高考英语专题讲座-阅读理解[下学期]

高考复习
专题讲座 阅读理解
不少同学反映:“老师，做阅读理解题时，我对文章的语句完全能看懂，可是选答案时却总出错，您讲一讲阅读技巧吧!”有些老师在读过一篇文章后发现自己的判断与答案有出入时，也深感技巧方面出了故障，经过归纳，大体有如下说法：要学会抓主旨大意；能够略去不必要的信息；会掠读、跳读、不必回读；能够根据题干及作者的意图在文章中快速搜寻有关信息……
　　上述表述，应当说没有错误，但学生们实践后往往收效甚微。为什么 因为这些方法没有抓住中学生英语学习的现实和实质。目前中学生的词汇学习量不足2000词（初中1200、高中750），学生真正掌握并能运用的词汇量则更少。教学大纲规定阅读量至多20万词，然而目前高考英语试卷的词汇要求为3000～3500词左右（含派生、转化及合成）。以不足2000词的词汇量去读3500词为底线的文章，肯定读不深吃不透，在此基础上用什么技巧和思路也只能是一个字----“猜”。自然无准确性可言了。?
　　作为一名英语学习者，要想突破阅读关，在高考中拿高分，要解决“三量”，即词汇量----3500?词；阅读量----35万词，也即1000篇300余词的短文；阅读质量----能本着信达雅的原则用中文说出文意。?
　　1．词汇量?
　　词汇量的3500词包括常见词及词组和日常会话中的单词、词组，最常见的涉及文化、科普、政治、经济，甚至军事的词。同时还要会认、会用派生，包括前缀和后缀。比如近年高考中就出现过的inexpensive， unthinkable， computerize。要真正做到会认、会用，就必须多读文章，细读文章，在大量认读中逐步加深前后缀的印象，逐步积累生词。平日学习新词时，要善于运用不同方法加强记忆，扩大词汇量。比如可以采用摘葡萄法、归纳法、联想法等。摘葡萄法就是把相互联系的词串到一起，比如当我们学习shoulder时，应联想到arm， elbow， wrist， fist， hand， palm， finger， thumb， index，finger，middle，finger， ring，finger， little，finger，甚至foe。归纳法则可把那些形相近意相远的词联系到一起，如medal， model， metal， mental； violet紫罗兰， violent， violate凶暴。联想法是指在学习过程中发现一个词联想到与它相关的词，比如当我们见到physical labor时，可联想到“脑力劳动”，从而查找到mental labor。具体可参见以前发过的词汇扩展
　　2．阅读量?
　　阅读量是指300余词的短文，至少要读1000篇。考虑到高三现状，读小说有一定困难，读短文是个好办法。一方面可选取阅读理解书目上的文章，另一方面可读21世纪报及21世纪报中学生版上的文章。因为这些文章篇幅不长，紧密联系生活实际，涵盖社会现实和天下大事，可读性很强。到高三的第二学期才动手，也不算晚，那必须把阅读量加大到每天五篇，这样才能见成效。?
　　3．阅读质量?
　　阅读质量含五步。第一步读文章做理解题。第二步是出声朗读其中的一段，而且必须注意语音、语调、重读、弱读、连读、失去爆破和清辅音浊化。目前中学生上高中后发声朗读训练的机会越来越少，从上边七项要求自己的机会则几乎没有，高考中的听力自然得分不高。因为听力中的对话与朗读是依照前边提到的七大要点录制的。第三步是用笔划一划你认为应当记住的词、词组、短语，较好的句子。认真划，划得越多则说明读者的心越细，随着时间的推移，若划的越来越少了，说明水平也提高了。第四步是注意一下边边角角的知识，因为它有助于你对文章的理解，有助于短文写作中的应用。比如2001年高考E篇文章的第七段中有Even when a man is said to be a best friend， the two share little about their innermost feelings． Where as a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage．根据句意我们知道，where as=however，或but，这种关联词在文章中常常起到承上启下的作用。高中毕业生在高考的短文写作中常出现这样一种情况，单看每个句子不存在问题，但就是上下连贯不到一起。这其中的重要毛病是不会使用像where as这样的词及相关短语。而这些技能的养成不是靠教师课堂上讲的，也不是靠日常口头说才会的，主要依靠平日阅读中细心理解，出声朗读，写作中使用。第五步在前面已谈到，读过一篇文章后若能用中文讲明白，说明你懂了，若讲不明白，则说明质量没过关。以2000年E篇的第一段为例， Excused from recycling （回收利用） because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute（垃圾道） You won’t be for long!两句中注出两处中文，有一处课本中学过。由于考生不知句意，结果在这两句基础上的第68题的正答率出奇得低，高分段同学的错误率比低分段的同学还高。这说明了认识的词并不意味着懂句意，更说明了“掠读”、“跳读”、“猜”的偏颇。如能按第三步的方式划一划，查一查，平日有积累，还愁不能正确理解该句：“难道因为你住高层建筑，又有垃圾道就可以不进行分拣和回收了吗 不用多久就应这样做”。再比如高三课本（上）的第128页中有这样一段: On hearing this，Marlin got angry and shouted，“You want me to take the place of a monkey Take its place yourself ! You look more like a monkey than I do．”原意是：“马林刚一听到这里，就气愤地吼道，你想让我扮猴子吗 你去扮好了，你长得才像猴呢!”然而不少学生，甚至一部分教师都错解为“你长得比我更像猴!”这样一来就闹出定位错误的笑话了。从这个例子中我们也能看出这样一个现实，读懂了句子，未必理解准确到位，换言之，表层意思与深层含义是不一样的。要想达到翻译上的信达雅，不加大量阅读，不按照上述五步的方法加强训练，解阅读理解题的水平很难提高。?
　　综上所述，提高解阅读理解题的水平决非一蹴而就，而应经过长时间的大量阅读。由于不少英语单词和词组是一词多意，因此要在阅读中逐步加深印象，拓宽词汇量，这样才能突破阅读关。
　　同学们可能会问读什么样的文章好，应该是两类文章并进。一种是21世纪报和21世纪报中学生版，同学们可依上述五步每周阅读一份报纸，一定能开阔视野，扩大词汇量，增加知识；另一种是有阅读理解题的文章，他们能检测你理解的程度，提高你高考时做阅读理解题的分值。简而言之，要疯狂，要持久。疯狂阅读指量，持久阅读指质。那么突破阅读关的时间离你就越来越近了。
第一章　　主　旨　概　括
第一课
　一、试卷分析与展望
　　阅读理解中非常重要的一个技巧就是在阅读中迅速地抓住文章或段落的主旨大意，也就是中心思想。文章或段落的中心思想犹如一支蜡烛的芯。这根芯看似无关紧要，但是如果没有它，那么这支蜡烛就不能再称为蜡烛，而是一堆蜡。所以，一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。要领悟文章的主旨大意，这就需要考生具备归纳和概括等方面的能力。而这种归纳和概括能力又常常是考试中被考查的重点。
下面，我们一起来回顾一下1996-2002年十年的全真试题，就可知道此项技能的重要性了。
　　1．What does the second paragraph mainly discuss [NMET96 （61）]
9． The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about　___[NMET96 （66）]
　　10．This news story is mainly about _____． [NMET97 （51）]
　　11．The text is mainly about _____． [NMET97 （55）]
　　12． The text is mainly about _______．[NMET98 （51）]
　　13． What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph 　[NMET98 （54）]
　　14． The text is mainly about ______．[NMET98 （57）]
　　15． What would be the best title for the text [NMET98 （70）]
16． This article mainly tells about the story of _______． [NMET99 （51）]
17． The writer's purpose in writing this story is ___________． [NMET2000（54）]
18． According to the writer of the text , imagining the future will _________．[NMET2000（66）]
　　19． The purpose in writing this text is _________．[NMET2000（67）]
　　从上述全真试题中，我们可以总结出，对于文章或段落的主旨大意设问的形式一般是：
　　1． The main idea of the passage （text） is _____．
　　2． The text （passage） is mainly about _____．
　　3． What does the passage mainly discuss （deal with）
　　4． Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea
　　5． The main point of the passage is ______．
　　6． The best headline for this newspaper article would be _____．
　　7． Which of the following is the best title to be given to the article
　　8． What is the topic of the text
　　9． The main purpose of the story is to tell us _____．
　　10． The conclusion we can get from the story is _____．
　　大家只要记住，看到问题中使用mainly, main，title，headline，topic，conclusion等词时，就得仔细领会文章的主旨大意了。
　　当然，除了上述通用的句型，还可用其它的形式设问，这就要求我们认真理会题干的意思了。
　　例如92年的75题“The writer tells this story to _____．”
　　以及93年的66题“The writer wrote the story in order to _____． ”
也是考查考生对主旨大意的理解
二、基本训练
　　Mike is a freshman（新生） in college． He is also trying to earn the money he needs to live on． As a result, he works forty hours a week at a gasoline station． But this work must be done at night because Mike is a full-time college student． Mike also tries to make time for things he enjoys doing that are not related to college and work． He likes to ski in winter and play in summer． However, he is finding less and less time for these pleasures．
Question: Which sentence best expresses the main idea
　 A． Mike is very busy 　　 　　　 B． A freshman has to work many hours all week
　　　 C． Mike has pleasures in his spare time D． Mike has a lot of homework
　　Telephone, television, radio, and the telegraph all help people communicate with each other． Because of these devices, ideas and news of events spread quickly all over the world． For example, within seconds, people can know the results of an election in Japan or Argentina（阿根廷）． An international soccer match comes into the home of everyone with a television set． News of disaster such as an earthquake or a flood can bring help from distant countries． Within hours, help is on the way． Because of modern technology like the four thousand satellites that travel around the world, information travels fast．
Question: The main idea of the passage is that _____．
　　 A． News of a disaster travels quickly and help can come quickly from distant countries．
　 　　 B． Election results can be known almost immediately．
　　 　 C． Communication is good．
　　　 D． Information travels very fast because of technology．
三、高考实战（90年高考阅读题）
　　A well-known old man was being interviewed （采访） and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday．
　　"That's right," said the old man． "Ninety-nine years old, and I haven't an enemy in the world． They're all dead．" "Well, sir," said the interviewer, "I hope very much to have the honour of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday．"
　　The old man looked at the young man closely, and said, "I can't see why you shouldn't． You look fit and healthy to me!"
1． The old man said he had not an enemy in the world, which shows that he was a very _____．
A． friendly man—he never made any enemies．
B． healthy man—he lived longer than all his enemies．
C． lucky man—his enemies had all died．
D． terrible man—he had got rid of all his enemies．
2． When the interviewer said that he hoped very much to have the honour of interviewing the old man
again the following year, _____
A． he was trying to make the old man happy．
B． he wished he himself would live another year．
C． he did not believe the old man would live to be one hundred．
D． he did not believe he would interview the old man again．
3． When the old man said "I can't see why you shouldn't", what he meant was _____
A． "You must try to live another year to interview me again next year．"
B． "Of course you can see me again since you're so fit and healthy．"
C． "If I live to a hundred years, you should interview me again．"
D． "Unless you live another year, you wouldn't be able to interview me again．"
4． What kind of man would you say the old man was
A． He was silly． 　　　 B． He was unpleasant．
C． He was very proud and sure of his health． D． He was very impolite to young people．
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Annealing
　　Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly． If 　　metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping （浸） it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle（脆）—that is, It will break easily． Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily． It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it． The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly, for a certain length of time． The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes． Annealing can also be used on other materials, such as glass．
5． Annealing can make metal _____
A． hard and tough（韧）． 　　　 B． hard but brittle．
C． soft but tough． 　　　 D． soft and brittle．
6． Why do people put hot metal in water
A． To make it hard． 　　　 B． To make it soft．
C． To make it cool． 　　　 D． To make it brittle．
7． In annealing, the required hardness of a metal depends on _____
A． the quantity of water used． 　 B． the temperature of the metal．
C． the softness of the metal． 　　 D． the timing of the operation．
8． As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle
A． It can be heated and then cooled quickly．　 B． It can be cooled and then heated slowly．
C． It can be heated and then cooled slowly． 　 D． It can be cooled and then heated quickly．
　　　"I would almost rather see you dead," Robert S． Cassatt, a leading banker （银行家） of Philadelphia, shouted when his twenty-year-old eldest daughter announced that she wanted to become an artist． In the 19th century, playing at drawing or painting on dishes was all right for a young lady, but serious work in art was not． And when the young lady's family ranked among （跻身于） the best of Philadelphia's social（社交界的）families, such an idea could not even be considered． That was how Mary Cassatt, born 1844, began her struggle as an artist． She did not tremble before her father's anger． Instead, she opposed （抗拒）him with courage and at last made him change his mind．
　　Mary Cassatt gave up her social position（社会地位）and all thought of a husband and a family, which in those times was unthinkable for a young lady． In the end, after long years of hard work and perseverance（坚持）, she became America's most important woman artist and the internationally 　recognized leading woman painter of the time．
9． How did Mr． Cassatt react（反应）when his daughter made her announcement
A． He feared for her life． 　　　 B． He was very angry．
C． He nearly killed her． 　　　 D． He warned her．
10． What in fact was Mr． Cassatt's main reason in opposing his daughter's wish
A． Drawing and painting was simply unthinkable among ladies in those days．
B． He did not believe his daughter wanted to work seriously in art．
C． He believed an artist's life would be too hard for his daughter．
D． Ladies of good families simply did not become artists in those times．
11． What made Mary Cassatt's "struggle" to become a recognized artist especially hard
A． She was a woman． 　　　 B． Her father opposed her．
C． She had no social position． 　 D． She did not come from an artist's family．
12． What do we know about Mary Cassatt's marriage （婚姻）
A． Her marriage failed because she never gave a thought to her husband and family．
B． She never married because she did not want to be just a wife and mother．
C． After marriage she decided to give up her husband rather than her career （事业）．
D． She did not marry because for a lady of her social position to marry below her was unthinkable．
13． What do we know about Robert Cassatt's character from the text
A． He was a cruel man． 　　　 B． He was a stubborn （固执的） man．
　 C． He knew nothing about art． 　 D． He knew little about his daughter．
14． What do we know about Mary Cassatt's character
A． She was brave in going against old ideas． B． She got tired of always obeying her father．
　 C． She hated playing at drawing and painting． D． She did not mind being poor at all．
15． As we can learn from the text, which of the following was generally considered the most
　 important in the life of a woman in the U．S． in Mary Cassatt's times
A． Money． 　　　 B． Career． 　
C． Marriage． 　　 　 D． Courage．
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Benin
　　　Benin is one of the smallest African states． It lies in West Africa on the Gulf（海湾）of Guinea, to the south of Burkina Faso and Niger, between Togo on the west and Nigeria on the east． Benin used to be called Dahomey and was controlled and ruled by France from 1893 to 1960, when it became independent（独立）． In 1963 the army general Soglo overthrew（推翻）the first president Maga． Soglo set up an army government and called himself head of state in 1965, but was overthrown and replaced （取代） by a civilian（非军人）government in 1967． In December 1969 Benin had another change of power with the army again taking over（接管）． In May 1970, Maga and two other men set up a new　government, with each of them acting as president in turn for two years． However, half a year after Maga turned over power to the second man Ahomadegbe, the three-man government was overthrown by the army once more and General Kerekou became president． In November 1975 Kerekou changed the name of the nation from Dahomey to Benin, Benin being the name of a 17th century kingdom covering the same place． Kerekou also announced that Benin would be a People's Republic based on Marxism-Leninism．
　　16． Which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of Benin and its neighbouring countries （Bn = Benin ; Tg = Togo ; Nr = Niger ; BF = Burkina Faso ; Na = Nigeria ; GG = Gulf of Guinea）
17． For how long was Benin under France
　 A． For over a century． 　　　 B． For roughly a century．
　 C． For over half a century． 　 D． Under half a century．
18． For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a People's Republic
A．15 years． 　　　 B．25 years． 　　　 C．20 years． 　　　 D．30 years．
19． Choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin．
　 （Ah = Ahomadegbe; Ke = Kerekou; Ma = Maga; So = Soglo）
A． So, Ma, Ah, Ma, Ke 　　　 B． Ma, So, Ma, Ke, Ah
　 C． So, Ma, Ke, Ma, Ah 　　　 D． Ma, So, Ma, Ah, Ke
20． When and how did Benin get its two names—Benin and Dahomey
A． Dahomey was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Benin．
　 B． Benin was its oldest name． The name Dahomey was used later, but has been replaced by Benin
again．
C． Dahomey was its oldest name． The name Benin was used later, but has been replaced
　 　by Dahomey again．
　 D． Benin was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Dahomey．
四、能力测试
It doesn't matter when or how much a person sleeps, but everyone needs some rest to stay alive． That's what all doctors thought, until they heard about Al Herpin． Al Herpin, it was said, never slept． Could this be true The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves．
　　Al Herpin was 90 years old when the doctors came to his home in New Jersey． They thought for　sure that he got some sleep of some kind． So they stayed with him and watched every movement he made． But they were surprised． Though they watched him hour after hour and day after day, they never saw Herpin sleeping． In fact, he did not even own a bed． He never needed one．
　The only rest that Herpin sometimes got was sitting in a comfortable chair and reading newspapers．
　 The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness． They asked him many questions, 　　hoping to find an answer． They found only one answer that might explain his condition． Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured several days before he was born． But that was all． Was this the real reason No one could be sure．
　Herpin died at the age of 94．
1． The main idea of this passage is that _____．
A． large numbers of people do not need sleep
B． a person who actually didn't need any sleep was found
　 C． everyone needs some sleep to stay alive
　 D． people can live longer by trying not to sleep
2． The doctors came to visit Herpin, expecting _____．
A． to cure him of his sleeplessness
　 B． to find that his sleeplessness was not really true
　 C． to find out why some old people didn't need any sleep
　 D． to find a way to free people from the need of sleeping
3． After watching him closely, the doctors came to believe that Al Herpin _____．
A． needed some kind of sleep 　　　 B． was too old to need any sleep
　 C． needed no sleep at all 　　　 D． often slept in a chair
4． One reason that might explain Herpin's sleeplessness was _____．
A． his mother's injury before he was born B． that he had gradually got rid of the sleeping habit
　 C． his magnificent physical condition 　 D． that he hadn't got a bed
5． Al Herpin's condition could be regarded as _____．
A． a common one 　 　　 B． one that could be cured
　 C． very healthy 　　　 D． a rare one
第二课
　　一、技巧解疑
　　文章（或段落）的构成有其内在的规律性，其中心思想往往是通过主题句来体现的。因此考生对以下四种结构应首先有所了解，然后通过一系列有意识的训练进而掌握它们。
　　1． 主题句在篇（段）首的结构
　　这种结构通常用演绎法撰写，遵循从一般到个别（特殊）的步骤，即先概述，然后用细节加以说明。请看91年的Passage C:
　Jane Clark, fair-haired, blue-eyed and tough as steel, has just won the most difficult race in the world． In seventeen days she drove a dog team and sledge （雪橇） across 1,050 miles of the Arctic Circle 　　　　and through some of the most difficult land in the world． In bitter （刺骨的） winds and snow-storms she drove her dogs along the Arctic track, in temperatures that reached-38℃． When Jane was asked how she　　　　　felt about being the first woman ever to win the race she said, "I still can't believe it．" She then went over to inspect her thirteen wild-eyed dogs． David Wilson, who came second, said, "It sure hurts when a young woman is ahead of you． But it doesn't hurt for long． She was a good winner．"
76． Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article
　A． Woman wins the world's toughest race!
B． Woman fights bitter winds and snow-storms!
　 C． Woman wins a sledge race in the world!
　 D． Woman drives a dog team across the Arctic!
　 这篇文章的首句就是主题句，其后的句子或是具体说明“世界上最困难的比赛”，或是从侧面说明赢得这场比赛的不易。本篇的终结句进一步呼应了主题句。所以答案是A。
　　2． 主题句在末尾的结构
　　尾句是主题句的结构通常是用归纳法撰写的，其步骤是先表述细节或交代论据，最后做出概括性的结论，以总结性的句子收尾。这种写作方法的特点是从个别到一般，由特殊性到共性。请看98年Passage A的最后一段：
　　　On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin． Everyone was astonished to see him． There was just one problem． Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates． He rolled on and on． 　　　　　Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall． Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces． Nobody forgot Merlin's grand entrance for a long time!
54． What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph
　 A． The roller skates needed further improvement．
　B． The party guests took Merlin for a fool．
　 C． Merlin succeeded beyond expectation．
　 D． Merlin got himself into trouble．
　　这段文字从Merlin入场的细节叙述，最后一句做了归纳总结：“很长一段时间大家都没有忘记Merlin不同凡响的入场。”可见Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案当然是C了。
二、基本训练
　　Americans use more water than any other people in the world． If we continue to use　water at the rate we do now, we will soon not have enough to meet our needs． In 1900, 40 billion gallons（加仑）were used each day in the United States． In 1980, 700 billion gallons were used． The average American uses almost 90 gallons of water a day for personal use． And much more water is needed to make the things American people like to have． For example, it takes thousands of gallons of water to make one pound of beef for the dinner table． It takes more than 100,000 gallons of water to make a car． If we include these uses of water, the average American uses about 2000 gallons of water a day．
Question　The best title for the passage is _______．
　 A． Water Use in the United States 　 B． The Problem of Water Use
　 C． Water Use in the World 　 D． Water Use in the Twentieth Century
Halloween is an autumn holiday that Americans celebrate every year． It means "holy　evening", and it comes every October 31, the evening before All- Saints Day． However, it's not really a church holiday; it's a holiday for children．
Every autumn, when the vegetables are ready to eat, children pick large orange pumpkins． Then they cut faces in the pumpkins and put lights inside． It looks like there is a person looking out of the pumpkin!
　　The children also put on strange masks（面具）and frightening clothes every Halloween． Some children paint their faces to look like monsters（怪物）． Then they carry boxes or bags from house to house． Every time they come to a new house, they say,
　"Trick or treat! Money or eat!" The adults（成年人）put a treat ---money or candy --- in their bags．
　Some children think of other people on Halloween． They carry boxes for UNICEF （The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund）． They ask for money to help poor children all around the world． Of course, every time they help UNICEF, they usually receive a treat for themselves, too．
　The best title for the passage probably is ______．
　 A． An Autumn Holiday B． A Church Holiday C． A Holiday for Children D． All-Saints
三、高考实战 （1991年高考试题）
O． Henry was a pen name used by an American writer of short stories． His real name was
William Sydney Porter． He was born in North Carolina in 1862． As a young boy he lived an exciting life． He did not go to school for very long, but he managed to teach himself everything he needed to know． When he was about 20 years old, O． Henry went to Texas, where he tried different jobs． He first worked on a newspaper, and then had a job in a bank． When some money went missing from the bank, O． Henry was believed to have stolen it． Because of that, he was sent to prison． During the three years in prison, he learned to write short stories． After he got out of prison, he went to New York and continued writing． He wrote mostly about New York and the life of the poor there． People liked his stories, because simple as the tales were, they would finish with a sudden change at the end, to the readers' surprise．
66． In which order did O． Henry do the following things
a． Lived in New York b． Worked in a bank c． Travelled to Texas
d． Was put in prison e． Had a newspaper job f． Learned to write stories
A． e, c, f, b, d, a B． c, e, b, d, f, a C． e, b, d, c, a, f D． c, b, e, d, a, f
67． People enjoyed reading O． Henry's stories because
A． they had surprise endings． B． they were easy to understand．
C． they showed his love for the poor． D． they were about New York City．
68． O． Henry went to prison because
A． people thought he had stolen money from the newspaper．
B． he broke the law by not using his own name．
C． he wanted to write stories about prisoners．
D． people thought he had taken money that was not his．
69． What do we know about O． Henry before he began writing
A． He was well-educated． B． He was not serious about his work．
C． He was devoted to the poor． D． He was very good at learning．
70． Where did O． Henry get most material for his short stories
A． His life inside the prison． B． The newspaper articles he wrote．
C． The city and people of New York． D． His exciting early life as a boy．
Indianapolis is the capital and largest city of Indiana, U． S． A． With a population of 744,000, it is
one of the largest cities in the world that cannot be reached by water． However, Indianapolis is a city through which many railways, roads, buses and planes pass． There are many factories which make trucks, farm tools, and electrical things． These factories cause little pollution for the city． Butler University, well-known for engineering, and the law and medical schools of Indiana University, are in the city centre． Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation's most famous car race is held each year on May 30th．
If you visited Indianapolis you would be able to find your way around easily because most of the
streets cross each other like a chessboard（棋盘）． In the centre of the city, called the Circle, stands the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, 100 metres high． Also in the centre there are many buildings made of the famous Indiana stone, which makes them white in colour．
71． What is Indianapolis best known for
A． Its yearly motor race． B． Its schools and libraries．
C． Its universities and medical schools． D． Its Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument．
72． You can NOT travel to Indianapolis by
A． boat． B． train． C． car． D． bike．
73． From the text, what do we learn about the size of Indianapolis
A． It is the largest city in the U． S． A． B． It has a population of over a million．
C． It has a population of under a million． D． It is one of the largest cities in the world．
74． It is easy for a stranger to go about in the city because
A． most of the buildings are in the centre of the city．
B． there are many different ways of travelling there．
C． the buildings are very close to each other．
D． the city is planned in squares．
75． Many buildings in Indianapolis are white because
A． they are painted white every year． B． the Indiana people keep them clean．
C． they are made of a special stone． D． there is little pollution from factories
Moscow, Russia（space news）—"The computer is a better chess player," insisted Viktor Prozorov,
the loser． "It seemed as if it were laughing after every good move． I know I should have beaten it for the sake of mankind （为人类着想）, but I just couldn't win," he announced and shook his head sadly．
Prozorov's disappointment was shared by several grand masters who were present, some of whom
were so upset that they shouted at the machine． Many chess players said that this meant the end of chess championships（锦标赛）around the world, since the fun had been taken out of the game．
The computer walked—or rather, rolled—away with 5,000 dollars in prize money and limited its
remarks to a set of noises and lights．
76． Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article
A． 5,000 dollars goes to a computer! B． New invention: a laughing computer!
C． World's best chess player beaten! D． Computer defeats man in chess!
77． How did some of the grand masters feel about the chess game between Prozorov and the computer
A． They thought that the game was no fun． B． They thought that the game wasn't fair．
C． They agreed that Prozorov didn't play well． D． They were unhappy that the computer had won．
78． What was it that Prozorov felt most bitter（懊恼）about
A． That he didn't win the $ 5,000． B． That he hadn't tried his best．
C． That he had lost to a machine． D． That this was the end of the chess game．
79． After winning the game, the computer
A． laughed． B． walked away．
C． made some remarks． D． gave out some lights and sounds．
80． Many chess players felt that playing with a computer would
A． make the game tougher． B． make the game less interesting．
C． make man appear foolish． D． make man lose lots of money．
One day a few years ago a very funny thing happened to a neighbour of mine． He is a teacher at
one of London's big medical schools． He had finished his teaching for the summer term and was at the airport on his way to Russia to give a lecture．
He had put a few clothes and his lecture notes in his shoulder bag, but he had put Rupert, the
skeleton （人体骨架） to be used in his lecture, in a large brown suitcase（箱子）． At the airport desk, he suddenly thought that he had forgotten to buy a newspaper． He left his suitcase near the desk and went over to the shop．
When he got back he discovered that someone had taken his suitcase by mistake． He often wonders
what they said when they got home and found Rupert．
81． Who wrote the story
A． Rupert's teacher． B． The neighbour's teacher．
C． A medical school teacher． D． The teacher's neighbour．
82． Why did the teacher put a skeleton in his suitcase
A． He needed it for the summer term in London．
B． He needed it for the lecture he was going to give．
C． He wanted to take it to Russia for medical research．
D． He wanted to take it home as he had finished his teaching．
83． What happened at the airport
A． The skeleton went missing． B． The skeleton was stolen．
C． The teacher forgot his suitcase． D． The teacher took the wrong suitcase．
84． Which of the following best tells the teacher's feeling about the incident
A． He is very angry． B． He thinks it rather funny．
C． He feels helpless without Rupert． D． He feels good without Rupert．
85． Which of the following might have happened afterwards
A． The teacher got back the suitcase but not Rupert．
B． The teacher got back neither the suitcase nor Rupert．
C． The teacher got back Rupert but not the suitcase．
D． The teacher got back both the suitcase and Rupert．
四、能力测试
　　Thirty children from China and eight from other countries and regions who won prizes in an international competition（竞赛）received their rewards in Beijing at the Great Hall of the People yesterday． The nine-month 1989 Sea-Ball Cup International Children Drawing Competition started last April． It received more than 6,000 works including 300 pieces of art from countries and regions outside China--- the United States, the Soviet Union, the Philippines, Chili, Romania and Japan．
　　"All the paintings express children's longing for a peaceful world, their love for nature and dreams for the future," said Fan Zeng, the well-known Chinese painter and chairman of the evaluation commission（评委会）of the competition．
　　The Gold Prize was granted to five works, one of them is from the Soviet Union． Another 10 children were awarded the Silver Prize． "The prizewinning works are outstanding in the imagination and creativity," Fan said． A Chinese boy at the age of five was the youngest prize winner, who won a Bronze Prize．
　　Marjorie Michelle Villa, a Philippine girl at the age of thirteen, who won a Silver Prize, flew to Beijing for the award ceremony and gave a speech to an audience which included senior Chinese leaders and foreign diplomats（外交官）who received prizes on behalf of the winners from their countries．
（1） No children from ____ sent their paintings for the competition．
A． Asia 　　　　　 B． Africa 　　　　　 C． Europe 　　　　　 D． America
（2） From their works we can see the children ______．
A． love their own countries
　 B． have a strong good feeling for peace and nature, and they dream of a happy future
　 C． are proud of their own paintings
　 D． are sure of their bright future
（3） A girl prize winner _______．
　 A． took a plane to Beijing to tell the Chinese leaders about her paintings
　 B． attended the ceremony and visited Beijing
　 C． was absent from the ceremony
　 D． was present and spoke at the ceremony
（4） The competition is ______．
A． a full success B． a successful experiment
C． a pleasant surprise D． a good imagination
（5） The best title for the passage is ______．
A． Boys and Girls Are Fond of Paintings B． Children Are Praised for Their Love of Paintings
C． Children Painters Receive Their Prizes D． Children Come to Beijing from Different Countries
第三课
　　在上一讲中，我们接触到了主题句在首句和主题句在尾句的结构。那有没有主题句在中间或没有主题句的结构呢？答案是肯定的。在这一讲中，我们就来重点看看这两种结构吧。
　　1． 主题句在中间的结构
　　有些主题句既不在篇（段）首，也不在篇（段）尾，而是处于篇章（或段落）的中间。这样的结构往往先以一句或几句为主题句的出现作铺垫，或是交代细节或论据。在主题句出场后，仍有适当数量的句子陈述细节或继续给予例证。
　　这类结构包括三个层次：引题——主题思想——解释或继续给予例证。从它的写作程序来看，也可分为三部曲：归纳——结论——演绎，即给出一两个例证之后，做出概括性的总结，然后再给予例证来证实其论点。请看下例：
　　When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and then it comes down． When a bullet（子弹）is shot straight up, it will travel much 　　　faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down． Whatever goes up must come down． We have always thought this to be true． An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far 　　　and long． Yet it does not stay up forever． Finally, like everything else, the plane must come down．
　本段文字中用斜体显示的这句话就是主题句。其行文顺序和写作程序与上述的模式完全吻合。
　 2． 没有主题句的结构
　没有主题句的篇章（或段落），并不是没有主题思想，它们的主题思想不是由具体的某句话表示的，而是在文中含蓄地存在着，需要读者自己归纳总结。这种结构通常是叙述一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。请看92年的Passage A:
　　Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten （咬） by snakes． "It was seeing people with snake bites （伤口） that led me to this career," he said．
　　In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine． As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains． There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives．
　　"I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met． It was a very hot afternoon． The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand． He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake． In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart． Rushing home he shouted, ‘Bring me the knife' Minutes later the man lost his arm forever．"
　　"The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes" Shu said．
Question:　The best headline （标题） for this newspaper article is _____．
　 　　A． Astonishing Medicine　　　　　　　　 B． Farmer Loses Arm
　　　 C． Dangerous Bites　　　　　　　　　　　D． Snake Doctor
　　文章陈述了一系列同等重要的细节，都是围绕“一位治疗毒蛇咬伤的医生”展开的。所以最好的标题便是D了。
　　In short, 正确理解文章或段落的主题思想是阅读的首要目的。因此，提高识别文章结构并准确找出主题句的能力和准确归纳总结出无主题句文章的主题思想的能力，是提高阅读理解能力的重要环节。而从无主题句的文章中总结出主题思想的能力尤其是考试的重点，也是我们平常阅读训练时难度较大的一项，这就需要我们在阅读任何文章时都要下意识地归纳总结其主旨大意。
二、基本训练
Who are these people rushing by you in the street More than 215 million people now call America "home", but most of them can trace their families back to other parts of the world． If you look at the names on shop windows, you will see that Americans come from　many different lands． The idea that these people, who once were strangers to the United States, have lost the customs and cultures of their original countries and have become "American" is really not true． In fact, what exists in America is more often a kind of "side-by-side" living in which groups of people from other countries often have kept many of their customs and habits． They join the general American society only in certain areas of their lives--- such as in schools, businesses, and sports--- but they keep many of their own native customs and manners socially and at home． This living "side-by-side" has both advantages（长处）and disadvantages． Sometimes it may cause disagreements to develop between groups whose ways of life are very different from one another． However, there are also great advantages that come from the variety of cultures brought by settlers from other lands． There is great freedom of choice among ideas and dress, food, and social customs in America． Everyone can find some part of his or her familiar world in the United States, in churches, music, food, national groups, or newspapers．
Question: Which is the best title for this passage
　　　 A． Advantages and Disadvantages 　　 B． Different Customs and Habits
　　　 C． Home for the people 　　 D． "Side-by-side" Living Style in America
　　Kleptomania（盗窃癖）is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal．　Such a person is not really a thief． They are sick and cannot help themselves． All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions． People with Kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them． With medical help they may become normal citizens again． The things that a Kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value． They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them．
Questions: What is the topic of the text
　　 A． Young thieves 　　　　　 B． An unusual illness
　　　 C． Reasons for stealing 　　 D． A normal child's actions
三、高考实战 （1992年试题）
In Shanxi Province you may be offered brains to eat． Frightened You shouldn't be ,because these
brains are only a food, which is famous for its unusual name and rich nutrition （营养）．
Brains as a food were invented more than 300 years ago by Fu Shan, an artist whose mother had
been ill for a long time． To help her become well again, he studied medicine and invented a kind of soup （汤） made of meat, vegetables and a number of Chinese medicines． Rice wine was also used in the soup to help illnesses caused by old age． After taking the soup his mother got better little by little and lived a long life．
Fu's soup became the talk of the town ． Many people came to see him ． One day a restaurant owner
asked him what was in the soup ． " I'll tell you ,"Fu said． "But if your restaurant is going to sell the soup you must call it brains because of its shape and colour． And your restaurant should be renamed after my mother．"
61． The best headline （标题） for this newspaper article is ．
A． A Good Son B． A Special Soup
C． How to Make Brains D． How to Live a Long Life
62． The food is called brains because ．
A． it looks like brains B． it has animal brains in it
C． Fu's mother liked the name D． it makes one clever and live longer
63． Before Fu told the restaurant owner what was in the food, one of the things he demanded was that__
A． the restaurant shouldn't offer any other food
B． the restaurant should use his mother's name
C． the shape of the food must never be changed
D． the food must be used to help sick people
64．The food was first invented to ．
A． help the aged in the town B． improve people's health
C． make a restaurant famous D． help a sick woman
65． What has made brains a popular food in Shanxi
A． They are served in many restaurants there．
B． They are good for health and have a strange name．
C． They are made of Chinese medicines and wine．
D． They were invented a long time ago by an artist．
Sam and Joe were astronauts． There was once a very dangerous trip and the more experienced
astronauts knew there was only a small chance of coming back alive （活着） ．Sam and Joe ,however, thought it would be exciting though a little dangerous, "We're the best men for the job, "they said to the boss． "There may be problems, but we can find the answers．" "They're the last people I'd trust," thought the boss． "But all the other astronauts have refused to go．"
Once they were in space, Joe had to go outside to make some repairs． When the repairs were done,
he tried to get back inside the spaceship． But the door was locked． He knocked but there was no answer． He knocked again, louder this time , and again no answer came． Then he hit the door as hard as he could and finally a voice said, "Who's there " "It's me! Who else could it be " shouted Joe． Sam let him in all right but you can imagine that Joe never asked to go on a trip with Sam again!
66． Most of the astronauts were unwilling to go on the trip because ．
A． it wasn't exciting enough B． they weren't experienced enough
C． they thought they might get killed D． there was little chance of being selected
67． Why were Sam and Joe chosen
A． They were the only men who offered to go．
B． The boss trusted them more than anyone else．
C． They were the last people who wanted to go．
D． The boss wanted them to get more experience．
68． What did Sam and Joe think the trip would be like
A． There would be serious problems． B． There wouldn't be any danger．
C． It would be long and tiring． D． It would be exciting．
69． Joe didn't want to work with Sam again probably because he thought Sam ．
A． wasn't as experienced as he was B． didn't know how to operate the door
C． didn't know how to do repairs D． was very slow and possibly deaf
70． The writer tells this story to ．
A． show the dangerous side of the astronauts' life
B． show the funny side of the astronauts' life
C． make people laugh
D． make people think
One Sunday, Mark decided to go sailing in his boat with his friend Dan, but Dan happened to be
away． Dan's brother John offered to go instead though he did not know anything about sailing． Mark agreed and they set out to sea．
Soon they found themselves in a thick fog． Mark was sure they would be hit by a big ship．
Fortunately he saw a large buoy （浮标） through the fog and decided to tie the boat to it for safety ． As he was getting onto the buoy, however, he dropped the wet rope． The boat moved away in the fog carrying John ,who did not know how to use the radio． He drifted （漂流） about and was not seen until twelve hours later．
Mark spent the night on the buoy ． In the early morning he fell asleep, and was having a bad dream
when a shout woke him up． A ship, the Good Hope, came up and he climbed onto it and thanked the captain． The captain told him that John had been picked up by another ship and the ship's captain had sent out a message． "Without the message I would not have found you on the buoy," he said．
71． Why didn't Mark and Dan go sailing together
A． Mark was in some other place． B． Dan was in some other place．
C． Mark would like to go with John． D． Dan asked his brother to go instead．
72． Mark tried to tie the boat to the buoy so that ．
A． he could spend the night on it while John was looking for help
B． he and John could go sailing again when the fog cleared
C． it wouldn't be hit by other ships
D． he might be picked up by a passing ship
73． John and Mark became separated because ．
A． John had to stay in the boat to radio for help
B． John couldn't control the boat and drifted away
C． there wasn't room for both John and Mark on the buoy
D． Mark thought it safe to stay on the buoy but John didn't
74． What made it possible for Mark to be found on the buoy
A． John told people where to look for him．
B． The captain saw him as the fog cleared．
C． John radioed to the Good Hope to get him．
D． He shouted when he caught sight of the Good Hope．
75． The word he in the last paragraph refers to ．
A． the captain that got the message B． the captain that sent the message．
C． John D． Mark
The dodo was a large bird that you might not think was a bird at all, for the dodo could not fly． It
was a member of the chicken family． The bird was discovered by European sailors in 1507 on Mauritius （毛里求斯） Island．
When the sailors talked about the strange bird that could not fly, you can imagine people found it
hard to believe their story． The Europeans who settled on Mauritius Island and the pigs they brought with them found the birds very good to eat． So large numbers of dodoes were killed and by 1681 no living dodes were found on the island． A few dodoes were brought to England in the 17th century, but for 200 years none have been seen alive． This is the reason for the phrase "as dead as a dodo"． Because they died out completely, the dodes became very well-known．
76．The writer tells us that the dodo ．
A． existed between 1507 and 1681 B． has existed since 1507
C． doesn't exist now D． may have existed
77．What was so unusual about dodoes as a bird
A． They looked like birds but couldn't fly． B． They lived longer than other birds．
C． They were very good to eat． D． They were all killed．
78． Dodoes are no longer seen on Mauritius Island because they ．
A． were killed by pigs B． were all taken to England
C． have been driven away by the settlers D． have all been killed for food
79． The phrase "as dead as a dodo" is sometimes used to describe something that ．
A． cannot protect itself from being eaten B． cannot fly or move fast
C． no longer exists D． is sure to die
80． From the second paragraph, whose story did people find it hard to believe
A． The Europeans'． B． The dodoes'．
C． The settlers'． D． The sailors'．
四、能力提高
　Young people and older people do not always agree． They sometimes have different ideas about living, working and playing． But in one special programme in New York State, adults and teenagers（青少年）live together in a friendly way．
　　Each summer 200 teenagers and 50 adults live together for eight weeks as members of a special work group． Everyone works several hours each day． They do so not just to keep busy but to find meaning and enjoyment in work． Some teenagers work in the woods or on the farms near the village． Some learn to make things like tables and chairs and to build houses． The adults teach them these skills．
　　There are several free hours each day． Weekends are free, too． During the free hours some of the teenagers learn photo- taking or painting． Others sit around and talk or sing． Each teenager chooses his own way to spend his free time．
　When people live together, rules are necessary． In this programme the teenagers and the adults make the rules together． If someone breaks a rule, the problem goes before the whole group． They talk about it and ask, "Why did it happen What should we do about it "
　One of the teenagers has this to say about the experience: "You stop thinking only about yourself． You learn how to think about the group．"
1． In one special programme in New York State, young and older people _____．
　 A． are friendly to one another 　　 　 B． teach one another new ways of building houses
　 C． do not work together 　　 　 D． spend eight weeks together, working as farmers
2． All the members work some time every day mainly to _____．
　 A． lead a busy life 　　 　 B． learn new skills of farming
　 C． get used to the life on the farms 　 D． find value and pleasure in work
3． Living together, ______．
　 A． the teenagers have to obey the rules the adults make
　 B． the members don't have to obey the rules
　 C． the members are not allowed to break the rules they make together
　 D． the members have no free time except on weekends
4． The last paragraph shows that the teenager thinks his experience in the programme is ______．
　 A． disappointing 　　 　 B． helpful 　　 　 C． tiring 　　 　 D． unpleasant
5． The best title for the passage is ______．
　 A． The Rules of Living Together 　　 B． Free Hours in the Special Work Group
C． Teenagers and Adults Together 　 　 D． Life in New York State
第二章 细节理解
第一课
一、试卷分析
　　准确地抓住并理解文章或段落的主题思想是十分重要的。但是仅仅粗略地看懂大意，不可能真正理解所有细节。只有准确理解全部细节，才能深刻而又全面地领悟主题思想。因为段落中的细节都是用来阐明主旨大意的，辅助论据支撑或阐述主题思想。因此，属于细节类的理解题既可检测阅读者对主旨大意理解的深度，又可测定他们对每个细节准确领会的广度。
　　从NMET开始以来，细节理解题占阅读理解题总量的百分之五十以上。例如1990年试题中20道阅读理解题，细节题就占了10题：
　　1．Annealing can make metal ______．（70）
　　2． Why do people put hot metal in water （71）
　　3． In annealing, the required hardness of a metal depends on ____．（72）
　　4． How did Mr． Cassatt react （反应） when his daughter made her announcement （74）
　　5． What in fact was Mr． Cassatt's main reason in opposing his daughter's wish （75） 　　　
6． Which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of Benin and its neighbouring countries 　　　　　　　
7． For how long was Benin under France （82）
　　8． For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a People's Republic （83）
　　9． Choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin．（84）
　　10． When and how did Benin get its two names—Benin and Dahomey （85）
　　我们再来看看1999年的试题中细节题占了多少？
　　1．Philadelphia is thought to be the best home for the diary because ____．（53） 　　　　　　
　　2．Which of the following shows the right order of what happened to the diary （54）
　　3．From the text, we learn that the diary is now owned by _____． （52）
　　4．David Tebbutt started Computertown UK with the purpose of ____．（59）
5．Which is the best ticket to buy if you live in London and want to go to a small town 80 miles away
for four days （60）
6．A man bought himself a ticket of ￡15 and three tickets for his family with a family railcard． How
much did he pay （61）
　　7．The reason Father was in a hurry to get home was that he ______．（63）
　　8．People would stop feeling uneasy when realising that the children they're talking to _____． （67）
　　通过对1990年和1999年试卷的对比分析，可以看出越来越重视对考生综合理解能力的考　　　　　查。卷面已逐渐增加了对主旨大意，作者的意图，观点，心理等深层次理解题的分量。
　　即使是细节题，也不象90年试题那样容易从原文中找到根据，而是需要考生根据文中的　　　　　信息，通过自己的归纳总结，能对图表进行辨别，能对发展顺序进行判断，以及能对具体情况进行计算。这就需要考生能真正理解文章内容及主题思想，抱有碰运气或者猜的思想是行不通的。
　　在阅读考核中，查找主要事实或特定细节常见的题型是：
　　1． Which of the following statements is （not） true （or correct）
　　2． Which of the following is not mentioned in the text
　　3． All of the following are true except．．．
　　4． The author （or the passage） states that．．．
　　5． According to the passage, when （where, why, how, who, what, which, etc．）．．．
　　当然，针对某一具体的文章，还可以有各种各样，形形色色的设问方式。对于细节题，也可以说对于任何阅读理解题，考生必须根据文章提供的信息进行答题，而不能根据自己的主观判断或者一般常识来答题。切记！切记！
二、基本训练
　　The Louisiana Purchase（购买）proved to be the wisest business agreement in the entire history of the United States of America． First it doubled the area of the U．S． and provided territory（领土）from which 14 new states were created either wholly or in part． Second, it gave the Americans full control over the mouth of the Mississippi River and opened up the way to foreign trade． Before the purchase was made, the waterway had been blocked by the Spanish fleet（舰队）, probably with the approval of Napoleon． Third, the land was rich in wood for building, minerals and natural resources of other kinds． And finally, the cost of this business was extraordinarily low． The total of $ 15,000,000 amounted to about 4 cents an acre．
1． Before the Louisiana Purchase, _____．
　 A． The relations between America and Spain had been poor
　 B． America had no system of foreign trade
　 C． America was in great need of natural resources
D． Land in general was selling for 4 cents an acre
2． After the Louisiana Purchase, ______．
　 A． America became friendly with Spain
　 B． all the Americans became very rich
　 C． America had a territory twice the size as itself before
　 D． America spent so much money that it became weaker and poorer
3． When the American people fully controlled the mouth of the Mississippi River, _____．
　 A． a terrible war broke out between the U．S． and Spain
　 B． their foreign trade developed more quickly
　 C． got more natural resources
　 D． the whole nation greatly benefited from the purchase
4． The land the American people bought through diplomacy（外交方式）provided the American people with ______．
　 A． more freedom 　　　　 　　 B． more chance of work
　 C． more natural resources 　 　 D． more benefits
三、高考实战 （93年高考阅读题）
On the evening of June 21,1992,a tall man with brown hair and blue eyes entered the beautiful hall
of the Bell Tower Hotel in Xi'an with his bicycle ． The hotel workers received him and telephoned the manager, for they had never seen a bicycle in the hotel hall before though they lived in "the kingdom of bicycles"．
Robert Friedlander, an American ,arrived in Xi'an on his bicycle trip across Asia which started last
December in New Delhi, India． When he was 11, he read the book Marco Polo and made up his mind to visit the Silk Road ． Now, after 44 years, he was on the Silk Road in Xi'an and his early dreams were coming true．
Robert Friedlander's next destinations （目的地）were Lanzhou, Dunhuang, Urumqi, etc． He will
complete his trip in Pakistan．
61． The best headline （标题） for his newspaper article would be ．
A． The Kingdom of Bicycles B． A Beautiful Hotel in Xi'an
C． Marco Polo and the Silk Road D． An American Achieving His Aims
62． The hotel workers told the manager about Friedlander coming to the hotel because ．
A． he asked to see the manager
B． he entered the hall with a bike
C． the manager had to know about all foreign guests
D． the manager knew about his trip and was expecting him
63． Friedlander is visiting the three countries in the following order ．
A． China, India, and Pakistan B． India, China, and Pakistan
C． Pakistan, China, and India D． China, Pakistan, and India
64． What made Friedlander want to come to China
A． The stories about Marco Polo． B． The famous sights in Xi'an．
C． His interest in Chinese silk． D． His childhood dreams about bicycles．
65． Friedlander can be said to be ．
A． clever B． friendly C． hardworking D． strong-minded
A young man from a village called Nawalapitiya married a young woman from Maliyuwa, a nearby
village． They lived with the man's big family—his parents, his brothers, their wives and children． The family kept an elephant, in which the young woman soon took a great interest． Every day she fed it with fruit and sugar．
Three months later the woman went back to her parents' home, having quarrelled with her husband．
Soon the elephant refused to eat and work． It appeared to be ill and heart-broken． One morning after several weeks the animal disappeared from the house．
It went to the woman's home． On seeing her, the elephant waved its trunk and touched her with it．
The young woman was so moved（感动） by the act of the animal that she returned to her husband's home．
66． The writer wrote the story in order to ．
A． show that elephants are very clever
B． tell how a woman trained a wild animal
C． show that women care more for animals than men do
D． tell how an animal reunited a husband and wife
67． The woman left her new home ．
A． to visit her own parents in Maliyuwa B． to see if the elephant would follow her
C． because she was angry with her husband D． because she was tired of the large family
68． After the young woman left her husband's home, the elephant ．
A． returned to the forest B． was sad because it missed her
C． went to look for a new home D． was sick because nobody fed it
69． The young wife went back to her husband because ．
A． she knew he had sent the animal to her B． the elephant had come to look for her
C． her parents persuaded her to D． she missed her new home
For thousands of years, man has enjoyed the taste of apples． Apples, which are about 85 percent
water, grow almost everywhere in the world but the hottest and coldest areas （地区）． Among the leading countries in apple production are China, France and the United States．
There are various kinds of apples, but a very few make up the majority of those grown for sale ．
The three most common kinds grown in the United States are Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Mcintosh．
Apples are different in colour, size, and taste ． The colour of the skin may be red, green, or yellow．
They have various sizes, with Delicious apples being among the largest． The taste may be sweet or tart（酸的）． Generally, sweet apples are eaten fresh while tart apples are used to make applesauce（苹果酱）．
Apple trees may grow as tall as twelve metres． They do best in areas that have very cold winters．
Although no fruit is yielded during the winter, this cold period is good for the tree．
70． It can be learned from the text that Delicious apples are
A． grown in France B． sold everywhere C． very big D． quite sweet
71． Cold winter weather is good for ．
A． the growth of apple trees B． producing large apples
C． improving the taste of apples D． the increase of water in apples
72． China, France and the United States are considered to ．
A． be large producers of apples
B． be large producers of applesauce
C． have the longest history in apple production
D． have the coldest winter among apple producing countries
73． The word yielded in the last sentence means ．
A． improved B． increased C． produced D． sold
Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, U．S．A．, is in the central part of the state, on the Santa Fe
River which flows into the Rio Grands 35 kilometres west of the city ．More than two thousand metres above sea level, it lies in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains with the Ortiz Mountains to the southeast．
Santa Fe was founded in 1609 by the Spanish（西班牙人） on an old Indian village ． In 1680 the
Indians seized the place but only held it for twelve years before the Spanish retook it ．The city remained under Spanish rule until Mexico won its independence （独立）in 1821． From then on it was a Mexican city until 1846 when it was taken over by U．S． troops．
With a population of 48, 953, Santa Fe is now the second largest city in the state． Because of its
sunny weather, rich history and surrounding mountains, it is a good place for holiday makers． Besides hunting and skating in the mountains people enjoy shopping in the Indian and Spanish shops, which brings a large income to the city every year． In summer there is an international opera （歌剧） season when operas are shown in a partly-roofed, open-air theatre daily for people from all over the world．
74． At present Santa Fe belongs to ．
A． India B． Mexico C． Spain （西班牙） D． the United States
75． Which of the drawings _____ below gives an idea of what Santa Fe is like
RG=the Rio Grande SFR= the Santa Fe River OM=the Ortiz Mountains
76． Santa Fe was under the rule of the Mexicans in ．
A． 1675 B． 1695 C． 1816 D． 1833
77． The people who held Santa Fe for the longest period in history were the ．
A． Spanish B． Indians C． Mexicans D． Americans
78． What is of special interest to people who visit Santa Fe in summer
A． Hunting． B． Fishing． C． Watching operas． D． Doing shopping．
79． Santa Fe is best described （描述） as a ．
A． trade centre B． holiday centre C． home for all nations D． seaport city
80． One of the reasons for visitors to come to Santa Fe is that it ．
A． has fine weather B． is the state capital
C． has historical monuments D． is on the Santa Fe River
四、能力提高
　　Like each living thing, languages are always changing． There are many reasons that can explain why they are always changing, but three main causes help explain this interesting　phenomenon． Firstly, in very early times some different languages that originated from the same parent developed their own uniqueness（特殊性）after speakers moved away from one place to another． During the course of their movements, their unique languages came into being． Another main cause of language change is the influence of interaction（相互作用）with foreign cultures, often as a result of military conquest（军事征服）． The third cause for change is rapidly expanding（扩大的）technology and new systems of communication that bring all cultures and languages into closer contact（联系）, with borrowing between languages a common phenomenon　in the present world． All languages change as the experiences of their speakers change．
1．The author thinks that the first most important cause that brings about the change of languages owes to
A. the development of human civilization 　
B． the movement of our ancestors （祖先）
　 C． the influence of interaction with foreign cultures
D． the rapid progress made by science and technology
2．Which of the following statement is true according to this passage
A． The war and the effect caused by the war has a great effect on the change of languages．
B． Most people enjoy the change of languages
C． Mankind is always ready to change the language they communicate with one another．
D． Most language have remained unchanged since early times．
3．What is the main cause that brings about changes of languages in the present world
A. M