高三英语语法名词复习[上学期]

第1章 名词
一．定义：名词表示人，事物，地方，现象及其他抽象概念名称的词。分类如下表：
名词：1.普通名词→1.1可数名词(=1.1.1个体名词eg:teacher+1.1.2集体名词eg:police)+1.2不可数名词(=1.2.1物质名词eg:water+1.2.2抽象名词eg:happiness)
2．专有名词（如Tom , China等）
二．可数和不可数名词
可数名词表示可以计数的人，事物的名词。有单复数区别，其变化分为规则变化和不规则变化。
1． 规则变化：
（1） 一般情况直加s
map-maps bag-bags teacher-teachers
place-places nurse-nurses page-pages
词尾s在清辅音后读/s/,浊辅音和元音后读/z/,以ce,se,ge结尾的名词后读/iz/
(2)以s,x,ch,sh,ss,结尾加es
Watch-watches box-boxes buses /iz/
以ch 结尾的加 es，但 ch 读/k/时，复数直加s stomach-stomachs
(3)以辅音字母+y结尾结尾的，改y为i，再加es city-cities country-countries;以元音字母+y结尾，直加 s，boys, days;以y结尾的专有名词，直加s，The Henrys, The little Marys
(4)以f,fe结尾的可数名词，该f,fe为v，再加es, knife-knives , leaf-leaves ,life-lives,但以下情况直接加s:
roof-roofs chief-chiefs brief-briefs
proof-proofs gulf-gulfs belif-beliefs safe-safes(保险箱) handkerchief- handkerchiefs, handkerchieves
(5) 以辅音字母+o结尾多加 es
hero-heroes tomato-tomatoes
potato-potatoes volcano-volcanoes /iz/
以元音字母+o结尾，或是外来词汇，直加 s:
photo-photos zoo-zoos radio-radios
bamboo-bamboos video-videos
studio-studios piano-pianos
少数词均可：motto-mottos ,mottoes
zero-zeros, zeroes
mosquito-mosquitos ,mosquitoes
2.不规则变化
(1) 变元音字母
man-men woman-women foot-feet
tooth-teeth goose-geese
(2)变词尾
Child-children penny-pence mouse-mice
(3)单复同形
fish deer sheep means Chinese(国人以se结尾的词)..
(4)只有复数的
Clothes trousers glasses goods thanks shorts scissors scales compasses
contents, remains ,belongings
有些名词要表示数量时，需要加上相应的单位名词a pair of trousers a suit of clothes
Hair fruit food通常用单数表示总称。但表示若干根头发用复数a few white hairs
(5)字母、数字、符号、单词、缩略语等当作个体名词看待时在其后加-或’s。
Three s’s 3个s five 3’s
(6) 有主体的复合名词变复数
Student-teacher-----student-teachers
Looker-on ------lookers-on
Brother-in-law-----brothers-in-law
(7) 没有主体的复合名词变复数,词尾加 s: go-between----go-betweens grown-up---growns-up
(8)由man.woman 构成的复合名词变复数，两部分都要变
man-teacher---men-teachers
woman-engineer—women-engineers
(9)有些名词本身就是复数意义
people cattle staff police public sheep
(10)有些词虽以s结尾，但是单数
news politics physics maths/mathematics
(11)以is的结尾的外来词，改is为es
emphasis—emphases 强调
crisis---crises危机 basis—bases 基础
thesis—these论文
(12)有些外来词有自己独特的形式
datum-data数据 medium—media媒体
phenomenon-phenomena现象
mouse-mice老鼠 penny-pence便士
三．不可数名词，不分单复数，不能与a,an连用，但可与some,或…of短语的结构连用。需要注意的几点：
(1)有些词加s后意义变了
wood-woods树林
sand-sands沙滩
iron-irons 手，脚铐
cloth-clothes衣服
force-forces军队
good-goods货物
green-greens蔬菜
content-contents目录
people-peoples民族
manner-manner礼貌
spirit-spirits情绪
paper-paper 论文
glass-glasses眼镜，玻璃杯
water-waters海域，大片的水
time-times次数，倍数，时代
work-works 工程，著作custom-customs关税
The Customs海关
(2)有些物质名词要根据上下文来决定是用可数还是不可数
He ate a chicken.
I don’t like chicken.
A glass is made of glass.
(3)有些此用复数意义不一样
Tea-teas fruit-fruits food-foods
(4)有些抽象词表“某种”“一次”时可用不定冠词
His mother received a good education.
Have a good knowledge of
Have a good understanding of
(5)不可数名词常用of词组来表示数量
可用little, a little=a bit of , much , a great deal of, a large quantity of , a large amount of, a lot of , lots of , plenty of 等修饰
much furniture two pieces of advice
a little rice plenty of information
四．集体名词的数：有些集体名词被看作整体时，用单数；如着重强调该集体的成员时用复数：family, class, team , public , group , company, enemy, party, audience, government , crew, crowd, committee
His family is big.
His family are watching TV.
五．专有名词：表人名，地名，团体，机构等专有的名称，一般表独一无二的事物，第一个字母要大写。专有名词分有冠词和无冠词的。
1．无冠词的专有名词
人名；称呼；地名；星期月份；节日；专有名词+普通名词
Lu Xun ; Thomas Edison ;
Professor Zhang ; Dad ; Uncle Tom
Beijing ; Mount Tai ; Asia
Women’s Day ; Easter
Kennedy Airport ; Oxford Road
注：用地名命名的大学可有两种形式；用人名命名的的只一种
Nanjing University=the University of Nanjing ;
Yale University
2． 无冠词的专有名词,常见的：
the Great Wall the United States
the People’s Republic of China
the Chinese the French the Smiths
the Times报刊书籍前 , the Bible , the Reader’s Digest，江河湖海前带the：the the Yellow River , The West Lake
六．名词所有格：表示所属关系，形式如下：
(一).有生命的名词的格
1．单数直接加 ’s
My mother’s bag the cat’s tail
2.不以s结尾的复数名词后加 ’s
Women’s Day the Children’s Palace
3.以s结尾的复数名词后加 ’
the teachers’ building the birds’ nest
4.复合名词和短语的格加在最后一词后’s
her brother-in-law’s bike
the Premier of France’s car
a day or two’s stay
someone else’s keys
5.并列名词表各自所属时在两名词后都加 ’s，但表示共同所属时只在后面一个加 ’s
Mary’s and Tom’s fathers
Mary and Tom’s fathers
6. 以s结尾的专有名词一般加’或 ’s
Dickens’/Dickens’s books
7.表示店铺，某人的家，私人开的诊所，餐馆等所有格后的名词可以省略
at the dentist’s at Bill’s
8.名词后有同位语的所有格时把’s加在同位语后
My younger brother , John’s bike
(二).无生命的名词的格：通常用“of+名词”的形式
The roof of the house
The question of this text
注1：表示有生命的名词，如果较长或定语较长，也可用“of+名词”
The books of Luxun, LaoShe andBaJin
The name of the girl lying in bed
注2：表示时间，距离，度量衡，价值，自然现象，集体，城市，国家，团体机构及某些习惯中，可以用’s表示所属关系：
今天的报纸—
十分钟的路程—
两英里的行程---
上海的工业---
党的号召----
20美元的价值---
中国的人口----
At a stone throw—近在咫尺
At an arm’s length在伸手可及的地方
(三)双重所有格：由 of+名词’s构成，主要是为了避免名词的重复，强调语气或表某种感彩
He is a friend of my father’s=He is one of my father’s friends.
1. 用法：of 之前名词的前面通常有一个限定词（如a ,any, some, no,few,several,two,three）
Have you read any books of LuXun’s
Two classmates of my friend’s have come.
2. of之前名词的前面通常有this,that 表示感彩。That answer of LiDong’s is not right.
3. 意义区别：
a. 侧重点不同
He is a friend of my father’s（侧重我父亲朋友不只一个）
He is a friend of my father（侧重说明“他”是我父亲的朋友）
b. 当of之前的名词是picture等词时含义不同
This is a picture of my friend’s.这是我朋友收藏/拥有的一张照片。
This is a picture of my friend这是我朋友的一张照片。
名词练习
1． 单选
1.The Chinese people ______.
A. is a great people B. are a great people
B. are great people D. are great peoples
2. Something was wrong with ____car , but luckily they knew how to fix it .
A. Jim’s and Tom’s B. Jim and Tom’s
B. Jim’s and Tom D. Jim and Tom
3.He is a friend of _____.
A. Kate’s father’s B. Kate’s father
C.Father’s of Kate D. Kate father’s
4.The news of Victories ___got round quickly.
A. is B. are C. have been D. /
5. The rich ___not always happy.
A. are B is C. have D. has
6.Your trousers ____dirty , you must ___washed.
A. is, it B are, it C. is , them D. are , them
7. He, including his parents, ____this novel.
A. like B . likes C. are like D. is like
8.There are three ____in our class.
A. Zhou’s B. Zhous’ C. Zhous D. Zhous’s
9.The bridge is ____.
A. ten-metres’ B. ten metre C. ten-meters D.ten metres
10.Mother made a new skirt with two meters of ___.
A. clothes B, cloth C.dress D.cloths
11.If these trousers are too big , buy a small ___
A. one B. copy C. pair D. set
12.He dropped the ___and broke it .
A. cup of coffee B. coffee’s cup
C. cup coffee D. coffee cup
13. Let’s have a ___break.
A. ten minute’s B. ten-minutes
C. ten minutes’ D. ten minutes
14.___should be strict with _____.
A. Teachers, a student B. The teachers, students
C. Teachers, students D. Teachers, a student
15.They played in the ___for an hour, and when they returned , they found their goods ___stolen.
A. sand, were B. sand, was
C.sands, were D.sands, was
16. You should take more ___. Don’t always sit at the desk busy doing your_____.
A. exercise, exercise B. exercises, exercises
C. exercises , exercise D. exercise, exercises
17.___is made of ____.
A. Glass, the glass B. A Glass, glass
C. Glass, glass D. A Glass, a glass
18. In Britain ___are all painted red.
A. letter boxes B. Letters box C. letter box
D. letters box
19. This is an old photo of my mother’s when she had___, and now she has____.
A. short hair, grey hairs B. short hairs, grey hairs
C. short hair, grey hair D. short hairs, grey hair
20. There four ____and two_____in the group.
A. Japanese, Germen B. Japanesee, Germen
C. Japanese, German D. Japanese, Germans
21. This is the first time in our __that we have come to Beijing .
A. life B. live C. lives D. lifes
22. He gained his ___by printing ___of famous writers.
A. wealth, work B. wealths, works
C. wealths, work D. wealth, works
23. Here is my card . Let’s keep in ____.
A. connection B. relation C. touch D. friendship
24. If you don’t take away all the things from the desk , there won’t be enough ___for my stationery.
A. area B. place C. room D. surface
25. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to ___.
A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results
26. One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high building is that you can get a good ____.
A. sight B. scene C. view D. look
27. Two___teachers and four _____students were praised at the meeting yesterday .
A. women , girl B. woman, girl
C. woman,girls D. women, girls
28.To regain their ___after an exhausting game, the players lay on the grass.
A. force B. energy C. power D. health
29.—What about having a drink
---___.
A. Good idea. B. Help yourself
B. Go ahead, please. D. Me, too.
30.—It’s been a wonderful evening . Thank you .
---____.
A. My pleasure B. I’m glad to hear that
C. No, thanks D. It’s Ok
31. If the dictionary is not yours , ___can it be
A. what else B. Who else C. Which else’s
D. Who else’s
32. The research has attracted wide ____coverage and has featured on BBC the television’s Tomorrow’s World.
A. media B. information C. data D. message
33. The lawyer advised him to drop the ___since he sands little chance to win .
A. event B. incident C. case D. affair
34. These books , which you can get at any bookshops , will give you ___you need.
A. all of information B. all of the information
C. all the informations D. all the information
35. This is an old photo of my aunt’s when she had___, and now she has____.
A. short hair, grey hairs B. short hairs, grey hairs
C. short hair, grey hair D. short hairs, grey hair
36. Every means ____prevent the water from _____.
A. are used to , polluting B. get used to , polluting
B. is used to, polluted D. is used to , being polluting
37. It’s bad ___to speak with your mouth full of food.
A. manner B. manners C . way D. thing
38. She is the only one among the ___writers who ____stories for children.
A. woman , writes B. women , write
D. women , writes D. woman, write
39. The wood caught fire and was soon burnt ____.
A. ashes B ash C. to ashes D. to ash
40. He left ___with my secretary that he would call again . He said he would keep his ___.
A. words; his words B. word ; his word
C. word, word D. the word; his word
2． 在不可数名词前加上适当的表示“量”的词
1．a ____ of meat块 2. a ___of tea杯 3. a ____of ink瓶
4. a ___of fish盘 5.two__of rice碗 6. three___of iron吨
7. a few___of beer公斤 8. a____of advice 条
9. a__of drug种 10. a ___of sugar袋
3． 用“名词+f”或“名词+of”短语翻译下列词组
1． 汤姆的座位
2． 我朋友的邻居
3． 这个演员的一张照片
4． 经理们的办公室
5． 两分钟的赛跑
6． 今天的天气预报
7． 这个城市的少年宫
8． 地震的结果
9． 机场的中心
10． 三磅牛肉
11． 几公里长的路
12． 在我叔叔家里
13． 莎士比亚和李白的诗
师生们的运动场
Keys：
单选 1—5BBADA 6—10DBCDB 11—15CDCCC 16—20DBAAD 21—25CDCCA 26---30ACABA
31—35 DACDA 36---40 DBCCB
填空 1. piece 2. cup 3. bottle 4. plate 5. bowls 6.tons
7. kilos 8. pieces 9. kind 10. bag
翻译
1. Tom’s seat
2. my friend’s neighbor
3. a photo of this actor
4. managers’ office
5. two minutes’ race
6. today’s weather report
7. the Children’s Palace in this city
8. the result of the earthquake
9. the centre of the earthquake
10. three pounds of beef
11. a few kilometers’ road
12. at my uncle’s
13. Shakespear’e and LiBai’s poems
14. the teachers and the students’ playground