课件15张PPT。语法专题—名词 名词的分类:
名词 可数名词不可数名词 个体名词
集体名词
物质名词
抽象名词
They devoted their __________( youth) to the defence of their motherland.
Some __________ ( youth) were standing near the bus stop.
A big iron __________ (work) will be built in this city very soon.
We are to have __________ (tea) with the guests at four; make eight __________ (tea).
If you want __________ (knowledge) , you must take part in the practice of changing __________ ( reality).
__________ (fruit) is cheap at this time of a year.
What __________ (fruit) are in season now?knowledgerealityFruitfruitsteateasworksyouthyouths①单、复数同形。如:means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works(工厂),cattle。
a sheep—two sheep, a deer—four deer②合成名词的复数。如:boy-friend — boy-friends, go-between— go-betweens(中间人),grown-up — grown-ups, sister-in-law—sisters-in-law。③有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物, wages工资,surroundings环境,cattle家畜,congratulations祝贺,have words with sb. 同某人吵架,in high spirits以很高热情地,give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯,in rags衣衫破烂,It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。可数名词的“数”(不规则变化)④集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people, cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词, 既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看做整体,复数看做集体的各个成员。如:family, class, group, team, government, crew…
The crew _____ large.船员人数很多.
The crew_____ all tired.船员们都累坏了。
isare不可数名词的”数”
1. 抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如:
抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词,可数名词)
in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事
win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)
win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)
Failure(失败)is the mother of success 失败是成功之母。
a failure失败者
by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历
youth青春 a youth一个青年人
have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情
with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事2. 抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如:
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me?
It is a waste of time reading such a novel.
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings. 3. 物质名词有前置定语修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。
have breakfast
have a wonderful breakfast
The road is covered with snow.
They have a heavy snow every year.
Time and tide wait for no man.
We had a wonderful time last night.有复数形式的不可数名词
①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现,起到一种丰富语言感彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如:
Use your brains, please.
They have smoothed away the difficulties.
Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meeting?
Many thanks for your kindness.
No pains, no gains.
After many failures, they finally succeeded.②有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如:
The boy burst into tears at the bad news.
The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.
The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.有些名词的负数形式可以表示特别的意义:如
papers 报纸
manners 礼貌
goods 货物
glasses 眼镜
works 工厂,著作
looks 外表
greens 青菜
hairs 几根头发
times 时代
sands 沙滩,沙地
drinks 饮料
forces 军队
irons 手铐 1.除了表示有生命的人和物的所有格外,表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词的所有格都可以用名词’s的形式表示ten days’ journey
十天的旅程
half an hour’s drive
半个小时的车程
a ton’s weight
一吨的重量
today’s newspaper
今天的报纸at the Green’s
在格林先生家
to my uncle’s
到我叔叔家
at the tailor’s
在裁缝店
at the barber’s
在理发店
at the doctor’s
在诊所2.在表示“某人家”“店铺”的名词所有格后面,一般省略它所修饰的名词.3.在表示所属物的名词前有不定代词,数词,不定冠词或指示代词时,常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系.a friend of my father’s
我父亲的一个朋友
a few friends of Li Ming’s
李明的几个朋友
that book of Li Ming’s
李明的那本书
two friends of my brother’s
我哥哥的两个朋友名词作定语 英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词,这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。(1)分类意义。
air pollution 空气污染 boy friend?男朋友
coffee cup咖啡杯 income tax所得税
tennis ball网球 song writer歌曲作家
body language身体语言 road accident交通事故
Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖 (2)时间、地点、称呼等。
Doctor Jack杰克医生 Professor Li李教授
evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠
street dance 街舞 country music乡村音乐
village people村民 school education学校教育
China problem中国问题(3)表目的、手段、来源或材料, 用途, 性质。
reception desk接待台 sports field田径场
stone table石桌 color TV彩电
weather report天气预报 gold ring金戒指细说名词复数变化
读者朋友们,可数名词有单、复数变化形式,其中的规则你可知晓?名词复数后缀-s/-es的读音变化多端,其中的规律你是否了解?请看——
Exercise One :写出下列名词的复数形式,注意后缀的读音。
1.desk _____? ?2.map _____??? 3.car _____?? 4.tree? _____??5.bag? _____??6.coat _____?? 7.bird _____??
(1.desks 2.maps 3.cars 4.trees 5.bags 6.coats 7.birds)
点击规律:
1)一般情况下,可数名词变复数直接在词尾加-s。
2)后缀-s在清辅音后面读/s/,在浊辅音、元音后面读/z/,在/t/、/d/后面读/ts/和/dz/。
Exercise Two :写出下列名词的复数形式,并注意后缀-s/-es的读音。
1.bus? _____??? 2.box _____??? 3.class _____?? 4.brush? _____??5.watch _____??6.licence _____?? 7.orange _____??8.house _____?? (1.buses 2.boxes 3.classes 4.brushes 5.watches 6.licences 7.oranges 8.houses)
点击规律:
1)以s,sh,ch,x结尾的可数名词变复数,要在其词尾加-es。
2)后缀-s/-es在/t?/;/d?/;/s/;/?/;/z/等音素后读/Iz/。
提示板:
1)house读/ha?s/,但变为复数后,houses读/?'ha?zIz/,s的读音也发生了变化。
2)字母组合ch若在词尾发/k/音,该名词变为复数时,直接在词尾加-s。如:stomach(胃)—stomachs。
Exercise Three:根据句意用括号内所给名词的适当形式填空。
1.Ten _____ (boy)are in the classroom.
2.Please give these _____ (baby)some _____ (toy).
3.My _____ (family)are all at home.
(1.boys 2.babies;toys 3.family)
点击规律:
以辅音字母加y结尾的可数名词变复数时要变y为i,然后再加-es;而以元音字母加y结尾的名词直接在词尾加-s。
2)后缀-s/-es都读/z/
提示板:family为集合名词,表示家庭成员时复数为其原形。
Exercise Four :找出下列名词复数变化不正确的词。
1.woman—women?? 2.sheep—sheeps 3.child—childes 4.tooth(牙齿)—tooths 5.foot(脚)—feet
(2.sheep—sheep 3.child—children 4.tooth—teeth;1,5正确)
点击规律:上述名词的复数属于不规则变化,需要大家强化记忆。
提示板:注意woman ,child等词由单数变为复数后的读音变化。woman :/?'w?m?n/—women:/?'wImIn/;child:/t?aIld/—children /?'t?Ildr?n/
Exercise Five :写出下列各国人的复数形式。
1.Chinese ______ 2.Japanese ______ 3.American ______ 4.Englishman ______ 5.Frenchman(法国人) ______ 6.German(德国人) ______ 7.Canadian(加拿大人) ______ 8.Australian(澳大利亚人) ______ (1.Chinese 2.Japanese 3.Americans 4.Englishmen
? 5.Frenchmen 6.Germans 7.Canadians 8.Australians)
点击规律:
1)各国人的复数形式,大家可以记住这一口诀:中、日不变英、法变,其余后面加-s,与众不同德国人。 2)后缀-s读/z/。
提示板:切记Germ an的复数是 Germans,而不是Germen。
同学们,以上是我们学过的一些名词变复数的例子。其实,名词变复数的变化还不止这些,你想提前学习,先睹为快吗?好!请跟我来——
Exercise Six:写出下列名词的复数形式。
1.potato(土豆) ______ 2.tom ato(西红柿) ______ 3.radio(收音机) ______ 4.photo(照片) ______ 5.hero(英雄) ______
6.zoo(动物园) ______ 7.zero ______ (1.potatoes 2.tomatoes 3.radios 4.photos 5.heroes 6.zoos 7.zeroes/zeros)
点击规律:
1)凡是有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加-es;而无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾要加-s。以o结尾的后面加-es的可数名词还可巧记为:英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆,吃了零个。 2)后缀-s/-es都读/z/。
Exercise Seven :写出下列名词的复数形式。
knife? ______ 2.wife ______ 3.life? ______ ?4.w olf ______ 5.thief(小偷) ______
(1.knives 2.wives 3.lives 4.wolves 5.thieves)
点击规律:
1)以f或fe结尾的名词要把f或fe变为v,再加-es。 2)后缀-es读/z/。
提示板:某些以f或fe结尾的名词直接在词尾加-s,如:roof(屋顶)— roofs;safe(保险箱)—safes。
总结以上名词复数变化规则,大家可以通过以下口诀进行记忆:
名词复数真稀奇, 几个要点记心里。 辅音字母加y来结尾,把y变为i, 然后再加-es。 结尾若是f或fe,f或fe变成v, 然后再加-es。
要是以o来结尾, 有生命的加-es, 无生命的加-s。 若是以s,x,sh,ch来结尾, 词尾后面加-es。 一般名词无须记, 不规则变化要仔细。
至于名词复数后缀-s/-es的读音规律也可以通过下面的口诀记忆:
清辅音后面要读/s/, 浊辅音、元音后面则读/z/。 在/t?/,/d?/,/s/,/?/,/z/后面读/Iz/,/t/,/d/后面是/ts/,/dz/。
课件25张PPT。Brief Revision of Noun可数名词和不可数名词
名词所有格
名词在句子中的作用
高考焦点制作人: 殷玉燕 1.可数名词的复数
2.单复数同形的名词
3.常以复数出现的名词
4.常被当作可数名词的不可数名词
5.修饰可数名词的词
6.修饰不可数名词的词
7.能修饰可数和不可数名词的词
8.可数名词和不可数名词之间的转换
一.可数名词和不可数名词1. 可数名词的复数给出下列名词的复数形式
policeman child ox mouse tooth goose foot potato hero leaf shelf roof life baby monkey branch thief mosquitopolicemenchildrenoxenmiceteethgeesefeetpotatoesheroesleavesshelvesroofslivesbabiesmonkeysbranchesthievesmosquitoes watch lady fox fly brush tomato I inch half kilo piano calf passer-by go-between grown-up girl friend sister-in-law
man servant looker-onwatchesladiesfoxesfliesbrushestomatoesincheshalveskilospianoscalvespassers-bygo-betweensgrown-upsgirl friendssisters-in-lawmen servantslookers-on2. 单复数同形的名词sheep deer
means (方式,手段) works (作品,著作,工厂)
fish fruit
species (种类),
series(连续,丛书)
Chinese Japanese
jin li yuan 3. 常以复数出现的名词clothes trousers socks shorts gloves pants shoes
scissors (剪刀) scales (天平, 称)
thanks congratulations
surroundings (环境)
belongings (财产, 所有物)
glasses4. 常被当作可数名词的不可数名词progress advice fun
information furniture work
baggage luggage news
jewelry weather paper (纸张)
equipment trouble
knowledge homework5. 修饰可数名词的词 few, a few, many,
a great/good many,
a large number of,
a lot of, lots of ,
plenty of
quantities of 6. 修饰不可数名词的词 little, a little, much,
a great deal of,
a large amount of,
a quantity of, quantities of
lots of a lot of
plenty of7. 能修饰可数和不可数名词的词 lots of a lot of
plenty of
quantities of a quantity of
8. 可数名词和不可数名词之间的转换 用名词的正确形式填空
_______ is the best teacher. It is a week before he could tell his _______. ( experience)
_______ is an instrument of communication. He can speak several ________. ( language)
How did _____ begin? They gave their ____ for their country. (life)
How is ______? He has a _______ in London. ( business)Experience experiencesLanguage languageslifelivesbusinessbusiness5. Where there is life, there is _____. Parents have high ______for their children. (hope)
6. Several other women expressed ______. I’m sorry you could not come to an _____. (agreement)
7. There is not much _____on the bone. Many cold ____ are too expensive for us to buy. (meat)
8. I don’t care for _____. We asked for two _____. ( coffee)hopehopesagreementagreementmeatmeatscoffeecoffees翻译下列词或词组a paper
an iron
a wood
a beauty
a youth
an authority
room for improvement报纸
熨斗
一片树林
美人
青年人
权威人士
改进余地be in flower
go to church
be in hospital
a wonderful tea
Two ice-creams, please.
13.financial difficulties正在开花
去做礼拜
在住院
一种极好的茶
请来两份冰激凌
经济困难二.名词所有格 英语中的名词后加 “’s” 表示所有关系,称为名词所有格, 用于人和高级动物后, 但表示时间, 人的集体名词,国家,城市,某些机构的名词后也可以加.
不能加的,就以of 构成短语表示所以关系.
有些名词的所有格可表示商店,教堂,家等.
英汉互译my sister’s car
the editor-in-chief’s office
the girl’s sister’s husband’s father
workers’ rest home
children’s books
Professor Li’s report
a bird’s-eye view我姐姐的车
总编辑室
这姑娘姐夫的父亲
工人疗养院
儿童读物
李教授的报告
鸟瞰图today’s paper
ten minutes’ drive
government’s policy
majority’s view
city’s busiest street
the hotel’s strange room
Saint Paul’s
今天的报纸
十分钟的车程
政府的政策
大多数的意见
城市最热闹的街道
旅馆奇怪的房间
圣保罗大教堂
my aunt’s
a stationer’s
Tom’s and Mary’s desks
Tom and Mary’s desk
a car of Dr. Li’s
男女服装
狗的牙齿
我婶婶的家
文具店
Tom 和Mary 的桌子
Tom 和Mary 的桌子
李博士的车
men’s and women’s clothes
the dog’s teeth
女自行车
儿童节
药房
博士学位
一个星期的假
十块钱的邮票
肉铺
面包房
理发店
a woman’s bike
Children’s Day
the chemist’s
Doctor’s degree
a week’s holiday
ten-dollar’s worth of stamps
the butcher’s
the baker’s
the barber’s
李磊家
她头发的颜色
一张我妈妈的相片
我的一个朋友
I did it for friendship’s sake
She was at her wit’s end. Li Lei’s
the colour of her hair
a picture of my mother’s
a friend of mine
我是出于友谊而做这件事的.
她已经江朗才尽.
三.名词在句子中的作用名词在句子中的作用
名词作定语和形容词作定语不同
名词作主语和谓语一致问题 1. 名词在句子中的作用指出下列句子中名词的作用
The train is approaching.
She became my closest friend.
He speaks good English.
I did it for the country.主语表语宾语介词宾语6. She made a paper flower.
7. Here is my sister’s address.
8. They have great concern for us students.
9. Take a seat, Miss Lake.
10. The meeting lasted an hour.
11. We made him our monitor.定语定语同位语呼语状语宾语补足语2. 名词作定语和形容词作定语不同比较下列名词和形容词作定语的不同
gold coins golden sunshine
heart trouble hearty welcome
silver dollar silvery hair
snow mountain snowy table-cloth
press conference family planning 3. 名词作主语和谓语一致问题 1) 集合名词: family team class group
audience committee government …
2) many a student 和 more than a student
单数谓语
3) every/each/no boy and every/each/no girl
wants to go there.
4) 以s 结尾的一些词作主语economics, physics
news, politics, mathematics, statistics 跟单数
谓语课件40张PPT。
名词名词的分类可数名词变复数注意事项不可数名词
名词的格
名词的分类
可数名词 不可数名词集体名词个体名词物质名词抽象名词普通名词专有名词teacher, bus,….. people, crew,….rice, air,water,…knowledge, friendship名词 China, Bill Gates, the Great Wall,…Proper Nouns:
指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Eg:Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Year’s Day注意:专有名词的第一个字母要大写 Common Nouns:
专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词1。Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西。可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream2. Collective Nouns: 表示由个体组成的集体。Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看。一般来说,视为整体时作单数看,突出它的成员时作复数看。Eg: His family isn’t large.Cf: His family are all music lovers.在不少情况下,集体名词后单复数动词都可以用,没什么差别。Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg: The police are looking for him. 3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的东西。Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent(清洁剂); fur; ice; paint; paper; soil一般来说,物质名词是不可数的,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况:1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份)Three beers, please. (三杯)It was a special tea. (一种)2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg: rains (雨季)snows (积雪)waters(海域)…4.Abstract Nouns: 表示一些抽象的概念。Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.多数情况下,这种名词常用于单数形式,不加任何冠词。Eg: He’s learning French for fun.I wish you good luck.有时也可以加冠词。He works hard for the welfare of the poor. After a brief peace, war broke out again. 有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。glass ( 玻璃 )
copper ( 铜 )
tin ( 锡 )
paper ( 纸 )
iron (铁 )
wood ( 木头 )
gold (金子 )
youth (青春 )
power ( 力量 )
beauty ( 美 )
pleasure( 愉快 )
relation(关系)a glass ( 玻璃杯 )
a copper ( 铜币/板 )
a tin ( 罐头,听头 )
a paper ( 报纸,证件,论文 )
an iron (熨斗 )
a wood ( 树林 )
a gold (金牌 )
a youth (年青人 )
a power ( 大国 )
a beauty ( 美人,美的东西 )
a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 )
a relation(亲戚) 英语中有许多对词,一个可数,一个不可数。a poem(一首诗 )
a machine(一台机器 )
a job(一件工作 )
a laugh(一个笑声 )
a permit(许可证 )
a garment (一件衣裳 )
a bag(case) (一件行李 )
a loaf (一只面包 )
a hair(一根头发 )poetry(诗歌总称 )
machinery(机器总称 )
work(工作 )
laughter(笑声 )
permission(允许 )
clothing(衣裳总称 )
luggage, baggage(行李 )
bread(面包 )
hair( 头发)可数名词变复数的规则变化一般在词尾加-s
以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的加-es
以辅音字母加y结尾时,把y变成i,再加-es
以f或fe结尾时,把f,fe改为v,再加es变复数的几点注意项以-o 结尾的名词加es在课本中出现的有Negro, hero, potato, tomato;其余以-o结尾的词加-s: (photo, piano, radio, bamboo,zoo, …)
有些以-f或fe结尾的词直接加-s (chief,cliff, belief, safe, gulf,roof, …)
以元音字母+y结尾的或专有名词以y结尾的直接加-s toys, Germanys, Henrys
在大写字母及大写字母的缩写形式的复数中,加-s,如:three UFOs,但A、I的复数应在其后加’s,如: There are two A’s in this word.
小写字母及数字的复数形式应加’s, 如: two 6’s three a’s
stomach----stomachs不规则变化变内部元音。如:foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women,policeman-policemen
词尾加-en或ren。如:ox-oxen,child-children
单复数相同。如:sheep,deer,aircraft,fish, steelworks, means, Chinese, Swiss, Japanese,….
汉语音译词无复数形式。(表示度量衡,币制等单位的名词)如:five yuan,six jin, two jiao“某国人”的复数形式:
单、复数相同 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss,…
词尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians,……
变man为men Englishman---Englishmen, Frenchman---Frenchmen
但:German---Germans 复合名词的复数一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law → fathers-in-law, passer-by→passers-by, looker-on→lookers-on, editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief
无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如:grown-ups, good-for-nothings(无用的人),go-betweens (中间人),look-outs(守望者)
由man,woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singers
boyfriends,girlfriends, boy students, girl students
常作复数的或复数形式表特别意义的名词:
glasses, trousers, gloves, shoes, scissors, socks, handcuffs(手铐), jeans(牛仔裤), earnings(薪水), savings(储蓄),findings(调查结果), clothes, surroundings(环境), greetings(致敬), goods, ruins, twins, resources, woods, forces(军队), arms(军火), plastics(塑料制品), manners(礼貌), greens(青菜), times(时代), sands(沙滩), works(工厂,作品)contents(内容), thanks, congratulations, tears, ashes, …..一些物质名词有时以复数形式出现,表示不同的类别。
foods (各种食物), metals(各种金属),fruits(各种水果), fertilizers(各种化肥), silks(各种丝绸),teas(各种茶)
在短语中用复数形式的名词。如:do exercises, take turns, take notes, make repairs,in high spirits, as follows, hurt one’s feelings, in rags, in dozens,make friends with…, shake hands with…,
在有些短语中,名词用单复数均可。如:make faces / a face, play jokes/a joke on sb.,have talkes/a talk with…
在有的短语中名词用单复数,意思有差别。如:have a word with sb.(同某人说句话),have words with sb.(同某人吵架)不可数名词的量的表达---“a(数词)+单位词+of ” 表个数:piece(张,片,块,份) article(件) item(条)block(大块) set(台,套)sheet(张, 块) 如:some articles of furniture, four items of news
以形状表个数: cake(块), bar(条),ear(穗), grain(粒),sheaf(捆),slice(薄片), pile(堆), loaf (块), flight(楼梯的一段), drop(滴) 如:a bar of chocolate, two ears of corn, a grain of rice
以容器表数量:cup,bowl, bucket,box,spoonful(匙)
以行为状态表数量:fit(一阵) flash(闪光,显露) ray(线) 如:a fit of anger(一阵怒火),a flash of lighting (一道闪电), a ray of hope(一线希望)有些名词作不可数名词用时表抽象概念,与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表个体事物beauty(美,美貌)---a beauty(一个美人或美物) danger(危险)—a dangerfailure(失败)—a failurehonour(光荣)—an honour(带来荣誉的人或事)must( 必须)—a must(一件必要的事或物)pity(遗憾)—a pity(一件可惜的事)(一件失败的事或一个失败的人)
(一件危险的事或一个危险的人)
service(服务)—a service(一个服务机构)success(成功)—a successsurprise(惊奇)—a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事)pleasure(乐趣)—a pleasure(一件有趣的事)worry(担心)—a worryexperience(经验)—an experience(一次经历)(一件成功的事或一个成功的人)
(一件令人担心的事或一个令人担忧的人)
名词的格英语中的名词(代词)有三个格:主格、宾格、所有格
所有格表示所有关系,修饰另一名词,作定语,它有两种形式:一种是由名词词尾加’s构成,另一种是由介词of加名词构成,前者多用来表示有生命的东西,后者多用来表示无生命的东西。
注意事项:复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加“’s”。如: his mother-in-law’s photo the editor-in-chief’s opinion
2. 末尾以s结尾的复数名词,在词尾加“’”构成所有格。如:the teachers’ books 不以s结尾的复数名词,应在词尾加“’s”,如:the children’s balls 以s结尾的单数名词的所有格有两种,加“’”或“’s”,如:my boss’/boss’s computer
3.如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在最后一个名词后加“’s”,如果是分别所有,则两个名词后都要加“’s”。如:Tom and Marry’s father, Tom’s and Marry’s fathers
4.在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的所有格时,一般省略它所修饰的名词。
at the doctor’s, at the barber’s, at Mr. Green’s, to my uncle’s, at the tailor’s5.有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加“’s”来构成所有格。today’s newspaper ten minutes’s walk China’s industry the station’s waiting-room6. 在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时,常使用双重所有格,即“of词组+所有格”结构。这种结构带有一定的感彩,表示赞美、厌恶等。
a friend of her mother’s
a few friends of Tom’s
that book of Tom’s
some daughter of Mr.Brown’s
7.名词原形直接作定语。(不表示所有关系) room number coffee cup shoe factory geography lesson colour film tooth brush power plant welcome party heart trouble food industry apple tree physics teacher
但:有的名词习惯于用复数作定语。 parents meeting(家长会) goods train(货车) sales department (销售部) sports meet(运动会) 名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)some patterns:I’ll take the risk for friendship’s sake.
She was at her wit’s end.
Now they could sing at their heart’s content.
We should get the children out of harm’s way.
We had best keep them at arm’s length.
For goodness’ sake,stop arguing.
Jane got the money’s worth out of the coat.
(为了友谊)(黔驴技穷)(很合算)(尽情地)(不受损害)(保持距离)(看在上帝的份上)(很合算)主谓一致1。语法形式上的一致(主单谓单;主复谓复)2。意义上的一致(主语形单意复,谓语用复数。Eg: people; police)(主语形复意单,谓语用单数。Eg: news;economics) 3.就近原则: either…or; neither…nor; not only…but also4. 单复数视情况而定。
1)集体名词作主语:强调整体,用单数;强调个体,用复数2)单复数同形名词作主语,按意义一致原则。Eg: means, species3)中心词是all, most, half, rest时,按意义一致原则。即主语单数意义,谓语用单数;主语复数意义,谓语用复数。
4)主语是and连接两个名词时,指一样东西,谓语单数;指两样东西,谓语复数。Eg: A knife and fork is on the table. 5)代词作主语,取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。Eg: ours, yours; such, the same; who, that, which; any, either, neither,(单独作主语,谓语单数) none, all, some, more, 6)分数,量词,half of, part of 作主语,于中心词保持一致。7)what 引导的主语从句。通常用单数;所指的具体内容为复数时,谓语用复数。8)主谓倒装,谓语与其后主语一致。5。 谓语用单数的情况。1)名词所有格之后的名词被省略。(指商店,工场,住宅等)作主语。Eg: The doctor’s, my uncle’s, the baker’s2) 中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。Eg: three years; The selected poems of Li Bai; 3) each, every, no 所修饰名词,即使以and 或逗号连接。
Eg: each boy and each girl ; every man and woman4) 主语有more than one…; many a 5) a kind of; a pair of; a series of…6) This kind of…7) The number of…8) A great deal of…; a large amount of… +un9) One and a half +可数名词复数
eg: One and a half bananas is left on the table. 10) The departed (死者)意义上指个体11) the only one of +可数名词复数+定语从句。从句中的谓语用单数。6。谓语用复数的情况。1)police,;people;cattle; militia(民兵)作主语。2)有两个部分构成的名词。(表示衣物或工具)eg: glasses; chopsticks…3)these kind of men(口语); men of this kind 作主语4) both…and…. 修饰主语5) A number of; large quantities of; large amounts of修饰主语6) the+ 形容词作主语,一般情况下7) one of the+可数名词复数+定语从句,从句中谓语动词用复数。1. Try to learn these words by heart: (通常用于复数形式的词)scissors剪刀; pants裤子; contents目录
compasses两脚规; cords灯心絨裤; arms武器
earphones耳机; pyjamas睡衣裤; ashes灰烬
scales天平; overalls工装裤; tropics热带
spectacles眼镜; braces背带; stairs楼梯
nail-clippers指甲刀;slacks便装裤; brains头脑
belongings所有物; savings积蓄; tidings消息
doings行为; writings作品; findings调查结果
五、名词的句法功能
??? 1 在句中作主语??????? This book is very useful.??????? 这本书很有用。??????? Mary is to meet you at the airport.??????? 玛丽将在机场接你。???????????2? 作表语??????? My brother is a worker.我弟弟是个工人
She is a writer.她是个作家。? 3? 作宾语或宾补??????? He finished his task on time.??????? 他按时完成了他的任务。??????? We made Tom our monitor.? 我们选汤姆为我们的班长(consider, elect, choose,think, find…)??????? 4? 作定语??????? He got three gold medals at 23rd Olympic Games.??????? 他在第二十三届奥运会上取得了三块金牌。??????? rain drops 雨点 colour film ??? 彩色电影??????? 注:名词作定语修饰名词,通常表示事物的属性、本质特征、内容、材料、目的等。这些形容词化的名词与形容词作定语在语义上有一定的区别。???????a golden medal 金色的奖牌(颜色,非材料)???????a gold medal ??????????金牌(质地材料为金子)??????a colourful dress??色彩鲜艳的女装(仅指颜色)???????a colour film ???? 彩色电影(属性为彩色的) a coffee cup a letter box
a vegetable field a car factory
??????? 5?? 作状语??????? The meeting lasted two hours.??????? 会议持续了两个小时。??????? Wait a moment. 等一会儿。??????? He was late for class this morning.??????? 今天早晨他上课迟到了。??6? 作同位语??????? Mr. Smith, our leader, is speaking now.??????? 史密斯先生,我们的领导,正在讲话。??????? We students should study hard.??????? 我们学生应该努力学习。??7? 作称呼语??????? Come here, Mary. ? 玛丽,到这儿来。??????? Good morning,? ladies and gentlemen.??????? 女士们,先生们,早上好。
例题1. I wrote a letter to show my ___ of his thoughtfulness. A. achievement B. agreement
C. attention D. appreciation
2. We all know that ___ speak louder than words.
A. movements B. performances
C. operations D. action
3. The new law will come into___ on the day it is passed.
A. effect B. use C. service D. existence
4. You will find this map of great _____ in helping you get round London.
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulnessD
DCA5.My parents always let me have my ____ of living.
A. way B.method C. manner D. fashion
6.---- Who did you spend last weekend with?
---- _______.
A. Palmer’s B. The Palmers’
C. The Palmers D. The Palmer’s
7. I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible.Just have a little _______.
A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest
ACC8. ____ of Mrs White’s came back home yesterday. She had been in the United States for years.
A. A daughter B. The daughter
C. Her daughter D. daughter
9.He gained his ____ by printing____ of famous writers.
A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works10. It will be ____ to jump into the lake to have a swim on a hot summer day.
A. fun B. a fun C. funny D. the fun______________________________________