module 3 unit 4 astronomy: the science of the stars全单元教案[下学期]
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| 名称 | module 3 unit 4 astronomy: the science of the stars全单元教案[下学期] |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2007-03-13 23:42:00 | ||
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文档简介
Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
Contents 目录
一、单元教学目标和要求(Teaching aims and demands)
二、教材内容分析(Analysis of the teaching materials)
三、单元预习任务(Pre-unit task）
四、教学安排(Teaching arrangements)
五、教学步骤 (Teaching procedures)
六、背景参考资料(Background knowledge)
七、评价与反思(Assessment and reflection)
临海市回浦中学 蒋会华 马光彩 吴超玲
1、 教学目标和要求(Teaching aims and demands)
根据《英语新课程标准》（实验稿）关于总目标的具体描述，结合高一学生实际和教材内容，我们将教学目标分为语言知识、语言技能、学习策略、情感态度、文化意识五个方面。
1． 语言知识 （Knowledge）
词汇（Vocabulary）：
能理解、内化、运用以下生词--atmosphere, violent--violence, solid, explode, oxygen, surface, planet, harmful—harm, development—develop, spread, method, presence, telescope, disappointed, force, gradually, float, mass,
短语(Phrases and expressions)：
the solar system, in time, carbon dioxide, prevent… from, depend on, cheer up, now that, break out,
功能(Functions)：学习掌握一些用于陈述问题及给予意见的结构，如：
My problem/ trouble is…… The difficulty / question is…
My advice/ suggestion is… What I think about it is…
Please pay attention to… Make sure you …
Watch out for…
语法(Grammar)：掌握和运用主语从句。如：
1. What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation.
2. Why there is gravity is hard to understand.
2．语言技能 (Skills)
听：能通过听前预测，抓关键词来捕捉特定信息从而听懂理解文章。
说：能熟练掌握与话题相关的常用词汇与表达，如：如何通过英语来正确客观地表述问题及给予意见，同时使学生能就话题较好地完成一些开放性话题，以提高在真实语境中的英语交际能力。
读：获取关于astronomy的相关信息,且进行skimming, scanning, careful reading, generalization; inference等阅读微技能训练。
写：能通过输入对本单元内容有一个较好的输出。
3学习策略(Strategy)：
学生能在一定程度上形成合作学习、自主学习、有效交际、信息处理和英语思维的能力。如：培养学生使用图书馆、网络查阅有关星球的资料。
4．情感态度(Affect)：
(1) 让学生了解生命的起源，增强其保护地球的意识。
(1) 培养学生正确的阅读观，和良好的阅读习惯，加强其自主阅读的能力。
(1) 培养学生科学探索的精神。
(1) 培养学生合作和共享的学习态度。
5文化意识 (Cultural awareness)：
通过学生自主探究来认识各国对太空，对星球的研究，以及他们对世界航天事业不同的影响。
2、 教材内容分析（Analysis of the teaching materials）
“热身”(Warming up)部分共有三组问题，第一组问题引导学生讨论什么是边缘科学（frontier science），即以两种或多种学科为基础而发展起来的科学。如，生物化学是以生物和化学发展起来的科学。第二组问题探讨科学研究的方法。第三组问题引导学生要成为真正科学家所必须掌握的技能。
“读前”（Pre—reading）部分主要是让学生弄清楚什么是科学思想，什么是宗教信仰或文化传统。学生总喜欢听故事或者讲故事，在探讨生命起源之前，让学生探讨一下关于宇宙起源的种种传说，既有趣味性，又能调动学生的相关知识，激发他们的思维。
“阅读”（Reading）部分讲述了地球生命的起源，水的形成使得地球有别于其他星球，它使得地球上生命的诞生成为可能。科学家认为，地球上的生命首先诞生于水中，然后通过上百万年后，陆地上才长出绿色植物，然后出现陆栖动物和水陆两栖动物。最初的动物靠孵化繁衍后代，后来出现了哺乳动物，人类也随之产生了。文章最后讲述的现象发人省醒：The earth may become too hot for the lives on it.它关系到地球上生命的未来。
“理解”（Comprehending）部分通过四个选择体检测学生对本文核心问题的理解：地球上生命的起源和延续需要哪些条件？随后通过排序的方式帮助学生理解本文的行文线索，也就是地球上生命起源和发展历程。最后提出两个问题，考察学生深层理解和推断能力。
“语言学习”（Learning about language）部分首先通过英文解释帮助理解课文中的生词，然后通过短文填空，词语分类的形式将这些词语运用到相关的语境当中。语法部分也是通过先发现后应用的学习方法。先通过课文中找句子，让学生认识主语从句，然后设置一个用手机发短信息的情景，让学生进行简单句与主语从句之间的转换练习。最后设置情景来复习第三单元出现过的表语从句。
“语言运用”（Using language）部分训练听说读写的能力。听力部分介绍三位科学巨匠，不仅通过填表的形式训练学生捕捉细节的能力，还通过四选一的形式帮助学生找主题思想。在解释对与错的过程当中，老师可以适当地介绍一下概括主题的方法。阅读部分是一个科幻小故事，通过“我”和“我的朋友”乘坐宇宙飞船登月球的经历，介绍了重量，失重和地球引力等科学道理。说和写部分以“Visiting the moon”为话题，要求学生讨论登月球要携带的物品，月球上可能会碰到的困难，以及找出解决这些困难的办法。教师可以根据课本上的提示，向学生介绍“先分述后总结”的写作方法。提出问题的解决方案时，要求学生使用适当的“指示”用语。
“小结”（Summary up）部分要求学生就内容，生词和习惯用语以及语法结构方面进行总结。
“学习建议”（Learning tip）部分要求学生运用诸如百科全书，互联网络等资源，进一步探索宇宙的奥秘。并通过记日记，看新闻的方式了解最新研究与发现。晚上，遥望星空感受一下宇宙的魅力。
本单元所涉及的要点有：
1．了解边缘科学，地球上生命的起源，了解万有引力，黑洞和太空旅行等天文学知识。培养学生对科学的兴趣，激发学生探究科学的热情。
2．了解作者的写作特点，培养学生的创作性思维，为学生开拓广阔的想象空间。
3．学会在日常交际中正确地使用指示语。
4．掌握名词性从句中主语从句的用法。
三、单元预习任务（Pre-unit task）
1. 根据本单元教学目标和要求，了解本单元话题和任务，充分做好课前预习工作。
2. 预习语言知识，包括词汇表里的词汇和扩展词汇，掌握词义、发音、词性以及其基本用法。鼓励学生勤查字典。
3. 多渠道（如报刊、杂志、网络等等）查阅并了解与本单元话题有关的背景知识和材料。
第一课时前：
1、 根据教学目标和要求，了解本课时的话题和任务，预习课文的语言知识，包括词汇表里的词汇和短语，以及课外提供的扩展词汇，掌握词义、发音、词性以及基本用法。鼓励学生勤查字典。
2、 预习阅读材料，掌握文章的中心思想和基本脉络。
3、 通过报刊、杂志、网络等途径，多渠道查阅并了解与阅读材料相关的信息资料和背景知识，做好充分的课前预习工作。
（学生可以通过以下问题来自我检查预习情况）
Questionnaire:
1.What does astronomy deal with
2.What do we call people who study astronomy
3.How did the universe come into being
4.Can you name the eight planets
5.Do you know the solar system in the universe What is it made up of？
6.How did life come into being on the earth
第二课时前：
1、 复习阅读课文，预习所给的词汇、相关星球知识等材料；
2、 预习Using language.
第三课时前：
1、 预习所给的词汇，和相关知识。
2、 查找并阅读一篇关于黑洞的文章。
第四课时前：
1、预习语言点和语法点。
第五课时前：
1、 复习上一课时所学的语言点和语法。
2、 通过本单元的输入，罗列写故事的写作方法。
四、教学安排(Teaching arrangements)
本教学安排根据“LARA教学原则”，对教材进行大胆的删除（L – leave out）、 修补（A – Amending）、替换（R – Replace）、增添（A – Add），灵活的将教材为我所用。新教材在选材和教学活动的设计上充分考虑到学生年龄特征和他们生理和心理发展的需要；在采用话题、功能、结构相结合的教学方法的基础上，设计了“任务型”的活动；对英语语言知识和技能训练作了系统的安排，循序渐进，循环反复，有利于学生构建知识系统；注意培养创新精神，提高实践能力。但新教材也应与学生的实际相结合，我们不能全盘照搬。同时在教学过程中，为了对教学有个即使的反馈和有效的改进，我们还进行了“形成性评价”。
本单元的语言技能和语言知识几乎都围绕“The science of the stars”这一中心话题设计的。我们根据本单元实际情况对教材的课时安排作了一些调整，尤其是学生用书(Student’s Book)和作业本(Workbook)有机结合。整个单元的备课思路是这样的：
从天文学谈到地球（地球上生命的起源，如何去保护地球）----其他星球及太空物质（月球及黑洞）----去太空旅行的目的，可能会碰到哪些困难，需要做哪些准备---科学家进行探索需要准备什么以及需要怎样的素质。因此，具体安排是这样的：
Period one: Warming up and reading
Period two: Using language and reading(wb)
Period three: Listening, talking, listening and writing
Period four: Grammar
Period five: Language Point
这样要说明的是我们在第二三课时教学中，特别穿插了对写作的辅导，符合了先输入后输出的教学理念。
五、教学步骤 (Teaching procedures)
Period 1 Warming up & Reading
Step 1 Warming up & lead in
1. Talk about science subjects
T: Good morning/afternoon, everyone. What class do you have today
S1: Maths, English, Chinese, physics, history, and geology.
T: What other subjects do you have in school
S2: Computer, chemistry, biology, music, PE, and politics.
T: Which is your favourite Why
S3: My favourite one is …because it’s very interesting/exciting/instructive/…
S4: I like …best because …
T: Which ones are science subjects
S5: Physics, chemistry, biology, geology and mathematics.
T: All these subjects play an important role in the study of science. What subjects are used to study medicine How about biochemistry What about geophysics What subjects are part of astronomy
S6: … S7: … S8: … S9: …
T: What does astronomy deal with
S10: Astronomy is the scientific study of the universe and the heaven bodies (such as the sun, moon, and stars), gas, and dust within it.
T: What do we call people who study astronomy
S11: Astronomer.
2. Talk about universe and solar system
T: Let’s follow this astronomer to learn about universe. How did the universe come into being
S12: After the “Big Bang”, the universe came into being.
T: Do you know the solar system in the universe What is it made up of
S13: The solar system contains eight planets and many comets and other objects.
(Note：According to the present day scientific study, there are only eight planets, with the Pluto excluded.)
T: Can you name the eight planets
S14: The Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
T: Which planet do we live on Can you describe what it looks like
S15: Earth. It supports a variety of life and 70% of the earth is covered with seas or oceans.
T: Is there life on other planets
S16: Not yet.
T: Why does life only exist on the earth
S17: Because there is air and water on the earth.
T: Right, there is a famous saying “Water is the headspring of life”. But how did the water appear on the earth If you want to get the correct answer, please read the passage on P25. It will tell you.
Step 2 Reading
1. Get the Ss to go through Paragraph 1 on P 25 and find the answers to the following questions
Qs: ① What did the earth look like after the “Big Bang” (a cloud of energetic dust)
② How did the earth change afterwards (…combine into a solid ball)
③ What happened to the ball (explode…make the earth’s atmosphere)
④ How did the water begin to appear （cool down）
⑤ Did water stay on the other planets or satellites (disappear)
⑥ Water was important for the beginning of life. How did water make life develop (dissolve harmful gases into …)
T: With water, life began and developed on the earth. How did life develop through history
2. Make the Ss read paragraphs 2-3 and finish the following chart.
A cloud of dust →a solid ball →presence of water →small plants grow on the water→ shellfish and other fish appear →plants begin to grow on dry land→ insects and amphibians appear→ retiles appear →dinosaurs appear→ mammals appear
Q: Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals
(Plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.)
3. Retell
Suppose you are Dr. … who studies astronomy. You are invited to give a speech to the school students about the development of life on “Earth Day” (April 22nd).
Good morning/afternoon. I am Dr…. I am greatly honored to be here to give you a speech about the development of life”. …
4. Let the Ss read paragraph 4 and think over the problems caused by humans to the earth.
T: Earth is home to us the living things. We ought to take good care of it. Do we human beings look after the earth well What problems have been caused by humans to the earth
(air/water/earth pollution, global warming, desertification, endangered wildlife…)
Step 3 Activities
1. Activity 1: We make our home earth in danger. If we still keep doing damage to the earth, we will be homeless one day. It is time we took action and protected it. Discuss in groups “ How to protect our earth and make it a better place to live on ”
2. Activity 2: Suppose you are to design an activity for your school on Earth Day, which is intended to call on teachers and students to protect the earth. Work in groups and choose a reporter of your group to report your work. The following points should be included in the report of your activity.
What the activity is about
Why the activity is designed
When and where to do the activity
Who takes part in the activity
What to be done in the activity
…
Step4 Homework:
1. Search the Internet for the information of the development of life.
2. Read and learn good words, phrases or structures from Reading.
Period 2 Using language $ Reading task
Step1. Lead in
T: We have learnt a lot about astronomy, have you got interested in it If you are going to study astronomy, what problem will you face most
S2:Gravity.
T: What is gravity
S3: Everything will fall back to the earth if it is dropped or thrown away. The pull of the earth is called gravity.
T: Quite right. Who first got the idea of gravity
S4: Isaac Newton.
T: How did he get the idea
S5: One day he was sitting under the tree. He saw an apple fall, which made him get the idea. Besides Newton, are there any other scientists who made a great contribution to the idea of gravity
S6: Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking.
T: How did each of them think of gravity Or did they share the same idea of gravity Come on, the tape will tell you.
Step 2 Listening
1. Listen to the tape and choose the best main idea of the listening passage (Ex.2 P30).
Main idea: ① I heard about how three men made mistakes when they tried to describe gravity.
② I heard about how three men wanted to find out about the beginning of the universe.
③ I heard about how the idea of gravity has developed over a long period of time.
④ I heard about three scientists and their work.
The best answer : ③
2. Listen to the tape again and fill in the chart in Ex. 1 on P30.
Isaac Newton Albert Einstein Stephen Hawking
Dates 1642-1727 1879-1955 1942-
Idea Everything is affected by a force called gravity Gravity is connected to time and space “Black holes” “eat” objects but also “spit” them out
Other information It was only about the earth It was about the universe It was about things found in the universe called “black holes”
(Note: Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape — not even light. So we can’t see a black hole. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space - or so we think.)
Step3.Reading
1. Fast reading
T: All the three great scientists Newton, Einstein and Hawking played an important role in the development of ideas of gravity. Would you like to know more about gravity
Ss: Yes.
T: Is the moon’s gravity the same as that of the earth
S1: No.
T: Read fast to see how many times would the force of gravity change
S2: Three.
2.Careful reading
T: What are the three times How would the force of gravity change
And how did our weight change
Leave the earth Very strong Very heavy
In space Disappeared Floated weightlessly
On the moon Very light The mass will be less
3.Summary
T: Good! I am sure you must know more about the gravity. Suppose you are asked to make a summary about the trip, will you try You only need to fill the blacks and the first word has been given.
Last month I visited the moon with my friend. Before we left, I was told the force of gravity____ would change three times on our journey. Then we took off. As we left the earth, I became very heavy__. Gradually the weight lessened_. When I was in space, it disappeared___. We floated__ weightlessly in the cabin and I cheered up__. When I was on the moon, I was surprised to find out even walking needs lots of practice now that_ gravity changed. The returning of the earth was very frightening__. We were amazed to watch fire break out__ on the outside of the ship.
Step4. Reading task
T：Great! But just imagine that the moon has great gravity, then what will happen
S3: It will pull us.
T: Right, maybe when we are approaching it, we will be caught in it. So let’s come to the black hole.
T: What are in the black hole
S: A large circle of lights going round an empty space.
T: What is the circle of lights
S: Large stars.
T: What is the empty space like
S: It looks like a mouth needing to be fed.
T: How did they feel
S: They watched in shock and amazement as a large sun suddenly disappeared into the hole.
T: So what did they decide to do
S: They decided to turn the spaceship away from the hole .
T: What was happening
S: not move--- jump and move around the edge of the outside of the hole--- pulling us slowly into its “mouth”--- go faster and faster.
T: What did the author feel
S: feel sick, the watch moves slower and slower, my mouth dry, close my eyes.
T: It seemed that they would be caught by the gravity of a “black hole”.
But what happened later
S: jump again--- increase its speed--- as fast as light--- flew like a bird.
T: This time, how was the author affected
S: was bumped and banged--- able to look around us--- the computer started working again.
T: What did the author feel
S: Exciting.
T: Why
S: They realized that they had discovered something new about “black hole”---- They “eat’ some objects but “spit” other objects out.
Step5. Homework
1. Search for more about the black hole.
2. Read these two passages again to find out how to organize a story.
Period 3 listening task, talking, listening and writing
Step1. Lead in
T: We learn so much about Li Yanping’s trip, do you know why did he go to space
S1: To do research in astronomy.
S2: Just to enjoy himself.
S3:…
Step2. listening
T: So let’s listen to Professor Walli’s interview with Li Yanping about his space walk. Then try to answer the question.
Why did Li Yanping have his first space walk
A. To collect data for his research on gravity.
B. To test the function of the new spacesuit.
C. To make the Hubble telescope work again.
Step3.Discussion
T: Was it easy for him to make the Hubble telescope work again What difficulty would he meet
Discuss in groups, and try to share your ideas.
Ss: The change of gravity, temperature, no food, no water, no oxygen…
T: In order to solve these problems, what should an astronomer bring
Ss: food, oxygen can, water, boots…
Step4. Second Listening
T： Listen to the tape again. Pick out the information and draw lines from the list to where the things are on the suit of the astronaut.
1. Oxygen can 2. Water system 3 . Gravity boots
4. Left engine 5. Right engine 6. Tool kit
Step5. Talking
T: So as an astronomer, he should be well prepared before starting, right
Ss: Yes.
T: What should he pay attention to when getting ready
What are the dos and don’ts
Try to use these expressions to make up a set of instructions.
Please look at/ listen to… Please check that… You need…
Please pay attention to… Don’t forget to… You’d better…
Make sure you… Watch out for… You must(n’t)…
Step6. Pre-listening
T: Actually, an astronaut should be careful in his preparation and remember all these instructions. By the way, Our country has many famous astronomers and China has made great efforts and contribution in astronomy.
Qs: Do you remember the manned spacecrafts Shenzhou 5 and 6
When were they launched
Who took them (Astronauts/Taikonauts: Yang Liwei (Shenzhou 5); Fei Junlong & Nei Haisheng (Shenzhou 6))
When were they launched
How long was the manned spaceflight mission
Spacecraft Shenzhou 5 Shenzhou 6
When October 15, 2003 October 12, 2005
Who Yang Liwei Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng
How long 21 hours and 23 minutes 5 days
(Note: ShenZhou-5 is the first manned spaceflight mission launched by China on 15 October 2003, following four unmanned experimental missions between 1999 and 2002. ShenZhou-5 spaceship carried astronaut YANG Liwei into earth orbit and made China one of only countries (after Russia and the U.S.) in the world to independently launch a human into space. The spaceship’s re-entry capsule landed safely 21 hours after the launch at the landing site in Inner Mongolia.)
T gets the Ss to watch a TV programme about the journey to space.
T: It must be an exciting experience for the astronauts Yang Liwei, Fei Junlong and Nei Haisheng to take a trip into space. They are lucky enough to be chosen. Not all the pilots can be chosen to take a space trip. What kind of standards do you think they should reach
S: …
Step7. Listening
T: Now let’s follow the reporter Mr. Renault to have an interview with Yang Liwei.
1. Listen to the tape and finish Ex. 1 on P62.
1) Yang Liwei became an astronaut by chance. F
2) Nobody over 170cm can be an astronaut. F
3) Yang Liwei trained for 10 years to become a pilot. T
4) If Yang Liwei had problems in space, there were ways to save him. T
5) China is the third country to send people into space just like Russia and the USA. T
6) Yang Liwei thinks he was lucky to China’s first man in space. T
2. Listen to the tape again and finish the chart in Ex. 2 on P62
Information on Yang Liwei, the astronaut
The exams he passed Excellent degree and 10 years’ training
Experience Pilot for the air force of the PLA
Physical qualities Smaller than 170cm; less than 70 kg
Personal qualities Calm, mature, hard-working
Step8. Discussion
1.Why is it important to be calm as an astronaut
2 What have you learnt from the great scientist
3.What qualities should a scientist have
(creative, hard-working, confident, brave, determined, devoted, intelligent, knowledgeable, careful, patient, strong-willed…)
3. Do you want to be a Chinese man or woman astronaut or scientist If you want to, what should you do now in preparation
Step9 writing
T： To get Ss to summary how to write an outline.
So from this class, do you know what we will meet on the moon
Brainstorming for writing
When, where, who, why , what are the problems and how to solve.
How to write an outline
Step10. Homework:
1. Search more information about Shenzhou 5 and 6.
2. Read and learn good words or phrases learnt in class.
Period4. Grammar: Noun Clause used as the subject
T: Can you find the following sentence in the reading passage
What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.
In this sentence a noun clause is used as the subject.
Please pick out three more sentences with subject clauses from the reading passage.
1. because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.
2. What scientists think is that the earth was different because of …
3. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on …
P64 USING STRUCTURE
Do you know where we come from How did the universe begin Read the passage and try to understand how Stephen Hawking solved the problems
1. What has attracted Stephen Hawking all his life
What the universe is like has attracted him.
2. Does he think it simple to answer the questions What’s his opinion
No. The answers have always well beyond our reach
3. What have we discovered about the universe, past and present
Milky Way galaxy; billions of galaxies, in a universe that is infinite and expanding; big bang; black hole; a dark matter; a possible Big Crunch.
4.How can we have a complete picture of the universe
Learning to understand what we see.
做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称主语从句，引导主语从句的有从属连词that, whether， 连接代词who, what, which， 连接副词when, where, how, why等。
1. 连接词：
1）从属连词：that， whether等.
that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。
That she left him cut him to the heart.
That he will come is certain.
由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。
Whether it will please them is not easy to say.
Whether she’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
2)连接代词who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever
What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.
Which side will win is not clear.
3)连接副词when，where， how， why等。
Why he did it remains a mystery.
When they will start is not known yet.
How he became a great scientist is known to us all.
2.位置： 主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，常用下面几种句型。
1）It + be + 表语 +主语从句
表语：（名词， 形容词，过去分词）
It is a pity that we can’t go.
It is no surprise that our team should have won the game.
It is an honour that I was invited to attend the meeting.
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
It is true that I told her everything.
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
It is reported that China has sent another manmade earth satellite into orbit.
2）It+不及物动词或短语+主语从句
It seemed (happened, doesn’t matter, has turned out) that…
It happens that they were absent.
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.
3) It +及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句
It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.
注意:
1） 主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词that可以省略。
误：They should like each other is natural.
正：That they should like each other is natural.
正：It is natural that they should like each other.
2)如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引导，但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导.
误：If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.
正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.
Period 5 Language points
for Reading (P25)
1. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to
slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.
1) _________________（使大家吃惊的是）is that he didn’t come to the meeting.
(What surprised everybody)
2) _________________（他所做的）added to our difficulty.
(What he did)
3) _____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have.
A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what
4) _____ made the school proud was _____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A. What; because B. What; that; C. That; what D. That; because
2.The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.
问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续下去。
n. 固体 solid, liquid, gas
adj. 固体的；实心的,无空隙的；结实的，坚固的
solid fuels solid food a solid sphere solid furniture
a man of solid build
1) Matter has three states: solid, liquid and gas.
2) When water freezes, it becomes solid and we call it ice.
be to (do): (something) will definitely happen, or it must happen 不可避免要发生或必须发生
e.g.They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.
She is to be honoured for this great work.
Mr. Clark said to his daughter, “You are to be home by 10 o’clock at the latest.”
3. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapour, …
1). （使某物）炸开，爆炸
2). （指感情）激发
3). （指人口）突然或迅速增加
The firework exploded in his hand and he was hurt seriously.
I was frightened when she exploded into loud laughter.
Now it is not easy to find jobs with the exploding population.
explosion n. 爆炸（声）
explosive adj.爆炸性的，易爆炸的 n.炸药，爆炸物
in time (for sth/to do sth): not late 及时；不迟
She will be back in time to prepare dinner.
她来得及回来准备晚饭。
in time: sooner or later; eventually 迟早；最后
I’ll see him in time. 总有一天我会遇见他。
in/out of time: in/not in the correct time 合/不合节拍
The audience clapped in time to the music.
观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。
4. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.
随着地球的冷却, 地球的表面就开始出现了水。
cool adj.凉快；冷静；冷淡
v. （使）变冷；冷静下来
1) Let’s sit in the shade and get cool.
2) I knew I had to keep cool.
3) His play received a cool response from the public.
4) The rain has cooled the air.
5) Let your soup cool a little before you drink it.
6) A heated argument can be settled better if both sides cool down first.
7) I tried to cool her down but she was still very angry when she left.
5. Nobody knew that it was going to be different from other planets going round the sun.
be very / much / quite / entirely / totally different from与…不同
1）城市生活和农村生活很不同。
City life is quite different from country life.
2） 他们的品位和我不同。
Their tastes are different from mine.
There are differences between…and… …与…之间有不同之处
tell…from… 把…与…区分开来
the same as… 与…一样
be similar to 与…相似
going round the sun为现在分词短语，做定语，表示一般的动作。例如：
Men breaking the law will be punished.
Men who break the law will be punished.
现在分词短语作定语，也可表示进行的动作。例如：
Can you see the girl dancing with your boyfriend
Can you see the girl who is dancing with her boyfriend
你能看到与男友跳舞的那个姑娘吗？
6. It allows the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which…
allow vt. 允许、许可、容许
allow+n./pron./doing
allow sb. to do
be allowed to do
My father doesn’t allow smoking at home. In fact he doesn’t allow us to smoke anywhere at any time.
父亲不允许在家里吸烟。实际上，他不允许我们在任何地方任何时候吸烟。
Are we allowed to use the computer
我们可以用电脑么？
Be harmful to 对…有害
do harm to sb. = do sb. Harm 伤害某人，对某人有害处
1) Pollution is especially harmful to animals.
2) Smoking will do you a lot of harm.
7. That made it possible for life to begin to develop.
1)The foreign Minister said, “_____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ”(2004BJ)
A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is
2) I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (NMET2004)
A. this B. that C. it D. one
3) Why don’t you bring ___ to his attention that you are too busy to do it
A. this B. that C. what D. it
it作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词和从句。
4) Why I have nothing to confess. ____ you want me to say (2004SH)
A. What is it that B. What it is that
C. How is it that D. How it is that
5) Was it at the school ____ was named after a hero ______ he spent his childhood
A. which ; that B. where; where
C. that; where D. which; where
8. They multiplied and filled the first oceans and seas with oxygen.
multiply (数目上)增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖
1) Our problems have multiplied since last year.
2) 2 and 5 multiply to make 10.
3) 6 multiplied by 5 is 30. = Multiply 6 by 5 to make 30.
4) The plants here multiply rapidly.
9. This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.
encourage 鼓舞；促进；怂恿。后接名词、代词，也可接不定式作宾语补足语。如：
High prices for corn and wheat will encourage farming.
玉米和小麦的高价将促进农业的发展。
My success encouraged me to continue.
我的成功鼓励我继续干下去。
He encouraged me to learn dancing.
他鼓励我去学跳舞。
development
(1)[U]成长,发育；发展(过程)；扩展
The development of this industry will take several years.
这项工业的发展要经过几年的时间。
(2)[C]开发区, 新社区
a new housing development 新建住宅区
(3) [C]进化,进展；新情况,新闻
What are the latest developments
The use of computers in teaching is a recent development.
教学上使用计算机是新近才有的事.
10. Many millions of years later the first green plants began to appear on land.
late adj. 迟到的，晚的；前任的；以前的；已故的
later adv. 后来，较晚时候,过后 adj. late的比较级(更迟的,更后的)
latest adj. 最新的
lately adv. =recently 近来
1) Mr. Zhu Rongji is the late Prime Minister of China.
2) He is often late for school.
3) She said she would ring you later this morning.
4) Have you heard about the latest news
5) It’s only lately that she has been well enough to go out.
11. When the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time.
She is growing into a beautiful young woman.
她渐渐出落成一个美丽的姑娘。
生长成为,渐渐成为或变得…（不用于被动语态）
12. They produced young generally by laying eggs.
It’s generally believed that…一般认为…
generally speaking 一般而言，概括来说
1) It’s generally believed that girls work harder than boys do.
2) Generally speaking, women cry more easily than men.
动词 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 意义
lie lay lain Lying 躺，位于
lie lied lied Lying 撒谎
lay laid laid laying 搁、放、下蛋
The naughty boy ___ to me that the hen that ___ there just now had___ two eggs the day before.
A. laid; laid; laid B. laid; lay; lain
C. lied; laid; lain D. lied; lay; laid
13. Small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth.
vi. 散布, 传播，蔓延, 伸展，扩展
vt. 铺开，摊开
1) The news spread through the school very quickly.
2) There’s a desert spreading for hundreds of miles.
3) He spread out his arms to welcome us.
4) I spread a new cloth on the table.
14. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.
阻止某人做某事 :
prevent sb. (from) doing sth.
stop sb. (from) doing sth.
Keep sb. From doing sth.
1) We must prevent them from making trouble.
2) You should prevent the child from injuring himself.
If nothing prevents, … 如果没有什么阻碍的话 , …
15. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
相信，信赖, 依靠,依赖, 视…而定，取决于
1) When you are in a strange place you’d better depend on the map.
2) You can’t depend on others to help you.
3) All living things depend on the sun for their growth.
4) He depends on his pen for his living.
5) You can depend on him. He’ll lead you there.
6) Success depends on your own hard work.
7) Our success depends on whether everyone works hard.
depend on it 没问题，请放心（句末或句首）
That /It (all) depends. 那得看情况而定
1) Depend on it, you’ll succeed.
2) He may support me, but it depends .
Tell him what you want to say; he’s a man to __.
A. count B. believe C. trust D. depend
解析:相信/信赖某人:
count on sb.
believe in sb.
depend on sb.
trust (in) sb.
make watch wonder be cool multiply begin exist explode
Where do we come from How did the universe __________ When we _______ the stars through the telescope, we _________ why the universe ________ . After the “Big Bang” ,the earth ______ just a cloud of energetic dust. Somehow it _________ loudly with fire and rock, which ______ the earth’s atmosphere. As the earth _______ down water _______ to appear on its surface, which was important for the beginning of life. Then living things __________ on the earth.
for Reading(P30)
1. cheer up : 欢呼，喝彩，感到高兴，使高兴。
当看到球队的到来，人群欢呼起来。
_____________________ when they saw the team arrive.(The crowd cheered up)
他带她去听音乐会来使她高兴。
He took her _____________ to ____________.
(to the concert; cheer her up)
2. watch …do/doing :观看，注视
我们看着太阳正在树后面落下。
We _____________________ behind the trees.
(watched the sun setting)
每一天当他们看到植物生长，他们的心里都充满了希望。
Every day as they __________________ , their hearts filled with hope.(watched the plant grow)
3. now that :既然，由于
既然每个人都到了，我们就可以开始会议。
_________________________, we can begin the meeting. (Now that everybody is here)
由于你是一个大男孩,你就必须行为表现得更好.
_______________________, you must
behave better. (Now that you are a big boy)
4. We watched amazed as fire broke out
on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased.
amazed 是过去分词，此处做状语用
他进来的时候没有人注意到.
He came in _________ . (unnoticed)
break out (战争,争吵,疾病等)爆发
在深夜,突然有人吵架.
_________________ suddenly at midnight.
六、背景参考资料(Background knowledge)
Ⅰ The planets in the solar system
1. The Sun is a star - it is not a planet. It is the only star we see during the daytime. The Sun measures more than a million kilometers across.
It's center is about 15 million degrees Celsius.
It is about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium.
The Sun's energy is produced by nuclear fusion reactions. It generates 386 billion megawatts of energy!
2. Mercury is a small, rocky planet.
Scientists think that there may be volcanic activity on Mercury, but they aren’t sure. The temperature on Mercury ranges from 90 K to 700 K. It was once believed that there was no water on Mercury, but this turned out to be false. Recent radar information shows evidence of ice at Mercury's north pole! The ice hasn't melted because it is protected from the Sun's heat by shadows of some craters.
3. Venus is a small, rocky planet blanketed in a thick layer of yellowish clouds. These clouds are not made of water. Instead, they are formed from a poison called sulfuric acid. It’s surface is about 400 degrees Celsius, so is too hot for rain to form.
4. Earth is a small, rocky planet which supports a variety of life!
Temperatures at the Earth's center may be as high as 7500 K - That's hotter than the surface of the Sun! The Earth is the densest major body in the solar system. The Earth is 4.5 to 4.6 billion years old, but the oldest known rocks are less than 4 billion years old. The Earth is orbited by one moon.
5. Mars is a small, rocky planet which is cold and lifeless.
Mars has permanent ice caps at both poles made up mostly of solid carbon dioxide. We know this as "dry ice." Very strong winds and vast dust storms sometimes blow through the entire planet for months! Mars has two tiny moons which orbit very close to the surface.
6. Jupiter is a giant gas planet which is made up of about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium. Jupiter is so big that you could cram 1,000 Earths inside of it! It is thought that Jupiter's "Great Red Spot" is a storm of swirling gas that has lasted for hundreds of years.
Jupiter has 16 known moons!
7. Saturn is a giant gas planet which is made up of about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium. It's most famous for its thousands of beautiful rings. It's rings are made up mostly of water ice, but they may also include rocky particles with icy coatings. Saturn is made up of materials which are lighter than water. If placed in a big pond, Saturn would float much like an ice cube does in a glass of water. Saturn has 18 known moons - more than any other planet!
8. Uranus is a giant gas planet which is made up of mostly rock and various ices. Uranus has 15 known moons. Voyager 2 discovered 10 small moons in addition to the 5 large ones already known.
9. Neptune is a giant gas planet which is most likely made up of various "ices" and rock. Neptune has been visited by only one spacecraft, Voyager 2 on Aug 25 1989. Almost everything we know about Neptune comes from this one visit. It has 8 known moons.
10. Most of the Moon's surface is covered with a mixture of fine dust and rocky debris .The Moon has no atmosphere. But evidence suggests that there may be water ice in some deep craters near the Moon's south pole. Most rocks on the surface of the Moon seem to be between 4.6 and 3 billion years old. The gravitational forces between the Earth and the Moon cause some interesting effects. The most obvious is our ocean tides.
Ⅱ About black holes
(1)
After almost 30 years of arguing that a black hole swallows up everything that falls into it, British astrophysicist (天体物理学家) Stephen Hawking moved backward last week.
The world-famous writer of "Brief History of Time" said he and other scientists had got it wrong.
"I've been thinking about this problem for the last 30 years, and I think I now have the answer to it," said Hawking. "A black hole only appears to form but later opens up and set free information about what fell inside. So we can be sure of the past and can predict the future."
The findings could help solve the "black hole information paradox（似是而非的观点）", an important puzzle in modern physics.
A black hole is an area in space where matter is under such pressure that even light can not escape from its gravitational pull(引力). But, exactly what happens there has long puzzled scientists.
Black holes occur when a powerful star burns up its nuclear fuel and gravity forces it to break down in on itself. The great weight of the star's outer layers moves in towards its center. The force of gravity keeps nearly all light from escaping and nothing inside can be seen from the outside.
The star actually disappears from the universe into a point of infinite density（高密度）. That is a place where the laws of general relativity that govern space and time break down.
Hawking has devoted most of his life to studying these questions.
At the beginning, cosmologists believed the holes were like a "universal vacuum (真空) cleaner", sucking up everything in their path.
Hawking revolutionized the study of black holes when he proved, in 1976 that, under the strange rules of quantum physics（量子物理）, when black holes form they send out energy and lose mass in the process.
In thinking up this so-called "Hawking radiation", the Cambridge mathematician also created one of the biggest puzzles in physics.
These particles (粒子), he said, contained no information about what has been occurring inside the black hole, or how it formed. Under his theory, once the black hole disappears, all the information within it is lost.
Black holes (2)
(1) What is a black hole Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing ) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---- not even light. So we can't see a black hole. A black hole experts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space ---- or so we think . how can this happen
(2) The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs. Form earth , a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime. Supernovae were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star--- a star , whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. Any matter near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole. Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the " event horizon." We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.
(3) For example , if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. However an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all. Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein's relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena , so that there is no " absolute" time and space depend on the position of the observer. They are relative. We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory; but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. In August 1977, a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought t be in the Milky way. And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes.
(4) The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky. Matter from the one we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force , be a black hole Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.
(5) The story of black holes is just beginning . Speculations about them are endless. There might be a massive black hole at the center on our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. Mankind may one day meet this fate. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. These speculations sound like science fiction. But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers .they show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer for the following questions
1) Black holes are related to ____
A. geography B. astronomy C. physics D. economic
2) A black hole is ____
A. a dark star B. a large heavenly body
C. a region of space D. a great mass of matter
3) what causes some stars to explode, theoretically speaking
A. their density B. their gravity. C. their movement D. their light
4) Scientists call the area around the black hole ____.
A. a White Dwarf B. a supernova
C. the event horizon D. the star of Bethlehem
5) according to Einstein's relativity theory, there is no "absolute " time and space. Is it true or false
A. true B. false
6) which of the following statements is not true The story of black holes in space____
A. is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers
B. has to some extent been proved by research into binary star system
C. is questioning our basic idea of space and time
D. Sounds like science fiction
7) according to the passage , our earth may be swallowing by the black hole one day, is it true or false
A. true B. false
8) according to the passage , the human being one day may make use of the energy of black hole by advanced technology. Is it true or false
七、评价与反思(Assessment and reflection)
Task 1: Collect information about “the science of stars” learnt in this unit and make notes if necessary.
Task 2: Reflection
教师反馈Teacher’s reflection:
1. Have all the teaching aims been reached
1. Have all the Ss learnt a lot in the lessons
1. What can be improved …
教师对学生课堂活动的评价：
Class: Name: Score:
Items: Understandable 5 4 3 2 1
Logical 5 4 3 2 1
Creative 5 4 3 2 1
Active 5 4 3 2 1
Cooperative 5 4 3 2 1
Others 5 4 3 2 1
学生反馈Students’ reflection:
1) 自我评价Self-assessment
Class ________Name _________No _________Date __________
In this unit, you learnt about the science of stars. How comfortable do you feel doing each of the skills below
1=Not comfortable 2=Need more practice
3=comfortable 4=very comfortable
Skills Comfortable level
Talk about astronomy 1 2 3 4
Have the proper attitude towards science 1 2 3 4
Practise expressing problems and making suggestions 1 2 3 4
Use the new words and expressions 1 2 3 4
Write an outline 1 2 3 4
Use subject clauses 1 2 3 4
2) 自我反馈Reflection
1. How to be a scientist ___________________
Thank you !
heading
Conclusion (summing up)
Body (your own ideas on the item)
The first paragraph
(introduction)
Outline
(main idea)
Contents 目录
一、单元教学目标和要求(Teaching aims and demands)
二、教材内容分析(Analysis of the teaching materials)
三、单元预习任务(Pre-unit task）
四、教学安排(Teaching arrangements)
五、教学步骤 (Teaching procedures)
六、背景参考资料(Background knowledge)
七、评价与反思(Assessment and reflection)
临海市回浦中学 蒋会华 马光彩 吴超玲
1、 教学目标和要求(Teaching aims and demands)
根据《英语新课程标准》（实验稿）关于总目标的具体描述，结合高一学生实际和教材内容，我们将教学目标分为语言知识、语言技能、学习策略、情感态度、文化意识五个方面。
1． 语言知识 （Knowledge）
词汇（Vocabulary）：
能理解、内化、运用以下生词--atmosphere, violent--violence, solid, explode, oxygen, surface, planet, harmful—harm, development—develop, spread, method, presence, telescope, disappointed, force, gradually, float, mass,
短语(Phrases and expressions)：
the solar system, in time, carbon dioxide, prevent… from, depend on, cheer up, now that, break out,
功能(Functions)：学习掌握一些用于陈述问题及给予意见的结构，如：
My problem/ trouble is…… The difficulty / question is…
My advice/ suggestion is… What I think about it is…
Please pay attention to… Make sure you …
Watch out for…
语法(Grammar)：掌握和运用主语从句。如：
1. What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation.
2. Why there is gravity is hard to understand.
2．语言技能 (Skills)
听：能通过听前预测，抓关键词来捕捉特定信息从而听懂理解文章。
说：能熟练掌握与话题相关的常用词汇与表达，如：如何通过英语来正确客观地表述问题及给予意见，同时使学生能就话题较好地完成一些开放性话题，以提高在真实语境中的英语交际能力。
读：获取关于astronomy的相关信息,且进行skimming, scanning, careful reading, generalization; inference等阅读微技能训练。
写：能通过输入对本单元内容有一个较好的输出。
3学习策略(Strategy)：
学生能在一定程度上形成合作学习、自主学习、有效交际、信息处理和英语思维的能力。如：培养学生使用图书馆、网络查阅有关星球的资料。
4．情感态度(Affect)：
(1) 让学生了解生命的起源，增强其保护地球的意识。
(1) 培养学生正确的阅读观，和良好的阅读习惯，加强其自主阅读的能力。
(1) 培养学生科学探索的精神。
(1) 培养学生合作和共享的学习态度。
5文化意识 (Cultural awareness)：
通过学生自主探究来认识各国对太空，对星球的研究，以及他们对世界航天事业不同的影响。
2、 教材内容分析（Analysis of the teaching materials）
“热身”(Warming up)部分共有三组问题，第一组问题引导学生讨论什么是边缘科学（frontier science），即以两种或多种学科为基础而发展起来的科学。如，生物化学是以生物和化学发展起来的科学。第二组问题探讨科学研究的方法。第三组问题引导学生要成为真正科学家所必须掌握的技能。
“读前”（Pre—reading）部分主要是让学生弄清楚什么是科学思想，什么是宗教信仰或文化传统。学生总喜欢听故事或者讲故事，在探讨生命起源之前，让学生探讨一下关于宇宙起源的种种传说，既有趣味性，又能调动学生的相关知识，激发他们的思维。
“阅读”（Reading）部分讲述了地球生命的起源，水的形成使得地球有别于其他星球，它使得地球上生命的诞生成为可能。科学家认为，地球上的生命首先诞生于水中，然后通过上百万年后，陆地上才长出绿色植物，然后出现陆栖动物和水陆两栖动物。最初的动物靠孵化繁衍后代，后来出现了哺乳动物，人类也随之产生了。文章最后讲述的现象发人省醒：The earth may become too hot for the lives on it.它关系到地球上生命的未来。
“理解”（Comprehending）部分通过四个选择体检测学生对本文核心问题的理解：地球上生命的起源和延续需要哪些条件？随后通过排序的方式帮助学生理解本文的行文线索，也就是地球上生命起源和发展历程。最后提出两个问题，考察学生深层理解和推断能力。
“语言学习”（Learning about language）部分首先通过英文解释帮助理解课文中的生词，然后通过短文填空，词语分类的形式将这些词语运用到相关的语境当中。语法部分也是通过先发现后应用的学习方法。先通过课文中找句子，让学生认识主语从句，然后设置一个用手机发短信息的情景，让学生进行简单句与主语从句之间的转换练习。最后设置情景来复习第三单元出现过的表语从句。
“语言运用”（Using language）部分训练听说读写的能力。听力部分介绍三位科学巨匠，不仅通过填表的形式训练学生捕捉细节的能力，还通过四选一的形式帮助学生找主题思想。在解释对与错的过程当中，老师可以适当地介绍一下概括主题的方法。阅读部分是一个科幻小故事，通过“我”和“我的朋友”乘坐宇宙飞船登月球的经历，介绍了重量，失重和地球引力等科学道理。说和写部分以“Visiting the moon”为话题，要求学生讨论登月球要携带的物品，月球上可能会碰到的困难，以及找出解决这些困难的办法。教师可以根据课本上的提示，向学生介绍“先分述后总结”的写作方法。提出问题的解决方案时，要求学生使用适当的“指示”用语。
“小结”（Summary up）部分要求学生就内容，生词和习惯用语以及语法结构方面进行总结。
“学习建议”（Learning tip）部分要求学生运用诸如百科全书，互联网络等资源，进一步探索宇宙的奥秘。并通过记日记，看新闻的方式了解最新研究与发现。晚上，遥望星空感受一下宇宙的魅力。
本单元所涉及的要点有：
1．了解边缘科学，地球上生命的起源，了解万有引力，黑洞和太空旅行等天文学知识。培养学生对科学的兴趣，激发学生探究科学的热情。
2．了解作者的写作特点，培养学生的创作性思维，为学生开拓广阔的想象空间。
3．学会在日常交际中正确地使用指示语。
4．掌握名词性从句中主语从句的用法。
三、单元预习任务（Pre-unit task）
1. 根据本单元教学目标和要求，了解本单元话题和任务，充分做好课前预习工作。
2. 预习语言知识，包括词汇表里的词汇和扩展词汇，掌握词义、发音、词性以及其基本用法。鼓励学生勤查字典。
3. 多渠道（如报刊、杂志、网络等等）查阅并了解与本单元话题有关的背景知识和材料。
第一课时前：
1、 根据教学目标和要求，了解本课时的话题和任务，预习课文的语言知识，包括词汇表里的词汇和短语，以及课外提供的扩展词汇，掌握词义、发音、词性以及基本用法。鼓励学生勤查字典。
2、 预习阅读材料，掌握文章的中心思想和基本脉络。
3、 通过报刊、杂志、网络等途径，多渠道查阅并了解与阅读材料相关的信息资料和背景知识，做好充分的课前预习工作。
（学生可以通过以下问题来自我检查预习情况）
Questionnaire:
1.What does astronomy deal with
2.What do we call people who study astronomy
3.How did the universe come into being
4.Can you name the eight planets
5.Do you know the solar system in the universe What is it made up of？
6.How did life come into being on the earth
第二课时前：
1、 复习阅读课文，预习所给的词汇、相关星球知识等材料；
2、 预习Using language.
第三课时前：
1、 预习所给的词汇，和相关知识。
2、 查找并阅读一篇关于黑洞的文章。
第四课时前：
1、预习语言点和语法点。
第五课时前：
1、 复习上一课时所学的语言点和语法。
2、 通过本单元的输入，罗列写故事的写作方法。
四、教学安排(Teaching arrangements)
本教学安排根据“LARA教学原则”，对教材进行大胆的删除（L – leave out）、 修补（A – Amending）、替换（R – Replace）、增添（A – Add），灵活的将教材为我所用。新教材在选材和教学活动的设计上充分考虑到学生年龄特征和他们生理和心理发展的需要；在采用话题、功能、结构相结合的教学方法的基础上，设计了“任务型”的活动；对英语语言知识和技能训练作了系统的安排，循序渐进，循环反复，有利于学生构建知识系统；注意培养创新精神，提高实践能力。但新教材也应与学生的实际相结合，我们不能全盘照搬。同时在教学过程中，为了对教学有个即使的反馈和有效的改进，我们还进行了“形成性评价”。
本单元的语言技能和语言知识几乎都围绕“The science of the stars”这一中心话题设计的。我们根据本单元实际情况对教材的课时安排作了一些调整，尤其是学生用书(Student’s Book)和作业本(Workbook)有机结合。整个单元的备课思路是这样的：
从天文学谈到地球（地球上生命的起源，如何去保护地球）----其他星球及太空物质（月球及黑洞）----去太空旅行的目的，可能会碰到哪些困难，需要做哪些准备---科学家进行探索需要准备什么以及需要怎样的素质。因此，具体安排是这样的：
Period one: Warming up and reading
Period two: Using language and reading(wb)
Period three: Listening, talking, listening and writing
Period four: Grammar
Period five: Language Point
这样要说明的是我们在第二三课时教学中，特别穿插了对写作的辅导，符合了先输入后输出的教学理念。
五、教学步骤 (Teaching procedures)
Period 1 Warming up & Reading
Step 1 Warming up & lead in
1. Talk about science subjects
T: Good morning/afternoon, everyone. What class do you have today
S1: Maths, English, Chinese, physics, history, and geology.
T: What other subjects do you have in school
S2: Computer, chemistry, biology, music, PE, and politics.
T: Which is your favourite Why
S3: My favourite one is …because it’s very interesting/exciting/instructive/…
S4: I like …best because …
T: Which ones are science subjects
S5: Physics, chemistry, biology, geology and mathematics.
T: All these subjects play an important role in the study of science. What subjects are used to study medicine How about biochemistry What about geophysics What subjects are part of astronomy
S6: … S7: … S8: … S9: …
T: What does astronomy deal with
S10: Astronomy is the scientific study of the universe and the heaven bodies (such as the sun, moon, and stars), gas, and dust within it.
T: What do we call people who study astronomy
S11: Astronomer.
2. Talk about universe and solar system
T: Let’s follow this astronomer to learn about universe. How did the universe come into being
S12: After the “Big Bang”, the universe came into being.
T: Do you know the solar system in the universe What is it made up of
S13: The solar system contains eight planets and many comets and other objects.
(Note：According to the present day scientific study, there are only eight planets, with the Pluto excluded.)
T: Can you name the eight planets
S14: The Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
T: Which planet do we live on Can you describe what it looks like
S15: Earth. It supports a variety of life and 70% of the earth is covered with seas or oceans.
T: Is there life on other planets
S16: Not yet.
T: Why does life only exist on the earth
S17: Because there is air and water on the earth.
T: Right, there is a famous saying “Water is the headspring of life”. But how did the water appear on the earth If you want to get the correct answer, please read the passage on P25. It will tell you.
Step 2 Reading
1. Get the Ss to go through Paragraph 1 on P 25 and find the answers to the following questions
Qs: ① What did the earth look like after the “Big Bang” (a cloud of energetic dust)
② How did the earth change afterwards (…combine into a solid ball)
③ What happened to the ball (explode…make the earth’s atmosphere)
④ How did the water begin to appear （cool down）
⑤ Did water stay on the other planets or satellites (disappear)
⑥ Water was important for the beginning of life. How did water make life develop (dissolve harmful gases into …)
T: With water, life began and developed on the earth. How did life develop through history
2. Make the Ss read paragraphs 2-3 and finish the following chart.
A cloud of dust →a solid ball →presence of water →small plants grow on the water→ shellfish and other fish appear →plants begin to grow on dry land→ insects and amphibians appear→ retiles appear →dinosaurs appear→ mammals appear
Q: Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals
(Plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.)
3. Retell
Suppose you are Dr. … who studies astronomy. You are invited to give a speech to the school students about the development of life on “Earth Day” (April 22nd).
Good morning/afternoon. I am Dr…. I am greatly honored to be here to give you a speech about the development of life”. …
4. Let the Ss read paragraph 4 and think over the problems caused by humans to the earth.
T: Earth is home to us the living things. We ought to take good care of it. Do we human beings look after the earth well What problems have been caused by humans to the earth
(air/water/earth pollution, global warming, desertification, endangered wildlife…)
Step 3 Activities
1. Activity 1: We make our home earth in danger. If we still keep doing damage to the earth, we will be homeless one day. It is time we took action and protected it. Discuss in groups “ How to protect our earth and make it a better place to live on ”
2. Activity 2: Suppose you are to design an activity for your school on Earth Day, which is intended to call on teachers and students to protect the earth. Work in groups and choose a reporter of your group to report your work. The following points should be included in the report of your activity.
What the activity is about
Why the activity is designed
When and where to do the activity
Who takes part in the activity
What to be done in the activity
…
Step4 Homework:
1. Search the Internet for the information of the development of life.
2. Read and learn good words, phrases or structures from Reading.
Period 2 Using language $ Reading task
Step1. Lead in
T: We have learnt a lot about astronomy, have you got interested in it If you are going to study astronomy, what problem will you face most
S2:Gravity.
T: What is gravity
S3: Everything will fall back to the earth if it is dropped or thrown away. The pull of the earth is called gravity.
T: Quite right. Who first got the idea of gravity
S4: Isaac Newton.
T: How did he get the idea
S5: One day he was sitting under the tree. He saw an apple fall, which made him get the idea. Besides Newton, are there any other scientists who made a great contribution to the idea of gravity
S6: Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking.
T: How did each of them think of gravity Or did they share the same idea of gravity Come on, the tape will tell you.
Step 2 Listening
1. Listen to the tape and choose the best main idea of the listening passage (Ex.2 P30).
Main idea: ① I heard about how three men made mistakes when they tried to describe gravity.
② I heard about how three men wanted to find out about the beginning of the universe.
③ I heard about how the idea of gravity has developed over a long period of time.
④ I heard about three scientists and their work.
The best answer : ③
2. Listen to the tape again and fill in the chart in Ex. 1 on P30.
Isaac Newton Albert Einstein Stephen Hawking
Dates 1642-1727 1879-1955 1942-
Idea Everything is affected by a force called gravity Gravity is connected to time and space “Black holes” “eat” objects but also “spit” them out
Other information It was only about the earth It was about the universe It was about things found in the universe called “black holes”
(Note: Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape — not even light. So we can’t see a black hole. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space - or so we think.)
Step3.Reading
1. Fast reading
T: All the three great scientists Newton, Einstein and Hawking played an important role in the development of ideas of gravity. Would you like to know more about gravity
Ss: Yes.
T: Is the moon’s gravity the same as that of the earth
S1: No.
T: Read fast to see how many times would the force of gravity change
S2: Three.
2.Careful reading
T: What are the three times How would the force of gravity change
And how did our weight change
Leave the earth Very strong Very heavy
In space Disappeared Floated weightlessly
On the moon Very light The mass will be less
3.Summary
T: Good! I am sure you must know more about the gravity. Suppose you are asked to make a summary about the trip, will you try You only need to fill the blacks and the first word has been given.
Last month I visited the moon with my friend. Before we left, I was told the force of gravity____ would change three times on our journey. Then we took off. As we left the earth, I became very heavy__. Gradually the weight lessened_. When I was in space, it disappeared___. We floated__ weightlessly in the cabin and I cheered up__. When I was on the moon, I was surprised to find out even walking needs lots of practice now that_ gravity changed. The returning of the earth was very frightening__. We were amazed to watch fire break out__ on the outside of the ship.
Step4. Reading task
T：Great! But just imagine that the moon has great gravity, then what will happen
S3: It will pull us.
T: Right, maybe when we are approaching it, we will be caught in it. So let’s come to the black hole.
T: What are in the black hole
S: A large circle of lights going round an empty space.
T: What is the circle of lights
S: Large stars.
T: What is the empty space like
S: It looks like a mouth needing to be fed.
T: How did they feel
S: They watched in shock and amazement as a large sun suddenly disappeared into the hole.
T: So what did they decide to do
S: They decided to turn the spaceship away from the hole .
T: What was happening
S: not move--- jump and move around the edge of the outside of the hole--- pulling us slowly into its “mouth”--- go faster and faster.
T: What did the author feel
S: feel sick, the watch moves slower and slower, my mouth dry, close my eyes.
T: It seemed that they would be caught by the gravity of a “black hole”.
But what happened later
S: jump again--- increase its speed--- as fast as light--- flew like a bird.
T: This time, how was the author affected
S: was bumped and banged--- able to look around us--- the computer started working again.
T: What did the author feel
S: Exciting.
T: Why
S: They realized that they had discovered something new about “black hole”---- They “eat’ some objects but “spit” other objects out.
Step5. Homework
1. Search for more about the black hole.
2. Read these two passages again to find out how to organize a story.
Period 3 listening task, talking, listening and writing
Step1. Lead in
T: We learn so much about Li Yanping’s trip, do you know why did he go to space
S1: To do research in astronomy.
S2: Just to enjoy himself.
S3:…
Step2. listening
T: So let’s listen to Professor Walli’s interview with Li Yanping about his space walk. Then try to answer the question.
Why did Li Yanping have his first space walk
A. To collect data for his research on gravity.
B. To test the function of the new spacesuit.
C. To make the Hubble telescope work again.
Step3.Discussion
T: Was it easy for him to make the Hubble telescope work again What difficulty would he meet
Discuss in groups, and try to share your ideas.
Ss: The change of gravity, temperature, no food, no water, no oxygen…
T: In order to solve these problems, what should an astronomer bring
Ss: food, oxygen can, water, boots…
Step4. Second Listening
T： Listen to the tape again. Pick out the information and draw lines from the list to where the things are on the suit of the astronaut.
1. Oxygen can 2. Water system 3 . Gravity boots
4. Left engine 5. Right engine 6. Tool kit
Step5. Talking
T: So as an astronomer, he should be well prepared before starting, right
Ss: Yes.
T: What should he pay attention to when getting ready
What are the dos and don’ts
Try to use these expressions to make up a set of instructions.
Please look at/ listen to… Please check that… You need…
Please pay attention to… Don’t forget to… You’d better…
Make sure you… Watch out for… You must(n’t)…
Step6. Pre-listening
T: Actually, an astronaut should be careful in his preparation and remember all these instructions. By the way, Our country has many famous astronomers and China has made great efforts and contribution in astronomy.
Qs: Do you remember the manned spacecrafts Shenzhou 5 and 6
When were they launched
Who took them (Astronauts/Taikonauts: Yang Liwei (Shenzhou 5); Fei Junlong & Nei Haisheng (Shenzhou 6))
When were they launched
How long was the manned spaceflight mission
Spacecraft Shenzhou 5 Shenzhou 6
When October 15, 2003 October 12, 2005
Who Yang Liwei Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng
How long 21 hours and 23 minutes 5 days
(Note: ShenZhou-5 is the first manned spaceflight mission launched by China on 15 October 2003, following four unmanned experimental missions between 1999 and 2002. ShenZhou-5 spaceship carried astronaut YANG Liwei into earth orbit and made China one of only countries (after Russia and the U.S.) in the world to independently launch a human into space. The spaceship’s re-entry capsule landed safely 21 hours after the launch at the landing site in Inner Mongolia.)
T gets the Ss to watch a TV programme about the journey to space.
T: It must be an exciting experience for the astronauts Yang Liwei, Fei Junlong and Nei Haisheng to take a trip into space. They are lucky enough to be chosen. Not all the pilots can be chosen to take a space trip. What kind of standards do you think they should reach
S: …
Step7. Listening
T: Now let’s follow the reporter Mr. Renault to have an interview with Yang Liwei.
1. Listen to the tape and finish Ex. 1 on P62.
1) Yang Liwei became an astronaut by chance. F
2) Nobody over 170cm can be an astronaut. F
3) Yang Liwei trained for 10 years to become a pilot. T
4) If Yang Liwei had problems in space, there were ways to save him. T
5) China is the third country to send people into space just like Russia and the USA. T
6) Yang Liwei thinks he was lucky to China’s first man in space. T
2. Listen to the tape again and finish the chart in Ex. 2 on P62
Information on Yang Liwei, the astronaut
The exams he passed Excellent degree and 10 years’ training
Experience Pilot for the air force of the PLA
Physical qualities Smaller than 170cm; less than 70 kg
Personal qualities Calm, mature, hard-working
Step8. Discussion
1.Why is it important to be calm as an astronaut
2 What have you learnt from the great scientist
3.What qualities should a scientist have
(creative, hard-working, confident, brave, determined, devoted, intelligent, knowledgeable, careful, patient, strong-willed…)
3. Do you want to be a Chinese man or woman astronaut or scientist If you want to, what should you do now in preparation
Step9 writing
T： To get Ss to summary how to write an outline.
So from this class, do you know what we will meet on the moon
Brainstorming for writing
When, where, who, why , what are the problems and how to solve.
How to write an outline
Step10. Homework:
1. Search more information about Shenzhou 5 and 6.
2. Read and learn good words or phrases learnt in class.
Period4. Grammar: Noun Clause used as the subject
T: Can you find the following sentence in the reading passage
What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.
In this sentence a noun clause is used as the subject.
Please pick out three more sentences with subject clauses from the reading passage.
1. because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.
2. What scientists think is that the earth was different because of …
3. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on …
P64 USING STRUCTURE
Do you know where we come from How did the universe begin Read the passage and try to understand how Stephen Hawking solved the problems
1. What has attracted Stephen Hawking all his life
What the universe is like has attracted him.
2. Does he think it simple to answer the questions What’s his opinion
No. The answers have always well beyond our reach
3. What have we discovered about the universe, past and present
Milky Way galaxy; billions of galaxies, in a universe that is infinite and expanding; big bang; black hole; a dark matter; a possible Big Crunch.
4.How can we have a complete picture of the universe
Learning to understand what we see.
做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称主语从句，引导主语从句的有从属连词that, whether， 连接代词who, what, which， 连接副词when, where, how, why等。
1. 连接词：
1）从属连词：that， whether等.
that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。
That she left him cut him to the heart.
That he will come is certain.
由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。
Whether it will please them is not easy to say.
Whether she’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
2)连接代词who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever
What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.
Which side will win is not clear.
3)连接副词when，where， how， why等。
Why he did it remains a mystery.
When they will start is not known yet.
How he became a great scientist is known to us all.
2.位置： 主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，常用下面几种句型。
1）It + be + 表语 +主语从句
表语：（名词， 形容词，过去分词）
It is a pity that we can’t go.
It is no surprise that our team should have won the game.
It is an honour that I was invited to attend the meeting.
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
It is true that I told her everything.
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
It is reported that China has sent another manmade earth satellite into orbit.
2）It+不及物动词或短语+主语从句
It seemed (happened, doesn’t matter, has turned out) that…
It happens that they were absent.
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.
3) It +及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句
It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.
注意:
1） 主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词that可以省略。
误：They should like each other is natural.
正：That they should like each other is natural.
正：It is natural that they should like each other.
2)如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引导，但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导.
误：If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.
正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.
Period 5 Language points
for Reading (P25)
1. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to
slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.
1) _________________（使大家吃惊的是）is that he didn’t come to the meeting.
(What surprised everybody)
2) _________________（他所做的）added to our difficulty.
(What he did)
3) _____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have.
A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what
4) _____ made the school proud was _____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A. What; because B. What; that; C. That; what D. That; because
2.The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.
问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续下去。
n. 固体 solid, liquid, gas
adj. 固体的；实心的,无空隙的；结实的，坚固的
solid fuels solid food a solid sphere solid furniture
a man of solid build
1) Matter has three states: solid, liquid and gas.
2) When water freezes, it becomes solid and we call it ice.
be to (do): (something) will definitely happen, or it must happen 不可避免要发生或必须发生
e.g.They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.
She is to be honoured for this great work.
Mr. Clark said to his daughter, “You are to be home by 10 o’clock at the latest.”
3. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapour, …
1). （使某物）炸开，爆炸
2). （指感情）激发
3). （指人口）突然或迅速增加
The firework exploded in his hand and he was hurt seriously.
I was frightened when she exploded into loud laughter.
Now it is not easy to find jobs with the exploding population.
explosion n. 爆炸（声）
explosive adj.爆炸性的，易爆炸的 n.炸药，爆炸物
in time (for sth/to do sth): not late 及时；不迟
She will be back in time to prepare dinner.
她来得及回来准备晚饭。
in time: sooner or later; eventually 迟早；最后
I’ll see him in time. 总有一天我会遇见他。
in/out of time: in/not in the correct time 合/不合节拍
The audience clapped in time to the music.
观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。
4. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.
随着地球的冷却, 地球的表面就开始出现了水。
cool adj.凉快；冷静；冷淡
v. （使）变冷；冷静下来
1) Let’s sit in the shade and get cool.
2) I knew I had to keep cool.
3) His play received a cool response from the public.
4) The rain has cooled the air.
5) Let your soup cool a little before you drink it.
6) A heated argument can be settled better if both sides cool down first.
7) I tried to cool her down but she was still very angry when she left.
5. Nobody knew that it was going to be different from other planets going round the sun.
be very / much / quite / entirely / totally different from与…不同
1）城市生活和农村生活很不同。
City life is quite different from country life.
2） 他们的品位和我不同。
Their tastes are different from mine.
There are differences between…and… …与…之间有不同之处
tell…from… 把…与…区分开来
the same as… 与…一样
be similar to 与…相似
going round the sun为现在分词短语，做定语，表示一般的动作。例如：
Men breaking the law will be punished.
Men who break the law will be punished.
现在分词短语作定语，也可表示进行的动作。例如：
Can you see the girl dancing with your boyfriend
Can you see the girl who is dancing with her boyfriend
你能看到与男友跳舞的那个姑娘吗？
6. It allows the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which…
allow vt. 允许、许可、容许
allow+n./pron./doing
allow sb. to do
be allowed to do
My father doesn’t allow smoking at home. In fact he doesn’t allow us to smoke anywhere at any time.
父亲不允许在家里吸烟。实际上，他不允许我们在任何地方任何时候吸烟。
Are we allowed to use the computer
我们可以用电脑么？
Be harmful to 对…有害
do harm to sb. = do sb. Harm 伤害某人，对某人有害处
1) Pollution is especially harmful to animals.
2) Smoking will do you a lot of harm.
7. That made it possible for life to begin to develop.
1)The foreign Minister said, “_____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ”(2004BJ)
A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is
2) I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (NMET2004)
A. this B. that C. it D. one
3) Why don’t you bring ___ to his attention that you are too busy to do it
A. this B. that C. what D. it
it作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词和从句。
4) Why I have nothing to confess. ____ you want me to say (2004SH)
A. What is it that B. What it is that
C. How is it that D. How it is that
5) Was it at the school ____ was named after a hero ______ he spent his childhood
A. which ; that B. where; where
C. that; where D. which; where
8. They multiplied and filled the first oceans and seas with oxygen.
multiply (数目上)增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖
1) Our problems have multiplied since last year.
2) 2 and 5 multiply to make 10.
3) 6 multiplied by 5 is 30. = Multiply 6 by 5 to make 30.
4) The plants here multiply rapidly.
9. This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.
encourage 鼓舞；促进；怂恿。后接名词、代词，也可接不定式作宾语补足语。如：
High prices for corn and wheat will encourage farming.
玉米和小麦的高价将促进农业的发展。
My success encouraged me to continue.
我的成功鼓励我继续干下去。
He encouraged me to learn dancing.
他鼓励我去学跳舞。
development
(1)[U]成长,发育；发展(过程)；扩展
The development of this industry will take several years.
这项工业的发展要经过几年的时间。
(2)[C]开发区, 新社区
a new housing development 新建住宅区
(3) [C]进化,进展；新情况,新闻
What are the latest developments
The use of computers in teaching is a recent development.
教学上使用计算机是新近才有的事.
10. Many millions of years later the first green plants began to appear on land.
late adj. 迟到的，晚的；前任的；以前的；已故的
later adv. 后来，较晚时候,过后 adj. late的比较级(更迟的,更后的)
latest adj. 最新的
lately adv. =recently 近来
1) Mr. Zhu Rongji is the late Prime Minister of China.
2) He is often late for school.
3) She said she would ring you later this morning.
4) Have you heard about the latest news
5) It’s only lately that she has been well enough to go out.
11. When the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time.
She is growing into a beautiful young woman.
她渐渐出落成一个美丽的姑娘。
生长成为,渐渐成为或变得…（不用于被动语态）
12. They produced young generally by laying eggs.
It’s generally believed that…一般认为…
generally speaking 一般而言，概括来说
1) It’s generally believed that girls work harder than boys do.
2) Generally speaking, women cry more easily than men.
动词 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 意义
lie lay lain Lying 躺，位于
lie lied lied Lying 撒谎
lay laid laid laying 搁、放、下蛋
The naughty boy ___ to me that the hen that ___ there just now had___ two eggs the day before.
A. laid; laid; laid B. laid; lay; lain
C. lied; laid; lain D. lied; lay; laid
13. Small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth.
vi. 散布, 传播，蔓延, 伸展，扩展
vt. 铺开，摊开
1) The news spread through the school very quickly.
2) There’s a desert spreading for hundreds of miles.
3) He spread out his arms to welcome us.
4) I spread a new cloth on the table.
14. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.
阻止某人做某事 :
prevent sb. (from) doing sth.
stop sb. (from) doing sth.
Keep sb. From doing sth.
1) We must prevent them from making trouble.
2) You should prevent the child from injuring himself.
If nothing prevents, … 如果没有什么阻碍的话 , …
15. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
相信，信赖, 依靠,依赖, 视…而定，取决于
1) When you are in a strange place you’d better depend on the map.
2) You can’t depend on others to help you.
3) All living things depend on the sun for their growth.
4) He depends on his pen for his living.
5) You can depend on him. He’ll lead you there.
6) Success depends on your own hard work.
7) Our success depends on whether everyone works hard.
depend on it 没问题，请放心（句末或句首）
That /It (all) depends. 那得看情况而定
1) Depend on it, you’ll succeed.
2) He may support me, but it depends .
Tell him what you want to say; he’s a man to __.
A. count B. believe C. trust D. depend
解析:相信/信赖某人:
count on sb.
believe in sb.
depend on sb.
trust (in) sb.
make watch wonder be cool multiply begin exist explode
Where do we come from How did the universe __________ When we _______ the stars through the telescope, we _________ why the universe ________ . After the “Big Bang” ,the earth ______ just a cloud of energetic dust. Somehow it _________ loudly with fire and rock, which ______ the earth’s atmosphere. As the earth _______ down water _______ to appear on its surface, which was important for the beginning of life. Then living things __________ on the earth.
for Reading(P30)
1. cheer up : 欢呼，喝彩，感到高兴，使高兴。
当看到球队的到来，人群欢呼起来。
_____________________ when they saw the team arrive.(The crowd cheered up)
他带她去听音乐会来使她高兴。
He took her _____________ to ____________.
(to the concert; cheer her up)
2. watch …do/doing :观看，注视
我们看着太阳正在树后面落下。
We _____________________ behind the trees.
(watched the sun setting)
每一天当他们看到植物生长，他们的心里都充满了希望。
Every day as they __________________ , their hearts filled with hope.(watched the plant grow)
3. now that :既然，由于
既然每个人都到了，我们就可以开始会议。
_________________________, we can begin the meeting. (Now that everybody is here)
由于你是一个大男孩,你就必须行为表现得更好.
_______________________, you must
behave better. (Now that you are a big boy)
4. We watched amazed as fire broke out
on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased.
amazed 是过去分词，此处做状语用
他进来的时候没有人注意到.
He came in _________ . (unnoticed)
break out (战争,争吵,疾病等)爆发
在深夜,突然有人吵架.
_________________ suddenly at midnight.
六、背景参考资料(Background knowledge)
Ⅰ The planets in the solar system
1. The Sun is a star - it is not a planet. It is the only star we see during the daytime. The Sun measures more than a million kilometers across.
It's center is about 15 million degrees Celsius.
It is about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium.
The Sun's energy is produced by nuclear fusion reactions. It generates 386 billion megawatts of energy!
2. Mercury is a small, rocky planet.
Scientists think that there may be volcanic activity on Mercury, but they aren’t sure. The temperature on Mercury ranges from 90 K to 700 K. It was once believed that there was no water on Mercury, but this turned out to be false. Recent radar information shows evidence of ice at Mercury's north pole! The ice hasn't melted because it is protected from the Sun's heat by shadows of some craters.
3. Venus is a small, rocky planet blanketed in a thick layer of yellowish clouds. These clouds are not made of water. Instead, they are formed from a poison called sulfuric acid. It’s surface is about 400 degrees Celsius, so is too hot for rain to form.
4. Earth is a small, rocky planet which supports a variety of life!
Temperatures at the Earth's center may be as high as 7500 K - That's hotter than the surface of the Sun! The Earth is the densest major body in the solar system. The Earth is 4.5 to 4.6 billion years old, but the oldest known rocks are less than 4 billion years old. The Earth is orbited by one moon.
5. Mars is a small, rocky planet which is cold and lifeless.
Mars has permanent ice caps at both poles made up mostly of solid carbon dioxide. We know this as "dry ice." Very strong winds and vast dust storms sometimes blow through the entire planet for months! Mars has two tiny moons which orbit very close to the surface.
6. Jupiter is a giant gas planet which is made up of about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium. Jupiter is so big that you could cram 1,000 Earths inside of it! It is thought that Jupiter's "Great Red Spot" is a storm of swirling gas that has lasted for hundreds of years.
Jupiter has 16 known moons!
7. Saturn is a giant gas planet which is made up of about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium. It's most famous for its thousands of beautiful rings. It's rings are made up mostly of water ice, but they may also include rocky particles with icy coatings. Saturn is made up of materials which are lighter than water. If placed in a big pond, Saturn would float much like an ice cube does in a glass of water. Saturn has 18 known moons - more than any other planet!
8. Uranus is a giant gas planet which is made up of mostly rock and various ices. Uranus has 15 known moons. Voyager 2 discovered 10 small moons in addition to the 5 large ones already known.
9. Neptune is a giant gas planet which is most likely made up of various "ices" and rock. Neptune has been visited by only one spacecraft, Voyager 2 on Aug 25 1989. Almost everything we know about Neptune comes from this one visit. It has 8 known moons.
10. Most of the Moon's surface is covered with a mixture of fine dust and rocky debris .The Moon has no atmosphere. But evidence suggests that there may be water ice in some deep craters near the Moon's south pole. Most rocks on the surface of the Moon seem to be between 4.6 and 3 billion years old. The gravitational forces between the Earth and the Moon cause some interesting effects. The most obvious is our ocean tides.
Ⅱ About black holes
(1)
After almost 30 years of arguing that a black hole swallows up everything that falls into it, British astrophysicist (天体物理学家) Stephen Hawking moved backward last week.
The world-famous writer of "Brief History of Time" said he and other scientists had got it wrong.
"I've been thinking about this problem for the last 30 years, and I think I now have the answer to it," said Hawking. "A black hole only appears to form but later opens up and set free information about what fell inside. So we can be sure of the past and can predict the future."
The findings could help solve the "black hole information paradox（似是而非的观点）", an important puzzle in modern physics.
A black hole is an area in space where matter is under such pressure that even light can not escape from its gravitational pull(引力). But, exactly what happens there has long puzzled scientists.
Black holes occur when a powerful star burns up its nuclear fuel and gravity forces it to break down in on itself. The great weight of the star's outer layers moves in towards its center. The force of gravity keeps nearly all light from escaping and nothing inside can be seen from the outside.
The star actually disappears from the universe into a point of infinite density（高密度）. That is a place where the laws of general relativity that govern space and time break down.
Hawking has devoted most of his life to studying these questions.
At the beginning, cosmologists believed the holes were like a "universal vacuum (真空) cleaner", sucking up everything in their path.
Hawking revolutionized the study of black holes when he proved, in 1976 that, under the strange rules of quantum physics（量子物理）, when black holes form they send out energy and lose mass in the process.
In thinking up this so-called "Hawking radiation", the Cambridge mathematician also created one of the biggest puzzles in physics.
These particles (粒子), he said, contained no information about what has been occurring inside the black hole, or how it formed. Under his theory, once the black hole disappears, all the information within it is lost.
Black holes (2)
(1) What is a black hole Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing ) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---- not even light. So we can't see a black hole. A black hole experts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space ---- or so we think . how can this happen
(2) The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs. Form earth , a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime. Supernovae were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star--- a star , whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. Any matter near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole. Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the " event horizon." We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.
(3) For example , if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. However an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all. Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein's relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena , so that there is no " absolute" time and space depend on the position of the observer. They are relative. We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory; but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. In August 1977, a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought t be in the Milky way. And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes.
(4) The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky. Matter from the one we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force , be a black hole Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.
(5) The story of black holes is just beginning . Speculations about them are endless. There might be a massive black hole at the center on our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. Mankind may one day meet this fate. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. These speculations sound like science fiction. But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers .they show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer for the following questions
1) Black holes are related to ____
A. geography B. astronomy C. physics D. economic
2) A black hole is ____
A. a dark star B. a large heavenly body
C. a region of space D. a great mass of matter
3) what causes some stars to explode, theoretically speaking
A. their density B. their gravity. C. their movement D. their light
4) Scientists call the area around the black hole ____.
A. a White Dwarf B. a supernova
C. the event horizon D. the star of Bethlehem
5) according to Einstein's relativity theory, there is no "absolute " time and space. Is it true or false
A. true B. false
6) which of the following statements is not true The story of black holes in space____
A. is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers
B. has to some extent been proved by research into binary star system
C. is questioning our basic idea of space and time
D. Sounds like science fiction
7) according to the passage , our earth may be swallowing by the black hole one day, is it true or false
A. true B. false
8) according to the passage , the human being one day may make use of the energy of black hole by advanced technology. Is it true or false
七、评价与反思(Assessment and reflection)
Task 1: Collect information about “the science of stars” learnt in this unit and make notes if necessary.
Task 2: Reflection
教师反馈Teacher’s reflection:
1. Have all the teaching aims been reached
1. Have all the Ss learnt a lot in the lessons
1. What can be improved …
教师对学生课堂活动的评价：
Class: Name: Score:
Items: Understandable 5 4 3 2 1
Logical 5 4 3 2 1
Creative 5 4 3 2 1
Active 5 4 3 2 1
Cooperative 5 4 3 2 1
Others 5 4 3 2 1
学生反馈Students’ reflection:
1) 自我评价Self-assessment
Class ________Name _________No _________Date __________
In this unit, you learnt about the science of stars. How comfortable do you feel doing each of the skills below
1=Not comfortable 2=Need more practice
3=comfortable 4=very comfortable
Skills Comfortable level
Talk about astronomy 1 2 3 4
Have the proper attitude towards science 1 2 3 4
Practise expressing problems and making suggestions 1 2 3 4
Use the new words and expressions 1 2 3 4
Write an outline 1 2 3 4
Use subject clauses 1 2 3 4
2) 自我反馈Reflection
1. How to be a scientist ___________________
Thank you !
heading
Conclusion (summing up)
Body (your own ideas on the item)
The first paragraph
(introduction)
Outline
(main idea)
同课章节目录