情态动词[下学期]
图片预览
文档简介
(专题十) 情态动词
情态动词是表示情态意义的动词, 它表示说话人的语气和情态,它不能单独作谓语,必须与 实义动词一起构成谓语,情态动词没有人称和数的变化.如:
He can swim in the river . 他能在河里游泳.
I can swim in the river . 我能在河里游泳.
They cane swim in the river . 他们能在河里游泳.
英语中常见的情态动词有: can ( could ) , may ( might ), must , shall ( should ) ,will ( would ) , need , dare , ought to 下面分别介绍这些情态动词的用法.
( 一) 情态动词的基本用法
1)can ( could ) 表示能力 , 这时could 为can 的过去时; 能够 ( 可能), 这时could 不是can 的过去时, 它表示比can 的可能性更小或语气更委婉。例如： She can sing an English song . (他能唱英文歌。） Can (Could) you come here at six (你能六点中来这儿吗？）
2) may ( might ) 可以 （ 表示许可，might 表示更委婉）；may 的否定式谓：can't （不该）或mustn't (不许） 例如：----May I come into the room to see Mr Green
---- No, you can't. ( mustn't ) He needs to have a good rest .
---- 我可以进来看看格林先生吗？
----- 不，你不要进来。它需要很好地休息。
3）must 必须 ;否定式 mustn't ,意思为：一定不要 ；回答 must 提问时，否定用needn't , 如：
----- Must I start at once 我必须立即开始吗？
----- No , you needn't . 不，不必。
4）shall ( should ) 应该（ 表示劝告，建议） 一般用于第二或第三人称。 例如：
You should keep your promise . 你应该遵守诺言。
Shall he come to see you 它必须来看你吗？
You shall get the answer right this afternoon . 你应该在今天下午得到答案。
5）will ( would ) 愿意 （ 表示意愿， 愿望）；惯于、总是 （表示习惯性、经常性）；必须 （ 表示命令） 例如： We will fight on until the end of the enemy . (我们一定要战斗到敌人的末日。
He will sit for hours reading 他看书常常一坐就是几个小时。
You will do as I say at once . 你马上按照我的话去做。
He would sit for hours ,deeply thinking .他过去常常一坐好几个小时沉思着。
6) need 需要 ； 一般用于疑问句和否定句。needn't 不必，不需要。如 ：
You needn't show your passport at the entrance unless the guard asks you for it.
在门口你没有必要出示通行证除非门卫与你要。
----Shall I tell Jack about it 我告诉杰克那件事好吗？
----No, you needn't.I've told him already. 不，你没有必要。我已经告诉他了。
----Need I come 我有必要来吗？
----No,you needn't. (Yes,you must ) 不，你没有必要。（是的，你必须。)
7) dare 敢 ； 用于否定句、疑问句 和条件状语从句。
We dare not refuse their request. 我们不敢拒绝他们的要求。
Dare you walk through the forest at night 你敢夜间穿过森林吗？
If the enemy dare ener the village,we'll fight against them to the end.
如果敌人敢进入村子，我们将和他们战斗到底。
8)ought to 应该 。 （表示“道义”上的责任）
I ought to go home. 我应该 回家。
9）used to
表示现在已经不再有的过去的习惯性行为。如：
She used not to cry so often , did he
Used to 和would 都可以表示过去的习惯性行为，但有区别：used to 陈述的是事实，还有“现在已经不再如此”的内在含义，且用于口语；而would 则陈述的是说话着的主观看法，”还反复多次“的含义，且多用于外呢学语言。试对比：
She used to make mistakes in spelling when young .
他年轻时常常犯拼写错误。
She would make mistakes in spelling when others hurried her .
有人催时她就会犯拼写错误。
（二） 情态动词表示推测
对目前状态的推断以及 对目前正在发生的动作的推断
1）肯定的推断：may ， should ， must
2) 否定的推断：can't ， couldn't
3) 疑问的推断：can ( could )
例句: It may be Mary . 那可能是玛丽.
They should be at home by now , I think . 我想他们现在该到家了。
There must be a mistake . 一定有错误。
It can't be Mr Li . He has gone home . 那不可能是李先生。他已经回家了。
Where could ( can )he be now 他现在可能会在哪呢？
Can the news be true 消息会是真的吗？
They must be playing basketball on the playground .他们一定正在操场打篮球。
He can't be writing his composition . 他不可能在写作文。
对某个状态或 过去发生的事情进行推测
在情态动词后加上 have done 例如：
1）肯定的推断：may have done , must have done
2) 否定的推断：can't have done ， couldn't have done
3) 疑问的推断：can ( could ) have done
例句： They may have settled the problem . ( 他们可能已经解决了这个问题。）
I might have come to a wrong conclusion . ( 我可能得出了一个错误的结论。）
The road idn't wet , It can't have rained last night .
(路面没湿，昨天夜里肯定每下雨。 ）
Could Mary have missed the first bus She got up very early .
( 怎么玛丽会赶不上车吗？他起得很早的。）
（三） 几个应注意的问题
1）情态动词+have done 可以表示对过去所发生事情的一种责备语气。如：
I could have done the work better . （我本来可以做得更好。自责自己没有把事情做好，感到惋惜、遗憾）
You should have thought of that . (你本应当想到这一点。责怪你没有想到。should have done 表示本应该做而没有做的事情。）
You shouldn't have told them that .(你本不应当告诉他们那件事。shouldn't have done表示本不应该做而做了的事情。）
You needn't have told them that .(你本不必告诉他们那件事。needn't have done表示本不必做而做了的事情。）
2）情态动词dare 和 need 还可以用作实义动词。在肯定句中多用于实义动词，在疑问句和否定句中多用情态动词，用于实义动词时有人称和数的变化。例如：
He needn't worry about us now . ( 他不必为我们担心。 need 为情态动词）
She dares to stay at home alone at night . ( 夜里她敢独自一人呆在家里。dares 为实义动词。)
练习
I.指出下列各句中的情态动词并说出词义
1. I can even write a little Chinese now .
2. May we ask you some questions now , Mr White
3. You're quite right , boy .We must stop the train.
4. But who would send their children to an unknown young woman
5. I will not listen to any excuse.
6. Shall I return these books to the library
7. How dare you say I'm unfair
8. "You needn't climb the tree , " his mother said.
9. The news may be true, of course .
10----- Can it be Susan
----- No , it can't be Susan. She has gone to London.
11. It's ten o'clock . I think she may have gone to bed .
答案：
1.can 能力 2. may 请求 3. must 必须 4. would愿意 5. will 愿意 6. shall征求 7. dare 敢8. need 必要 9. may 可能（表推测） 10. can （可能，表推测 ）, can't（ 不可能，表推测） 11 . may 可能（表对过去事情的推测）
II. 用情态动词填空
1. ----- _____ you explain the sentence again
---- OK. I will .
2. You _____ hand in your exercise book in at once . You may hand it in on Wednesday.
3. Mary _____ play the piano well when she was quite young.
4.------____ I clean the classroom before three o'clock
------ No, you needn't.
5. It ____ rain tomorrow .
6.____ you please show us some photos
7.The soldier shot his comrades . He _____ have been mad .
8.The tree is dead . He ________have given it more water .
9.They _____ be writing their compositions in the classroom now . I saw them in the classroom .
10.______ he have finished the work I don't think so .
答案：
1. Will 2. needn't 3. could 4. Must 5. may 6.Will 7. must 8. should 9. must 10. Can
III. 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1． Where can he ______ ( be ) now There’s something important to tell him at once .
2． He can’t ________ ( hear ) us because there was terrible noise from the street .
3． What he is saying may not _________ ( be ) true . I don’t think she is such a kind of woman .
4． “ What do you think that noise was “ “ It might _______ ( be ) a cat .”
5． There must ________ ( be ) something wrong with my computer . Can you help me to fix it
6． The girl must _______ ( leave ) for town . We don’t see her anywhere on the farm .
7． She ought to ________ ( have ) his address . She was his girl friend at university .
8． Haven’t you got the tickets You oughtn’t to ________ ( have ) any difficulties in getting them .
9． That will ________ ( be ) the postman . He usually comes at this hour .
10． Sorry to be so late . you will _____ ( wait ) for some time .
11． It should _____ ( be ) somebody else . Jane never stays in the lab so late .
12． She should _______ ( receive ) the package . I sent it five days ago .
答案：
1. be 2. have heard 3. be 4. have been 5. be 6. have left 7. have 8. have had 9. be 10. have waited 11. be 12 . have received
情态动词是表示情态意义的动词, 它表示说话人的语气和情态,它不能单独作谓语,必须与 实义动词一起构成谓语,情态动词没有人称和数的变化.如:
He can swim in the river . 他能在河里游泳.
I can swim in the river . 我能在河里游泳.
They cane swim in the river . 他们能在河里游泳.
英语中常见的情态动词有: can ( could ) , may ( might ), must , shall ( should ) ,will ( would ) , need , dare , ought to 下面分别介绍这些情态动词的用法.
( 一) 情态动词的基本用法
1)can ( could ) 表示能力 , 这时could 为can 的过去时; 能够 ( 可能), 这时could 不是can 的过去时, 它表示比can 的可能性更小或语气更委婉。例如： She can sing an English song . (他能唱英文歌。） Can (Could) you come here at six (你能六点中来这儿吗？）
2) may ( might ) 可以 （ 表示许可，might 表示更委婉）；may 的否定式谓：can't （不该）或mustn't (不许） 例如：----May I come into the room to see Mr Green
---- No, you can't. ( mustn't ) He needs to have a good rest .
---- 我可以进来看看格林先生吗？
----- 不，你不要进来。它需要很好地休息。
3）must 必须 ;否定式 mustn't ,意思为：一定不要 ；回答 must 提问时，否定用needn't , 如：
----- Must I start at once 我必须立即开始吗？
----- No , you needn't . 不，不必。
4）shall ( should ) 应该（ 表示劝告，建议） 一般用于第二或第三人称。 例如：
You should keep your promise . 你应该遵守诺言。
Shall he come to see you 它必须来看你吗？
You shall get the answer right this afternoon . 你应该在今天下午得到答案。
5）will ( would ) 愿意 （ 表示意愿， 愿望）；惯于、总是 （表示习惯性、经常性）；必须 （ 表示命令） 例如： We will fight on until the end of the enemy . (我们一定要战斗到敌人的末日。
He will sit for hours reading 他看书常常一坐就是几个小时。
You will do as I say at once . 你马上按照我的话去做。
He would sit for hours ,deeply thinking .他过去常常一坐好几个小时沉思着。
6) need 需要 ； 一般用于疑问句和否定句。needn't 不必，不需要。如 ：
You needn't show your passport at the entrance unless the guard asks you for it.
在门口你没有必要出示通行证除非门卫与你要。
----Shall I tell Jack about it 我告诉杰克那件事好吗？
----No, you needn't.I've told him already. 不，你没有必要。我已经告诉他了。
----Need I come 我有必要来吗？
----No,you needn't. (Yes,you must ) 不，你没有必要。（是的，你必须。)
7) dare 敢 ； 用于否定句、疑问句 和条件状语从句。
We dare not refuse their request. 我们不敢拒绝他们的要求。
Dare you walk through the forest at night 你敢夜间穿过森林吗？
If the enemy dare ener the village,we'll fight against them to the end.
如果敌人敢进入村子，我们将和他们战斗到底。
8)ought to 应该 。 （表示“道义”上的责任）
I ought to go home. 我应该 回家。
9）used to
表示现在已经不再有的过去的习惯性行为。如：
She used not to cry so often , did he
Used to 和would 都可以表示过去的习惯性行为，但有区别：used to 陈述的是事实，还有“现在已经不再如此”的内在含义，且用于口语；而would 则陈述的是说话着的主观看法，”还反复多次“的含义，且多用于外呢学语言。试对比：
She used to make mistakes in spelling when young .
他年轻时常常犯拼写错误。
She would make mistakes in spelling when others hurried her .
有人催时她就会犯拼写错误。
（二） 情态动词表示推测
对目前状态的推断以及 对目前正在发生的动作的推断
1）肯定的推断：may ， should ， must
2) 否定的推断：can't ， couldn't
3) 疑问的推断：can ( could )
例句: It may be Mary . 那可能是玛丽.
They should be at home by now , I think . 我想他们现在该到家了。
There must be a mistake . 一定有错误。
It can't be Mr Li . He has gone home . 那不可能是李先生。他已经回家了。
Where could ( can )he be now 他现在可能会在哪呢？
Can the news be true 消息会是真的吗？
They must be playing basketball on the playground .他们一定正在操场打篮球。
He can't be writing his composition . 他不可能在写作文。
对某个状态或 过去发生的事情进行推测
在情态动词后加上 have done 例如：
1）肯定的推断：may have done , must have done
2) 否定的推断：can't have done ， couldn't have done
3) 疑问的推断：can ( could ) have done
例句： They may have settled the problem . ( 他们可能已经解决了这个问题。）
I might have come to a wrong conclusion . ( 我可能得出了一个错误的结论。）
The road idn't wet , It can't have rained last night .
(路面没湿，昨天夜里肯定每下雨。 ）
Could Mary have missed the first bus She got up very early .
( 怎么玛丽会赶不上车吗？他起得很早的。）
（三） 几个应注意的问题
1）情态动词+have done 可以表示对过去所发生事情的一种责备语气。如：
I could have done the work better . （我本来可以做得更好。自责自己没有把事情做好，感到惋惜、遗憾）
You should have thought of that . (你本应当想到这一点。责怪你没有想到。should have done 表示本应该做而没有做的事情。）
You shouldn't have told them that .(你本不应当告诉他们那件事。shouldn't have done表示本不应该做而做了的事情。）
You needn't have told them that .(你本不必告诉他们那件事。needn't have done表示本不必做而做了的事情。）
2）情态动词dare 和 need 还可以用作实义动词。在肯定句中多用于实义动词，在疑问句和否定句中多用情态动词，用于实义动词时有人称和数的变化。例如：
He needn't worry about us now . ( 他不必为我们担心。 need 为情态动词）
She dares to stay at home alone at night . ( 夜里她敢独自一人呆在家里。dares 为实义动词。)
练习
I.指出下列各句中的情态动词并说出词义
1. I can even write a little Chinese now .
2. May we ask you some questions now , Mr White
3. You're quite right , boy .We must stop the train.
4. But who would send their children to an unknown young woman
5. I will not listen to any excuse.
6. Shall I return these books to the library
7. How dare you say I'm unfair
8. "You needn't climb the tree , " his mother said.
9. The news may be true, of course .
10----- Can it be Susan
----- No , it can't be Susan. She has gone to London.
11. It's ten o'clock . I think she may have gone to bed .
答案：
1.can 能力 2. may 请求 3. must 必须 4. would愿意 5. will 愿意 6. shall征求 7. dare 敢8. need 必要 9. may 可能（表推测） 10. can （可能，表推测 ）, can't（ 不可能，表推测） 11 . may 可能（表对过去事情的推测）
II. 用情态动词填空
1. ----- _____ you explain the sentence again
---- OK. I will .
2. You _____ hand in your exercise book in at once . You may hand it in on Wednesday.
3. Mary _____ play the piano well when she was quite young.
4.------____ I clean the classroom before three o'clock
------ No, you needn't.
5. It ____ rain tomorrow .
6.____ you please show us some photos
7.The soldier shot his comrades . He _____ have been mad .
8.The tree is dead . He ________have given it more water .
9.They _____ be writing their compositions in the classroom now . I saw them in the classroom .
10.______ he have finished the work I don't think so .
答案：
1. Will 2. needn't 3. could 4. Must 5. may 6.Will 7. must 8. should 9. must 10. Can
III. 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1． Where can he ______ ( be ) now There’s something important to tell him at once .
2． He can’t ________ ( hear ) us because there was terrible noise from the street .
3． What he is saying may not _________ ( be ) true . I don’t think she is such a kind of woman .
4． “ What do you think that noise was “ “ It might _______ ( be ) a cat .”
5． There must ________ ( be ) something wrong with my computer . Can you help me to fix it
6． The girl must _______ ( leave ) for town . We don’t see her anywhere on the farm .
7． She ought to ________ ( have ) his address . She was his girl friend at university .
8． Haven’t you got the tickets You oughtn’t to ________ ( have ) any difficulties in getting them .
9． That will ________ ( be ) the postman . He usually comes at this hour .
10． Sorry to be so late . you will _____ ( wait ) for some time .
11． It should _____ ( be ) somebody else . Jane never stays in the lab so late .
12． She should _______ ( receive ) the package . I sent it five days ago .
答案：
1. be 2. have heard 3. be 4. have been 5. be 6. have left 7. have 8. have had 9. be 10. have waited 11. be 12 . have received