广东省高考新题型解读、设计指导及约稿说明
广东省高考新题型的设置是高考命题的一大质的飞跃,可以相信,它代表了全国高考英语考卷命题的大趋势。然而新题型的出现给广东省高中教学一线的老师和同学们提出了前所未有的挑战,为了帮助一线师生在第一时间顺利渡过高考改革的“转型期”,我们《英语周报》决定紧紧抓住新题型,设计出高质量的原创稿。为了“招天下英才而用之”,报社下决心以“一字千金”的理念征集新题型原创稿,尤其是“基础写作”与“读写任务”的优质原创稿。为了让广大老师、专家能更深刻地了解新题型,设计出高质量的题型,现拿出我们新题型(语法填空、读写任务)的解读、设题思路与方法,希望能给大家一点启发。欢迎不同的意见与思路,更盼望您高质量的稿件。垂询电话:0351-6378226 E-mail::robertnxd@(南老师)
第一部分 试解读“读写任务” 作者 南旭东
作为全国高考英语改革的排头兵,广东省2007年英语考试改革方案(讨论稿)的出台牵动着高考一线老师和同学热切的目光。这个考试改革方案中最大的亮点之一就是“读写任务”的推出。那么,什么是“读写任务”?其特点是什么?如何完成“读写任务”?如何评价“读写任务” 本文试图跟老师和同学们一道探讨、解决这些问题。
什么是“读写任务”?
根据专家的说法,英语学习是通过听读获取信息,然后利用所获取的信息完成一定交流任务的过程。在这个意义上讲,“读写任务”就是通过阅读所给材料的有关信息,进而对此信息进行加工,并结合平时积累的相关信息知识,按照任务要求谋篇布局,完成指定的写作任务。可见,“读写任务”这一新题型旨在考查考生“用英语获取、处理信息、传达信息的能力、分析问题、解决问题的能力以及用英语进行思维和表达的能力”,即“综合语言运用能力”。(参见《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》)
“读写任务”有哪些特点呢?
也许,“读写任务”的特征只有在与“基础写作”的对比中才能更明确地显现出来。试以2007年广东省高考英语试题改革方案(讨论稿)中写作命题为例进行描述、说明。
四、写作(共两节,满分为40分)
第一节:基础写作(共1小题,满分15分)
假设你最近参加了由某电视台举办的中学生英语演讲比赛并获奖,该台准备组织获奖者去北京参加一次英语夏令营活动,下表是这次活动的时间安排和活动内容。
[写作内容]
电视台现就活动时间和活动内容征求你的意见。请按照以下要求用英语以书信形式给予答复。
1.选择适合你的时间并说明理由;
2.解释你只能参加其中的两项活动(听英语讲座和教外宾学中文),虽然你认为所有的活动都很有意义;
3.说明你选择的理由:听英语讲座了解英美文化信息;教外宾学中文因为2008北京奥运让越来越多的外宾想了解中国。
[写作要求]
1.必须使用5个句子表达全部内容。
2.信的开头和结尾已给出。
[评分标准]
句子结构的准确性和复杂度;信息内容的完整性和连贯性。
第二节:读写任务(共1小题,满分25分)
阅读下面的短文,然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
(1) Let children learn to judge their own work. (2) A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. (3) He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others’ language. (4) Bit by bit, he makes the right changes to make his language like other people’s. (5) In the same way, children learn to do all the other things. (6)They learn to talk, run, climb, ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. (7) But in school teachers never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, even fewer chances for him to correct himself. (8)They do it all for him. (9) Teachers act as if the student would never notice a mistake if they did not point out it to him. (10) They act as if the student would never correct it unless he was made to. (11)Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. (12) Let the student do it himself. (13) Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.( 文中序号为作者本人所加,以便后文引用。下同。)
[写作内容]
1)概括短文的内容要点,该部分的字数大约60词左右;
2)就“学生的学习错误该不该改正”这个主题发表你的看法,至少包含以下的内容要点,该部分的字数大约90词左右;
a)以英语学习为例,简述你学习过程经常出现的语言错误;
b)你是如何看待自己的语言错误;
c)你的老师如何对待你的语言错误;
d)你对老师的做法持什么看法?为什么?
[写作要求]
你可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点,也可以参照阅读材料的内容,但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。
[评分标准]
概括的准确性、语言的规范性、内容的合适性以及篇章的连贯性。
可以看出,“读写任务”除与“基础写作”在文章的“连贯性”上要求相同外,具有更多的特点:1. 在句子数和总词数的控制上,“基础写作”有句子数的硬性限制(5个),却没有字(词)数限制;“读写任务”对句子数没有做出限定,对总词数却有限定。2. 在写作内容的要求上,“基础写作”所要表述的信息已经全部用中文给出,不能增加或者删减,即考生不能任意发挥,而是要如实描述、说明;而“读写任务”要求对所给的英文语言材料进行加工,即客观、准确而又全面地转述所给材料的观点,并在此基础上对材料观点做出判断,即表明肯定、否定或者折衷的立场。3. 在写作内容的量化上,“基础写作”的要求大都可以量化,比如“使用5个规范的句子”,“表达全部的内容”;而“读写任务”的量化要求比较宽泛,表现为整篇文章要求控制在“150词左右”,其中,概括所给短文和发表考生个人看法的部分的词数要求分别控制在60和90左右,“至少包含以下的内容要点”的字眼表明考生可以适当增加相关内容。4. 在综合语言运用能力的要求上,“基础写作”侧重考查学生对句法(语法)的掌握程度及初步的语篇布局能力;而“读写任务”侧重考查考生转述他人观点、提出自我观点、论证所提观点的思维能力,考查考生概括能力、思辨能力和较高的语篇布局能力。
因此,如果把“基础写作”看作是“指令性写作”,“读写任务”便可以视为“指导性写作”。“基础写作”侧重于完成量化的指标(当然也有质的要求),“读写任务”则侧重于完成隐性的、内在的任务,即完成“读写任务”更多的是受内容的内在约束,而非形式上的量的要求。比如,“概括短文的内容要点”并没有指出应包括哪些要点,而旨在考查考生对所给阅读材料中的信息进行理解并加以概括的能力。又如,“发表你的看法,至少包含以下的内容要点”并没有指明考生要提出自己的观点、论证其观点,并最后得出结论,考生应能提出自己的观点并加以论证,因为这是论说文自身的内在要求所规定的。
如何解析、完成“读写任务”?
我们可以用以下几步来完成:明确任务、审读阅读材料、概括对方观点、提出自己观点并加以论证。
第一步,明确任务。认真阅读命题,弄清任务和要求。很明显,任务一是“概括短文的内容要点,”任务二是“发表你的看法”。换言之,首先要“树靶子”,然后“打靶子”。
第二步,审读所给的阅读材料并整理其思路。
可以看出,该短文具有完整而缜密的论证要素,论点、论据、结论俱备:(1)为论点,(2)-(11)为论证部分,(12)、(13)为结论。其中,论证部分是从正反两方面进行论证的:(2)-(6)为正面论据,(7)-(11)为反面论据。
所给短文的说理思路可以整理如下:
1.论点 Let children learn to judge their own work.
2.论据
1)正面论据
a. child learning to talk does not learn ... to make his language like other people 蒺s.
b. n the same way, children learn ... make the needed changes.
2) 反面论据
But in school teachers never give a child a chance ... he becomes dependent on the teacher.
3.结论 Let the student do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
第三步,概括转述所给短文的大意。
对短文进行概括是一个获取信息、加工信息的过程,需要严谨的思维和准确的表达能力,而且要使用自己的语言来表达,“不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子”。因此,“概括短文的内容要点”,实为客观简要地转述作者的观点、论据和结论。
首先,对作者的观点进行概括转述。作者的观点是Let children Learn to judge their own work.这等于说Let children learn to correct their own mistakes. 也就等于说Children’s learning mistakes should not be corrected by their teachers. 因此,对作者观点的概括转述可以是(1)Some people think that children’s learning mistakes should not be corrected by their teachers.这里采用的是“正话反说”的写作方法,实现了概括对方观点的准确性。而且,这里不说the writer thinks, 而说some people think, 使转述的语气委婉得体。
接下来,对作者的正面论据进行概括转述。作者的正面论据是,A child learning to talk(孩子学说话)是通过notices ... the difference between his language and others 蒺 language, 从而自觉地一步一步地makes the right changes(自我校正)学会的。这就是说,A child learns to talk by comparing his language with the others. 作者依次类推说,In the same way, children learn to do all the other things.这就可以概括为:(2)Children learn by comparing their behaviors, including speech, with those of more skilled people. 同样,作者的反面论据可概括转述为(3) “But in school teachers point out and correct their students’ mistakes for them too often, making the students dependent on them.”;结论可概括转述为 “(4)So children should learn by correcting their own mistakes and helping each other instead of having their mistakes corrected by their teachers.”至此,第一项任务 —— 客观、准确而全面地概括转述短文内容要点 ——就完成了。
第四步,完成第二项任务——提出自己的观点并加以论证。
仔细阅读可以看出,所给短文尽管看上去论证很严密,实际上其论据之间存在着明显的不一致性。我们知道,儿童学习说话、跑步、攀爬、骑自行车与其在学校接受正规教育相去甚远,缺乏可比性。前者可以通过学习者的观察、对比与模仿而完成,而后者是在老师的指导下进行的,由于其复杂性、系统性与间接性,往往需要教师反复指出学生的错误。论据的不一致正是反驳或否定所给材料观点的最佳突破口。据此,我们可用(5)This opinion sounds right but is hardly practical对其观点加以否定。需要顺便提及的是,这句话在全文的语篇结构上还具有承转作用,使上下段落自然过渡,一气呵成。
仅否定对方的观点不等于提出了自己的正确观点。紧接着,要针锋相对地提出自己的观点:Students’ mistakes should be corrected by their teachers. 并以此为全文的标题。作为文章第二部分应先拟出它的主题句:(6)In real school learning situations, especially in learning a foreign language like English, without teachers’ correction all the way, beginners will repeat their mistakes without realizing it. 这个段落主题句刚好与前面的标题相呼应,并自然而然地引出论据的写作。
接下来,必然要对自己的观点进行论证。按命题的要求,至少要包括a)b)c)d)四个内容要点(见题)。之所以要以英语学习为例,目的是要用亲身经历的事实证明自己的观点是正确的。我们知道,对于自己的语言错误学生自然是想自己能意识到并自己纠正了,而实际上他们是在不知不觉中犯错误,而且是屡犯难改,无能为力。教师自然希望、提倡学生自己找出错误并自己纠正。但实际上,没有教师的指正,学生往往连自己的错误都注意不到,所以对于学生的语言错误,教师一般都是有错必纠,而学生的成绩会因为教师经常纠正错误而迅速提高。这样,学生对于教师的做法自然是肯定了。
试把第二部分的思路勾勒如下:
1.提出观点(5)(6)
2.用事例论证 “我”在学习英语的过程中经常出现的错误(7);“我”对自身错误的认识或“无知”(8);老师是如何对待“我”的错误的(8)
3.得出结论“我”如何看待老师的做法。理由?让事实说话。(9);老师纠错应受鼓励(10)
根据以上思路,试做以下范文:
Students’ Mistakes Should Be Corrected by Their Teachers
(1)Some people think that children’s learning mistakes should be corrected by themselves. (2)Children learn by comparing their behaviors, including their speech, with more skilled people. (3)But in school teachers always point out and correct their students’ mistakes, making the students dependent on them. (4)So children should learn by correcting their own mistakes and helping each other instead of having their mistakes corrected by their teachers.(65 words)
(5)This opinion sounds right but is hardly practical. (6)In real school learning situations, especially in learning a foreign language like English, without teachers’ correction all the way, beginners will repeat their mistakes without realizing it. (7)I, for example, liked to use words (that are) too formal for a student’s composition. (8)But I never realized it until my teachers repeatedly replaced them with simple words. (9)Now, I can write naturally in simple English. (10)So teachers should be encouraged to correct their students’ mistakes as soon as possible. (83 words)
“读写任务”在写作内容上的要求是“半控制性”的。比如,在[写作内容]2中,只限定“以英语学习为例”,至于“你学习过程中经常出现的语言错误”是什么,“你如何看待自己的语言错误”,“你的老师如何对待你的语言错误”,“你对老师的做法持什么看法?为什么?”则没有任何限定,你完全可以实事求是地将你的真实情况写出来。这体现了读写任务“开放性”的一面,它有利于考生充分发挥自己的实际水平。也因为如此,考生的写作将会是百花齐放、丰富多彩的。下面试举一例,作为参考。
We Need Teachers’ Help
The author says that children’s learning mistakes should not be corrected by their teachers. He takes a child learning to talk as an example. And he believes that children would become dependent on the teacher if they were made to correct their mistakes with the teacher’s help. So children should be allowed to work out their problems all by themselves.
It is definitely not like that. As a matter of fact, without the teacher’s help we cannot make rapid progress. For example, my pronunciation was poor. I used to pronounce the word “work” as “worker”. Hard as I tried, it seemed that I could do little about it. Then my teacher gave me a lot of drills and I made the right change at last. You see, what it would be like for us to learn English without teachers’ help!
如何评价“读写任务”?
如果说,“基础写作”是考查学生(考生)书面表达能力的初级形式,那么,“读写任务”则是其高级形式。对2007年广东省高考改革方案(讨论稿)中“读写任务”的评价主要有四个方面。
1.“概括的准确性”。这是指考生必须提纲挈领,用简洁明了的语言客观、准确、全面地转述所给文字材料。这就要求考生首先要把握所给材料的整体结构,作者的思路与写作意图,基本观点与论据;不仅要找到主题句,而且要把握原材料的论证层次。只有客观、准确、全面地分析把握原材料,才可能用简洁明了的语言客观、准确、全面地转述。
2.“语言的规范性”。这是指考生的语言要合乎语法, 进而要使用较为地道自然的英语,不能有语法错误,不能用中国式英语。
3.“内容的合适性”。这是指选材必须切题。合适性首先是指选取的材料必须是规定话题所涉及的;其次,必须是写作说明及写作要求所提示或规定的。比如,写作任务说明文字要求“以英语学习为例”,考生就不能举其他科目的例子。如果是论说性的写作,支持论点的论据必须能证明论点的可靠性。这就要求学生能从平时积累的语料和非语言知识中准确而迅速地提取最相关的材料。这需要平时知识的积累与考试时敏锐的判断相结合。
4.“篇章的连贯性”。指的是文章的主题要明确,整篇文章只有一个主题,主题必须贯穿整篇文章;文章各段落的主题与整个文章的主题之间相呼应;文章层次分明,有条理;衔接过渡要自然。这是考查篇章的组织能力,要求学生有明晰的思路,有整体思维的能力。写提纲或“提纲式构思”的训练有助于此项能力的培养。
此外,“读写任务”的“高级性”还可以由“写作内容”的字眼得到印证:
“a) 简述你学习过程中经常出现的语言错误”是考查说明性文字使用的,文字要平实自然;“b) 你是如何看待自己的语言错误; c) 你的老师如何对待你的语言错误;d) 你对老师的做法持什么看法?”表明必须使用叙述兼评议的文字,而且观点要明确。“为什么”则是要求用说理性、思辨性文字,以理服人。
“读写任务”的高级性还表现为它不仅考查文字驾驭能力,而且考查思维的整体性、层次的条理性;不仅考查对所给材料的客观、准确、全面的把握能力,而且考查用地道自然的语言客观、准确、全面、简洁而概括地转述原材料的能力;不仅考查使用说明性文字的能力,而且考查使用评价性、说理性、思辨性文字的能力。其高级性还表现为,它没有多少量化的要求,更多的是内在的、定性的要求。它给了考生较大的发挥余地,但前提是必须把握内在的要求。
“读写任务”题型的设置是英语高考命题的一大进步。它在一定程度上突破了传统写作(基础写作)的限制,注重从篇章结构层次,语言材料的取舍等非语言层面进行考查,能从更高的层次考查英语语言能力。可以说,基础写作与“读写任务”明显的层次性,适应了考生英语能力的层次性,这与高考选拔人才的层次性是一致的。同时,对于英语写作教学和应考训练也提出了全新的挑战。鉴于读写任务处于“试验期”,许多方面尚待完善。命题的规范性、严谨性及科学性有待提高。比如,所给阅读材料中“Bit by bit, he makes the right changes to make his language like other people’s ” 就不如“others” 规范、简洁;“But in school teachers never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, even fewer chances for him to correct himself.”显然不合乎逻辑,难道还有比“never”频度更低的?依我看,“never”应该换为“seldom”. 此外,对于篇幅的限制还是过于强硬,应该进一步放宽限制,甚至取消限制。但是我们有充分的理由相信,“读写任务”是高考英语写作的必然的方向。
既然如此,我们的英语教师,甚至我们的考生应该如何应对呢?我们发现,解读成功的范文可以帮助训练学生理解认识并进而掌握读写任务的思路和技巧。我们的教师应尽量身体力行写出范文,进而对范文进行分析。学生在完成写作任务时要注意培养描写能力、说明能力、评述能力,以及说理思辨的能力,培养语言概括能力、材料的取舍能力和整体思维能力。
正确解读“读写任务”的设计意图和考查目标是教师正确有效地指导学生的前提,其意义不可低估。这里我们大胆地猜想,最适宜作为任务型作文的就是论说性文章,因为它能较为全面地考查学生较高层次的语言能力。当然,这并不排除用其他类型的文章来命题。鉴于讨论的话题非本文所能一次穷尽,这里只是希望能给我们的老师和同学提供一种思路,一种方法。同时也欢迎不同的见解和富有见地的指正。
第二部分 “读写任务”题设计思路
1、 话题的选择 首先,话题要考虑到中学生的实际,让他们有话想说,有话能说。最好选择贴近中学生学习、生活的话题。以议论文为例,“学习态度与学习效果的关系”,“借鉴他人学习方法与培养自我学习方法的关系”,“课堂学习与课外学习的关系”,“课堂教学形式与教学效果的关系”,“师生关系与学习效果的关系”,“师生之间应该保持怎样的关系”,“学生间的友谊与竞争”,“学习成绩与能力的相互关系”,“子女与父母的关系”,“中学生的权利与义务”,等等,不一而足,都是很好的话题。其次,话题不能太大,太笼统,比如探讨中国现行的教育制度。话题应该能让学生小中见大,从平淡无奇处见深远,把小事提升到大事的高度,要“小题大做”,而不能“大题小做”。
1、 阅读材料的选择、设计 首先,体裁要典型。说明文要注意说明的条理性、层次性,要体现时间、空间的说明顺序。应用文要格式规范。议论文要论点、论据、论证、结论俱备。其次,文字要平实、自然、纯正,切忌把学究气十足的东西搬来做阅读材料。词汇量尽量不要超过《新课标》选录的单词。要做到让每个合格的中学生都能看懂,因为“读写任务”的重点在“写”,而不是“读”。以最典型的体裁议论文为例,“读写任务”是让学生加工阅读材料,即用学生自己的话表述阅读材料中的主要信息或思想,进而对其进行做出分析、判断,最终提出自己的观点并加以论证。所以阅读材料一定要语言平实、自然、地道。 “读写任务”的“主战场”是“写”,不要让学生看不懂阅读材料,倒在“战场”之外。通过写的任务考查学生用英语理解原文立意与思路的能力,用英语表达自己对文章观点的评价能力,等等。
三、阅读材料长度要适中,以保证材料充实,论说的观点得到详尽的阐述,说明的层次、时空顺序得以体现。
四、写作任务、写作要求、评分标准的设计 要综合考查学生的叙述能力、概括能力、论证能力,以及评价能力;用英语分析问题、解决问题的能力,以及用英语思维和表达的能力。
五、提供范文:范文要严格按照“写作内容”、“写作要求”和“评分标准”的尺度来写。
要写好典型的读写任务范文应该按照这样的思路:理清原文的思路——归纳出原文的观点——对原文观点进行判断——论证自己的观点——结论
当然,因为读写任务还可能有说明文的体裁,形式上还可能是文章的续写、改写,或缩写。欢迎有思想的老师专家给我们提供话题、思路、或原创稿。
设计范文1:撰稿人 南旭东
读写任务(共1小题,满分25分)
阅读下面的短文,然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Teenagers’ secrets should be kept to themselves and no one else, their parents included, has the right to stick their nose into their private life. As we know, teenagers are going through a special period of development both physically and psychologically. They are curious about and puzzled by the unexpected changes in their body and mind. What’s more, exposed to a world of adults, it is only too natural for them to begin imitating adults’ behaviors in secret. Boys begin to smoke and girls begin to spend time doing their hair. Some even begin to date with a girlfriend or boyfriend without their parents’ knowledge. They are doing all this in secret because they are still unsure whether it is right to do so and afraid that, if found out by their parent, they will get misunderstood and even punished. And in fact, in many cases, the parents can not deal with the matter well and hurt their children’s feelings badly, making the children no longer willing to communicate with their parents. When this happens, it hurts terribly the whole family feeling. So it seems right that teenagers should keep their secrets to themselves and their parents should allow their children that right.
[写作内容]
1) 概括短文内容要点,该部分的词数约为60左右;
2) 就“青少年的秘密该不该让父母知道”这一话题发表你的看法,至少包含以下的内容要点;该部分的词数为90左右:
a) 你是否经常与父母分享你的秘密;
b) 你是如何看待自己的做法的;
c) 父母对你的做法有何反应;
d) 你是如何看待父母的看法或做法?为什么?
[写作要求]
你可以使用实例或其他论述方法支持你的论点, 也可以参照阅读材料的内容,但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。
[评分标准]
概括的准确性、语言的规范性、内容的合适性以及篇章的连贯性。
Teenagers’ Secrets Should Be Shared with Their Parents.
Some people believe that parents should allow their teenager children to keep their own secrets. Teenagers are going through a special developing period. Wondering about and puzzled by the changes of their body and mind, afraid to get misunderstood when their parents know it, they choose to copy adults’ behaviors in secret. Parents should respect this right of their children.
This idea sounds right but is actually wrong.
Most of the teenagers’ secrets, if not all, should be shared by their parents. Many of their secrets kept to themselves may do them unimaginable harm. I’m speaking from my experience. Unlike many of other teenagers, I always let my parents into my secrets. They are always ready to offer me valuable advice about how to deal with my trouble and puzzles. I’m happy to have such understanding parents who can share my secrets and help me to lead a happy life in this special life time.
设计范文2 撰稿人 南旭东
第二节:读写任务(共一小题,满分25分)
阅读下面的短文,然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Students should not be expected to do housework chores, farm work, and other daily routine work. They should concentrate on their studies and not be distracted by these low work. They reason is obvious. Students are trained to be future builders of our nation and most of them will make their living by knowledge and skills. In other words, they are the would-be white collar workers or professionals who will work with mind instead of hand. They are not trained to do physical jobs. Knowledge and skills are what they need, and they should not waste time doing things by hand. It never mind if they never tidy up their rooms and leave their things around. Their parents never fail to clean up and pick up after them. No does it matter if the school kid can never carry his bag of books or something like that. Their parents will go out of their way to do it for him. Nor does it matter if the child never washes his own clothes. Let it to his parents. As the farm work, it seems totally wrong to put the child to such hard work! In word, it does not matter if the kid can not and will not do any chores and help around the house or in the fields. As long as he sets his mind to his lessons, everything else is nothing.
[写作内容]
1) 概括短文的内容要点,该部分的词数30左右;
2) 就“学生该部不该做杂活、体力活”这一主题发表你的看法,至少包含以下内容要点,该部分词数120左右:
a) 平时你是否干家务杂活或体力活;
b) 你是如何看待自己的做法的;
c) 你的父母对你的做法有何看法或做法;
d) 你对父母的做法或看法有何反应?为什么?
[写作要求]
可使用实例或其他的方法支持你的观点,也可以参照阅读材料的内容,但不要照抄其中的句子。
[评分标准]
概括的准确性、语言的规范性、内容的合适性以及篇章的连贯性。
One possible version:
Students should help around the house or in the fields
Some people think that students do not have to do chores and physical work. They should leave such work to their parents and concentrate on their studies.
This opinion sounds right but unacceptable. Physical work helps student to do better at their school work. Take me for example. At age 10, I began to join my parents doing farming work. Working in the open air makes me feel physically strong and mentally refreshed. That leaves me in a better condition to study. My parents, both of them teachers, encourage me to help them around the house and in the fields. They believe that physical work after school helps a student mentally relax, and more important, a person that has done physical work himself will honor such work of others. Gradually, I have come to see the truth in what they say. I’m grateful to them as I have developed a strong body and an active mind.
第三部分 语法填空题的解题方法
第二节:语法填空(共10小题;每小题2分,满分20分)
阅读下面短文,根据上下文填入适当的词语,或使用括号中的词语的适当形式填空,并将答案填在答题卡上标号为31-40的相应位置。
Thirty two people watched Kitty Genovese 31 (kill) right below their windows. She was 32 neighbor. Yet 33 of the 32 helped her. Not one even called the police.
John Barley and Bib Fatane went beyond the headlines to research into the 34 why people didn’t act. They found that a person has to go through two steps 35 he can help. First he has to notice that it is 36 emergency(紧急情况). Is the smoke coming into the room 37 a leak in the air conditioning Is it “steam pipes” Or is it really smoke from a fire It’s not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency. Second, and 38 important, the person faced with an emergency must feel personally 39 (responsibility). He must feel that he must help, 40 the person won’t get the help he needs.
“语法填空”是2007年高考英语科广东卷中的一个新题型。从样题的命题形式来看,“语法填空”题仍属于国外一直使用的一种完形填空题,在国内的传统练习和测试中也很常见。一般认为,这种不提供选择项的“语法填空”题比这些年来高考采用的提供选择项的完形填空题的难度略大。但也有人认为,这种无选择项“语法填空”题由于没有干扰项反倒有利于考生更好地发挥其英语水平。
解“语法填空”题的一般步骤是:
一、通读全文
通读全文的目的是把握其大意,为下一步“填空”做好“语义”上的准备,因为“语义”决定着空白处应填一个什么意思的词语并采用什么样的语法形式。在通读全文的过程中,为较好地把握其大意,很有必要弄清该文的体裁、题材(语题)、中心思想、写作主线、段落大意、段落层次等。这些有利于考生真正读懂全文大意,也有利于在“填空”时进行必要的逻辑推理。
以样题为例,通读全文可知:
1. 体裁:新闻调查。
2. 题材(话题):“见死不救”的原因调查。
3. 中心思想:施救必须弄清楚紧急情况和感到其责任。
4. 主线:事件→调查→发现
5. 段落大意:
Para 1 事件:见死不救;
Para 2 发现:First — emergency
Second — responsibility
全文大意:
有32个人目睹了Kitty死在他们的窗下。作为邻居,却无人施救,也无人报警。
John 和Bib赶到事发现场透过新闻进一步调查他们不作为的原因,结果发现人们施救前要先完成两个步骤:1.他必须注意到情况紧急。比如,进屋的烟雾是来自空调泄漏呢?还是来自蒸汽管道呢?还是真的从火灾中冒出的浓烟?要想分辨清楚你是否在面临着一种紧急情况,这可不是一件容易的事。2.也是更重要的,面对紧急情况的人必须意识到自身的责任,他必须意识到他应该去施救,否则,(需要救援的)人就不会得到他所需要的救助。
二、尝试填空
在通读全文,基本把握文章大意之后,就可以动手填空了。填空的过程是一个判断空白处应填词语的“语义”(已给出词语的除外)和正确的语法“形式”的思维过程。现试填如下:
31. killed
思路:在watch sb. do sth. 句型中,do作为宾语补足语可以有do,doing和done三种形式。其中,done这种形式表示补语与前面的宾语属于被动关系。那么,本句中的kill应该填哪种形式呢?这取决于kill在句中是及物还是不及物动词。由于句中的kill之后没有跟任何宾语,这说明kill与前面的宾语Kitty Genovese之间是被动关系,故填killed。
32. their
思路:此句很简单。她是谁的邻居?从第一句中关于Kitty死在他们窗下的描写可知填their。
33. none
思路:Yet在句首,常作“然而,可是”解,表示语义的转折。作为邻居,理应救她,“Yet(然而)”,32人中竟无一人施救,故填none。也可以根据下文(句)中“甚至连报警的也没有”判断出此空应填none。前面说过,“语义”决定语言的“形式”。据此,此空白处是否能填nobody或 no one呢?不能。因为虽然填nobody或 no one在语义上可以讲通,但在语法结构上不行。nobody或 no one后面均不能接of短语。这个例子说明,语言的形式又反过来对语义的表达有一定的限制作用。可见,语义与形式是相互制约、约定俗成的。
34. reason
思路:即使前面的意思看不大懂,也很容易判断why people didn’t act 是一个由why引导的定语从句,其先行词必然是reason。
35. before
思路:此句话的意思是“他们调查发现一个人在施救前必须经过两步。”故从语义角度讲应填before。在语法上讲,填before构成时间状语从句,也合适。
36. an
思路:emergency兼作可数名词和不可数名词。凡属这种“可数”、“不可数”兼而有之的名词,在表示“具体”意义时,作可数名词用;表示“抽象”意义时,作不可数名词用。从本句语义可知,此处的emergency描述的是一种具体的“紧急情况”,故其是可数名词,又因emergency是元音音素开头,所以其前应填不定冠词an。另外,下文亦有暗示。
37.?
思路:由于这句话在语义上和结构上一时看不懂,只好放下,先往后做。
38. more
思路:句中的Second与前面的First相呼应,紧接着的and 表示 First和Second相比Second“更”important,故填more。
39. responsible
思路:作为feel的表语,应该用responsibility的形容词形式。
40. or
思路:He must feel that he must help意为“他必须意识到他有责任去施救”,顺此推理,这意味着the person(需要救助的人)将会得到他需要的救助(will get the help he needs)。然而,后一句的语义却是否定的(won’t get...),这就意味着后面的一句在语法结构上采用了“正话反说”的形式,故填or(不然的话)。
三、复查
有时间的话,进行复查是必要的。复查的方法是:将所有答案“填进”短文并进行通读,以最后确定答案。
以本样题为例,复查发现有两处问题需要解决。其一是第31小题的killed应为being killed。理由是watch一词往往强调“观看”事情发生的过程,故改用被动式的进行式。其二是第37小题第一遍试做时没有找到可填答案,可在复查时集中精力再次尝试。首先应分析本句结构,对疑问句的分析通常可将其还原为陈述句式,这时会产生疑问:系动词is有两个位置可以放,是放在coming之前还是room之后呢?若放在coming之前,原句变为The smoke is coming into the room 37 a leak in the air conditioning.若放在room之后,原句变为The smoke coming into the room is 37 a leak in the air conditioning.比较这两句的语义差异可知,smoke作主语时,说话人的位置应在room里,这与实际不符。因为不作为的人肯定在the room的外面,被排除。再结合下文中的Or is it really smoke from a fire 可以判断,第37处应填from,意思相当于汉语的“进入房间的烟雾是来自于空调的泄漏吗?”另外,第40小题也可以填入连词otherwise,尽管本词作为连词多数词典没有录入,但在书面语使用中为数不少,况且作为连词,or和other-wise实难区别,故otherwise也可作为答案。一题多解也是此种题型常遇到的问题之一。
以上讨论了2007年广东高考“语法填空”这个题型的解题方法和思路。我想,还需要顺便讨论两个问题:
1.通过对这个新题型解题方法的讨论,我们可以体会到这次高考改革取消单选题,改为在语篇中进行语法填空,这将对我们的中学英语语法教学改革有一个良好的反拨导向作用。我们在今后的语法教学中或高考复习中,应当重视把语言知识点放在所读文章的语篇中进行体验和感知,获得语感,而不应仍像以前那样仅仅放在所谓的典型例句中,更不应总是把阅读文章中的语言知识点抽出来,离开语境孤立地进行讲解训练。
2.通过对这个新题型解题方法的讨论,我们还可以体会到在语篇中进行“语法填空”,常常遇到的困难是对生词和长句、难句、复杂句的理解,这些直接影响我们正确解题。比如,本题中的went beyond the headlines 该作何理解?又比如,本题中的Is the smoke coming into the room 37 a leak in the air conditioning?这句话的主语是the smoke 还是the smoke coming into the room?再比如,本题中的Is it“steam pipes”?指什么?这说明,我们的英语教学,包括复习教学,应当在词汇量和疑难语法现象上下一番功夫。我们不应当总是埋怨课本中的词汇量太大,没法教,而是要坚定不移地、千方百计地扩大学生的词汇量。我们也不应当总是淡化语法教学,而是要坚定不移地加强语法教学,尤其是长句、难句、复杂句的教学。如果我们能从现在开始做起,我们的英语教学水平将提高一个新的台阶。
第四部分“语法填空”题设计思路
首先要搞清楚这里的“语法”概念不是一般意义上的语法,即狭义的语法,而是功能语法的大概念。即这里考查的是英语词汇在篇章中的功能意义。根据功能语法的解释,任何语言成分的功能都是在与其他成分的“同现”中得到体现的。比如,their 出现时前文肯定出现过they;enjoy后出现动词一定是ing 形式。从词的功能角度去考虑,词与词之间的“同现”是必然的。那么到底该如何设计“语法填空”呢?下面举一些典型的设空例子。
153一、挖掉代词 代词通过指代的功能,或前指,或后指,或泛指,能够起到句内拈连,句间照应的作用。挖掉代词,句子的结构受到破坏,句子间出现不连贯。
二、挖掉连词 连词是作者思路的“方向标”,起着起承转合的衔接作用。连词与连词前后相照应、相“同现”,体现的正是功能语法的思想。挖掉关联词,就像撤掉了路标,剪短了风筝线。要想补上连词,学生的思路必须与作者思路相吻合。
三、挖掉引导词that 引导词that没有实际语义,仅起到维系句子结构的功能。在较为正式、严谨的文体中引导词that不能省掉。比如,It is likely that he is already dead. It was only then that he realized his own mistake. 因此,挖掉that可以考查学生对句子结构的把握。
四、挖掉先行词 这里指的先行词限于定语从句前的先行词。先行词受定语从句的修饰、说明或限制,前后关系密切。挖掉先行词,根据定语从句的信息进行推断,从而补出先行词,这本身就是考查逻辑思维能力。
五、挖掉其它引导词 名词性从句的引导词what, who, which, when, where, how, whatever, whoever, whichever, whether;副词从句引导词where, wherever, when, whenever, no matter.
六、平行结构中设空 平行结构是由结构相同或相似的两个或两个以上的(句子)结构形成。平行构中设空是考查语感,考查整体阅读、“行间”跨越式阅读的能力。典型的有either … or …, not … but …, not only … but also, whether … or not, ... or, 等等,不一而足。
七、固定结构(短语)中设空 考查对短语的熟悉掌握程度。属于字词层面考查语法。
八、设空考查动词的适当形式 给出动词的原形,根据上下文的需要给出其适当的形式。这属于传统的语法考查项目之一。
九、挖掉表示起承转合的副词或副词性短语 此功能于关联词相似。只是这种副词(短语)在用法上更加灵活多变。典型的有though, however, also, still, besides, in addition, instead, or (rather), otherwise,first, second, then, finally, in a word等等。
从理论上讲,语法填空的设计是很灵活的。然而,不是每一篇短文都适合用来设计语法填空。这里的适合性是多方面的。首先,篇幅不能过长或过短,过长,已知信息太多,会降低难度;太短,已知信息太少,挖空处过于密集,难度会太大。一般短文应在12句左右,除首尾句之外,大体上每句设一空。其次,挖空处的答案是唯一的,不能有第二种答案。
设计范文:撰稿人 南旭东
语法填空(共10小题,每小题1.5 分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,根据上下文填入适当的词语,或使用括号中词语的适当形式填空,并将答案填写在答题卡上标号为36-45的相应位置。
Did you know that in the mountains it can start to snow in August It snows through the fall and winter. ___36__, in spring, when all that snow melts, water falls down the mountainsides. Streams(溪流) form and come __37___ to form rivers. Let’s follow one of the rivers in Utah.
The Bear River begins nearly 13,000 feet __38__ in the mountains. It ends only 90 miles __39___, but it will have dropped about 9,000 feet first! The most surprising thing about this river is where ___40__ ends.
If you look at a map, you will see that nearly all rivers ___41___(empty) into the sea. But __42_ the water of the Bear River. This river flows into the Great Salt Lake, the largest lake in the West. The rivers and streams that flow into the lake bring __43__ them about two million tons of salt each year. And no fresh water flows away from the lake. ___44___, the summer sun evaporates (蒸发) the fresh water, ___45__ (leave) the salt behind. The lake water is so salty that you can’t sink in it, no matter how hard you try.
Key: 36then 37.together 38.up 39.away 40.it 41.empty 42. not 43. with 44. Instead 45.leaving
如想了解“基础写作”与“信息匹配”的解题、设题思路和方法,请继续关注我们的网站与报纸。
“2007年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试广东省英语课考试说明”中“读写任务”的设置无疑是高考命题的大胆尝试。其题型之新超出了多数一线教师的想象。本人自十月以来一直负责即将出台的“新课程版广东专版”新题型得约稿,对一线老师的反映感受颇深。据大多数教师认为“读写任务”太难,师生无法适应。那么它难在哪里呢?难就难在它不仅考学生的叙述能力,而且考查其概括能力、评述能力,以及思辨能力;不仅考查其语言基本功,更考查其谋篇布局能力。但是说到底,改革的趋势不可逆转。我们不能逆潮流而动。所以难的是让自己换脑子,适应改革大趋势。当然,这一过程是非常痛苦的。为了帮助一线师生尽早适应并把握这一题型,本人先前撰写了“试解读‘读写任务’”,发表在教师版和广州专版学生版15、16期。然而,正如本人在“试解读‘读写任务’”中所言,因为读写任务是一个全新的题型,尚处于试验阶段,任何解读都无法一次穷尽其中的妙处。从一线教师的反映来 看,多数教师对“读写任务”仍然是无所适从。从投来的稿件来看,一线教师对“读写任务” 还有许多错误的认识。针对这种现状,本人认为有必要对其再解读,以期一线教师能从中得到启示,广大学子能找到解题思路,最终满怀信心地攻克“读写任务”这一高考题型“制高点”。本文题为“再解读”,但并非是前稿的重复,而是融入了本人在设计这一题型过程中由切身体会总结出的新的思路与理念。其中有些理念已得到广东专家的首肯。本文的发表旨在指导一线师生,也希望能得到命题专家的指导,并企望能给专家提供一种思路,使其在命题过程中能集思广益,设置出广大师生满意的、真正代表改革方向的“读写任务”。
言归正传。为了较为直观地解读“读写任务”,现把“2007年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试广东省英语课考试说明”中的“读写任务”抄录如下:
读写任务(共1小题,满分25分)
阅读下面的短文,然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
(1)Let children learn to their own work. (2)A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. (3)He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others’ language. (4)Bit by bit, he makes the right changes to make his language like other people’s. (5)In the same way, children learn to do all the other things. (6)They learn to talk, run, climb, ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. (7)But in school teachers never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, even fewer chances for him to correct himself. (8)They do it all for him. (9)Teachers act as if the student would never notice a mistake if they did not point out it to him. (10)They act as if the student would never correct it unless he was made to. (11)Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. (12)Let the student do it himself. (13)Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
(文中句子序号为作者所加,以便后文引用。下同。)
[写作内容]
1)概括短文的内容要点,该部分的字数约60词左右;
2)就“学生的学习错误该不该改正”这个主题发表你的看法,至少包含以下的内容要点,该部分
的字(词)数大约90词左右:
a) 以英语学习为例,简述你学习过程中经常出现的语言错误;
b) 你是如何对待你的语言错误;
c) 你的老师如何对待你的语言错误;
d) 你对老师的做法持什么看法?为什么?
[写作要求]
你可以使用实例或其他论述方法支持你的论点,也可以参照阅读材料的内容,但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。
[评分标准]
概括的准确性、语言的规范性、内容的合适性以及篇章的连贯性。
可以看出,“读写任务”的设计体现了先“读”后“写”的结构特点。其中的阅读材料引出了写作的话题“学生的学习错误该不该改正”,“写作内容”的设计一方面限定了学生的写作内容,另一方面则是在“引导”学生的写作思路,即学生完全可以按照“写作内容”的说明逐条写下去。所以说,“读写任务”是设计结构引导下的“半开放性”写作。
把握设计结构只是认识“读写任务”的第一步。 接下来要看要“读”什么、“写”什么。让我们不妨从命题人角度考虑一下。阅读材料的设计是个很难把握。因为“读写任务”的重点在“写”,所以阅读材料应该很容易,让绝大多数学生看得懂。因为阅读材料的任务是引出写的话题,所以阅读材料不会是长篇大论,不会同学们很难概括其观点。理想的阅读材料是学生所熟悉的话题,让大家“有话想说,而且有话能说”。阅读材料的体裁可以是说明文如实地说明一个现象,如科普知识,可以是一个记叙文,如用一个故事引出一个话题或道理,可以是一个新闻报道引发的一场争论,还可以是旗帜鲜明、说理性很强的文章。鉴于学生的英语表达能力难以支撑复杂的思辨过程,设置议论性阅读材料难度大。所以理想的阅读材料应该是一个故事或一个熟悉的现象引发同学们的共鸣,让他们把握话题,然后在“写作任务”的指引下完成写作。
那么同学们到底如何才能完成“读写任务”呢?
关键要把握思路。“读写任务”的写作过程要遵循以下总的思路:把握阅读材料的结构、思路、观点与意图――概括阅读材料的观点(论证过程)――在“写作内容”的引导下写作。
根据阅读材料与“写作内容”的设计差异,解题思路与方法应有所变化。阅读材料的设计与“写作内容”的设计应该是浑然一体的。假如给定的是一个说明性的短文,它反映的现象必定要引发学生的共鸣,让他就此现象进行思考,如阅读材料会给你一篇反映中学生厌学的短文,但并不表明观点。然后“写作内容”要求你结合自己的亲身经历或同学的经历来说明厌学现象的普遍性。假如阅读材料是一个故事,这个故事应该让同学们感到似曾相识,好像就发生在你我身上或身边。而且这个故事肯定蕴含着一个道理,一个让你我认可的道理。比如,故事讲的是一位自卑的学生如何因为老师的一句表扬而树立了自信,找到了奋斗的目标。相反,故事还可以讲述一位原本聪明的学生如何因老师不恰当的批评而产生厌学情绪,最终毁了自己。这样的故事几乎每天都在发生,“写作材料”就是要让你作为亲身经历者、目击者或其他第三者来简要讲述过去、反思自己或他人的行为或心态。如果阅读材料是一篇议论文,应该是观点明确,论证严密而有条理。
如果是说明性或叙述性阅读材料,你要有一个“心理预期”或猜测, 即猜测阅读之后下面会让你写什么。这种心理准备很重要,不要“为阅读而阅读”。
现在展开说明解题思路:
第一、 把握阅读材料的结构、思路、观点与意图。
现在以本人设计的一则“读写任务”为例来说明如何把握说明性阅读材料的结构、思路、观点与意图。
读写任务(共1小题,满分25分)
阅读下面的短文,然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
(1)Almost every student has days when they don't feel like going to school. (2)It is not unusual for some of them sometimes to pretend to be feeling ill and get their poor parents fooled , who may call the school, asking their kids to be allowed to stay at home for a day or two, but sometimes these students make plans to meet up with friends or go somewhere alone for the day. (3)Still some other students make a show of going to school as usual, or their parents think they do. (4)Then when they are alone on the way they go off to some other places by himself or with a friend. (5)Schools call this truancy.(6) Kids call it ‘wagging school', ‘skiving off', and all sorts of other names. (7)What do you call it where you live (8)No matter what you may call it, most students never do it and a lot of schools nowadays have very strict rules to stop truancy in order to keep kids safe and help them to make the most of their chance to learn at school.
可以看出阅读材料反映的是逃学这一现象,但是并没有明显的观点。(1)是说明厌学情绪的普遍性“almost every student”,(2)—(4)是逃学现象的具体表现,(5)—(6)指出这一现象学校与学生各有其叫法,(7)—(8)则是要你引起注意,同时表明校方的态度。
如果给定的阅读材料是议论性短文,可以用2007年广东省高考英语试题改革方案中所给“读写任务”为例做个说明:短文具有完整而缜密的论证过程:论点、论据、结论俱备。其中(1)为论点,(2)-(11)为论证部分,(12)-(13)为结论。
值得注意的是,所给短文的论证部分是从正反两方面进行论证的。
(2)—(6)为正面论据,(8)—(11)为反面论据。
所给短文的说理思路可以整理如下:
1论点: (1)
2论据:
1)正面论据:
a. (2)—(4)
b. (5)—(6)
2) 反面论据:(8)—(11)
3结论:(12)-(13)
理清议论性短文的结构与思路,其观点与写作意图自然“图穷匕见”。本阅读材料是认为学生的学习错误应该由学生自己来纠正,老师不能干预。带着这样的思路与理解便可以进入第二阶段——概括阅读材料。
第二、概括阅读材料
如果给定的阅读材料是一则故事,应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么,不能拖泥带水讲细节,而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。比如说,This story tells how a teacher’s word of saved a shy and unconfident child and helped him find himself and hold on to his dreams. It tells us that teachers’ words can make difference to a child’s life.
如果是说明性或描述性短文,如上面本人所给的设计范文,你就必须用概括性的文字说明逃学这一现象。比如,可以概括如下This article point out the common phenomenon —— playing truancy ---- among students. It also gives us a picture of the forms truancy takes. Finally, it tells the attitude on the part of the schools.
如果是议论性的阅读短文,则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。还是以 2007年广东省高考英语试题改革方案样题为例:
概括对方观点首先是要转换视角,即以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括。本材料的观点是(1)Let children learn to judge their own work.. 如果换成第三人称就是 The writer of this article thinks that children should learn to judge their own work /correct their own mistakes. 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想,就可以说 Some people think students’ mistakes should be corrected by themselves and it is wrong for the teachers to do it for them too often in school. It will make the children dependent on the teachers. 还可以从中立的角度或用“无人称”的方式来说The article gives the view that teachers should stop correcting students’ mistakes for them. Students are able to correct their own mistakes and teachers’ frequent correction will make children unable to judge their own work.
如果这一部分要求用30个左右的词来概括,上述概括就是点到为止的高度概括。如果是用60左右的词来概括,我们就必须对阅读材料的整个说理过程做出概括,即概括其观点、论证过程和结论。
下面试概括作者的说理过程:
阅读材料的观点是Let children learn to judge their own work,
可以概括为 Some people think that teachers should not correct students’ mistakes for them.
其正面论据为(2)A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. (3)He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others’ language. (4)Bit by bit, he makes the right changes to make his language like other people’s. (5)In the same way, children learn to do all the other things. (6)They learn to talk, run, climb, ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes.
可以概括为Children learn by comparing his behaviors, including language, with those of more skilled people.
阅读材料的反面论据是(7)But in school teachers never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, even fewer chances for him to correct himself. (8)They do it all for him. (9)Teachers act as if the student would never notice a mistake if they did not point out it to him. (10)They act as if the student would never correct it unless he was made to. (11)Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher.
可以概括为Teachers’ frequent correction of students’ mistakes makes students unable to judge their own work.
阅读材料的结论为(12)Let the student do it himself. (13)Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
可以概括为 So those people encourage students to learn by correcting their own mistakes instead of having their mistakes corrected by their teachers.
第一部分整理如下:
(1)Some people think that teachers should not correct students’ mistakes for them. (2)Children learn by comparing their behaviors, including their speech, with more skilled people. (3) Teachers’ frequent correction of students’ mistakes dependent students. (4) So children should learn by correcting their own mistakes and helping each other instead of having their mistakes corrected by their teachers.(55 words)
至此,概括阅读材料的任务就算完成了。
第三、在“写作内容”框架的引导下完成写作。
这一部分同学们应该有较大的自由空间。如果是就某一现象要你表态,理想的设计是先问这种现象是否在你的身边或身上发生过,当初为什么你要那样做,当初有何感想,现在反思又有何体会。比如说写作内容会问你/你的朋友是否有逃学的经历,简单叙述一下经历,说说当初的动机、事情的结果,谈谈现在的感受与态度。 这样的结合经历讲问题应该不难,因为同学们每个人都有话可说。
试以“逃学( playing truancy)”为例说明如何在“写作内容”的引导下完成写作过程:
引导1:你有过逃学么?你可以说I must say that sometimes I cut school.注意,这里不是不是提出观点,而是承认一种事实。
引导2:然后简要讲述一次逃学的经历Only last Friday, I missed two English classes on purpose and got home. As my parents are at their work places at noon, I enjoyed myself watching TV.
引导3:当时的感受?It felt really cool to think that I was alone having a free time while the other poor children were learning the boring English.
引导4:逃学的原因?Why play truancy School work sometimes is really too much and you want to get it off your mind.
引导5:有何担忧?Of course, I’m afraid when teachers and my parents find out, I will be in trouble.
引导6:有何反思? Maybe I should kick off this habit soon.
这一部分整合如下:I must admit that I do cut school once in a while.Only last Friday, I cut two English classes and went home without telling anyone. With my parents away, I enjoyed myself watching TV. It felt really cool having a free time alone while the other poor children were attending the boring English classes. Why truancy School work is really too much and you want to get it off your mind. Besides, that English teacher of ours is really too hard on us and hardly any of us likes his class. Of course, when my teachers and parents find out, I’ll be in trouble. I’m worried about my school work, too. Maybe I should kick off this habit soon.(121words)
此部分与前文整合后就是一篇完整的短文:
Why Cut School
This article points out a common phenomenon —— playing truancy —— among students. It also gives us a picture of the forms truancy takes. Finally, it tells the attitude on the part of the schools. (33words)
I must admit that I do cut school once in a while.Only last Friday, I cut two English classes and went home without telling anyone. With my parents away, I enjoyed myself watching TV. It felt really cool having a free time alone while the other poor children were attending the boring English classes. Why truancy School work is really too much and you want to get it off your mind. Besides, that English teacher of ours is really too hard on us and hardly any one of us likes his class. Of course, when my teachers and parents find out, I’ll be in trouble. And I’m worried about my school work. Maybe I should kick off this habit soon.(121words)
如果阅读材料是议论文,你该如何应对呢?
其一、如果你的观点与阅读材料的观点完全一致。你应该表态 ,如I cannot agree with the author more.或者 I share this opinion 或者This is just what I want to say 或者I think the author is completely right in saying that等等。
其二、如果你不完全统一阅读材料的观点,你可以说 This opinion is only partly right. 或者There is truth in this opinion but I think …或者While it is right to say that … it is wrong to say that … 或者 The author is right in saying that … but he is wrong in saying that …或者 To be fair, the author is right in that … but he just goes too far in saying that … 等等。
其三、如果你完全不同意阅读材料的观点,就说 I cannot disagree with the author more here.或者 This is the last opinion that I want to accept.或者This idea is just unacceptable.或者 This idea is too ridiculous. 或者 Have you ever heard a more unacceptable idea 或者I bet you will never buy this idea.或者 I doubt anyone will listen to such an unrealistic idea.等等。
还是以2007年广东省高考英语试题改革方案中所给“读写任务”为例。
针对阅读材料的观点Let children learn to judge their own work 你可以说 This idea sounds right but is actually unpractical.或者 Reasonable as this idea may sound, it is unrealistic.或者 There is truth in this idea but it is wrong. 或者 For the little truth in it, the idea is actually ridiculous. 记住这只是对阅读材料的观点做出了评判。你必须进一步从正面亮出自己的观点。而你的观点必须针对阅读材料所给观点或论证过程的漏洞。
仔细阅读可以看出,所给短文貌似论证很严密,其论据之间实际存在着明显的不一致性。我们知道,儿童学习说话、跑步、攀爬、骑自行车与其在学校接受正规教育相去甚远,缺乏可比性。前者可以通过学习者的观察、对比与模仿等简单直接行为完成,而后者是在老师的指导下进行的,由于其复杂性、系统性与间接性,往往需要教师反复指出学生的错误。论据的不一致正是反驳或否定所给材料观点的最佳突破口。据此,我们可用(5)This opinion sounds right but is hardly practical或者 The idea, though it may touch you, is unrealistic对其观点加以否定。另外,这句话使上下段落自然过渡,一气呵成,体现了篇章衔接的技巧。
仅否定对方的观点不等于提出了自己的正确观点。紧接着,要针锋相对地提出自己的观点:Students’ mistakes should be corrected by their teachers. 并以此为全文的标题。同学们应给出第二部分的主题句:(6)In real school learning situations, especially in learning a foreign language like English, without teachers’ correction all the way, beginners will repeat their mistakes without realizing it. 这个段落主题句刚好与前面的标题相呼应,并自然而然地进入论证部分。
按“写作内容”要求,论证部分至少要包括a)b)c)d)四个内容要点(见题)。之所以要以英语学习为例,目的是要用亲身经历的事实证明自己的观点是正确的,而且主要是为了让所有的同学都有话可说。同学们知道,对于自己的语言错误学生们自然是想自己能意识到并自己纠正了,而实际上他们是在不知不觉中犯错误,而且是屡犯难改,无能为力。教师自然希望、提倡学生自己找出错误并自己纠正。但实际上,没有教师的指正,学生往往连自己的错误都注意不到,所以对于学生的语言错误,教师一般都是有错必纠,而学生的成绩会因为教师经常纠正错误而迅速提高。这样,绝大多数学生自然是希望老师尽量指正自己的错误了。
试把第二部分的思路勾勒如下:
1.观点:(5)-(6)
2.论证: (7)“我”在学习英语的过程中经常出现的错误;(8)“我”对自身错误的认识或“无知”;(9)老师是如何对待“我”的错误的;
3.结论:(10)“我”如何看待老师的做法。理由?事实已经说明问题;(11)应鼓励老师纠正错误
根据以上思路及“写作内容”的提示第二部分可以按以下步骤一一展开:
观点:. This opinion sounds right but is hardly practical. In real school learning situations, especially in learning a foreign language like English, without teachers’ correction all the way, beginners will repeat their mistakes without realizing it.
论证: (7)“我”在学习英语的过程中经常出现的错误论证: I, for example, liked to use words (that are) too formal for a student’s composition. (8)“我”对自身错误的认识或“无知” I never realized it.(9)老师是如何对待“我”的错误的My teachers repeatedly replaced the big words in my writing with simple ones.
结论:(10)-(11)
“我”如何看待老师的做法 I’m thankful to my teachers.
理由?事实已经说明问题I’m able to write in simple and natural English.
重申观点(11) So teachers should be encouraged to correct their students’ mistakes as soon as possible.
经过整合、加工即得到符合要求的第二部分:
(5)This opinion sounds right but is hardly practical. (6)In real school learning situations, especially in learning a foreign language like English, without teachers’ correction all the way, beginners will repeat their mistakes without realizing it. (7)I, for example, liked to use words (that are) too formal for a student’s composition. (8)But I never realized it until my teachers repeatedly replaced them with simple words. (9)Now, I can write naturally in simple English. (10)So teachers should be encouraged to correct their students’ mistakes as soon as possible.
至此两部分的写作均已完成。还有一个问题,整个短文应该有一个题目以便总领全文。前文已经提到可以用Students’ Mistakes Should Be Corrected by Their Teachers作为全文的题目。
一、二部分合并后即得到完整的一篇短文:
Students’ Mistakes Should Be Corrected by Their Teachers
(1)Some people think that teachers should not correct students’ mistakes for them. (2)Children learn by comparing their behaviors, including their speech, with more skilled people. (3) Teachers’ frequent correction of students’ mistakes students dependent. (4) So children should learn by correcting their own mistakes and helping each other instead of having their mistakes corrected by their teachers.(55 words)
(5)This opinion sounds right but is hardly practical. (6)In real school learning situations, especially in learning a foreign language like English, without teachers’ correction all the way, beginners will repeat their mistakes without realizing it. (7)I, for example, liked to use words too formal for a student’s composition. (8)But I never realized it until my teachers repeatedly replaced them with simple words. (9) Thanks to them, I can write in simple and beautiful English. (10)So teachers should be encouraged to correct their students’ mistakes as soon as possible.(87words)
如果第一部分要求30左右的词,第二部分120左右,可参考以下范文:
Let Teachers Correct Our Mistakes
Some people think that teachers are correcting students’ mistakes too much. Students, leaning everything by copying their betters, can correct their own mistakes and teachers’ frequent correction will make children unable to judge their own work.(35words)
This opinion appeals to many people, but in fact it is unrealistic. In real learning situations, especially when learning a foreign language like English, it is really hard, if not impossible, for the student to make good progress without teachers constantly pointing out and correcting their mistakes. Learning English is much more complex and difficult than learning other things. I used to use words really too formal for a student’s writing. But I never realized it until my English teacher pointed out my problem and repeatedly replaced these words with simple ones. I owe thanks to him as I’m able to write in simple and beautiful English. So teachers should be encouraged to correct student’s mistakes as readily as possible.(120words)
鉴于读写任务是一种全新的题型,连高考命题专家对此都没有定论。此题型的设计难度确实很大,做起来更难。但我们相信,命题过难决不是高考的方向。因为最佳的命题是既能照顾学生的普遍水平,又能照顾学生的个体差异。所以我们认为命题要体现“重视共同基础”的基本理念,就是要选择同学们熟悉的话题,选择他们都能看懂的材料,设置他们的语言能力能够表达的“写作内容”。此外,“写作内容”的要求要有开放性,切忌“二选一”或诱导学生的选择, 切忌让学生钻空子,受到阅读材料的“提示”,或抄袭,或摹仿。其结果肯定是“八股”成风,毫无生气。
至于以故事形式引出话题的设题模式,笔者将在以后的广东专版探讨。希望广大师生关注。
第三部分 语法填空题的解题方法
第二节:语法填空(共10小题;每小题2分,满分20分)
阅读下面短文,根据上下文填入适当的词语,或使用括号中的词语的适当形式填空,并将答案填在答题卡上标号为31-40的相应位置。
Thirty two people watched Kitty Genovese 31 (kill) right below their windows. She was 32 neighbor. Yet 33 of the 32 helped her. Not one even called the police.
John Barley and Bib Fatane went beyond the headlines to research into the 34 why people didn’t act. They found that a person has to go through two steps 35 he can help. First he has to notice that it is 36 emergency(紧急情况). Is the smoke coming into the room 37 a leak in the air conditioning Is it “steam pipes” Or is it really smoke from a fire It’s not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency. Second, and 38 important, the person faced with an emergency must feel personally 39 (responsibility). He must feel that he must help, 40 the person won’t get the help he needs.
“语法填空”是2007年高考英语科广东卷中的一个新题型。从样题的命题形式来看,“语法填空”题仍属于国外一直使用的一种完形填空题,在国内的传统练习和测试中也很常见。一般认为,这种不提供选择项的“语法填空”题比这些年来高考采用的提供选择项的完形填空题的难度略大。但也有人认为,这种无选择项“语法填空”题由于没有干扰项反倒有利于考生更好地发挥其英语水平。
解“语法填空”题的一般步骤是:
一、通读全文
通读全文的目的是把握其大意,为下一步“填空”做好“语义”上的准备,因为“语义”决定着空白处应填一个什么意思的词语并采用什么样的语法形式。在通读全文的过程中,为较好地把握其大意,很有必要弄清该文的体裁、题材(语题)、中心思想、写作主线、段落大意、段落层次等。这些有利于考生真正读懂全文大意,也有利于在“填空”时进行必要的逻辑推理。
以样题为例,通读全文可知:
1. 体裁:新闻调查。
2. 题材(话题):“见死不救”的原因调查。
3. 中心思想:施救必须弄清楚紧急情况和感到其责任。
4. 主线:事件→调查→发现
5. 段落大意:
Para 1 事件:见死不救;
Para 2 发现:First — emergency
Second — responsibility
全文大意:
有32个人目睹了Kitty死在他们的窗下。作为邻居,却无人施救,也无人报警。
John 和Bib赶到事发现场透过新闻进一步调查他们不作为的原因,结果发现人们施救前要先完成两个步骤:1.他必须注意到情况紧急。比如,进屋的烟雾是来自空调泄漏呢?还是来自蒸汽管道呢?还是真的从火灾中冒出的浓烟?要想分辨清楚你是否在面临着一种紧急情况,这可不是一件容易的事。2.也是更重要的,面对紧急情况的人必须意识到自身的责任,他必须意识到他应该去施救,否则,(需要救援的)人就不会得到他所需要的救助。
二、尝试填空
在通读全文,基本把握文章大意之后,就可以动手填空了。填空的过程是一个判断空白处应填词语的“语义”(已给出词语的除外)和正确的语法“形式”的思维过程。现试填如下:
31. killed
思路:在watch sb. do sth. 句型中,do作为宾语补足语可以有do,doing和done三种形式。其中,done这种形式表示补语与前面的宾语属于被动关系。那么,本句中的kill应该填哪种形式呢?这取决于kill在句中是及物还是不及物动词。由于句中的kill之后没有跟任何宾语,这说明kill与前面的宾语Kitty Genovese之间是被动关系,故填killed。
32. their
思路:此句很简单。她是谁的邻居?从第一句中关于Kitty死在他们窗下的描写可知填their。
33. none
思路:Yet在句首,常作“然而,可是”解,表示语义的转折。作为邻居,理应救她,“Yet(然而)”,32人中竟无一人施救,故填none。也可以根据下文(句)中“甚至连报警的也没有”判断出此空应填none。前面说过,“语义”决定语言的“形式”。据此,此空白处是否能填nobody或 no one呢?不能。因为虽然填nobody或 no one在语义上可以讲通,但在语法结构上不行。nobody或 no one后面均不能接of短语。这个例子说明,语言的形式又反过来对语义的表达有一定的限制作用。可见,语义与形式是相互制约、约定俗成的。
34. reason
思路:即使前面的意思看不大懂,也很容易判断why people didn’t act 是一个由why引导的定语从句,其先行词必然是reason。
35. before
思路:此句话的意思是“他们调查发现一个人在施救前必须经过两步。”故从语义角度讲应填before。在语法上讲,填before构成时间状语从句,也合适。
36. an
思路:emergency兼作可数名词和不可数名词。凡属这种“可数”、“不可数”兼而有之的名词,在表示“具体”意义时,作可数名词用;表示“抽象”意义时,作不可数名词用。从本句语义可知,此处的emergency描述的是一种具体的“紧急情况”,故其是可数名词,又因emergency是元音音素开头,所以其前应填不定冠词an。另外,下文亦有暗示。
37.?
思路:由于这句话在语义上和结构上一时看不懂,只好放下,先往后做。
38. more
思路:句中的Second与前面的First相呼应,紧接着的and 表示 First和Second相比Second“更”important,故填more。
39. responsible
思路:作为feel的表语,应该用responsibility的形容词形式。
40. or
思路:He must feel that he must help意为“他必须意识到他有责任去施救”,顺此推理,这意味着the person(需要救助的人)将会得到他需要的救助(will get the help he needs)。然而,后一句的语义却是否定的(won’t get...),这就意味着后面的一句在语法结构上采用了“正话反说”的形式,故填or(不然的话)。
三、复查
有时间的话,进行复查是必要的。复查的方法是:将所有答案“填进”短文并进行通读,以最后确定答案。
以本样题为例,复查发现有两处问题需要解决。其一是第31小题的killed应为being killed。理由是watch一词往往强调“观看”事情发生的过程,故改用被动式的进行式。其二是第37小题第一遍试做时没有找到可填答案,可在复查时集中精力再次尝试。首先应分析本句结构,对疑问句的分析通常可将其还原为陈述句式,这时会产生疑问:系动词is有两个位置可以放,是放在coming之前还是room之后呢?若放在coming之前,原句变为The smoke is coming into the room 37 a leak in the air conditioning.若放在room之后,原句变为The smoke coming into the room is 37 a leak in the air conditioning.比较这两句的语义差异可知,smoke作主语时,说话人的位置应在room里,这与实际不符。因为不作为的人肯定在the room的外面,被排除。再结合下文中的Or is it really smoke from a fire 可以判断,第37处应填from,意思相当于汉语的“进入房间的烟雾是来自于空调的泄漏吗?”另外,第40小题也可以填入连词otherwise,尽管本词作为连词多数词典没有录入,但在书面语使用中为数不少,况且作为连词,or和other-wise实难区别,故otherwise也可作为答案。一题多解也是此种题型常遇到的问题之一。
以上讨论了2007年广东高考“语法填空”这个题型的解题方法和思路。我想,还需要顺便讨论两个问题:
1.通过对这个新题型解题方法的讨论,我们可以体会到这次高考改革取消单选题,改为在语篇中进行语法填空,这将对我们的中学英语语法教学改革有一个良好的反拨导向作用。我们在今后的语法教学中或高考复习中,应当重视把语言知识点放在所读文章的语篇中进行体验和感知,获得语感,而不应仍像以前那样仅仅放在所谓的典型例句中,更不应总是把阅读文章中的语言知识点抽出来,离开语境孤立地进行讲解训练。
2.通过对这个新题型解题方法的讨论,我们还可以体会到在语篇中进行“语法填空”,常常遇到的困难是对生词和长句、难句、复杂句的理解,这些直接影响我们正确解题。比如,本题中的went beyond the headlines 该作何理解?又比如,本题中的Is the smoke coming into the room 37 a leak in the air conditioning?这句话的主语是the smoke 还是the smoke coming into the room?再比如,本题中的Is it“steam pipes”?指什么?这说明,我们的英语教学,包括复习教学,应当在词汇量和疑难语法现象上下一番功夫。我们不应当总是埋怨课本中的词汇量太大,没法教,而是要坚定不移地、千方百计地扩大学生的词汇量。我们也不应当总是淡化语法教学,而是要坚定不移地加强语法教学,尤其是长句、难句、复杂句的教学。如果我们能从现在开始做起,我们的英语教学水平将提高一个新的台阶。
第四部分“语法填空”题设计思路
首先要搞清楚这里的“语法”概念不是一般意义上的语法,即狭义的语法,而是功能语法的大概念。即这里考查的是英语词汇在篇章中的功能意义。根据功能语法的解释,任何语言成分的功能都是在与其他成分的“同现”中得到体现的。比如,their 出现时前文肯定出现过they;enjoy后出现动词一定是ing 形式。从词的功能角度去考虑,词与词之间的“同现”是必然的。那么到底该如何设计“语法填空”呢?下面举一些典型的设空例子。
一、挖掉代词 代词通过指代的功能,或前指,或后指,或泛指,能够起到句内拈连,句间照应的作用。挖掉代词,句子的结构受到破坏,句子间出现不连贯。
二、挖掉连词 连词是作者思路的“方向标”,起着起承转合的衔接作用。连词与连词前后相照应、相“同现”,体现的正是功能语法的思想。挖掉关联词,就像撤掉了路标,剪短了风筝线。要想补上连词,学生的思路必须与作者思路相吻合。
三、挖掉引导词that 引导词that没有实际语义,仅起到维系句子结构的功能。在较为正式、严谨的文体中引导词that不能省掉。比如,It is likely that he is already dead. It was only then that he realized his own mistake. 因此,挖掉that可以考查学生对句子结构的把握。
四、挖掉先行词 这里指的先行词限于定语从句前的先行词。先行词受定语从句的修饰、说明或限制,前后关系密切。挖掉先行词,根据定语从句的信息进行推断,从而补出先行词,这本身就是考查逻辑思维能力。
五、挖掉其它引导词 名词性从句的引导词what, who, which, when, where, how, whatever, whoever, whichever, whether;副词从句引导词where, wherever, when, whenever, no matter.
六、平行结构中设空 平行结构是由结构相同或相似的两个或两个以上的(句子)结构形成。平行构中设空是考查语感,考查整体阅读、“行间”跨越式阅读的能力。典型的有either … or …, not … but …, not only … but als