2006年广东地区英语科动词进行时态资料
第九章 动词的进行时态
一、 现在进行时
1. 含义
现在进行时表示说话此时或现阶段正进行的行为.
2. 结构
由助动词de的一般现在时形式am(is, are)+ 现在分词构成.
3. 用法
(1) 表示现刻的行为:表示说话此刻正进行的行为,句中可有now, at the moment等时间状语,也可无表示现刻时间的状语.如:It is cold now, so she is not wearing a skirt.
(2) 表示现阶段的行为:表示现阶段正在进行(但说话此刻不一定在进行)的行为,句中可有now, these days(years,…)this week(year,…)等时间状语,也可无此类状语.
如:How are you doing at school this term
(3) 表示经常反复的行为:表示在现阶段经常反复发生的行为, 常带有某种感彩(或褒或贬),句中常有always, constantly, continually, forever等时间状语. 如:You are constantly changing your minds.
(4) 表示将来的行为: 表示按计划,安排在最近的将来要发生的行为, 此时动词多为表示行止往返(如:go, come, leave, arrive等), 以及其他许多动词(如:do, finish, retire, spend, send等);句中多有表示将来时间的时间状语.
如:The plane is taking off at 10:30 a.m.
4. 不能用于进行时态的动词
有的动词不是表示动作,而是表示状态,不能用于进行时态(但有的用于别的语义时可以), 如:表示心理状态者:believe, know, think, understand, want, wish等;表示感情状态者:hate, like, love, mind, prefer等;表示事物关系者:have, cost, exist, include, matter, own, seem, belong to , depend for等;表示不自觉的五官感觉者:hear, see, smell, taste,等等.
5. 现在分词的构成
(1) 一般动词直接加-ing (如以不发音的e结尾,先去掉e再加-ing).
如:exist-existing come-coming
(2) 以单元音字母构成的重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母(x除外)的动词先双写末尾辅音字母,再加-ing.
如:win-winning begin-beginning
但:mix-mixing kick-kicking
explain-explaining
(3) 特殊情况:
1)quarrel-quarrel(l)ing travel-travel(l)ing
program-program(m)ing picnic-picnicking
2)die-dying lie-lying tie-tying
二、 过去进行时
1. 含义
过去进行时表示过去某时刻或某阶段正进行的行为.
2. 结构
由助动词be的一般过去时形式was (were)+现在分词构成.
3. 过去进行时的用法
(1)表示过去某一时刻正进行的行为:此时句中常有表示过去该时刻的时间状语,但也可无这种状语;可用来铺垫故事发生的背景.
如:Was he reading a newspaper in the reading Croom at the time
(2)表示过去某一阶段正进行的行为:此时强调行
为的持续性,句中常有表示过去该时段的时间
状语,但也可无这种状语.
如:They were not traveling in Europe, but in Africa last summer.
(3)表示过去经常反复的行为:此时往往带有某种
感彩(或褒或贬),句中常有always, constantly, continually, forever等时间状语.
如:The old lady was always talking to herself.
(4)表示对过去的为未来的打算或安排:此时多有表示这一过去将来时间的时间状语(以免误解为过去正进行的行为)。
Bob said he was leaving to join the army the next day.
(5)虚拟用法:表示现在或将来臆想的或非真实的情况,多用与某些句型中。
如:If you were living here, you would have the same feeling as ours now.2006年广东地区英语科动词被动语态资料
第十一章 被动语态和虚拟语气
第一节 被动语态
一、复习旧课,讲评所做的练习
二、导入新课:
语态是表示句子的主语和谓语动词行为之间关系的动词形式。英语的语态分为两种:主动语态和被动语态。
1. 主动语态表示主语是谓语动词行为的发出者。如:
He killed the animal. 他杀死了那动物。
2.被动语态表示主语是谓语动词行为的承受者。如:
The animal was killed. 那动物被杀死了。
不及物动词一般不能用于被动语态;及物动词则一般都能用于被动语态,但也有一些不可,如:fit , have , hold (容纳), lack , own , suit 等等。
知识要点
1.被动语态的构成:
被动语态通常由助动词be+过去分词构成,行为的发出者可由介词by引出。如:
Houses are built by builders .
房子是建筑工人盖的。
主动语态和被动语态的转换
通常是将宾语变为主语,谓语动词变为被动式,主语变为介词by的宾语,其他成分一般保留不变(参见以下各例)。
如:Builders build houses. 建筑工人盖房子.
Houses are built by builders. 房子是建筑工人盖的。
如:We can trust her . 我们可以信任她。
She can be trusted ( by us ) . 她可以(让我们)信任.
2.被动语态的时态
被动语态的时态由助动词be的各种时态形式+过去分词构成,常用者如下:
(1)、一般现在时。如:
My car is parked near our house. (I park my car near our house . )
我的车存在我家附近。
(2)、一般过去时。如:
The wall was painted white . ( He painted the wall white . )
墙油成了白色的。
(3)、一般将来时。如:
He will be offered a high pay . ( They will offer him a high pay .)
将会给他高报酬。
双宾语及物动词变被动语态时可用间接宾语做主语(如上例),也可用直接宾语做主语(注意介词的使用)。如:
A high pay will be offered to him .
(4)、现在进行时。如:
The child is being taken good care of . ( They are taking good care of the child .)
那孩子正在受到精心照料。
“动词+名词+介词”构成的成语结构变被动语态时可用句子宾语做主语(如上例),也可用该成语结构中的名词做主语。如:
Good care is being taken of the child .
(5)、现在完成时。如:
The boy has been made to work long .
( She has made the boy work long . 那男孩已被迫工作很长时间了。)
接不带to的不定式短语做宾语补足语的动词,如:see , hear , observe , notice ,
make , have 等,若变为被动语态,不定式前通常要加to ,否则是错误的。
四. 被动语态的使用
被动语态多用于书面语体,口语中不常用。使用被动语态通常出于下列原因:
(1)、当叙述的中心是行为的对象而不是行为者时。如:
Meat shoule always be kept cool .
肉应该总是保存在低温下。
(2)、当不知道、不容易指出、或不必要指出行为者时。如:
His car was stolen last night . 他的车子昨天夜里被窃了。
(3)、当要强调行为者时(此时用 by 短语)。如:
The book was written by a college student .这本书是一个大学生写的。
(4)、当为了行文方便(如为了避免变换主语、行为者带有较长修饰语等)时。
如:He arrived late and was showed to the last row .
他到晚了,被领到最后一排。
第 二 节 虚拟语气
一. 语气(mood)是表示说话人对谓语动词行为的态度的动词形式。英语的语气分为三种:
1、陈述语气--陈述事实,用于陈述句、疑问句。如:
Everyone is careful . 人人都小心。
2、祈使语气--表示命令、请求等,用于祈使句。如:
Be careful , everyone !
3、虚拟语气--表示并非事实的假设、主观愿望。如:
She demanded that everyone be careful.
她要求人人要小心。
She wishes that everyone were careful.
她真希望人人都能小心。
二.虚拟语气分为两种:be型和were型。
知识要点
be型虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气无人称、数和时间之别,一律用动词原形;多见于美国英语,英国英语中则主要用于正式文体(非正式文体中常用should+动词原形代替)。主要用于下列情况:
1、宾语从句中:当主句谓语动词为command,suggest,demand,insist,order,require等表示要求、建议等时(可用should+动词原形代替;参见第十八章第四节“宾语从句”)。如:
He ordered that they (should) stay where they were.
他命令他们呆在原地。
2表语从句中:当主句主语为command , suggestion , demand ,order 等(与1中动词同词根)以及idea , plan 等时(可用should + 动词原形代替;参见第十八章第二节“表语从句”)。如:
His order was that they (should ) stay where they were .
他的命令是他们呆在原地。
3.同位语从句中:当其前为command , suggestion , demand , order 等(与1中动词同词根)以及idea 等时(可用should + 动词原形代替;参见第十八章第五节“同位语从句”)。如:
They received the order that they (should ) stay where they were.
他们得到命令让他们呆在原地。
4.主语从句中:主句It is ...中含command , suggest , demand , order , require 等动词的过去分词或better , necessary , important 等形容词时(参见第十八章第一节“主语从句”)
如:
It was ordered that they (should ) stay where they were .
命令他们呆在原地。
It is necessary that they ( should ) stay where they were .
他们有必要呆在原地。
主句 It is ...中含interesting , natural , normal , possible , strange , surprising 等形容词和
pity shame , ( no ) surprise 等名词用以表示惊讶、惋惜、遗憾等语义时,其后的主语从句
中用should + 动词原形(参见第十八章第一节“主语从句”),不可用be型虚拟语气。
如:
It is strange that they shoulfd stay where they were.
很奇怪,他们竟然呆在原地。
此时,若无惊讶、惋惜、遗憾等语义仅指事实,主语从句中也可用陈述语气。如:
It is strange that they stay where they are.
很奇怪,他们呆在原地。
二.were型虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气表示并非事实的假设和主观愿望,多用于正式文件。动词be用were(但越来越被陈述语气形式was所取代,仅If I were you 中必须were),其他动词用其各种过去时形式(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时--参见相关章节)。主要用于下列情况:
1、在虚拟条件句中:
1)表示与现在事实相反的假设——从句中用were或其他动词的一般过去时、过去进行时:主句中用should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+动词原形。如:
If you knew everything, you would not be so angry with him.
你如果了解全部情况,就不会这么生他的气了。
If he were still staying here , he might see all this.
他如果现在还呆在这里,也许就会看见这一切。
2)表示与过去事实相反的假设——从句中用过去现在时:主句中用should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+have+动词的过去分词。如:
If I had known his number , I might have telephoned him yesterday.
我要是知道他的号码,昨天也许就给他打电话了。
3)表示将来不大可能实现的假设——从句中用were或其他动词的一般过去时、were/ was/ to+动词原形;主句中用should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+动词原形。如:
If he had enough money next year, he might go abroad soon.
他明年要是有足够的钱,也许马上就出国。
If the sun stopped shining some day, living things couldn’t live.
如果太阳有朝一日不再照耀,生物就无法生存了。
If he were to hear you talking, he would think you were mad.
他要是听见你说,就会认为你是疯了。
4)如果if从句的谓语动词为were、had或含有were、had时,if可省去,而将were或had挪至句首,形成倒装句。(试与上面例句对比)如:
Were he still staying here, he might see all this.
Had I known his number, I might have telephoned him yesterday.
Had they enough money, they might go abroad soon.
Were he to hear you talking, he would think you were mad.
5)虚拟的条件有时不if从句而是由某些介词短语或通过上下文表示。如:
I caught her by the hand Otherwise she would have fallen into the sea.
我抓住了她们的手,要不她就掉进海里去了。
She would have failed without your advice .
没有你的忠告他就失败了。
But for the safety-belt , I wouldn't be alive today .
要不是那条安全带,我今天就不会活着了。
You could have done better in my place.
你要是处在我和位置可能比我干得好。
2、在表示祈愿的动词wish后:
The boy wishes he had wings.
那男孩真希望有翅膀。
How she wishes she hadn't left home !
她真希望她没有离开家。
3、在表示祈愿的if only 后:
If only I knew how to do it .
我要是知道如何做这件事该多好啊。
If only they hadn't made such a mistake .
他们要是没有犯这样一个错误该多好啊。
4、在as if , as though 引导的从句中(此时也可用陈述语气):
She acts as though she knew everybody there .
她那样子就好像她认识这里的每一个人似的。
He talked about the moon as though he had been there .
他讲起月亮来就好像他去过似的。
5、在It 's time 结构后:
It 's high time you left home for work .
你真该离家去上班了。
6、在’d rather后:
We 'd rather you lived far away from us .
我们宁愿你住得离我们远远的。
We 'd rather we hadn't been there before .
我们宁愿以前没有去过那里。
三、练习 Finish off ExⅠ.Ⅱ.Ⅲ and Ⅳ 并讲解 .
四、小结1. 被动语态 2. 和虚拟语气
五.作业:Finish off the other exercises .