选修8 Unit 1 language points（人教版 ）[下学期]
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| 名称 | 选修8 Unit 1 language points（人教版 ）[下学期] |  | |
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| 文件大小 | 605.5KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（新课程标准） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2006-09-13 08:34:00 | ||
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课件59张PPT。Unit 1 Language pointsExplanation 1. California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population.
加利福尼亚是美国第三大洲，但是人口最多。注意
(1) 对人口提问用what, 不用how many, how much。
What’s the population of the city?
这个城市有多少人口？ (2) population 作主语时用单数，但前有分数，小数，百分数时，谓语动词用复数。
The population of China is larger than that of America.
中国人口比美国人口多。
80% of the population are farmers.
百分之80的人口是农民。 (3) 人口的增加或减少用grow (increase) 和 fall (decrease); 人口的多少用large和small。
There has been a rapid increase in population in the city in the last few years.
近几年该城市人口增长很快。 2. This is not surprising when you know the history of California, which, at various times, has attracted people from nearly every country in the world.
当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史时, 这就不足为奇了。它在不同的时期吸引了几乎来自世界各个国家的人们。 1）句中which引导非限制性定语从句修饰先行词California, 且在定语从句中作主语。
注意:
which引导限制性定语从句时，通常可与that换用，但引导非限制性定语从句时不能用that。 which 在非限制性定语从句中除指代前面的先行词之外，还可指代前面的整个句子，或句子的一部分。
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思, 这使我心烦。2）辨析: nearly与almost
almost与nearly意思相同, 当与动词, 副词, 形容词和名词连用时, 这两个词可以互换。如：
It’s almost (nearly) three o’clock.
差不多三点了。 但almost可以与no, none, nothing, never等词连用，但nearly不可以。如：
Almost no one believed her.
几乎没人相信她。
She said almost nothing．??
她几乎什么也没说。
I almost never see her．??
我几乎总看不到她。 nearly前可以和not连用，not nearly是“远不如”的意思，但almost不和not单独连用。more, than, too用nearly,不用almost.
The problem is not nearly so difficult to work as you think.
这道题远不像你想的那么难解。
The bike is pretty nearly new.
这辆自行车相当新。 3. Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows.
no one really knows 是主句, exactly when… California是know的宾语从句。what we… California是宾语从句, 作介词in的宾语。 4. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.
但是美洲土著居民有可能至少一万五千年前就在加利福尼亚居住了。 1) sb./sth. is likely to do sth.
某人/某物有可能做某事
It is likely/probable/possible that...
有可能
It is possible for sb. to do sth....
有可能做...2) 辨析：likely, possible与probable
possible指客观上有可能性，但往往含有希望很小的意味；probable比possible可能性稍大，有“较为可能、大概”，指有实际依据；likely是从外表迹象判断有可能发生的事。 probable: 句型为 It is probable that…
possible: 句型为 It’s possible (for sb.)
to do sth;
It’s possible that…
likely?的主语可以是人，而possible与probable的主语不能是人。? Is?he?likely?to?win??
他有可能获胜吗？?
It’s possible, though not probable, that he will come tomorrow.
他明天可能来, 但也不一定准来。 5. In the 16th century, after the arrival of Europeans, the native people suffered greatly.
在16世纪, 欧洲人到来之后, 当地人陷入了极大的苦难。vi. 受痛苦；受损害
vt. 遭受；忍受suffer 辨析：suffer与suffer from
suffer (vt.) 和suffer from的区别：suffer 指一般的损害、痛苦等等, 其宾语为pain, loss, grief, insult, punishment, wrong, hardship, injustice, discouragement, disappointment, setback (挫折)，但suffer from表示遭受战争，自然灾害带来的苦难及患病之意。 suffer the result /heavy losses /injuries承受结果/遭受大损失/负伤
suffer from headache/illness/war/the flood
遭受头痛/疾病的困扰/战争／洪水 辨析：die from, die of
die of 死于疾病、饥饿, 多指内部原因。
die from 常用死于创伤、交通事故, 多指外部未知原因。6. In addition, many died from the diseases brought by Europeans.
除此之外，许多人死于欧洲带来的疾病。 die of cancer/hunger/sorrow/thirst/
old age
死于癌症／饥饿／悲痛／干旱／衰老
die from a wound/overwork/an unknown cause
死于外伤／过度劳累／不明原因
Many of them died of starvation.
The soldier died from a wound in the breast. Some die of hunger, but some _____ eating too much.
A. die from B. from
C. X D. of 7. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century when they fought against the native people and took their land.
16世纪早期, 西班牙士兵到达南美洲, 这时同土著人作斗争并占领这片土地。
fight for
“为事业, 自由, 真理, 权利等而斗争(战斗)”
fight against (可用with) the enemy
“为反对……而斗争”；接人和国家名词， 意思是“与……战斗”辨析: fight against, fight for与fight with fight with sb. 也可表示与某人并肩作战
fight a war/ battle 打一场战争
They are fighting for freedom.
他们正为自由而战。 8. Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men who came to tech the Catholic religion to the natives.
在第一批来到加利福尼亚的西班牙人中大多数是来向土著人传授天主教教义的传道士。 1)句中Spanish前面有序数词限定成分，故其后用不定式定语形式。
She was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize.
2)majority作“多数，大半”讲, 单独作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数, 在强调“多数成员的各个成员”时, 谓语动词也可用复数。 the majority of后可用单数名词, 也可用复数名词, 谓语动词的数与of 后面的名词相一致。
The majority of people prefer peace to war.
The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 9. Many died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves in the new towns or on farms. 1) remain的用法:
remain用作不及物动词, 意为 “剩下、留下、呆在”, 相当于stay。如:
When?the?others?had?gone,?Joan?
remained?(=stayed)?to?clean?the?room.?? 别人走了, 琼留下来清扫房间。
stay通常指在某地呆一段时间而不离开, 过暂时住在某地, 尤指宾客逗留,而remain指别人已经走了,而某人仍在原地。 He stayed at the hotel for three days.
Only?a?few?leaves?remained?
(=were?still)?on?the?tree.?
树上只剩下几片叶子了。
The?Smiths?remained?there?all?
through?the?year.??
史密斯一家人在那里呆了整整一年。
The?soldiers?were?ordered?to?
remain?where?they?were.??
士兵们接到命令呆在原地。注意:?“呆在那里”可以说remain?/ stay?there,?但“呆在家里”只能说stay?(at)?home.?remain作连系动词, 意为 “一直保持,仍然处于某种状态中”,?后可接多种成分作表语。 2) make a life
开始新的生活
They go to big cities to make a life.
关于life的短语：
earn/make/get a living 谋生
lead/live a ...life 过着......的生活1)?接名词作表语
Peter?became?a?manager?but?John?
remained?a?worker.??
彼得当上了经理, 但约翰仍然是一个工人。
Their?marriage?remains?a?secret.??
他们的婚姻仍然是个秘密。2)?接形容词作表语
Whatever?great?progress?you?
have?made,?you?should?remain?
modest.??
无论你取得了多么大的进步, 你都应一直保持谦虚。
The?shop?remains?open?until?11?at?
night.??
这个商店一直营业到晚上十一点。3)?接过去分词作表语, 表示主语所处的状态或已经发生的被动动作。如:
They?never?remained?satisfied?
with?their?successes.??
他们从不满足于自己的成绩。
(表主语所处的状态)
They?remained?locked?in?the?
room.??
他们仍然被锁在房子里。
(已经发生的被动动作)4) 接现在分词作表语,表示正在进行的主动动作。如:
The?guests?came?in,?but?she?
remained?sitting?at?the?desk?reading.?? 客人进来了,但她仍然坐在桌旁看书。
(正在进行的主动动作)
They?remained?listening.??
他们一直在听。5)?接不定式作表语, 表示将来的动作。如:
This?remains?to?be?proved.??
这有待证实。
(将来被动动作)
Whether?it?will?do?us?good?remains?
to?be?seen.?
这是否对我们有好处, 还要看一看。 Having?a?trip?abroad?is?certainly?
good?for?the?old?couple,?but?it?remains?___ whether?they?will?enjoy?it.? A.?to?see???? B.?to?be?seen?????
C.?seeing??? ?D.?seen?请看2002年的高考题:6)?接介词短语作表语
I?have?remained?in?touch?with?the?
Greens?for?more?than?10?years.??
我和格林一家保持了十多年的联系。
He?had?to?remain?in?hospital?until?
he?was?better.??
他不得不住院, 直到身体好转。注意:?
①?remain?作名词时,表示“剩余物”, 一般用其复数形式。如:
The?remains?of?a?meal?can?be?
given?to?a?pig.?
残汤剩饭可以喂猪。
They?found?some?remains?of?the?
Tang?Dynasty.?
他们发现一些唐代遗物。②?remaining?是形容词, 意为“剩余的”,常作前置定语; 而left则只能作后置定语。如:
There?are?only?5?books?left.?
只剩下五本书了。
He?bought?me?a?gift?with?the?
remaining?money.?
他用剩余的钱给我买了一件礼物。 10. By the time California became the thirty-first state of the United States of America in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.
到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国的第31个州为止，她已经成为一个多元文化的社会。 “by the time + 从句” 作时间状语， 若从句用一般过去时, 主句常用过去完成时; 若从句用一般现在时, 主句就用将来完成时。
By the time he was fourteen years old, he had learnt maths all by himself. 11. ...it was the building of the railway from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860.
......, 但是更大批量的移民却是在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东部海岸的铁路而来到加利福尼亚的。 本句用了强调句It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。
此结构强调的成分仅限于主语, 宾语和状语。
原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 强调主语：
It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语：
It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening. 强调时间：
It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab.
(注意不用when)
强调地点：
It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.练习： 1). It was last night ___ I see the comet. A. the time B. when
C. that D. which 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 “who”，其余用that。 2). It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada. A. that B. when C. since D. as 考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. 其实本句不是强调句。若是, 去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 “It is…that”, 只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。 12. In more recent decades, California has become home to people from Asia, including Cambodians, Koreans, Vietnamese and Laotians.
最近几十年,加利福尼亚成了亚洲人的家乡,其中包括柬埔寨人、朝鲜人、越南人和老挝人。 这是一个简单句。句中有in the past few years, in recent years 等时间状语时, 句子的谓语动词通常用现成完成时，如: In the past ten years, great changes have taken place in my hometown. 另外, including 是介词, 意为“包括(于……之中)”。Writing style and techniques The passage is a historical narrative article. It introduces briefly the main history events of different periods of times in California. It also describes when, how and why the people from different parts of the world immigratedConsolidation to California. The short history of California is described clearly and accurately, which gives the readers a deep impression. Writing characteristic 1. The text is arranged well in the order of time.
2. The text catches the feature of people and things and uses adjectives.
3. The text centers on the subject and the purpose.
4. The text seems more vivid and lively with the inserted pictures. Main idea The text mainly introduces the
short history of California. It describes the great history events happened in various times. It also tells us when, how and why different people from all over the world having been immigrating to California. It explains to us the reasons why it will be a simple multicultural community in the 21th century.Homework 1. Discuss the question in Activity 4 on page 4, trying to explain the reasons in their own words and write 3 ~ 4 sentences.
2. Prepare for the word formations and collect suffixes of the nouns, verbs and adjectives.
加利福尼亚是美国第三大洲，但是人口最多。注意
(1) 对人口提问用what, 不用how many, how much。
What’s the population of the city?
这个城市有多少人口？ (2) population 作主语时用单数，但前有分数，小数，百分数时，谓语动词用复数。
The population of China is larger than that of America.
中国人口比美国人口多。
80% of the population are farmers.
百分之80的人口是农民。 (3) 人口的增加或减少用grow (increase) 和 fall (decrease); 人口的多少用large和small。
There has been a rapid increase in population in the city in the last few years.
近几年该城市人口增长很快。 2. This is not surprising when you know the history of California, which, at various times, has attracted people from nearly every country in the world.
当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史时, 这就不足为奇了。它在不同的时期吸引了几乎来自世界各个国家的人们。 1）句中which引导非限制性定语从句修饰先行词California, 且在定语从句中作主语。
注意:
which引导限制性定语从句时，通常可与that换用，但引导非限制性定语从句时不能用that。 which 在非限制性定语从句中除指代前面的先行词之外，还可指代前面的整个句子，或句子的一部分。
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思, 这使我心烦。2）辨析: nearly与almost
almost与nearly意思相同, 当与动词, 副词, 形容词和名词连用时, 这两个词可以互换。如：
It’s almost (nearly) three o’clock.
差不多三点了。 但almost可以与no, none, nothing, never等词连用，但nearly不可以。如：
Almost no one believed her.
几乎没人相信她。
She said almost nothing．??
她几乎什么也没说。
I almost never see her．??
我几乎总看不到她。 nearly前可以和not连用，not nearly是“远不如”的意思，但almost不和not单独连用。more, than, too用nearly,不用almost.
The problem is not nearly so difficult to work as you think.
这道题远不像你想的那么难解。
The bike is pretty nearly new.
这辆自行车相当新。 3. Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows.
no one really knows 是主句, exactly when… California是know的宾语从句。what we… California是宾语从句, 作介词in的宾语。 4. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.
但是美洲土著居民有可能至少一万五千年前就在加利福尼亚居住了。 1) sb./sth. is likely to do sth.
某人/某物有可能做某事
It is likely/probable/possible that...
有可能
It is possible for sb. to do sth....
有可能做...2) 辨析：likely, possible与probable
possible指客观上有可能性，但往往含有希望很小的意味；probable比possible可能性稍大，有“较为可能、大概”，指有实际依据；likely是从外表迹象判断有可能发生的事。 probable: 句型为 It is probable that…
possible: 句型为 It’s possible (for sb.)
to do sth;
It’s possible that…
likely?的主语可以是人，而possible与probable的主语不能是人。? Is?he?likely?to?win??
他有可能获胜吗？?
It’s possible, though not probable, that he will come tomorrow.
他明天可能来, 但也不一定准来。 5. In the 16th century, after the arrival of Europeans, the native people suffered greatly.
在16世纪, 欧洲人到来之后, 当地人陷入了极大的苦难。vi. 受痛苦；受损害
vt. 遭受；忍受suffer 辨析：suffer与suffer from
suffer (vt.) 和suffer from的区别：suffer 指一般的损害、痛苦等等, 其宾语为pain, loss, grief, insult, punishment, wrong, hardship, injustice, discouragement, disappointment, setback (挫折)，但suffer from表示遭受战争，自然灾害带来的苦难及患病之意。 suffer the result /heavy losses /injuries承受结果/遭受大损失/负伤
suffer from headache/illness/war/the flood
遭受头痛/疾病的困扰/战争／洪水 辨析：die from, die of
die of 死于疾病、饥饿, 多指内部原因。
die from 常用死于创伤、交通事故, 多指外部未知原因。6. In addition, many died from the diseases brought by Europeans.
除此之外，许多人死于欧洲带来的疾病。 die of cancer/hunger/sorrow/thirst/
old age
死于癌症／饥饿／悲痛／干旱／衰老
die from a wound/overwork/an unknown cause
死于外伤／过度劳累／不明原因
Many of them died of starvation.
The soldier died from a wound in the breast. Some die of hunger, but some _____ eating too much.
A. die from B. from
C. X D. of 7. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century when they fought against the native people and took their land.
16世纪早期, 西班牙士兵到达南美洲, 这时同土著人作斗争并占领这片土地。
fight for
“为事业, 自由, 真理, 权利等而斗争(战斗)”
fight against (可用with) the enemy
“为反对……而斗争”；接人和国家名词， 意思是“与……战斗”辨析: fight against, fight for与fight with fight with sb. 也可表示与某人并肩作战
fight a war/ battle 打一场战争
They are fighting for freedom.
他们正为自由而战。 8. Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men who came to tech the Catholic religion to the natives.
在第一批来到加利福尼亚的西班牙人中大多数是来向土著人传授天主教教义的传道士。 1)句中Spanish前面有序数词限定成分，故其后用不定式定语形式。
She was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize.
2)majority作“多数，大半”讲, 单独作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数, 在强调“多数成员的各个成员”时, 谓语动词也可用复数。 the majority of后可用单数名词, 也可用复数名词, 谓语动词的数与of 后面的名词相一致。
The majority of people prefer peace to war.
The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 9. Many died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves in the new towns or on farms. 1) remain的用法:
remain用作不及物动词, 意为 “剩下、留下、呆在”, 相当于stay。如:
When?the?others?had?gone,?Joan?
remained?(=stayed)?to?clean?the?room.?? 别人走了, 琼留下来清扫房间。
stay通常指在某地呆一段时间而不离开, 过暂时住在某地, 尤指宾客逗留,而remain指别人已经走了,而某人仍在原地。 He stayed at the hotel for three days.
Only?a?few?leaves?remained?
(=were?still)?on?the?tree.?
树上只剩下几片叶子了。
The?Smiths?remained?there?all?
through?the?year.??
史密斯一家人在那里呆了整整一年。
The?soldiers?were?ordered?to?
remain?where?they?were.??
士兵们接到命令呆在原地。注意:?“呆在那里”可以说remain?/ stay?there,?但“呆在家里”只能说stay?(at)?home.?remain作连系动词, 意为 “一直保持,仍然处于某种状态中”,?后可接多种成分作表语。 2) make a life
开始新的生活
They go to big cities to make a life.
关于life的短语：
earn/make/get a living 谋生
lead/live a ...life 过着......的生活1)?接名词作表语
Peter?became?a?manager?but?John?
remained?a?worker.??
彼得当上了经理, 但约翰仍然是一个工人。
Their?marriage?remains?a?secret.??
他们的婚姻仍然是个秘密。2)?接形容词作表语
Whatever?great?progress?you?
have?made,?you?should?remain?
modest.??
无论你取得了多么大的进步, 你都应一直保持谦虚。
The?shop?remains?open?until?11?at?
night.??
这个商店一直营业到晚上十一点。3)?接过去分词作表语, 表示主语所处的状态或已经发生的被动动作。如:
They?never?remained?satisfied?
with?their?successes.??
他们从不满足于自己的成绩。
(表主语所处的状态)
They?remained?locked?in?the?
room.??
他们仍然被锁在房子里。
(已经发生的被动动作)4) 接现在分词作表语,表示正在进行的主动动作。如:
The?guests?came?in,?but?she?
remained?sitting?at?the?desk?reading.?? 客人进来了,但她仍然坐在桌旁看书。
(正在进行的主动动作)
They?remained?listening.??
他们一直在听。5)?接不定式作表语, 表示将来的动作。如:
This?remains?to?be?proved.??
这有待证实。
(将来被动动作)
Whether?it?will?do?us?good?remains?
to?be?seen.?
这是否对我们有好处, 还要看一看。 Having?a?trip?abroad?is?certainly?
good?for?the?old?couple,?but?it?remains?___ whether?they?will?enjoy?it.? A.?to?see???? B.?to?be?seen?????
C.?seeing??? ?D.?seen?请看2002年的高考题:6)?接介词短语作表语
I?have?remained?in?touch?with?the?
Greens?for?more?than?10?years.??
我和格林一家保持了十多年的联系。
He?had?to?remain?in?hospital?until?
he?was?better.??
他不得不住院, 直到身体好转。注意:?
①?remain?作名词时,表示“剩余物”, 一般用其复数形式。如:
The?remains?of?a?meal?can?be?
given?to?a?pig.?
残汤剩饭可以喂猪。
They?found?some?remains?of?the?
Tang?Dynasty.?
他们发现一些唐代遗物。②?remaining?是形容词, 意为“剩余的”,常作前置定语; 而left则只能作后置定语。如:
There?are?only?5?books?left.?
只剩下五本书了。
He?bought?me?a?gift?with?the?
remaining?money.?
他用剩余的钱给我买了一件礼物。 10. By the time California became the thirty-first state of the United States of America in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.
到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国的第31个州为止，她已经成为一个多元文化的社会。 “by the time + 从句” 作时间状语， 若从句用一般过去时, 主句常用过去完成时; 若从句用一般现在时, 主句就用将来完成时。
By the time he was fourteen years old, he had learnt maths all by himself. 11. ...it was the building of the railway from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860.
......, 但是更大批量的移民却是在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东部海岸的铁路而来到加利福尼亚的。 本句用了强调句It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。
此结构强调的成分仅限于主语, 宾语和状语。
原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 强调主语：
It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语：
It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening. 强调时间：
It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab.
(注意不用when)
强调地点：
It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.练习： 1). It was last night ___ I see the comet. A. the time B. when
C. that D. which 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 “who”，其余用that。 2). It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada. A. that B. when C. since D. as 考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. 其实本句不是强调句。若是, 去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 “It is…that”, 只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。 12. In more recent decades, California has become home to people from Asia, including Cambodians, Koreans, Vietnamese and Laotians.
最近几十年,加利福尼亚成了亚洲人的家乡,其中包括柬埔寨人、朝鲜人、越南人和老挝人。 这是一个简单句。句中有in the past few years, in recent years 等时间状语时, 句子的谓语动词通常用现成完成时，如: In the past ten years, great changes have taken place in my hometown. 另外, including 是介词, 意为“包括(于……之中)”。Writing style and techniques The passage is a historical narrative article. It introduces briefly the main history events of different periods of times in California. It also describes when, how and why the people from different parts of the world immigratedConsolidation to California. The short history of California is described clearly and accurately, which gives the readers a deep impression. Writing characteristic 1. The text is arranged well in the order of time.
2. The text catches the feature of people and things and uses adjectives.
3. The text centers on the subject and the purpose.
4. The text seems more vivid and lively with the inserted pictures. Main idea The text mainly introduces the
short history of California. It describes the great history events happened in various times. It also tells us when, how and why different people from all over the world having been immigrating to California. It explains to us the reasons why it will be a simple multicultural community in the 21th century.Homework 1. Discuss the question in Activity 4 on page 4, trying to explain the reasons in their own words and write 3 ~ 4 sentences.
2. Prepare for the word formations and collect suffixes of the nouns, verbs and adjectives.