语法专题三 代词与it 的用法
[考点解析]
1. 人称代词
人称代词主要用来指代表示人的名词或名词词组. 有人称, 数, 性和格的区别, 在句中可作主语, 宾语或表语. 人称代词的宾语可用作非限制动词的主语或者单独出现. 例如:
You will hurt yourselves with those knives. It never occurred to me to doubt him.
--Who is knocking at the door --It’s me.
--Who did it --Me.
2. 物主代词
物主代词分为形容词性物代词和名词性物主代词. 形容词性物主代词只能和名词连用, 对名词起限定作用. 名词性物主代词在意思上相当于 “形容词性物主代词+名词”, 在句中起名词作用, 作主语, 宾语和补语. 例如:
His hat is the brown one.
Ours (Our house) is the only house here that is being painted.
I left my camera at home. You can use hers (her camera).
3. 指示代词
指示代词可在句中作主语, 宾语和起限定作用. 例如:
Those present at the meeting included the mayor and mayoress and the local member of
parliament.
--Shall we buy this book or that one
I like that one.
4. 反身代词
反身代词是用后缀-self (复数-selves)加上第一人称, 第二人称的形容词性物主代词, 或者加上第三人称代词的宾格形式构成的。可在句中作宾语, 表语或同位语, 也可由并列连词连接, 与另一词并列作主语. 例如:
Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident.
Frank is not quite himself today.
She liked the diamond itself but not the setting.
My wife and myself were invited to the party.
5. 相互代词
表示相互关系的代词称为相互代词, 只有each other和one another, 它们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的.在现代英语中,它们可以替换使用.例如:
We have known each other since we were children.
They looked at one another, in hatred and despair.
6. 疑问代词
疑问代词常用于特殊疑问句中, 一般放在句首, 并在句中作某一句子成分, 可作主语, 宾语, 表语和定语. 疑问代词都可用作连接代词, 引导名词性从句(主语从句, 宾语从句和表语从句). 例如:
Who is going to speak to us tomorrow What do you usually have for lunch
What is the matter Don’t you feel well Whose umbrella is this
Tell me who he is.
7. 关系代词
关系代词是用来引导形容词性从句的, 有主格, 宾格和所有格, 也有人称和非人称之分. 例如:
He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree.
Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.
The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.
8. 不定代词
不指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词. 常见的不定代词有all, both, each, every等 .以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词, 如:anybody, something, no one. 这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语, 宾语,表语和定语, 但none和由some, any, no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语, 宾语或表语; every和no只能作定语. 如:
One should learn to think of others.
He gave every patient the same medicine.
All the students have come.
上述知识可归纳如下:
(1)
人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
(2)
物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
(3) 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, same
(4) 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
(5) 相互代词 each, other, one, another
(6) 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
(7) 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
(8) 不定代词 one/some/any, each/every, none/no, many/much, few/little/a few/a little, other/another, all/both, neither/either
the use of “It”
一. 代词
1. it的基本用法是用来指代上文所提到的事物. 如:
A: Pass me a blue pen. B: Here it is.
2. it, that, one, the one, the ones用于指代用法时的区别:
it代替上文提及的原物(复数用they); one指代上文提及的, 泛指的可数名词单数(复数ones); that指代上文提及的定指的可数名词单数或不可数名词(复数those), the ones相当于these, those.
3. 指代不明身份或性别的人也用it; 指代喜爱的事物或宠物也可以用she/he.
A: Who’s it (knocking at the door)
B: It’s me.
The crowd moves on. No one tries to stop it.
My car needs some more petrol. Let’s fill her up.
二. 虚义it:
虚义it指用作没有具体语义的主语, 如表示时间, 天气, 距离, 温度等概念的用法.
When spring comes, it is getting warmer and warmer.
It is cooler in Tianjin than in Beijing.
It is only about half an hour’s ride from here to my home.
It looks as if the college is very small.
It seemed as though our plan would be perfect.
三.形式it:
由于句法结构的需要, 常用it作形式主语, 而把真正的主语后置.
1. 形式主语:不定式, 动名词以及主语从句作主语时, 为避免 “头重脚轻”, 要将真正的主语后置.
It is/was difficult (easy, hard, important, necessary, useful, fit, possible, a pity, a pleasure…) (for sb.) to do sth.;
1). It is/was kind (nice, wise, clever…) (of ab,) to do sth.;
比较:Sb. is/was angry (ashamed, delighted, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, thankful…) to do sth.;
2). It is better (interesting, tiring, enjoyable, funny, fun, a bore, a waste of time…) doing sth.;
3). It is clear (plain, true, certain, sure, obvious…) that clause +陈述语气;
4). It is important (necessary, strange, a pity…) +that clause +(should) do;
5). It is a suggestion (my with) +that clause +(should) do;
6) It is ordered +that clause+(should) do;
7). Ii is high/very time that we should have lunch/had lunch here.
It is the first/last time that we have had lunch here (just).
It is the third time that we shall have lunch here (in a moment).
2. 形式宾语: 当不定式, 动名词, that从句作宾语, 又有自己的宾语补语时, 要用it作形式宾语, 而把真正的宾语后置. 能够用于形式宾语句型的动词有think, make, find, consider, feel, take等. 如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
The fisherman made it a rule that he never cast his net more than four times a day.
The ancient people took it for granted that the earth was flat.
We think it necessary reading aloud every morning to improve our English.
四. 强调it: 为了强调句子中的某一处, 可以用 “It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他 的句型. 如:
I met an old friend in the street last week.-
It was I who met an old friend in the street last week. (强调主语)
It was an old friend that I met in the street last week. (强调宾语)
It was in the street that I met an old friend last week. 强调地点状语)
It was last week that I met an old friend in the street. (强调时间状语)
注意: 一般强调时间不能用when, 强调地点不用where.
[高考示例]
【例1】2005浙江高考
We’ve been looking at houses but haven’t found ______we like yet
A. one B. ones C. it D. them
提示: one指代上文出现的同一类事物中的一个; 而it则指同一事或同一物.
答案: A.
【例2】2005福建高考
I made a call to my parents yesterday. To my disappointment, ______of them answered it.
A. either B. none
C. neither D. nobody
提示: 由to my disappointment可知, 父母中没人接电话, 故用neither表示 “两者中任何一个都没/不”
答案: C.
【例3】2005江西高考
Cars do cause us some health problems—in fact far more serious ______than mobile phones do.
A. one B. ones C. it D. those
提示: 替代上文出现的同类事物中的一个用one， 复数用ones; 而it与that都表示特指.
答案: B
【例4】2005天津高考
Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ______effects the people are still suffering.
A. that B. whose C. those D. what
提示: 定语从句中缺少定语, 故选关系代词whose.
答案: B
【例5】2005浙江高考
______I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A. When B. After C. As D. Since
提示: as引导定语从句, 代指主句的整个内容, 意为 “正如; 就像.
答案: C one与it起指代上文内容时作用不同, 同时还应注意that常用来指代不可数名词或用于比较级中
[触类旁通]
1. I would appreciate ______if you come to my grandma’s birthday party and say “Hello” to her.
A. that B. it C. you D. her
2. I would rather buy a house in the suburb than ______in the city.
A. it B. one C. this D. that
3. ---How do you think of the film
---Wonderful, I think. Just as fine as ______of the films we have seen.
A. one B. another C. some D. any
4. No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to ______
A. any other B. another C. the other D. other
5. ______are fond of watching TV after supper, but ______prefer to go out.
A. I and my family; he and his family
B. My family and I; his family and he
C. I and my family; his family and he
D. My family and I; he and his family
6. ______breaks law should be punished. Everyone was born equal.
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
7. There is something wrong with my body. I’m not feeling ______today.
A. good B. my own C. me D. myself
8. --Excuse me, but can you tell me which road I should take to the city library
--______of the four roads will do.
A. Any B. Neither C. Both D. Every
9. Although he talked like a man of sense, his actions were ______of a fool.
A. these B. that C. those D. any
10. The thieves ran away separately, ______carrying a bag. The police then divided into groups to follow them immediately.
A. all B. each C. every D. either
答案: 1. B 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. B
.(共10张PPT)
代词与it
代词的分类：
九大类：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词，指示代词，疑问代词，关系代词，连接代词，不定代词。
一·人称代词：
I /me we/us you/you they/them
he/him she/her it/it
物主代词
形容词性：my, your , ours, theirs,his,hers,its
反身代词
myself yourself himself/herself/itself
ourselves yourselves themselves
含有反身代词的短语：
enjoy oneself 玩的愉快 help oneself to随便吃
come to oneself 苏醒 devote oneself to献身于
make oneself at home别客气
find oneself in 发觉自己来到
指示代词
This, that, these, those, it ,such,same等。
This/these指后面要提到的事情，that/those指前面提过的事情.
He didn’t come.That’s why he didn’t know.
What he told me is this: he wanted to go alone.
注意：this/that可以用作副词修饰形容词，表示程度:相当于so.
If your friend is that(那么） clever,why isn’t he rich
I didn’t realize it was going to be this（这么） far.
such
such 与不定代词no, some,any,several, many little,few,all连用时放在他们的后面。
many such cases.许多这样的例子
few such chances.很少这样的机会
There is no such person here.这儿没有一个这样的人。
same
same前面必须用the
I went there on the same day.
What I want to say is the same.
关系代词
关系代词主要有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等，用来引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当成分。
as可以代表人或物，
Such books as you are reading are of little use.
你们读的书没有什么用处。
As is mentioned above, English is useful in international trade.
这一点上面已经提及，英语在国际贸易中很有用。
疑问代词
what 和which的区别:
Which 一般用于有选择范围的情况，what用于选择范围不清楚或者无选择范围。
Which would you like to eat----meat or fish
What girls do you like best
相互代词：
one another（多者）, each other（两者）.也可以互换使用，区别不是很明显。
所有格形式
one another’s each other’s
不定代词
one ,some与any
one表示泛指,如果前面有定冠词就是特指。
some 用于肯定和表示祈使语气的问句。
any用于否定，疑问和条件状语中，如果肯定句中使用any时，语气特别强。
One should wash oneself regularly.
一个人应该有规律地洗澡。
You can call me if you have any questions.
He can answer any questions you ask.
each和every
1.each强调个别，every强调整体
The teacher had a talk with each of us.
Every one has strong and weak points.
2.each可以指两个以上，every必须是三个以上。
Each of the two has won a prize.
Every student in the class likes maths.
no和none
No在句子中做定语，直接修饰名词，none在句子中做主语和宾语。
None of them knows the story.
There is no water in the well.
other/another/the other/others
other泛指“其它的，别的”
others泛指别的人或物
the other指两者中的另一个
another不定数目的再一个，又一个
all和both
all反义none both反义neither
It 的用法：
1.代替上文提过的事物。
2.用以代替指示代词this ,that.
3.指环境情况。
4.指时间，天气等
5.起指示代词的作用，指明某人或某物。
----Who is making such a noise
----It must be the children.
6.指距离
7.作形式主语
8.作形式宾语
He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
9.用于强调句型
It was in Shanghai that I saw the film.(共25张PPT)
替代词one, ones, that, those, it, this, that
1)one, ones, that, those
That替换单数可数名词或不可数名词； one只替换单数的可数名词。
Eg: The vase on the left is more beautiful than __________ on the right.
The coffee produced in Brazil is more famous than __________in Mexico.
the one
that
That只用于替换表示事物的名词， 而one/ones替换表示人和表示事物的名词皆可。
Eg: His younger sister is taller than the elder ___.
I need the plastic bags, not the paper______ .
one
ones
That/ those一般不带前置定语，但必须有后置定语。One/ones都可。当替换词的后置定语用所有格的of短语或当替换词被所有格修饰时，不用one/ones而用that of/those of.
Eg: I like the vase better than ________________in another shop.
The windows of your flat are cleaner than _________of mine.
A grandparent’s job is easier than ________of a parent.
The computers in our school are connected to the Internet while __________ in their school aren’t.
the one / that
those
that
those
That/ those用于替换有定冠词的名词；one/ones用于替换有不定冠词的名词。
Eg: The style of the building is similar to _________of a temple.
A CD player made in Japan costs more than ________made in China.
that
one
2) it, this和 that
都可以替代前文已提到的事或情况，细微差别在于it不如其余两者那么强调。
Eg: So she decided to paint the door pink. ______upset the neighbours a bit.
So she decided to paint the house pink. _____really upset the neighbours.
It
That
当前面提到的事物不止一件时， it通常指最先提到的事物，而this/that是指最后提到的事物。
Eg: We keep the ice cream machine in the spare room. ________is mainly used by the children. (指 the machine)
We keep the ice cream machine in the spare room. ____________is mainly used by the children. (指the spare room)
It
This/That
This可以出现在它所指代的事物之前；而that则指上文所提到的事物。
Eg: Listen to________! We will have three days off.
“A penny saved is a penny earned.” Who said_________
this
that
Eg: I bought a dictionary three years ago and I am still using______ now.
I bought a dictionary three years ago but I am going to buy a new _______soon.
It用以指特定的前面提到过的事物，即：it和它替换的是同一个事物，it前无修饰语；而one用于替换与前提事物有共同之处但并不完全一样的事物，因此，one之前或之后一定有修饰语来加以区别。
3) It和one
it
one
It引起的几个易混淆的时间句型
It + be + 时间 + since-clause 这个句型表示从since 从句谓语动作发生以后到现在或过去所经过的一段时间，意为“自从......以来已多久了”
It is three years since his father passed away .
It + be + 时间 + before-clause
这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语
(如：a long time , months , weeks , days ,hours , minutes ) ，主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，意为“过多长时间才......”。主句的谓语动词是否定式时，意为“没过多长时间就......”。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时will be；用was 时，before从句的动词用一般过去时；用will be 时，before从句常用一般现在时。
她没过多久就背会了那些诗歌。
It was _______________she learned those poems by heart .
过了很久警察才来。
It was ______________the police arrived .
要过好几个小时他才会作出决定。
It __________hours before he makes a decision .
要不了几个小时我们还会再见面的。
__________________before meet again .
not long before
long before
will be
It will not be hours
3. It + be + 时间 + when-clause
这个句型中, it 指时间，而且表示时间的词语前没有介词(时间一般为具体时间)。主句中的谓语动词和从句中的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的，主句是will be，when从句用一般现在时代替将来时。
It was already 8 o‘clock when we got home .
It was the next morning when we finished our work .
It will be midnight when they get there .
It + be + 时间 + that-clause 这个句型是个强调句型。例如：
It was two years ago that he made an
important invention .
(原句是：__________________________________)
It was at 5 o’clock that he practised playing the violin in the morning .
(原句是：________________________________)
比较：It was 5 o’clock when he started in the morning . (5 o‘clock前没有介词，这是个定语从句)
He made an important invention
two years ago .
He practised playing the violin at 5 o‘clock in the morning .
It + be + time + that-clause
这个句型属虚拟语气结构，不管主句中用的是 is 或 was ，that从句都须用动词的过去式或should + 动词原型(但不及用过去式普通)，在time之前有时可加上high或about 以加强语气。例如：
It is time(that)we handed in our exercises .
(= It is time that we should hand in our
exercises .)
It is high time (that ) she wrote a letter to her boyfriend .
It / This / That + the first(second , third …) time + that-clause
这个句型表示截止到说话时为止的某人的一种经历，关键是注意time前有序数词，主句是 is 时 ，从句要用现在完成时；如果主句用一般过去时was ，则从句须相应地用过去完成时。例如：
This is the first time (that) these Europeans ____________the Great Wall .
It was the fifth time (that) I ___________a friendly visit to Africa .
had paid
have visited
There起始的句型归纳：
1） there live/stand/lie/exist…
There lay a ditch two metres wide ahead.
2) There come/go/appear/occur/follow…用于描述某事的发生或某个动作的开始。
Eg: There will follow a break of 10 minutes and then we will go on with the lecture.
3) There being…（独立主格结构）
Eg: There being nothing left in the fridge, we had to do some shopping first.
4) …there to be结构常见于动词intend, mean, consider, hate, want等词后。
Eg: No one would expect there to be a war in his country.
I don’t want there to be another accident like this.
结构：It+动词be+强调部分+who(whom)/that+其他部分it可以用来对句子的某一成分加以强调。
It 用于强调句
Eg: Nancy saw your sister in Tokyo last week.
It was Nancy who saw your sister in Tokyo last week.
It was your sister whom Nancy saw in Tokyo last week.
It was in Tokyo that Nancy saw your sister last week.
It was last week that Nancy saw your sister in Tokyo.
有些否定句也可以改成这种强调结构：
It wasn’t until last summer that I heard from her.
I didn’t do all this for myself.
It wasn’t for myself that I did all this.
问句也可变成这种结构：
Who called him “comrade”
Who was it that called him “comrade”
How did you forget to lock the door
How was it that you forgot to lock the door
Ex:把下列句子改为强调句：
1.Tom broke the window last night.
2. They want money.
3. Peter saw his friend in the park yesterday.
4. I didn’t have an opportunity of seeing her again for several years.
5. Why does everyone think I’m narrow-minded
6. I didn’t receive my letter until yesterday
7. Did Dick call the meeting last week
8. Did it happen in 1980
Tom‘s mother kept telling him that he should work harder , but ___ didn’t help .
A. he B. which C. she D. it
As ___ happens , I have brought my umbrella with me .
A. it B. this C. that D. such
3. ___has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules .
A. As B. It C. That D. This
4. It was seven forty-five ___he finished the
work .
A. when B. that C. when D. before
D
A
A
A
5. Was it because it snowed last night ___ he didn‘t come
A. why B. that C. when D. which
6. Does ___ matter if he can’t finish the job on time
A. this B. that C. he D. it
7. European football is played in 80 countries , making ___ the most popular sport in the world .
which B. this C. that D. it
8.___ is no doubt that he will succeed in his experiment .
A. It B. This C. That D. There
B
D
D
D
9. It worried a bit ___ her hair was turning gray .
A. while B. that C. if D. for
10. It was not ___ she took off her dark glasses I realized she was a famous film star .
A. when ; that B. until ; that
C. until ; when D. when ; then
B
B
