高考总复习之情态动词专题复习[下学期]
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高考总复习之情态动词专题复习
情态动词的语法特征
1． 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的情感态度，认为“可能、应当、必要”等，情态动词本身有词义，但词义不完全，因此不能单独作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。
2． 情态动词后接的动词不定式一律不带to 。（即动词原形，ought 除外）
3． 情态动词不随人称和数的变化而变化（即不管是何人称，后面的情态动词都一样不变）。
4． 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
5． 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
1、 情态动词的比较
2、 can 与 could
1. 表示能力（过去的能力用could）
Two eyes can see more than one.
The theater can seat 2,500 people.
Can you lift this heavy box /Could you follow her talk
I couldn’t understand what he said at all.
比较can 和be able to
1） can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态, 其后的动词不定式只能用主动语态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2）只用be able to 的情况
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
例题：He was a good swimmer, so he ________ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.
A. could B. might C. shall D. was able to
2. 表示许可、允许（和may意思相近，在口语中更常用，may 比较正式）
You can go now. This sort of things can’t be done.
You can use a different material instead. He said I could borrow his bike.
She asked whether she could take the books out of the room.
* 在日常交际中，提出委婉的请求，could 可用于更加委婉地表示请求，不一定用于过去式。（注意在回答中不可用could）。
Could/ Can you lend me your thermos
--- Could I have the television on
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
3. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度（主要用在否定句、疑问句、或表示惊叹的句子中），此时could不表示时态, 在口气上比较缓和，用can时，不相信的程度较大。
He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。
What on earth can this mean Oh, that can’t be true.
How can/could you be so careless! Where could/can they be now
He couldn’t/can’t be over fifty.
4. can/could 与have done连用
1）用于表示对过去的猜测，对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不肯定，主要用在疑问句或否定句中：(用could语气更加委婉)
He can’t have been to that town.
Can he have got the book
They can/could not have gone to the hospital. 他们不可能已经到医院去了。
2） could have done 常用在肯定句中，用来表示事实上没有实现的行为，有时带有说话人比较缓和的责备语气，译为“本来能够”。
You could have come here early. 你本来可以早点到这儿来的。
You could have finished it earlier. 你本来能早点完成这件事的。
He could have finished the task on time, but the heavy snow came.
偶尔出现在否定句中，表示本来不能做到，但实际上已做了。
She could not have covered the whole distance, but in fact she arrived ahead of time.
3、 may与might对比
1. 表示请求、许可，询问一件事可不可以做或允许可以做的事，过去的请求许可用might；而在现在时态中用might含有比较迟疑或缺乏自信之意。
May/Might I trouble you with a question
Might I ask for a photograph of Mr Wu （比may更加客气）
You may take this seat if you like. / You may go now.
You may take the boy there.
He told me I might come. (过去时态，might与told相呼应)
He asked if he might come in.
She suggested a few books which I might buy.
She was afraid they might not like the idea.
注意答语：
May I smoke here ---- Yes, you may. (此种口气显得较为严肃正式，不能用might)
----Yes, please./Certainly.（常见回答）
----No, you mustn’t. (语气强硬) / Please don’t.(较为客气) / You’d better not.
成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.
You might as well speak your mind.你不妨把心里话说出来。(might比may 更为婉转))
2. 用于目的状语中。
The emperor gave them some gold in order that they might begin their work at once.
3. 表示可能性，说明一件事或许会发生（或某种情况可能会存在），只用在陈述句中，否定句中译成“可能不/或许不”（might的可能性较弱）。
You may walk ten miles without seeing a house.
She may not be there today.
We may get a new computer in the summer.
You might have some fever. 你或许有点发烧。(现在的可能性，比may小一些)
Now he might know her address.
Be careful, or you might break it. 小心点，要不你可能会将它弄破的。
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may. 此句意可从后半句推出。
4. may/might与have done连用
1） 表示对过去事情的猜测，认为某事可能发生。
He may /might have played electric game on TV the whole night. (for he looks very sleepy.)
他可能玩了一夜的电子游戏。（因为看上去很困。）
You may have read the book.
He may not have told you about it. 他也许没有告诉你那件事。
2） Might与have done连用，在肯定句中，可用于表示事实上没能实现的行为。
She might have missed the bus, if she hadn’t got up early.
If he had been here, you might have got some help from him.
5. may 表示“祝愿”，用在倒装句中。
May you succeed! (=I wish you success.)
May you have a good time！
4、 must 的用法
1. 表示必须要做的事。否定句中表示“禁止”。
Soldier must obey orders.
We must do everything step by step.
You mustn’t talk like that. (你可不能这样说话。)
We mustn’t stay here any longer.
在回答由must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，常用needn’t或don’t have to
---Must we hand in our exercise books today
---Yes, you must. [ No, you don’t have to./ No, you needn’t.]
比较have to和must
1） must无过去式，但可用在间接引语中或宾语从句中表示过去的情况，have to 可用在各种时态。have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式
He told me I must do according to what he said.
He told me I must be there at five.
I felt I must call and see them.
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
---It’s raining heavily; we can’t go now.
---I think we’ll have to wait till the rain stops.
2） must强调主观看法，have to 则侧重客观需要,如：
The play is not interesting. I really must go now.
I have to work when I was your age.
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
3） 二者的否定意义大不相同。don't have to 表示"不必" mustn't 表示"禁止"，
You mustn’t go. 你不能去。
You don’t have to go. 你不必去。
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it. 你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
4） 询问对方意愿时，应用must。
Must I clean all the room 需要我清洗所有的房间吗？
2. 表示一种揣测，只用于肯定句中。
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
He must be staying there. 他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推测用can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才 离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
6) 注意反意疑问句的形式，一般跟must后的动词形式一致，
He must be in the classroom, isn’t he
The room must have been cleaned by Li Ping, hasn’t it
He must have left Shanghai yesterday, didn’t he (含过去的时间状语时，用过去式)
5、 表示推测的用法can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形，表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时，表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时，表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December. 明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时，表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。
6、 will与would
1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me
2）Will you… Would you like… 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down？
used to与would
1、 used to表示过去的动作\状态,重在与现在情况的对比,不一定要有时间状语；would 只表示过去动作的重复，有明确的时间状语；
I used to play cards a lot, but now I seldom play.
My hometown is not what it used to be.
I would go to see my grandfather on Sunday when I was in the middle school.
2、 表示过去的习惯可互换：
When we were very young, we used to/ would go skating every winter.
3、 表示过去的次数时，不能使用：
We went to the Great Wall five times when we were young.
注：used to do的否定式：usedn’t to do或didn’t use to do(usedn’t也可写作usen’t)
疑问式：Did you use to do / Used you to do
Didn’t you use to do / Usedn’t you to do
7、 shall与should
should 与ought to
1、 表示“应当”。
1）表示劝告、建议：You should listen to the doctor’s advice.
We should learn form Zhang Hua.
2)表示“有义务或有必要”做某事：You ought to finish your work before you go home.
We ought to help each other.
2、 表“可能”的猜测。
1） They should get home by now. （他们现在该到家了。）
2） 表示“非常可能”的事，可译为“总应该”
If we start to work right now, we ought to finish it before lunch. (午饭前应当能做完。)
3、 表“责备”或“惋惜”。
1） should (或 ought to )+have+过去分词 →该做，没有做
2） should not(或 ought not to )+have+过去分词 →不该做，做了
The plant is dead. I should have given it more water.
You ought to have told me about it.
4、 注意：1）should在虚拟语气中的使用，见“虚拟语气”部分。
2)注ought to的疑问式及否定式。
--Ought he to go
--Yes. I think he ought (to).
否定式：ought not to do 或oughtn’t to do (不说ought to not do)
shall 与will
1、 shall表示征询对方意见或请求指示，用于第一、三人称；will表示询问对方的意思或向对方提出要求，常用于第二人称；
Shall I (we) do / Shall he (she) do
Shall I turn on the light Shall we sit here
Shall he come to see you 你说要不要他来看你？
(Cf：Will he come to see you 他会来看你吗？)
Where shall I wait for you
Will you please do / Won’t you…
Would you like to … (用would 代替will更加客气)
---Won’t you go and see the film 你不去看电影吗？
---Yes, I think I will. 不，我想去。
2、 shall表示说话人的“意愿”，有命令、警告、强制、允诺等，用于第二、三人称，要重读；will表示主语的“意志”“意愿”，用于各种人称；
You shall do what I tell you to do. 我叫你干什么，你就得干什么。
Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow.
He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.
Everything shall be done to save the ship. 一定要竭尽全力来拯救这艘船。
I won’t do anything you don’t like. 我不会做任何你不喜欢的事。
I will never talk about that again.
None is so blind as those who won’t see.
*should表示“劝告、建议”，would表示过去时间的“意志、愿望”；
We shouldn’t throw cold water on them.
Such a thing shouldn’t be allowed to happen again.
Shylock would not take the money earlier. 夏洛克先前是不肯要钱的。
3、 will可表示惯性动作“总是、惯于”；(动作的趋势)
Fish will die without water.
The radio won’t work.
What’s the matter with the door It won’t lock.
8、 need 与dare
1、 用法相似，意义不同；都可做情态动词和行为动词，need表示需要，dare表示敢于；
2、 作情态动词时：+动词原形，主要用在否定句和疑问句中。
He need not(needn’t) go. 他不需要走。
---Need we do it again
---No, you needn’t do it again.
He dared not say so. 他不敢这么说。 (注：情态动词dare有过去式dared)
---Dare she go out alone at night
---No, she daren’t.
How dare you say I’m unfair.
3、 行为动词+带to 的不定式，用于各种句式。
He needs to go. / He doesn’t need to go.
Does he need to go it again No, he doesn’t need to do it again.
注：need doing以主动形式表示被动意义，相当于need to be done
My radio needs repairing/ to be repaired.
He dares to say. / He doesn’t dare to say.
If you dare to jump into the water from here, so dare I.(前为行为动词，后为情态动词。)
4、 Didn’t not need to do 与needn’t have done有虚拟与非虚拟之分，dare 无此用法。
She didn’t need to attend the meeting yesterday, and she stayed with her children. 她不必参加昨天的会议，她跟孩子们呆在一起。（她没参加。）
She need not have attended the meeting yesterday, but she did. 她昨天本不必参加会议的，可她参加了。
八、其它情态动词
had better表示"最好" 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth / not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.
would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do / not do would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home
九、情态动词+ have +过去分词
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2) must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, 与should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
典型例题
1）---Could I borrow your dictionary
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。
2）---Shall I tell John about it
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。
3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。
4）Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用have。
5） ----Shall we go skating or stay at home
----Which ___ do
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句，would 提前，所以选B。
情态动词与虚拟语气练习
1. ---May I stop my car here
---No, you_＿＿＿.
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. don't have to
2. ---Must we clean the house now
---No, you _______.
A. needn't B. may not C. mustn't D. can't
3. ---Could I borrow your dictionary
---Yes, of course you______.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
4. You ______return the book now. You can keep it next week if you like.
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
5. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out.
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
6. Johnny, you______ play with the knife, you _____ hurt yourself.
A. won't; can't B. mustn't; may C. shouldn't; must D. can't; shouldn't
7. The taxi _____ only hold six passengers. It is full. You ______take the next one.
A. may; may B. can; may C. may; can D. must; can
8. This pen looks like mine, yet it isn't. Whose______ it be
A. must B. can C. may D. might
9. The streets are all dry. It _____ during the night.
A. can't have rained B. must have rained
C. couldn't rain D. shouldn't have rained
10. She is already two hours late. What ______ to her
A. can have happened B. may have happened
C. should have happened D. must happen
11. ---Where is Mary
---She isn't here. I think she_____.
A. may have gone home B. must have gone home
C. might have gone home D. All the above
12. ---I think Helen is at home.
---No, she _____ be at home, for she phoned me from the airport just five minutes ago.
A. mustn't B. needn't C. can't D. dared not
13. You must be a writer, ______
A. mustn't you B. are you C. must you D. aren't you
14. You must have seen him last night, ______
A. haven't you B. didn't you C. don't you D. must you
15. He must have finished his homework, ______ he
A. mustn't B. didn't C. needn't D. hasn't
16. I didn't see her in the meeting room this morning. She ______ at the meeting.
A. mustn't have spoken B. shouldn't have spoken
C. needn't have spoken D. couldn't have spoken
17. I thought you _______ like something to read, so I have brought you some books.
A. may B. might C. could D. must
18. Mr. Baker, a number of students want to see you. ______ they wait here or outside
A. Should B. Will C. Shall D. Are
19. ______ open the door for you
A. Would you like that I B. Do you want that I C. Will I D. Shall I
20. Man ______ die without water.
A. will B. can C. need D. shall
21. A lion ______ only attacks a human being when it is hungry.
A. should B. can C. will D. shall
22. ---Please don't make a noise.
---______. I'll be as quiet as a mouse.
A. Yes, I won't B. No, I won't C. No, I will D. Yes, I will
23. "When _____ he leave the hospital " I asked the doctor.
A. will B. shall C. can D. may
24. I _______ give you an answer tomorrow. I promise!
A. must B. will C. may D. shall
25. As a soldier, you ______ do as the head tells you.
A. will B. shall C. may D. ought
26. John ______ his father about his failure in the exam.
A. dares not tell B. dares not telling C. dare not tell D. dares not to tell
27. I wonder how he ______ that to the teacher.
A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say
28. He didn't do well in the exam. He ______ hard at his lessons.
A. must have worked B. ought to have worked
C. would have worked D. has worked
29. There was plenty of time. You ______.
A. mustn't hurry B. mustn't have hurried
C. needn't hurry D. needn't have hurried
30. You ______ the trees. Look, it is raining now.
A. mustn't have watered B. needn't have watered
C. could have watered D. might have watered
31. ---They have not finished the work up to now.
---Well, they ______.
A. should have B. should C. ought to D. ought have
32. Look! Tom is too sleepy to work .He ______ up watching TV.
A. mustn't have stayed B. shouldn't have stayed
C. mustn't stay D. ought not to say.
33. My son ____ the examination, but he wasn't careful enough.
A. might be able to pass B. must have passed
C. could have passed D. were able to pass
34. You ______ to the meeting yesterday . What was the reason for your absence
A. had come B. came C. would have come D. should have come
35. I really wish such a noise ________ soon.
A. had stopped B. would stop C. stopped D. will stop
36. "Have you visited the Science Museum " "No, but I really wish I _______ ."
A. had B. did C. have D. will
37. "Would you come and join them "
"I wish I . But I am busy at this moment.
A. can't B. couldn't C. could D. can
38. He insisted that he ________ no help.
A. would need B. needed C. need D. needs
39. His silence at the meeting suggested that he ______ to your plan.
A. shouldn't agree B. wouldn't agree C. hadn't agreed D. didn't agree
40. The officer gave the order that soldiers ______ to go out at night
A. mustn't be allowed B. not be allowed
C. be not allowed D. shouldn't allow
41. It's necessary that each child _________ the rules.
A. must obey B. still obey C. obeys D. obey
42. Isn't it strange that the lazy boy pass the exam
A. should B. has C. might D. would
43. If she could sew, she _______ herself a shirt.
A. had made B. will make C. would have made D. made
44. He didn't come yesterday, or you ________ him.
A. had seen B. might have seen C. were to see D. would see
45. ______, he would have succeeded in the examinations.
A. If he has worked hard B. If he works hard
C. If he worked hard D. Had he worked hard
46. What would you do if the war ____________.
A. would break out B. were to break out C. will break out D. is broken out
47. If it _______ so hard, we'd go to town.
A. isn't going to rain B. doesn't C. weren't raining D. isn't raining
48. Without your help, I _______ the exam last term.
A. failed in B. would have failed C. wouldn't pass D. would fail
49. But for the Party, he ______ of hunger 30 years ago.
A. died B. would die C. must have died D. would have died
50. It's time that you _____ home and I'd rather you _______ again tomorrow.
A. would go ; would come B. went ; came
C. go ; are coming D. are going ; will come
51. Li Ming acted that way as though he _________ a foreigner.
A. were B. had been C. should be D. is
52. The doctor did everything he could so that he _________ save the soldier's life.
A. might B. must C. had to D. was able to
Key: 1-5 BACCD 6-10 BBBAA 11-15 DCDBD 16-20 DDCDA 21-25 CBBBB 26-30 CDBDB 31-35 ABCDB 36-40 ACBDB 41-45 DACBD BCDDB 51-52 AA
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情态动词的语法特征
1． 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的情感态度，认为“可能、应当、必要”等，情态动词本身有词义，但词义不完全，因此不能单独作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。
2． 情态动词后接的动词不定式一律不带to 。（即动词原形，ought 除外）
3． 情态动词不随人称和数的变化而变化（即不管是何人称，后面的情态动词都一样不变）。
4． 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
5． 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
1、 情态动词的比较
2、 can 与 could
1. 表示能力（过去的能力用could）
Two eyes can see more than one.
The theater can seat 2,500 people.
Can you lift this heavy box /Could you follow her talk
I couldn’t understand what he said at all.
比较can 和be able to
1） can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态, 其后的动词不定式只能用主动语态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2）只用be able to 的情况
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
例题：He was a good swimmer, so he ________ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.
A. could B. might C. shall D. was able to
2. 表示许可、允许（和may意思相近，在口语中更常用，may 比较正式）
You can go now. This sort of things can’t be done.
You can use a different material instead. He said I could borrow his bike.
She asked whether she could take the books out of the room.
* 在日常交际中，提出委婉的请求，could 可用于更加委婉地表示请求，不一定用于过去式。（注意在回答中不可用could）。
Could/ Can you lend me your thermos
--- Could I have the television on
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
3. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度（主要用在否定句、疑问句、或表示惊叹的句子中），此时could不表示时态, 在口气上比较缓和，用can时，不相信的程度较大。
He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。
What on earth can this mean Oh, that can’t be true.
How can/could you be so careless! Where could/can they be now
He couldn’t/can’t be over fifty.
4. can/could 与have done连用
1）用于表示对过去的猜测，对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不肯定，主要用在疑问句或否定句中：(用could语气更加委婉)
He can’t have been to that town.
Can he have got the book
They can/could not have gone to the hospital. 他们不可能已经到医院去了。
2） could have done 常用在肯定句中，用来表示事实上没有实现的行为，有时带有说话人比较缓和的责备语气，译为“本来能够”。
You could have come here early. 你本来可以早点到这儿来的。
You could have finished it earlier. 你本来能早点完成这件事的。
He could have finished the task on time, but the heavy snow came.
偶尔出现在否定句中，表示本来不能做到，但实际上已做了。
She could not have covered the whole distance, but in fact she arrived ahead of time.
3、 may与might对比
1. 表示请求、许可，询问一件事可不可以做或允许可以做的事，过去的请求许可用might；而在现在时态中用might含有比较迟疑或缺乏自信之意。
May/Might I trouble you with a question
Might I ask for a photograph of Mr Wu （比may更加客气）
You may take this seat if you like. / You may go now.
You may take the boy there.
He told me I might come. (过去时态，might与told相呼应)
He asked if he might come in.
She suggested a few books which I might buy.
She was afraid they might not like the idea.
注意答语：
May I smoke here ---- Yes, you may. (此种口气显得较为严肃正式，不能用might)
----Yes, please./Certainly.（常见回答）
----No, you mustn’t. (语气强硬) / Please don’t.(较为客气) / You’d better not.
成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.
You might as well speak your mind.你不妨把心里话说出来。(might比may 更为婉转))
2. 用于目的状语中。
The emperor gave them some gold in order that they might begin their work at once.
3. 表示可能性，说明一件事或许会发生（或某种情况可能会存在），只用在陈述句中，否定句中译成“可能不/或许不”（might的可能性较弱）。
You may walk ten miles without seeing a house.
She may not be there today.
We may get a new computer in the summer.
You might have some fever. 你或许有点发烧。(现在的可能性，比may小一些)
Now he might know her address.
Be careful, or you might break it. 小心点，要不你可能会将它弄破的。
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may. 此句意可从后半句推出。
4. may/might与have done连用
1） 表示对过去事情的猜测，认为某事可能发生。
He may /might have played electric game on TV the whole night. (for he looks very sleepy.)
他可能玩了一夜的电子游戏。（因为看上去很困。）
You may have read the book.
He may not have told you about it. 他也许没有告诉你那件事。
2） Might与have done连用，在肯定句中，可用于表示事实上没能实现的行为。
She might have missed the bus, if she hadn’t got up early.
If he had been here, you might have got some help from him.
5. may 表示“祝愿”，用在倒装句中。
May you succeed! (=I wish you success.)
May you have a good time！
4、 must 的用法
1. 表示必须要做的事。否定句中表示“禁止”。
Soldier must obey orders.
We must do everything step by step.
You mustn’t talk like that. (你可不能这样说话。)
We mustn’t stay here any longer.
在回答由must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，常用needn’t或don’t have to
---Must we hand in our exercise books today
---Yes, you must. [ No, you don’t have to./ No, you needn’t.]
比较have to和must
1） must无过去式，但可用在间接引语中或宾语从句中表示过去的情况，have to 可用在各种时态。have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式
He told me I must do according to what he said.
He told me I must be there at five.
I felt I must call and see them.
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
---It’s raining heavily; we can’t go now.
---I think we’ll have to wait till the rain stops.
2） must强调主观看法，have to 则侧重客观需要,如：
The play is not interesting. I really must go now.
I have to work when I was your age.
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
3） 二者的否定意义大不相同。don't have to 表示"不必" mustn't 表示"禁止"，
You mustn’t go. 你不能去。
You don’t have to go. 你不必去。
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it. 你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
4） 询问对方意愿时，应用must。
Must I clean all the room 需要我清洗所有的房间吗？
2. 表示一种揣测，只用于肯定句中。
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
He must be staying there. 他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推测用can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才 离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
6) 注意反意疑问句的形式，一般跟must后的动词形式一致，
He must be in the classroom, isn’t he
The room must have been cleaned by Li Ping, hasn’t it
He must have left Shanghai yesterday, didn’t he (含过去的时间状语时，用过去式)
5、 表示推测的用法can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形，表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时，表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时，表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December. 明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时，表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。
6、 will与would
1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me
2）Will you… Would you like… 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down？
used to与would
1、 used to表示过去的动作\状态,重在与现在情况的对比,不一定要有时间状语；would 只表示过去动作的重复，有明确的时间状语；
I used to play cards a lot, but now I seldom play.
My hometown is not what it used to be.
I would go to see my grandfather on Sunday when I was in the middle school.
2、 表示过去的习惯可互换：
When we were very young, we used to/ would go skating every winter.
3、 表示过去的次数时，不能使用：
We went to the Great Wall five times when we were young.
注：used to do的否定式：usedn’t to do或didn’t use to do(usedn’t也可写作usen’t)
疑问式：Did you use to do / Used you to do
Didn’t you use to do / Usedn’t you to do
7、 shall与should
should 与ought to
1、 表示“应当”。
1）表示劝告、建议：You should listen to the doctor’s advice.
We should learn form Zhang Hua.
2)表示“有义务或有必要”做某事：You ought to finish your work before you go home.
We ought to help each other.
2、 表“可能”的猜测。
1） They should get home by now. （他们现在该到家了。）
2） 表示“非常可能”的事，可译为“总应该”
If we start to work right now, we ought to finish it before lunch. (午饭前应当能做完。)
3、 表“责备”或“惋惜”。
1） should (或 ought to )+have+过去分词 →该做，没有做
2） should not(或 ought not to )+have+过去分词 →不该做，做了
The plant is dead. I should have given it more water.
You ought to have told me about it.
4、 注意：1）should在虚拟语气中的使用，见“虚拟语气”部分。
2)注ought to的疑问式及否定式。
--Ought he to go
--Yes. I think he ought (to).
否定式：ought not to do 或oughtn’t to do (不说ought to not do)
shall 与will
1、 shall表示征询对方意见或请求指示，用于第一、三人称；will表示询问对方的意思或向对方提出要求，常用于第二人称；
Shall I (we) do / Shall he (she) do
Shall I turn on the light Shall we sit here
Shall he come to see you 你说要不要他来看你？
(Cf：Will he come to see you 他会来看你吗？)
Where shall I wait for you
Will you please do / Won’t you…
Would you like to … (用would 代替will更加客气)
---Won’t you go and see the film 你不去看电影吗？
---Yes, I think I will. 不，我想去。
2、 shall表示说话人的“意愿”，有命令、警告、强制、允诺等，用于第二、三人称，要重读；will表示主语的“意志”“意愿”，用于各种人称；
You shall do what I tell you to do. 我叫你干什么，你就得干什么。
Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow.
He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.
Everything shall be done to save the ship. 一定要竭尽全力来拯救这艘船。
I won’t do anything you don’t like. 我不会做任何你不喜欢的事。
I will never talk about that again.
None is so blind as those who won’t see.
*should表示“劝告、建议”，would表示过去时间的“意志、愿望”；
We shouldn’t throw cold water on them.
Such a thing shouldn’t be allowed to happen again.
Shylock would not take the money earlier. 夏洛克先前是不肯要钱的。
3、 will可表示惯性动作“总是、惯于”；(动作的趋势)
Fish will die without water.
The radio won’t work.
What’s the matter with the door It won’t lock.
8、 need 与dare
1、 用法相似，意义不同；都可做情态动词和行为动词，need表示需要，dare表示敢于；
2、 作情态动词时：+动词原形，主要用在否定句和疑问句中。
He need not(needn’t) go. 他不需要走。
---Need we do it again
---No, you needn’t do it again.
He dared not say so. 他不敢这么说。 (注：情态动词dare有过去式dared)
---Dare she go out alone at night
---No, she daren’t.
How dare you say I’m unfair.
3、 行为动词+带to 的不定式，用于各种句式。
He needs to go. / He doesn’t need to go.
Does he need to go it again No, he doesn’t need to do it again.
注：need doing以主动形式表示被动意义，相当于need to be done
My radio needs repairing/ to be repaired.
He dares to say. / He doesn’t dare to say.
If you dare to jump into the water from here, so dare I.(前为行为动词，后为情态动词。)
4、 Didn’t not need to do 与needn’t have done有虚拟与非虚拟之分，dare 无此用法。
She didn’t need to attend the meeting yesterday, and she stayed with her children. 她不必参加昨天的会议，她跟孩子们呆在一起。（她没参加。）
She need not have attended the meeting yesterday, but she did. 她昨天本不必参加会议的，可她参加了。
八、其它情态动词
had better表示"最好" 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth / not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.
would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do / not do would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home
九、情态动词+ have +过去分词
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2) must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, 与should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
典型例题
1）---Could I borrow your dictionary
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。
2）---Shall I tell John about it
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。
3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。
4）Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用have。
5） ----Shall we go skating or stay at home
----Which ___ do
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句，would 提前，所以选B。
情态动词与虚拟语气练习
1. ---May I stop my car here
---No, you_＿＿＿.
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. don't have to
2. ---Must we clean the house now
---No, you _______.
A. needn't B. may not C. mustn't D. can't
3. ---Could I borrow your dictionary
---Yes, of course you______.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
4. You ______return the book now. You can keep it next week if you like.
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
5. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out.
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
6. Johnny, you______ play with the knife, you _____ hurt yourself.
A. won't; can't B. mustn't; may C. shouldn't; must D. can't; shouldn't
7. The taxi _____ only hold six passengers. It is full. You ______take the next one.
A. may; may B. can; may C. may; can D. must; can
8. This pen looks like mine, yet it isn't. Whose______ it be
A. must B. can C. may D. might
9. The streets are all dry. It _____ during the night.
A. can't have rained B. must have rained
C. couldn't rain D. shouldn't have rained
10. She is already two hours late. What ______ to her
A. can have happened B. may have happened
C. should have happened D. must happen
11. ---Where is Mary
---She isn't here. I think she_____.
A. may have gone home B. must have gone home
C. might have gone home D. All the above
12. ---I think Helen is at home.
---No, she _____ be at home, for she phoned me from the airport just five minutes ago.
A. mustn't B. needn't C. can't D. dared not
13. You must be a writer, ______
A. mustn't you B. are you C. must you D. aren't you
14. You must have seen him last night, ______
A. haven't you B. didn't you C. don't you D. must you
15. He must have finished his homework, ______ he
A. mustn't B. didn't C. needn't D. hasn't
16. I didn't see her in the meeting room this morning. She ______ at the meeting.
A. mustn't have spoken B. shouldn't have spoken
C. needn't have spoken D. couldn't have spoken
17. I thought you _______ like something to read, so I have brought you some books.
A. may B. might C. could D. must
18. Mr. Baker, a number of students want to see you. ______ they wait here or outside
A. Should B. Will C. Shall D. Are
19. ______ open the door for you
A. Would you like that I B. Do you want that I C. Will I D. Shall I
20. Man ______ die without water.
A. will B. can C. need D. shall
21. A lion ______ only attacks a human being when it is hungry.
A. should B. can C. will D. shall
22. ---Please don't make a noise.
---______. I'll be as quiet as a mouse.
A. Yes, I won't B. No, I won't C. No, I will D. Yes, I will
23. "When _____ he leave the hospital " I asked the doctor.
A. will B. shall C. can D. may
24. I _______ give you an answer tomorrow. I promise!
A. must B. will C. may D. shall
25. As a soldier, you ______ do as the head tells you.
A. will B. shall C. may D. ought
26. John ______ his father about his failure in the exam.
A. dares not tell B. dares not telling C. dare not tell D. dares not to tell
27. I wonder how he ______ that to the teacher.
A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say
28. He didn't do well in the exam. He ______ hard at his lessons.
A. must have worked B. ought to have worked
C. would have worked D. has worked
29. There was plenty of time. You ______.
A. mustn't hurry B. mustn't have hurried
C. needn't hurry D. needn't have hurried
30. You ______ the trees. Look, it is raining now.
A. mustn't have watered B. needn't have watered
C. could have watered D. might have watered
31. ---They have not finished the work up to now.
---Well, they ______.
A. should have B. should C. ought to D. ought have
32. Look! Tom is too sleepy to work .He ______ up watching TV.
A. mustn't have stayed B. shouldn't have stayed
C. mustn't stay D. ought not to say.
33. My son ____ the examination, but he wasn't careful enough.
A. might be able to pass B. must have passed
C. could have passed D. were able to pass
34. You ______ to the meeting yesterday . What was the reason for your absence
A. had come B. came C. would have come D. should have come
35. I really wish such a noise ________ soon.
A. had stopped B. would stop C. stopped D. will stop
36. "Have you visited the Science Museum " "No, but I really wish I _______ ."
A. had B. did C. have D. will
37. "Would you come and join them "
"I wish I . But I am busy at this moment.
A. can't B. couldn't C. could D. can
38. He insisted that he ________ no help.
A. would need B. needed C. need D. needs
39. His silence at the meeting suggested that he ______ to your plan.
A. shouldn't agree B. wouldn't agree C. hadn't agreed D. didn't agree
40. The officer gave the order that soldiers ______ to go out at night
A. mustn't be allowed B. not be allowed
C. be not allowed D. shouldn't allow
41. It's necessary that each child _________ the rules.
A. must obey B. still obey C. obeys D. obey
42. Isn't it strange that the lazy boy pass the exam
A. should B. has C. might D. would
43. If she could sew, she _______ herself a shirt.
A. had made B. will make C. would have made D. made
44. He didn't come yesterday, or you ________ him.
A. had seen B. might have seen C. were to see D. would see
45. ______, he would have succeeded in the examinations.
A. If he has worked hard B. If he works hard
C. If he worked hard D. Had he worked hard
46. What would you do if the war ____________.
A. would break out B. were to break out C. will break out D. is broken out
47. If it _______ so hard, we'd go to town.
A. isn't going to rain B. doesn't C. weren't raining D. isn't raining
48. Without your help, I _______ the exam last term.
A. failed in B. would have failed C. wouldn't pass D. would fail
49. But for the Party, he ______ of hunger 30 years ago.
A. died B. would die C. must have died D. would have died
50. It's time that you _____ home and I'd rather you _______ again tomorrow.
A. would go ; would come B. went ; came
C. go ; are coming D. are going ; will come
51. Li Ming acted that way as though he _________ a foreigner.
A. were B. had been C. should be D. is
52. The doctor did everything he could so that he _________ save the soldier's life.
A. might B. must C. had to D. was able to
Key: 1-5 BACCD 6-10 BBBAA 11-15 DCDBD 16-20 DDCDA 21-25 CBBBB 26-30 CDBDB 31-35 ABCDB 36-40 ACBDB 41-45 DACBD BCDDB 51-52 AA
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