总结虚拟语气[上学期]
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虚拟语气小结
一、 if 1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中
条件状语从句 (if引导) 主 句
与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 should /would/could/might + have + 过去分词
与现在事实相反 一般过去时 (be 用 were) would/should/could/might + 动词原形
与将来事实相反 一般过去时或 should(were to) + 动词原形 would/should/cold/might + 动词原形
2.if条件句的倒装 : 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.
If they were here now, they could help us.=Were they here now, they could help us.
you Had come earlier, you would have met him = If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
典型例题：_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
3. 混合条件句:主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主,从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同.
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
（从句与过去事实相反， 主句与现在事实相反。）
If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
二，wish的用法. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。
1）“wish + 宾语从句”表示不太可能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。
表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；
表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”；
表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。
现在: I wish it were spring all the year round.
将来: I wish I could fly like a bird.
过去: I wish I had known the answer.
2）Wish to do 和 Wish sb / sth to do表达法。(无虚拟用法)
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)
三.特殊的虚拟语气词：should
1）虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“(should) + 动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇,不相信,理应如此等。
It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形,should可省略。
句型： (1)suggested
It is (2)important that … + (should) do
(3) a pity
(1) suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted；
(2) important, necessary, natural, strange
(3) a pity, a shame, no wonder
It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气。如：It is pity that you can’t swim.
2）在宾语从句中的应用: 在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形 (should)+ do。
I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
suggest, "建议" → 虚拟; "暗示、表明" →陈述语气
insist "坚持要某人做某事时" → 虚拟 ; "坚持认为" →陈述语气
The guard at gate insisted that everybody (should) obey the rules.
（错） You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(对) Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(错) I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(对) I insisted that you were wrong.
3) 虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。
作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“（should） + 动词原形”。如：
His suggestion that we (should)go to Shanghai is wonderful.
My idea is that they (should)pay 100 dollars.
四、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用
（1）虚拟语气在as if/ as though、even if/ even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：
He did it as if he were an expert.
Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.
（2）虚拟语气用于定语从句中。
这种从句常用于句型“It is (high)time (that) … ”中，定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形，意思是“(现在)该……”。如：
It’s time that I picked up my daughter.
It’s high time we were going.
（3）虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如：
If only I were a bird.
If only I had taken his advice.
比较if only与only if
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来
（4）虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。
①情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。如：
It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
Would you be kind enough to close the door
②用于一些习惯表达法中。如：
Would you like a cup of tea
I would rather not tell you.
(5) need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)
典型例题: There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。
(6) I'd (He'd) rather = I would (He would) rather “宁愿……”
1) 后接动词原形。表现在或将来的主观愿望或选择。
I'd rather stay home on Sundays.
I'd rather not go to the cinema tonight.
2) 后接完成不定式。表对已发生的事情在选择上的不恰当。
The film was terrible. I'd rather not have gone to the cimnma last night.
3) 后接过去时从句表示一个现在或将来的愿望；接过去完成时从句表过去的愿望。
(表现在)He'd rather his children did not make so much noise.
(表将来)Don't come tomorrow! I'd rather you came the day after tomorrow.
(表过去）I'd rather you had not done that.
注意：后接过去时还是过去完成时从句须视句意而定。如果句子带有表现在或将来的时间状语时便接过去从句以表现在或将来的一种愿望或选择。
典型例题1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______. (NMET 95)
A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken
解析：答案为C。本题考查的是as if 引导的让步状语从句中的语气问题，as if引导的状语从句如果与事实一致，不用虚拟语气，如果与事实相反，应用虚拟语气。题中“当铅笔的一部分浸在水中，铅笔看上去好像断了”。而实际上铅笔并未断，与事实相反，前半部分陈述是一般现在时，因而本句是对一般现在时的虚拟，用were broken。
2. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ___________, she would have met my brother.(NMET 94)
A.has come B.did come C.came D.had come
解析：答案为D。本题考查的是if条件句中的虚拟语气。题意是：我在会议上没看到你姐姐，故你姐姐没来。因此如果“她来了”与事实相反，前面一句交代了虚拟语气的时态是一般过去时的虚拟，所以if从句中用had+过去分词。
3. —If he ___________, he ________that food. —Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.(NMET 93)
A.was warned; would not take B.had been warned; would not have taken
C.would be warned; had not taken D.would have been warned; had not taken
解析：答案为B。本题考查的是条件状语从句与主句表示与事实相反时虚拟语气的用法。根据下一句语境可知，他事先并没有得到警告，表示过去时间的虚拟语气，故选B。
一、1.If I had had enough time, I my work.
A. would finish B. must have finished C. would have finished D. had finished
2.Ten minutes earlier, they the plane.
A. will catch B. would catch C.would have caught D.will have caught
3.Mr Green requires that the students a composition every other week.
A. write B. writen C. would write D.will write
4.Had he studied hard, he the exam.
A.would pass B.could pass C. had passed D. would have passed
5.I wish I what is happening there in his room. [ ]
A. know B. known C. knew D. should know
6.It is important that you sports every day. [ ]
A. have B. would have C. must have D. will have
7.If there were no water in the world, everything . [ ]
A. will die B.would die C.would have died D.would have been dead
8. what was going to happen ,I would never have left her alone.
A. Had I known B. If I know C. If I knew D. If had I known
9.He ordered that the work right away. [ ]
A. should finish B. finished C. would be finished D. be finished
10.—Shall we go to the movie tonight [ ]
—No, I'd rather at home with our baby. You'd better not leave it to the babysitter at night.
A. you stayed B. you stay C. stayed D. stay
11. in your position, I would help him. [ ]
A. Was I B. Were I C. If I am D. If I had been
12.I , but I was stopped by the heavy rain. [ ]
A. mean to come B. meant to come C. had meant to come D. meant coming
13.Mrs Black insists in that old hotel. [ ]
A. not to stay B. not staying C. staying not D. that she not stay
14.If you had spoken clearly, you would . [ ]
A. understand it B. have understood C. be understood D. have been understood
15.If you that late movie last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy.
A. haven’t watched B. hadn't watched C. didn't watch D .wouldn't have watched
16.The foreign friend speaks Chinese so well as if he a Chinese.
A. is B. be C. should be D. was
17.—If he , he that food. [ ]
—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned; would not take B. would be warned; had not taken
C. had been warned; would not have taken D. would have been warned; had not taken
18.Without electronic computers, much of today's advanced technology achieved.
A. will not be B. would not be C. would not have been D. can not have been
二、1.If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you could have seen them off.
2.It's time that we (go) to the railway station.
3.If they (not help) us ,our experiment would have failed.
4.You're five minutes late. I suggested that you (come )earlier tomorrow.
5.Mather often tells us that it is necessary that we (drink) a glass of water after we get up.
6.She insisted that she (send) to work in the faraway small town.
7. I not (forget) his telephone number, I would have rung him.
8.He is busy now. If he (be) free, he (go) with you.
9.The manager was in his office then. If he (be) here, everything (settle) in a minute.
10.Noisy as it was, he went on reading as if nothing (happen).
一、1.C 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.D 14.D 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.C
二1.had arrived 2.went (should go) 3.had not helped 4.(should) come 5.(should) drink 6.(should)
be sent 7.Had; forgotten 8.were;would go 9.had been; would have been settled 10.were happening
补充改错： Some Americans judge success on the length 69 .
of their vacation. The man who gets a month's 70 .
vacation each year considers more successful 71 .
than the man who got two weeks'. Many people want 72 .
to be teachers because it is the teachers who can 73.
get three-month vacation every year. Some 74.
college teachers who teach three classes consider 75.
themselves more successful than those who teach 76.
only one or two, or no at all. In a word, the less 77.
work Americans do, the more successfully they consider themselves. 78
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一、 if 1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中
条件状语从句 (if引导) 主 句
与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 should /would/could/might + have + 过去分词
与现在事实相反 一般过去时 (be 用 were) would/should/could/might + 动词原形
与将来事实相反 一般过去时或 should(were to) + 动词原形 would/should/cold/might + 动词原形
2.if条件句的倒装 : 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.
If they were here now, they could help us.=Were they here now, they could help us.
you Had come earlier, you would have met him = If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
典型例题：_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
3. 混合条件句:主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主,从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同.
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
（从句与过去事实相反， 主句与现在事实相反。）
If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
二，wish的用法. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。
1）“wish + 宾语从句”表示不太可能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。
表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；
表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”；
表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。
现在: I wish it were spring all the year round.
将来: I wish I could fly like a bird.
过去: I wish I had known the answer.
2）Wish to do 和 Wish sb / sth to do表达法。(无虚拟用法)
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)
三.特殊的虚拟语气词：should
1）虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“(should) + 动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇,不相信,理应如此等。
It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形,should可省略。
句型： (1)suggested
It is (2)important that … + (should) do
(3) a pity
(1) suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted；
(2) important, necessary, natural, strange
(3) a pity, a shame, no wonder
It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气。如：It is pity that you can’t swim.
2）在宾语从句中的应用: 在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形 (should)+ do。
I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
suggest, "建议" → 虚拟; "暗示、表明" →陈述语气
insist "坚持要某人做某事时" → 虚拟 ; "坚持认为" →陈述语气
The guard at gate insisted that everybody (should) obey the rules.
（错） You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(对) Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(错) I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(对) I insisted that you were wrong.
3) 虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。
作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“（should） + 动词原形”。如：
His suggestion that we (should)go to Shanghai is wonderful.
My idea is that they (should)pay 100 dollars.
四、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用
（1）虚拟语气在as if/ as though、even if/ even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：
He did it as if he were an expert.
Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.
（2）虚拟语气用于定语从句中。
这种从句常用于句型“It is (high)time (that) … ”中，定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形，意思是“(现在)该……”。如：
It’s time that I picked up my daughter.
It’s high time we were going.
（3）虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如：
If only I were a bird.
If only I had taken his advice.
比较if only与only if
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来
（4）虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。
①情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。如：
It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
Would you be kind enough to close the door
②用于一些习惯表达法中。如：
Would you like a cup of tea
I would rather not tell you.
(5) need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)
典型例题: There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。
(6) I'd (He'd) rather = I would (He would) rather “宁愿……”
1) 后接动词原形。表现在或将来的主观愿望或选择。
I'd rather stay home on Sundays.
I'd rather not go to the cinema tonight.
2) 后接完成不定式。表对已发生的事情在选择上的不恰当。
The film was terrible. I'd rather not have gone to the cimnma last night.
3) 后接过去时从句表示一个现在或将来的愿望；接过去完成时从句表过去的愿望。
(表现在)He'd rather his children did not make so much noise.
(表将来)Don't come tomorrow! I'd rather you came the day after tomorrow.
(表过去）I'd rather you had not done that.
注意：后接过去时还是过去完成时从句须视句意而定。如果句子带有表现在或将来的时间状语时便接过去从句以表现在或将来的一种愿望或选择。
典型例题1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______. (NMET 95)
A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken
解析：答案为C。本题考查的是as if 引导的让步状语从句中的语气问题，as if引导的状语从句如果与事实一致，不用虚拟语气，如果与事实相反，应用虚拟语气。题中“当铅笔的一部分浸在水中，铅笔看上去好像断了”。而实际上铅笔并未断，与事实相反，前半部分陈述是一般现在时，因而本句是对一般现在时的虚拟，用were broken。
2. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ___________, she would have met my brother.(NMET 94)
A.has come B.did come C.came D.had come
解析：答案为D。本题考查的是if条件句中的虚拟语气。题意是：我在会议上没看到你姐姐，故你姐姐没来。因此如果“她来了”与事实相反，前面一句交代了虚拟语气的时态是一般过去时的虚拟，所以if从句中用had+过去分词。
3. —If he ___________, he ________that food. —Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.(NMET 93)
A.was warned; would not take B.had been warned; would not have taken
C.would be warned; had not taken D.would have been warned; had not taken
解析：答案为B。本题考查的是条件状语从句与主句表示与事实相反时虚拟语气的用法。根据下一句语境可知，他事先并没有得到警告，表示过去时间的虚拟语气，故选B。
一、1.If I had had enough time, I my work.
A. would finish B. must have finished C. would have finished D. had finished
2.Ten minutes earlier, they the plane.
A. will catch B. would catch C.would have caught D.will have caught
3.Mr Green requires that the students a composition every other week.
A. write B. writen C. would write D.will write
4.Had he studied hard, he the exam.
A.would pass B.could pass C. had passed D. would have passed
5.I wish I what is happening there in his room. [ ]
A. know B. known C. knew D. should know
6.It is important that you sports every day. [ ]
A. have B. would have C. must have D. will have
7.If there were no water in the world, everything . [ ]
A. will die B.would die C.would have died D.would have been dead
8. what was going to happen ,I would never have left her alone.
A. Had I known B. If I know C. If I knew D. If had I known
9.He ordered that the work right away. [ ]
A. should finish B. finished C. would be finished D. be finished
10.—Shall we go to the movie tonight [ ]
—No, I'd rather at home with our baby. You'd better not leave it to the babysitter at night.
A. you stayed B. you stay C. stayed D. stay
11. in your position, I would help him. [ ]
A. Was I B. Were I C. If I am D. If I had been
12.I , but I was stopped by the heavy rain. [ ]
A. mean to come B. meant to come C. had meant to come D. meant coming
13.Mrs Black insists in that old hotel. [ ]
A. not to stay B. not staying C. staying not D. that she not stay
14.If you had spoken clearly, you would . [ ]
A. understand it B. have understood C. be understood D. have been understood
15.If you that late movie last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy.
A. haven’t watched B. hadn't watched C. didn't watch D .wouldn't have watched
16.The foreign friend speaks Chinese so well as if he a Chinese.
A. is B. be C. should be D. was
17.—If he , he that food. [ ]
—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned; would not take B. would be warned; had not taken
C. had been warned; would not have taken D. would have been warned; had not taken
18.Without electronic computers, much of today's advanced technology achieved.
A. will not be B. would not be C. would not have been D. can not have been
二、1.If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you could have seen them off.
2.It's time that we (go) to the railway station.
3.If they (not help) us ,our experiment would have failed.
4.You're five minutes late. I suggested that you (come )earlier tomorrow.
5.Mather often tells us that it is necessary that we (drink) a glass of water after we get up.
6.She insisted that she (send) to work in the faraway small town.
7. I not (forget) his telephone number, I would have rung him.
8.He is busy now. If he (be) free, he (go) with you.
9.The manager was in his office then. If he (be) here, everything (settle) in a minute.
10.Noisy as it was, he went on reading as if nothing (happen).
一、1.C 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.D 14.D 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.C
二1.had arrived 2.went (should go) 3.had not helped 4.(should) come 5.(should) drink 6.(should)
be sent 7.Had; forgotten 8.were;would go 9.had been; would have been settled 10.were happening
补充改错： Some Americans judge success on the length 69 .
of their vacation. The man who gets a month's 70 .
vacation each year considers more successful 71 .
than the man who got two weeks'. Many people want 72 .
to be teachers because it is the teachers who can 73.
get three-month vacation every year. Some 74.
college teachers who teach three classes consider 75.
themselves more successful than those who teach 76.
only one or two, or no at all. In a word, the less 77.
work Americans do, the more successfully they consider themselves. 78
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