( )10. It's freezing outside. You ____ put on your overcoat. (87)
A. had better to B. had better
C. would better D. would better to
( )11. The plant is dead. I____ it more water. (87)
A. will give B. would have given
C. must give D. should have given
( )12. There was plenty of time. She______. (87)
A. mustn't have hurried B.needn't have hurried
C. must not hurry D. couldn't have hurried
( )13. You ____ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like. (88)
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
( )14.We____ for her because she never came. (88)
A. needn't wait B. shouldn't have waited
C. mustn't wait D. mustn't have waited
( )15.Mother_____us stories when we were young. (88)
A. was used to tell B. is used to telling
C. used to tell D. used to telling
( )16.-Where is my pen --- I _____ it. (88)
A. might lose B. would have lost
C. should have lost D. must have lost
( )17. I didn't hear the phone. I_____ asleep. (89)
A. must be B. must have been
C. should be D. should have been
( )18. He ____ you more help, even though he was very busy. (90)
A. might have given B. might give
C. may have given D. may give
( )19. A computer ______ think for itself; it must be told what to do. (91)
A. can't B. couldn't C. may not D. might not
( )20. Jenny _______ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind. (91)
A. must B. should C. need D. would
( )21.---Shall we go skating or stay at home ---Which_______ do yourself (92)
A. do you rather B. would you rather
C. will you rather D. should you rather
( )22. ---Could I borrow your dictionary ---Yes, of course you________ . (92)
A. might B. will C. can D. should
( )23. We _____ last night, but we went to the concert instead. (92)
A. must have studied B. might study
C. should have studied D. would study
( )24. Tom ought not to ____me your secret, but he meant no harm. (93)
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
( )25. Peter _____ come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. (93)
A. must B. may C. can D. will
( )26. I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I______ it out for her. (94)
A. had to write B. must have written
C. should have written D. ought to write
( )27.---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. --- _________ . (94)
A.I don't B. I won't C. I can't D.I haven't
( )28.---Shall I tell John about it ---No, you____. I've told him already. (N94)
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
( )29. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack ____ be here at any moment. (95)
A. must B. need C. should D. can
( )30. ---There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
---It___ a comfortable journey. (95)
A. can't be B. shouldn't be
C. must have been D. couldn't have been
( )31. ---Your phone number again I_____ quite catch it. --- It's 9568442 . (95)
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
( )32. Johnny, you ___ play with the knife. You ___ hurt yourself. (96)
A. won't…can't B. mustn't…may
C. shouldn't…must D. can't…shouldn't
( )33.---Can I help you, sir ---Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it_____. (96)
A. didn't work B. will not work C. can't work D. doesn't work
( )34.When he was there ,he ____go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day .
(1996年上海,12)
A. would B. should C. had better D. might
( )35. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _________ get out.
(NMET1997年,24)
A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could
( )36.---When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon . (98)
---They ______ be ready by 12:00 .
A. can B. should C. might D. need
( )37.---I stayed at a hotel while in New York .---Oh, did you You _____ with Barbars . (98)
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
( )38.---Will you stay for lunch ---Sorry, _____. My brother is coming to see me . (99)
A. I mustn't B. I can't C. I needn't D. I won't
( )39. There was a lot of fun at yesterday's party . You _____ come, but why didn't you.
(1999年上海,14)
A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have
( )40.---Are you coming to Jeff's party
---I'm not sure. I _____ go to the concert instead. (2000)
A. must B. would C. should D. might
( )41. Sorry, I'm late .I _____ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
(NMET2000春季北京,20)
A. might B. should C. can D. will
( )42. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he _________your lecture. (2000年春季上海,23)
A. couldn't have attended B. needn't have attended
C. mustn't have attended D. shouldn't have attended
( )43. I was really anxious about you. You ________home without a word .
(NMET2001年,33)
A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left
C. couldn't have left D. needn't leave
( )44. You can't imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _______ be so rude to a lady.
(2001年上海,34)
A. might B. need C. should D. would
( )45. —Write to me when you get home (NMET2001年春季北京,6) —_________.
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
( )46. Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How_________ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony (2001年春季上海,27)
A. can B. should C. may D. must
( )47. ---- I hear you've got a set of valuable Australian coins.____ I have a look
---- Yes, certainly. (NMET2002春季北京高考,29)
A. Do B. May C. Shall C. Should
( )48. Oh, I'm not feeling well in the stomach. I ______so much fried chicken just now.
(2002上海春季高考,28)
A. shouldn't eat B. mustn't have eaten
C. shouldn't have eaten D. mustn't eat
( )49. —Is John coming by train
—He should, but he_______ not .He likes driving his car.(NMET2002年,25)
A. must B. can C. need D. may
( )50. —I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.
—It_______ true because there was little snow there..(NMET 2002年北京,31)
A. may not be B. won't be C. couldn't be D. mustn't be
( )51. It has been announced that candidates________ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected .(2002年上海,27)
A. can B. will C. may D. shall
( )52. ---- The room is so dirty. _______we clean it ---- Of course. 2003北京春季高考)
A. Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do
( )53. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _______ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station. (NMET2003年,28)
A. should B. can C. must D. will
( )54. How _____ you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article (2003年上海卷,29)
A. can B. must C. need D. may
( )55.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared .Who_______ have taken it
(2003年春季上海,24)
A. should B. must C. could D. would
( )56. Children under 12 years of age in that country ________ be under adult supervision when in a public library. (2004年上海,28)
A. must B. may C. can D. need
( )57. ---Isn't that Ann's husband over there
---No, it______ be him —I'm sure he doesn't wear glasses. (2004年全国卷I,29)
A. can't B must not C won't D may not
( )58.You_______ be tired — you've only been working for an hour.(2004年全国卷II,29)
A. must not B. won't C. can't D. may not
( )59.I often see lights in that empty house .Do you think I_______ report it to the police
(2004年全国卷III,21)
A. should B. may C. will D. can
( )60.Mr White ________ at 8:30 for the meeting , but he didn't show up.
(NMET2004年全国卷III,27)
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
( )61. —Who is the girl standing over there
—Well, if you________ know ,her name is Mabel. (NMET2004年天津,31)
A. may B. can C. must D. shall
( )62. —Mum, I've been studying English since 8 o'clock . _____I go out and play with Tom for a while —No,I'm afraid not. Besides, it's raining outside now.
(NMET2004年辽宁,29)
A. Can't B. Wouldn't C. May not D. Won't
( )63. —I don't mind telling you what I know.
—You _____ I'm not asking you for it. (NMET 2004年江苏,22)
A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn't
( )64. I______ pay Tracy a visit ,but I'm not sure whether I will have time this Sunday.
(NMET2004年浙江,26)
A. should B. might C. would D. could
( )65.—I'll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.
—You_______ her last week .(NMET2004年福建,32)
A. ought to tell B. would have told
C. must tell D. should have told
( )66.—Excuse me ,but I want to use your computer to type a report .
—You______ have my computer if you don't take care of it.(NMET2004年湖南,28)
A. shan't B. might not C. needn't D. shouldn't
( )67."The interest________ be divided into five parts , according to the agreement made by both sides,"declared the judge.(NMET2004年重庆,24)
A. may B. should C. must D. shall
( )68.You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ________ not like the design of the furniture.(2004年春季上海,29)
A. must B. shall C. may D. need
( )69.—Excuse me . Is this the right way to the Summer Palace
—Sorry , I am not sure . But it ________ be .(NMET2004年湖北,26)
A.might B.will C.must D.can
( )70.I have lost one of my gloves. I________ it somewhere.(NMET2005年春季北京,27)
A. must drop B. must have dropped
C. must be dropping D. must have beet dropped
( )71.According to the local regulations, anyone who intends to get a driver's licence _______ take an eye test.(2005年春季上海,29)
A. can B. must C. would D. may
( )72.Tom, you _____ leave all your clothes on the floor like this ! (NMET2005年全国卷I,26)
A.wouldn't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
( )73. John, look at the time. _____ you play the piano at such a late hour
(NMET2005年全国卷II,19)
A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need
( )74.He _____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn't be enjoying himself by the seaside. (NMET2005年北京卷,26)
A. should B. must C. wouldn't D. can't
( )75.There ____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school. (NMET2005年上海卷,27)
A. mustn't B. shan't C. shouldn't D. needn't
( )76.I ____ have been more than six years old when the accident happened.
(NMET2005年天津,14)
A. shouldn't B. couldn't C. mustn't D. needn't
( )77.This cake is very sweet. You __________ a lot of sugar in it. (NMET2005年辽宁卷,26)
A.should put B.could have put C.might put D.must have put
( )78. ---- The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned.
---- Oh, dear! She _______ a lot of difficulties! (NMET2005年江苏卷,31)
A. may go through B. might go through
C. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through
( )79.The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it______be very slow. (NMET2005年浙江卷,9)
A. should B. must C. will D. can
( )80.—Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
—Thanks. You_______it. I could manage it myself. (NMET2005年福建卷,31)
A.needn't do B.needn't have done C.mustn't do D.shouldn't have done
( )81.—Do you know where David is I couldn't find him anywhere.
—Well . He________have gone far—his coat's still here. (NMET2005年湖北卷,32)
A.shouldn't B.mustn't C.can't D.wouldn't
( )82.If I _______ plan to do anything I wanted to , I'd like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. (NMET2005年湖北卷,33)
A.would B.could C.had to D.ought to
( )83. ----Lucy doesn't mind lending you her dictionary.
----She ____. I've already borrowed one. (NMET2005年湖南卷,24)
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. shouldn't
( )84. ---I've taken someone else's green sweater by mistake.
---It______ Harry's. He always wears green. (NMET2005年广东卷,33)
A. has to be B. will be C. mustn't D. could be
( )85. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They ______ at least 150 km an hour. (NMET2005年重庆卷,33)
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
( )86. He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free. (NMET2005年山东卷,34)
A. could B. would C. must D. need
( )87.---Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today
---Something ______to him. (NMET2005年江西卷,22)
A.must happen B. should have happened
C. could have happened D. must have happened
( )88. Helen ______ go on the trip with us, but she isn't quite sure yet. (NMET2005年安徽卷,26)
A. shall B. must C. may D. can
( )89.---- Don't you think it necessary that he _______ to Miami but to New York
---- I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to. (NMET2005年江苏卷,33)
A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
( )90.---Tom graduated from college at a very young age.
---Oh, he______ have been a very smart boy then.
A could B should C might D must
Answers
1-5 BCDAC 6-10 BBCBB 11-15 DBCBC
16-20 DBAAB 21-25 BCCAB 26-30 CBACD
31-35 ABDAC 36-40 BABDD 41-44 AABCC
46-50 ABCDC 51-55 DBBAC 56-60 AACAA
61-65 CADAD 66-70 ADCAB 71-75 BBABC
76-80 BDDDB 81-85 CBCDB 86-90 ADCBD
N种形容词排序的记忆方法
形容词排序的问题一直是一个比较复杂的问题，很多英语学习者发现难以找到适合自己的记忆方法。为此，我特地从网上找到了一些帮助记忆的方法，仅供参考。
一、英文形容词的排序：OPSHACOM
??关于两个及两个以上形容词修饰同一名词的顺序，一般语法书都有讲解。如《郎文英语语法》描述为：品质→尺寸→新旧→样式→颜色→产地→过去分词。
??
??为了让英语学习者容易记住这些形容词的顺序，英国广播公司（BBC）在英语教学节目"Professor Grammar"中提出了一种称为OPSHACOM的方法。现介绍给广大读者。
OPSHACOM 是个拼缀词，它的涵义如下：
OP---opinion评述性词。如beautiful，wonderful，expensive，terrible，
horrible，lovely，silly，ugly等。
SH---size ＆shape表大些?形状的词。如 long，short，round，square等。
A---age表新旧的词。如new，old等。
C---colour表颜色的词。如red，black，purple，brown，yellow等。
O---origin表产地的词。如Italian，Spanish，Canadian，Australian，Japanese
等。
M---material表材料的词。如leather，glass，rubber，metal，silk，plastic等。
按此顺序，"一件新的漂亮的意大利的黑皮茄克"的英语为"a beautiful new black Italian leather jacket。"
理论上一个名词前可有9个形容词，但在实际语言材料中一般不超过5个。因此，掌握了本方法可基本解决形容词修饰名词时的顺序问题。
学习OPSHACOM方法时还要注意以下事项：
1?各修饰词（即形容词）可有缺项，但顺序不变。如：a small Swiss watch。
2?当表大小（或长短）的词与表形状的词同时出现时，大小（或长短）在前，形状在后。如：a large square table。
3?定冠词、不定冠词、指示代词、形容词性所有格、数词等位于句首。
4?数词位于定冠词、指示代词后。（数词不与不定冠词或形容词性所有格连用）
5?分词最靠近所修饰的名词。如：his new Japanese timing device；three scottish handmade skirts。
下面请读者做几道练习题：
用OPSHACOM法将下列各题括号中的单词按正确顺序排列：
1．（Canadian ，extraordinary ，an ，new）play
2．（green，a，large）garden
3．（gold，British，the，round）coin
4．（ugly，writing，the，steel，seven）desks
5．（purple ，Russian ，nice ，long ，her）coat
答案：
1．an extraordinary new Canadian play
2．a large green garden
3．the round British gold coin
4．the seven ugly steel writing desks
5．her nice long purple Russian coat
二、口诀法：“美小圆旧黄，中国木书房”
在外语学习中，记忆是一个非常重要的环节。和外语相比，学生一般对自己母语更敏感，记忆母语更容易，印象更深刻。当学生在记忆外语词汇或语言知识时，总喜欢将其与母语挂钩。教师应结合具体情况利用母语帮助学生理解记忆。例如学生对名词前的修饰语的顺序弄不清，考试中经常出错。利用下面替代字组成的句子帮助记忆，教学效果就比较好。
“美小圆旧黄，中国木书房”。
注：“美”代表“描述或性质类”形容词；“小”代表“大小、长短、高低、胖瘦类” 形容词；“圆”代表“形状类” 形容词；“旧”代表“新旧、年龄类” 形容词；“黄”代表“颜色类” 形容词；“中国”代表“来源、国籍、地区、出处类” 形容词；“木”代表“物质、材料、质地类” 形容词；“书”代表“用途、类别、功能、作用类” 形容词；“房”代表“中心名词”。例如：
two beautiful new green silk evening dress 两件又新又漂亮的丝绸女士晚礼服；that hungry, tired, sleepy little match girl 那个饥饿、疲劳、困倦的卖火柴的小女孩；an old large brick dining hall 一个旧的红砖砌的大餐厅。
三、巧记形容词排列顺序
请看下面一道高考题：
This____girl Linda"s conusin.(2005北京卷)
A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty
C. Spanish pretty D. liite pretty Spanish
此题选A。 该题时对形容词排列顺序的考察。
在英语中，当名词有多个形容词修饰时，就有它们的先后顺序。下面的口诀可帮你记住这一先后顺序，也是解题的关键。
限定描绘大长高，
形状年龄和新老；
颜色国籍跟材料，
作用类别往后靠；
其中，“限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词，它位于各类形容词前。它本身分为三位，即：前、中、后。前位限定词有all、half、both、分数和倍数；中位限定词有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等；后位限定词有基数词和序数词，但序数词位于基数词前。如:both my hands、all half his income等。“描绘”性形容词如：beautiful、bad、cold、great等。“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词。表示“形状”的词如：round square等。“国籍”指一个国家或地区的词。“材料”的词如：wooden, woolen, stone,silk等。“作用类别”的词如：medical, college，writing desk，police car等。
另一口诀:
县官行令杀国材。县，表示限定词；官，指的是冠词；行，表示性质的定语；令，表示年龄；杀，表示颜色；国，表示国籍；材，表示材料。
你有兴趣的话,不妨也试试编个"顺口溜"玩玩.
四、熟记规则：大小形状和新老，颜色国际出（处）材料
多个形容词修饰同一名词时的顺序是固定的，其顺序为： ①冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词+②序数词+基数词+③一般性描绘形容词+④大小、长短、形状+年龄、新旧+⑥颜色+⑦国籍、出处+⑧材料+⑨用途、类别+⑩最终修饰的名词或动名词。例如：a beautiful little red flower 一朵美丽的小花。 those four old-looking,grey,wooden houses 所以这个翻译题 我有一个中国制造木制红色的大的园桌子可以翻译成 i have a big,round ,red,wooden,chinese table
形容词的次序有一个口诀。可以记下来：大小形状和新老，颜色国际出（处）材料
英语中的主动表被动
许多学生常常在该用主动形式表被动时,错用了被动形式。本文就何时应用主动形式表示被动含义总结如下。?
1.表示被动含义的主动动词?
1)系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有taste(吃起来), sound (听起来), prove(证明是), feel(摸上去感到)等,例如:?
Your reason sounds reasonable.?
你的理由听起来很合理。?
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.?
良药苦口。?
2)一些与can't(不能)或won't(不会)连用的动词。常用的有: lock(锁住), shut(关上) , open(打开), act(上演)等,例如:?
The door won't open.这门打不开。?
It can't move.它不能动。?
3)一些与well(很), easily(容易地), perfectly(十分地)等连用的动词,如: sell(销售) , wash(洗), clean(打扫), burn(燃烧), cook(煮)等,例如:?
The book sells well.?
这种书很畅销。?
These clothes wash well.?
这些衣服很耐洗。?
4)用在“主语+不及物动词+主语补语”句型中的一些不及物动词,例如:?
This material has worn thin.?
这料子已磨薄了。?
The dust has blownsintosthe house.?
灰尘被风吹进了房子。?
2.表示被动含义的主动结构?
1)动名词
be worth(值得), want (=need)(需要), need(需要), require(需要)后所用的动名词,必须用主动结构表示被动意义,例如:?
These young seedlings will require/need looking after (=need to be looked after) carefully.?
这些幼苗将需要小心的照管。?
Your hair wants/needs cutting (needs to be cut).?
你的头发该剪了。?
2)不定式?
作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系,即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这种情形最常出现在“There+be+主语+修饰主语的不定式”和“及物动词+宾语(或双宾语)+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中,特别是“主语+have+宾语+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中,例如:?
Give him some books to read.?
给他点书看。?
He has a family to support.?
他要维持一个家庭。?
There is a lot of work to do.?
有许多工作要干。?
当然,这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式,含义区别不大,例如:?
There is so much work to do/to be done.?
有这么多事情要做。?
Give me the names of the people to contact/to be contacted.?
把那些要联系的人的名字给我。?
在“主语+be+形容词+不定式”句型中,有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语,这是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多,最常用的有amusing(有趣的), cheap(便宜的), dangerous(危险的), difficult(困难的), easy(容易的), important(重要的), nice(令人愉快的), pleasant(愉快的)等,例如:?
That question is difficult to answer.?
那个问题不容易回答。?
Chicken?s legs are nice to eat.?
鸡腿很好吃。?
在be to结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:?〖HJ*5/9〗
Who is to blame for starting the fire ?
这场火灾应由谁负责 ?
The house is to let.此房出租。?
A lot remains to do.还剩下许多事情要做。?
3)特殊结构?
①“be + under +名词”结构:这种结构表示某事“在进行中”。例如:?
The building is under construction.?
这座楼正在建设中。?
The whole matter is under discussion (=is being discussed).?
整个事情正在讨论中。?
经常这样用的名词还有repair(修理), treatment(治疗), question(质问)等。?
②“be worthy of +名词”结构:在这一结构中,名词和句子的主语有被动含义,如:
a man worthy of support一个值得支持的人?
nothing worthy of praise没有值得称道的事情?
此结构后通常用表示行为的名词,而不用动名词的被动形式。
to的用法归纳
一：表示相对，针对
be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar, distinct, sensitive, immune, vulnerable, indispensable) to
Air is indispensable to life.
Aircrafts are vulnerable to interference caused by radiation.
This injection will make you immune to infection.
二：表示对比，比较
1：以-ior结尾的形容词，后接介词to表示比较，如：superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior
The quarrel happened prior to my arrival.
2: 一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词，如equal，similar，equivalent，analogous
A is similar to B in many ways.
3：表示一些先后顺序的形容词，如：second,subsequent,next,preliminary,preparatory
Subsequent to the war,they returned to their hometown.
4: to也偶尔出现在个别动词之后,与动词形成固定词组,表示比较,如:prefer to,compare to,in contrast to
compare to sth.表示比喻或比拟,而compare with sth.表示比较,如:
World is usually compared to a stage
Compared with his past,he has changed a lot.
Prefer的正确句型是:prefer A to B或prefer doing A to doing B,但当prefer后接动词不定式时,表示比较的介
词to就要改成rather than ,如:
The undaunted soldier preferred death to surrender.
Many people prefer spending money to earning money.
They prefer to pursue careers rather than remain home as house wives.
5: to与及个别的名词构成比较之意,如:alternative
Going to an under water concert is a great alternative to going to dinner.
三: 表示修饰关系
1: 表示回复,反应意思的词,如:answer to question,
solution to problem,response to inquiry,reaction to proposal,reply to letter
2: 表示建筑构件的词汇,如: entry,entrance,approach,access,passage,exit,vent,path
the approach to a bridge引桥
the approach to science
Half of the population was estimated to have no access to the health service.
The access to education 接受教育的机会
The access to medical care 享受公费医疗的权利
3: 表示人物职位和官衔的词,如:assistant to manager, ambassador to Spain, successor to tradition, heir to
throne,deputy to the National People’s Congress
advisor to the Prime Minister
4: 表示权利和许可的词汇,如:right,admission
The employee finally got the admission to the boardroom.
Everyone has an equal right to ……..
5: 表示栅栏或障碍的词汇,如:bars to development,the barrier to progress
6: 表示与书籍,文本相关的词,如:introduction to passage.
7: 表示恭喜或是祝贺,如:
The director proposed a toast to the health of the guests.
Let’s drink to Dick’s success in business
8: 另外还有一些名词符合这种用法,有的具有两者息息相关,缺一不可的含义.如:key to door,invitation to
party,
guide to action,limitation to life,accessory to school
四: to还具有依据,伴随,和着节奏的含义,如:sing to piano, chance to the tune, stamp to the rhythm of the song, add salt to taste
（一）：表示相关联，相连接，如：be related to,be relative to,in relation to,be relevant t Investigate all the facts related to the problem.
People often linked walth to happiness.
（二）：表示反对和赞同。
1：to引导的表示反对，抗拒，对抗意义的词组。Be opposed to,be oppsist to,be contrary to,be adverse to,be
resistant to,be contradictory to,object to,oppose to,deny tp,be aline to
These buildings are resistant to earthquake.
They are to tally opposed to any changes being made in the plans.
2: to引导的表示同意，赞同意义的词组：consent to,subseribe to,
The employer consented to give him a salary raise.
表示调整，使符合，使适应的含义，如：adapt to,commodate to, adjust to,conform to,habituate to,fit to,suit
to,correspond to,cater to
She tried to habituate herself to the style of plain living.
Your action should conform to the interests of the people.
They offered various foods to cater to the need of customers.
His words doesn’t fit to his actions.
Suit your writing style to the masses.
3: 表示投降,屈服,服从的含义,如:be subject to,be subordinate to,submit to,subject to,surrender to,give in
to,confess to,admit to.
The minority is subordinate to the majority少数服从多数
Countries nearby oceans are always subject to earthquake.
He confessed to having robbed the woman of her wallet.
We’re not the kind of people to yield to any military threat.
五: 表示趋势或倾向,如:tend to,be prone to,be inclined to,be apt to,be liable to
He’s liable to seasickness.
You are liable to come to wrong conclusion.
六: 表示对事情的坚持与执着,如:sick to,hold o,adhere to,cling to
He still holds on to his original views.
七: 表示约束,局限,如:limit to,confine to,resrict to
He’s confined to the house by illness.
He confined his remarks to scientific mangement.
八: 表示一种习惯或是一种适应性,如:get (be) to,used to,be accustomed to
Finally,the students got used to my teaching method.
九: 表示起因和原由,如:owing to,due to,thanks to,attribute to,come down to
The flight was cancelled due to the thick fog.
The famous artist attributed his success to his wife.
十: 表示目的或结果,如:aim to,lead to,give rise to
I aim to be an excellent college teacher.
His conceit lead to his failure.
These bad condition has given rise to a lot of crises
十一: 表示命运,注定,如:be doomed to,be destined to,
All military adventures by the two super powers are doomed to fail.
十二: 表示数量上的积累或增加,如:in addition to,add to,amount to
In addition to relief supplies,he also presented with some money.
The annual output of steel amounts to 1200 tons.
十三: 表示全身心投入的含义,如:be addicted to,contribute to,devote to,commit to
He is determined to devote all his life to his.
十四: 表示展望或是回顾,如:look forward to反date back to
The church dates back to the 13th century.
十五: 表示方位概念.如:close to,next to
I don’t like wool next to my skin.
十六: 表示依靠或借助,如:resort to,turn to,appeal to,
He usually appeals to arms to settle the territory dispute.
十七: 表示有关注,关于: as to,with regard to
十八: 表示关注或重视,如:pay attention to,attach to,
We should attach primary importance to job training.
十九: 表示依据或是根据,如:according to,in proportion to
According to today’s newspaper,the match will be postponed.
The lending countries subscribe towards capital stock in proportion to heir economic importance.
二十: 表示应该或必须含义的句式, 如:
It’s time to get up.
We are supposed to get here at seven.
It’s up to this country to ban nuclear weapons.
常用词组
respond to（反应）, appeal to（吸引）, catch on to（理解）, listen to （收听）,used to（过去常常）, give birth to,attend to（照料）, see to（负责）, be entitled to（有权）, belong to（属于）, come to（苏醒）, stand up to（勇敢面对）, help oneself to（请自便）, refer to,to the point（切题）,
Train them to stand up to any severe test in hard.
The ticket entitled you to a free meal in the luxury hotel.
See to it that the children get a hot meal after their swim.
You will catch on to the job shortly after wards.
People usually refer to television for up-to-the-minute news.
高考英语书面表达中常见的句子错例
（一）汉语式英语
1. I get up at six o'clock . At six thirty go to school. ×
I get up at six o'clock. At six thirty I go to school. √
2. He teached us English had two years.×
He has taught us English for two years.√
It is two years since he taught us English. √
He taught us English two years ago.√
3. There are six teachers taught me since I studied at school.×
Six teachers have taught me since I have studied at school.√
4. We should help and study each other.×
We should help and learn from each other. √
5. Please everyone attend the lecture.×
Please attend the lecture, everyone.√
6. He very like music. ×
He likes music very much.√
He much likes music.√
7. There are a lot of boys play football on the playground. ×
There are a lot of boys playing football on the playground.√
8. I there is a lot of homework to do.×
I have a lot of homework to do. √
9. There is nobody turn to for help. ×
There is nobody to turn to for help.√
10. There was a dog tie to the tree.×
There was a dog tied to the tree. √
11. There is a lecture at 3:00,p.m . The lecture place is in the hall of our school. The lecture will be given by Professor Wang. ×
There is a lecture at 3:00,p.m.,which will be given by Professor Wang in the hall of our school.√
（二）名词与冠词使用中的错误
1. English teacher is young man.×
My English teacher is a young man. √
2. She enjoys wearing a blue trousers. ×
She enjoys wearing (a pair of) blue trousers.√
3. I heard a good news.×
I heard a piece of good news.√
（三）动词be误用
1.He is always help others.×
He always helps others.√
2. The teacher is a good teacher. We are all like him. ×
The teacher is a good teacher. We all like him.√
3. We were met again in the street.×
We met in the street again.√
（四）比较级使用中错误
1. Rose is taller than any student in their class. ×
Rose is taller than any other student in their class.√
2.Li Ming's pronunciation is better than any other student in his class. ×
Li Ming's pronunciation is better than that of any other student in his class.√
（五）句子结构中的错误
1.He would like to go out for a walk the weather is fine. ×
He would like to go out for a walk, for the weather is fine.√
2.We have five classes in the morning, we have two classes in the afternoon. ×
We have five classes in the morning; we have two classes in the afternoon.√
We have five classes in the morning, and we have two classes in the afternoon. √
We have five classes in the morning. We have two classes in the afternoon.√
（六）标点符号的误用
1. Zhang Ming is not old enough, he cannot go to school.×
Zhang Ming is not old enough. He cannot go to school.√
Zhang Ming is not old enough; he cannot go to school.√
2.Have you read 《Red Star Over China》 ×
Have you read “Red Star Over China” √
Have you read A Tale of Two Cities √
3."I joined the League in 1995." he said. ×
"I joined the League in 1995," he said. √
4.I like Chinese、 maths、 history and English。×
I like Chinese, maths, history and English.√
5.Walk along this road。 and take the second turning on the left。×
Walk along this road, and take the second turning on the left.√
6. He was short and fat, he had no hair and....... ×
He was short and fat. He had no hair and.... √
（七）句子前后不连续不统一
1.When I was going out, it began to rain. ×
I was going out when it began to rain. √
2.I was born and grew up in Zhengzhou in 1988.×
I was born in 1988 and grew up in Zhengzhou.√
3. Some televison programs are harmful to children, so parents must be prevented from watching TV. ×
Some television programs are harmful to children, so parents must prevent their children from watching TV. √
4. While having our dinner, the doorbell rang. ×
While having our dinner, we heard the doorbell ringing. √
While we having our dinner, the doorbell rang. √
5. Having been told many times, but he still couldn't understand it.×
He had been told many times, but he still couldn't understand it. √
Having been told many times, he still couldn't understand it.