非谓语动词[下学期]
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非谓语动词
1、 动词不定式
2、
一）、不定式结构作主语
To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times.
To persevere means victory!
注①：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置：
It’s a great pleasure to be here.
It is not an easy thing to master a language.
注②：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：
It took us five hours to get there.
It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.
注③：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名词词组” 来表示，如：
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.
It was difficult for me to do the work.
注④：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名词词组” 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：
It’s kind of you to think so much of us.
It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.
It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.
It was careless of her to make such a mistake.
二）、不定式结构作表语
1．主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
2．主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：
My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Your mistake was not to write that letter.
My suggestion is to start work at once.
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”，如： All we have to do is push the button.
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
All I could do was send him a telegram.
三）、不定式结构作动词宾语
1．“动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如：
I’ve arranged to meet him at ten o’clock.
I didn’t expect to find you here.
2．“动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。
疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如：
I don’t know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there.
I haven’t decided whether to sell it or not.
We must find out what to do next / where to put it.
注① ：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如：
I find it difficult to understand him.
We thought it wrong not to help her.
They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.
注② ：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用，例如：
He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.
The child did nothing except weep.
She can do anything but sing.
He will do anything for you except lend you money.
They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.
注意不定式符号的省略问题！
四）、不定式结构作定语
1．不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：
It’s time to go to bed.
He is not a man to bow before difficulties.
Have you anything to declare
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.
I want to get something to read during the vocation.
2．能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如：
I don’t wish to quarrel with you.
→I have no wish to quarrel with you.
They will attempt to cross the river tonight.
→ They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight.
She promised not to do that again.
→ She made a promise not to do that again.
3．某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如：
He was obviously anxious to go.
→ His anxiety to go was obvious.
4．不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：
He has a large family to support (= that he must support).
注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如：
She has a lot of things to attend to.
The nurse has five children to look after.
Let’s first find a room to put the things in.
5．有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名词词组，如：
Here’s a book for you to read.
He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.
五）、不定式结构作状语
不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。
1．表示目的：
They ran over to welcome the delegates.
He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.
He went home to see his mother.
注①：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上三句)，但也有例外的情况，例如：
I stopped for him to speak to me.
He opened the door for the children to come in.
He brought a porter to carry the boxes / bags.
They sent a man to mend the window.
He stood up to be seen better.
注②：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如：
He came here in order to see Charlie.
He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
He went early in order not to miss the train.
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.
注③：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上so as ，如：
To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.
(In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.)
To get the best results, use clean water.
2. 表示结果：
What have I said to make you so angry
He came round to find himself in hospital.
不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型：
① so …as to …
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time
② such (…) as to …
I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
③ enough to …
The boy is old enough to go to school.
④ too … to …
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.
注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：
I’m only too glad to go. (= I’m very glad to go.)
I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.)
〖 only too (adv.) 极; 非常; 太;很 〗
☆☆有时，不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果，如：
She woke early to find it was raining.
He got home to learn that his father was ill.
这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点：
① 不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的，相当于一个限定动词词组，如：
He arrived late to find the others had gone home.
He arrived late and found the others had gone home.
② 不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。
He left his native country (,) never to return.
He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed.
③ 不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。（有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果），如：
He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.
④ 不定式之前有时可以加上only或but only，以加强语气，如：
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，须根据词汇意义认真加以区别，试比较：
He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.)
He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.)
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains. ( = He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.)
3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）
She wept to hear the news.
I pretend to be happy to know him.
He laughed to see such fun.
She seemed surprised to meet us.
六）、不定式结构作宾语补足语
Don’t force yourself to write when you have nothing to say.
He believed the earth to be a globe.
Did you see a young man enter the house
1．只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词：
① 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。
What do you desire me to do
The director preferred her to act the old lady.
② 含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。
We mustn’t let this happen again.
His father put him to mind the sheep.
③ 带有“请求”“恳求”等感彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。
He begged me not to tell his father about it.
She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris.
④ 含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。
He urged us to accept the compromise.
The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out.
⑤ 含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。
He required us to keep it a secret.
The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days.
I warn you not to do that again.
⑥ 其他还有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。
He promised to teach me to swim.
We should train them to make use of reference books.
We are waiting for the train to stop.
2．既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词：
△ see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have;
△ imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, set
Did you see anyone enter the house
Don’t imagine yourself to be always correct.
We find him to be dishonest.
He set the boys to carry water.
I’ll leave him to solve the problem for himself.
注①：有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行，如：
Did you see anyone enter the house
He saw his father talking with his teacher.
I once heard him sing this song.
She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.
注②：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to 应当省略。
△ 下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号to：
let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen to
He observed someone open the door.
I watched them get into the car.
Did you notice him leave the room
△feel 一词在使用 to do 型不定式作宾语补足语时，不带 to；在使用 to be 型不定式时，要带 to，如：
He felt them to be right.
Did you feel the earth shake
△ help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带 to，也可以不带 to，如：
Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework
△使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为被动结构以后，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，这时，“to”不可以省略，如：
The boss made them work from morning till night.
They were made to work from morning till night.
不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生
例如：Who heard him say that
They invited us to go there this summer.
如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用完成式，如：
I’m glad to have seen your mother.
(cf. I’m glad to see you. )
七）、不定式的完成式有下列用法
1．构成复合谓语，如：
He is said to have written a new book about workers.
(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.)
The enemy was reported to have surrendered.
(It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.)
She seemed to have heard about it already.
(It seemed that she had already heard about it.)
2．在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语，如：
You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert.
(=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.)
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
(=I’m sorry I have given you so much trouble.)
She was very glad to have done something for the people.
3．在某些动词后作宾语，如：
He pretended not to have seen me.
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
4．有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语，如：
It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.（主语）
So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定语）
They thought it a pity not to have invited her.（复合宾语）
She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. （复合宾语）
如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。
八）、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法
1．构成复合谓语，如：
They are said to be building another bridge across the river.
They seem to be getting along quite well.
I happened to be going that way too.
2．在某些动词后构成复合宾语，如：
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.
3．在某些动词后作宾语，如：
He pretended to be listening attentively.
4．有时可以作主语或状语，如：
I am glad to be working with you. (状语)
It’s nice of you to be thinking of us. (主语)
九）、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行，就需要用完成进行式，如：
They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.
She wished to have been training as hard as the others.
It’s a great pleasure to have been working with you.
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。
十）、 不定式的被动形式有下列用法
1．作主语：
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
2．作宾语：
She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.
3．构成复合宾语：
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
She didn’t like herself to be praised like that.
4．构成复合谓语：
The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.
5．作定语：
Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers’ office
6．作状语：
She was too young to be assigned such work.
十一）、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等，如：
It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语）
She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语)）
He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （复合宾语）
The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （复合谓语）
She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定语）
十二）不定式作独立成分。
To tell (you) the truth, he doesn’t agree with you.
To begin with, Beijing is a very beautiful city.
1.We were surprised to hear the news.
2. We have to get up early to catch the first train.
3. He is considered to be a great scientist.
4. To see is to believe.
5. I have a lot of words to say.
6.It’s impossible for him to go alone.
7.She promised to make no mistakes at all.
8.I find it difficult to understand him.
9. To catch the train, we’d better hurry to the station by taxi.
十三）、动词不定式省略to 的情况归纳
*1 当动词不定式作宾语补足语时，如动词是 make, let , have 或 look at , see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel 、等，不定式不带to.
*2. 在下列结构后 had better, would rather, would rather…than, cannot but（不得不 ，必然，不能不）, can’t help but 等
*3. Why…. 或 why not … 表建议
*4. 在介词 but , except 之后，如果其前有 实义动词do 的某种形式，不定式不带to,反之须带to .
*5 不定时作表语时，如果解释do的具体内容时，to可以省去。
*6 动词help或help+宾语之后，可用带to的不定式，也可用不带to的不定式，但在help+宾语+不定式结构中，如果用不带to的不定式，表示主语参与了不定式所表示的动作；如果用带to的不定式，表示主语没有参与不定时所表示的动作。
分 词
一、形 式
△ 现在分词：
△ 过去分词只有一种形式。
二、 功 能
1．作表语。现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，如：
The news was exciting.
The situation is encouraging.
She looked disappointed.
He appeared satisfied with my answer.
He seemed quite delighted at the idea.
Don’t get excited.
注①：已经成为形容词的分词，可以用 very 修饰；没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用 much 或 quite，有时也可用very much，如：
I’m very much pleased.
He’s very much worried about his health.
注②：过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。
系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；被动结构强调谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。此外还有：
系表结构：a. 常用一般现在或一般过去时态；b. 一般不带状语；
c. 可以有不及物动词的过去分词。
被动结构：a. 有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致；
b. 可以带时间、方式或 by 短语作状语；c. 必须是及物动词。
The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态)
The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (动作)
I’m interested in chess.
I was interested by what you told me.
The sun is risen.
This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921.
2．作定语：
① 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如：
touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week /
skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread
Barking dogs seldom bite.
Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.
注：分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如：
developing countries = countries that are developing
a growing city = a city that is growing
liberated areas = areas that have been liberated
② 在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如：
Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door
They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains.
They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history.
Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun
③ 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：
a. 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如：
Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise.
Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager
b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如：
They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south.
The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955.
④ 过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如：
Is this the book recommended by our teacher
The meeting held last week is very important.
He is a man loved by all.
I hate to see letters written in pencil.
注①：如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示，如：
The meeting being held is very important.
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
注②：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示，如：
The meeting to be held next week is very important.
Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting.
⑤ 分词还可以作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较：
All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists.
All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists.
All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister.
All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister.
⑥ 本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的：
Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为who has come from Beijing)
Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为who have finished)
The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为who gave us)
⑦ 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如：
Those being busy don’t have to go. (应改为Those who are busy don’t have to go.)
His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (应改为who is)
⑧ 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要用从句，如：
The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (应改为which/that died)
3．作状语：
① 现在分词作状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况，如：
The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.
They stood there for an hour watching the game.
She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.
注意：a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；b. 分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；c. 分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；d. 大部分放在谓语之后；e. 分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。
② 现在分词作状语，表示行为方式或手段（这类状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述a-c），如：
Following the guide, they started to climb.
Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost.
Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities.
③ 现在分词作状语，表示原因或理由，如：
Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to send the boy to hospital.
注：如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式，如：
Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.
Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.
Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well.
④ 现在分词作时间状语（相当于 when 引导的从句），如：
Turning around, she saw a police car driving up.
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those days in Yan’an.
注①：这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用 when 或 while + 分词这种结构，如：
Be careful when crossing the street.
Don’t mention this while talking to him.
注②：如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式，如：
Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.
Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction.
⑤ 现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步，如：
Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. (结果)
The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (结果)
Working hard, you will succeed. (条件)
Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (条件)
Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (让步)
⑥ 过去分词短语作状语，可以修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况，如：
Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old.
Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly.
Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room.
The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.
⑦ 过去分词短语表示原因（相当于一个原因状语从句），如：
The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once.
He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted…)
⑧ 过去分词短语有时可以表示时间（相当于时间状语从句）和条件（相当于条件状语从句），如：
United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If we are united …)
Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated …)
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
注：过去分词短语作状语时，前面有时可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句（省略部分多为 “主语 + be 的多种形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同，如：
If / When heated, water changes into steam.
Even if invited, I won’t go.
We will not attack unless attacked.
The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to.
4．作宾语补足语：
① 现在分词做宾语补足语，如：
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.
I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face.
He tried to start the engine running.
The words immediately set us all laughing.
注：现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行，强调动作过程。
② 过去分词做宾语补足语，如：
He watched the TV set carried out of the room.
Last year they had the house rebuilt.
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.
You’d better have your shoes mended.
注：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。
③ 现在分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语补足语一般为宾语所做的动作；过去分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：
He saw an old man getting on the bus.
An old man was getting on the bus.
I once heard this song sung in Japanese.
This song was once sung in Japanese.
I don’t want the children taken out in such weather.
The children were taken out in such weather.
④ 以上句子可以变为被动结构，这时，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，与谓语一起称为“复合谓语”，如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time.
She was never heard singing that song again.
One of the glasses was found broken.
⑤ 有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语补足语，又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，有些动词只能用现在分词作宾语补足语，这些动词是：catch, keep, mind, prevent, remember, stop, start, smell, excuse, spy, send 等，例如：
She caught her son smoking a cigarette.
We’d better keep the fire burning.
I don’t mind you joking. I like it.
The heavy rain prevented us coming here on time.
I don’t remember him ever saying anything like that.
We must try to stop them getting into trouble.
His words started me thinking seriously.
Can you smell something burning
The earthquake sent the china and glass crashing to the ground.
现在分词的完成形式和被动形式
① 现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，如：
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
The delegates, having fulfilled their mission, arrived back in Shanghai.
注：在独立结构中，也可以用现在分词的完成形式，如：
His comrades having all left for the front, he didn’t want to stay in the rear.
② 在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语，如：
That building being repaired is our library. （定语）
He asked who was the man being operated on. （定语）
You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （宾语补足语）
As we entered the village, we saw new houses being built. （宾语补足语）
Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.（状语）
Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. （状语）
△ 有时还有完成被动形式，如：
Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away
在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为: 独 立 结 构
独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如：
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况)
The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间)
So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因)
Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing tomorrow. (条件)
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
The job done, we went home.
The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.
现在分词和过去分词用法之异同
现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知，两种分词的区别很多，但它们之间的根本区别是：
过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重于被动；
而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。
这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子成份中。细述如下：
一、分词作定语
共同点：分词作定语时，如果分词只是一个单词，那么，该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，那么，该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
不同点：分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，句子后半部分是一个作定语、修饰 noise 的分词短语；再根据句意“一阵闪电之后，接着就是一声巨响。”可知，巨响应是主动，紧接在闪电之后的。因此，该题应选B。
2.The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；再根据 The Olympic Games 对于动词 play 来说只能是被动承受，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，该题应选C。
3.What’s the language ____ in Germany
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 which is spoken
4.Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 who were invited
5.Most of the artists ____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句who were invited
6.The computer centre, ____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后，可以用非限制性定语从句“which was opened last year”代替
7.The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which were written
二、分词作表语
共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。
不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.This news sounds ____.
A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作表语，因为 sounds 在此句中用作连系动词；再根据 The news 对于动词 encourage 来说应是主动关系，即这个消息本身就鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A。
2. -How did Bob do in the exams this time
-Well, his father seems ____ with his results.
A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please
简析：首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作表语。因为 seems 在此句中用作连系动词; 再根据 his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴; 换言之, 他的父亲因为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴。因此, 该题应选C。
3. -How did the audience receive the new play
-They got very ____.
A . excite B . excited C . excitedly D . exciting
简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。
三、分词作宾语补足语
共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。
不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.The next morning she found the man ____ in bed, dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the man; 再根据宾语 the man 对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系, 而且, lie 这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此, 该题应选A。
2. -Good morning. Can I help you -I’d like to have the package ____, madam.
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the package; 再根据 the package 对于动词 weigh 来说, 只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。
3. I can hardly imagine Peter ____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A. sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailed
简析: 该题应选B。测试动词 imagine 后要求跟动名词, Peter 是动名词的逻辑主语。
4.If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air ____ against your face.
A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move
简析: 该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。
四、分词作状语
共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。
不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.European football is played in 80 countries, ____ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在整个句中应作状语；再根据 European football 对于 make 来说应是主动关系，即欧洲足球使之本身成为一项最受世人欢迎的运动。因此，该题应选A。
2.____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
简析：该题应选C。 测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。
3.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, ____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
简析：该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。
4. “Can’t you read ” Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
简析：该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若B 答案为 and pointed angrily 时也对。
另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)
例: The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands，而不是句子的主语 The murderer , 而 his hands 对于动词 tie 来说，只能是被动承受。因此，该题应选D。
动 名 词
一、动名词的形式
二、功能及用法
1．动名词（短语）做主语，如：
Writing the book has taken up all his spare time.
Seeing is believing.
注①：动名词（短语）做主语还常用于下列结构：
a. It’s no use sending him over. It’s too late already.
It’s no good talking a lot without doing anything.
It’s a waste of time arguing about it.
b. There’s no joking about such matters.
There’s no saying what he’ll be doing next.
There’s no telling what he’s going to do.
注②：动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别：
动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，如：
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (抽象)
He realized that to go on like this was no use. (具体)
在实际运用中，一般可以互换，差异不大。但在下列几种情况中不能互换：
a. 当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式，如：
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.
b. 动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式主语it，而将动名词或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中，一般宜用动名词，不宜用不定式来代替：
It’s no use doing …
It’s no good doing…
It’s a waste of time doing …
例如：
It’s no use going there today; he won’t be at home.
It’s a waste of time arguing about it.
It’s no good waiting here. Let’s walk home.
而在It’s important … / It’s necessary … / It’s advisable … / It’s essential … / It’s fitting … 这类句型中，只能用不定式，如：
It’s important to learn foreign languages.
It’s quite necessary to read it many times.
2．动名词（短语）作表语，如：
Their job is building houses.
His job is raising pigs.
注①：动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别：
动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯；不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作，特别是将来的动作，试比较：
My favourite sport is swimming.
The first thing for us to do is to improve our pronunciation.
注②：动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别：
动名词作表语时相当于名词，说明主语的含义及内容，它与主语是同等关系，主语与表语互换位置不影响句子的基本含义，但不可用副词来修饰。
现在分词作表语时相当于形容词，说明主语的特征、性质、状态等，主语与表语不可互换位置，但可用very, quite等副词来修饰，如：
My job is looking after the children.
Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.
The situation is encouraging.
This cake is very inviting.
The volleyball match we watched was very exciting.
3．动名词（短语）用作宾语的情况很多，如：
Hearing the words, she couldn’t help thinking of her past bitterness.
We all avoided mentioning that matter.
★ 能用动名词作宾语的动词有两类：
一类是只能用动名词作宾语的动词，其中有：avoid, admit, consider, delay, advise, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, give up, can’t help, imagine, keep (on), don’t mind, miss, practise, put off, stop, go on, resist, suggest等，如：
Mary is considering changing her job.
I enjoy working with you.
Would you mind ringing me up tomorrow
另一类是既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式作宾语的动词，其中有：begin, cannot bear, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, try, want, need, can’t afford等。
上述动词尽管可以带两种结构作宾语，但用法不尽相同，需要注意下列几个情况：
A. 在begin, start, cease, continue, cannot bear, hate, like, love, prefer, propose 等动词后，两种结构意义无大的出入，如：
She can’t bear being laughed at / to be laughed at.
但是在下列情况下，通常用不定式：
a. 在would like / love / prefer / hate 后表示一个特定的新动作时：
I’d like to buy a suit.
I’d hate to disappoint them.
b. 当谓语动词已用进行时态时：
The water is beginning / starting to boil.
I’m starting to work on my essay next week.
c. 在begin 等后，非限定动词由某些状态动词构成时（即：指心理状态或精神活动时）：
She began to believe his story.
He began to realize that he was wrong.
d. 当主语是物，不是人时：
The water started / began to boil.
The ice started / began to melt.
B. 在need, want, deserve等后，可用动名词的主动式表示被动含义，或用不定式的被动式，意义上无差别。但用动名词较为普遍，（这时主语一般是物），如：
The door needs oiling / to be oiled.
C. 有的动词尽管可以用两种结构，但意义明显不同，须认真加以区别：
I forgot to close the door before I left the room.
I forgot having closed the door.
He tried to write better. (尽量努力地写)
He tried writing with a brush. (用毛笔试着写)
I couldn’t help finishing it. (不能不结束某事)
I couldn’t help to finish it. (不能帮助结束某事)
They left off fishing. (停止钓鱼)
They left off to fish. (离开某处出发去钓鱼)
I regret to say that there is no wine in the bottle. (对现在要发生的事表示遗憾、抱歉)
I regret not taking your advice. (后悔)
★ 动名词（短语）还常常跟在短语动词之后，作介词的宾语。常见的有：
insist on / think of / dream of / object to / hear of / prevent … from / keep … from / stop … from / feel like / be engaged in / look forward to / depend on / thank … for / excuse … for / devote … to / set about / spend … in / get (be) used to … / be fond of / be afraid of / be tired of / succeed in / be interested in / be proud of / burst out / give up 等，如：
He insisted on seeing us home.
They all objected to putting the meeting off.
Are you interested in going to the show
I’m thinking of going to town this afternoon.
I don’t feel like eating anything.
She is afraid of falling behind the others.
He finally got tired of doing office work.
She devotes hours to helping Mother with housework on Sunday.
4．动名词（短语）可以和about, against, at, before, after, by, for, besides, from, in, on, upon, without等介词构成短语，在句中作状语，如：
They broke in loud cheers on hearing the news.
He warned me against swimming there.
She left without saying good-bye to us.
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of the children.
He felt uncomfortable about accepting the gift.
They were surprised at your doing that.
5．动名词（短语）可以和介词构成短语作定语，如：
He hasn’t much experience in running factories.
What’s their reason for cancelling the English evening
Have you any objection to going there on foot
He has little hope of passing his examinations.
They don’t approve of his way of looking at things.
I’m glad to have this opportunity of coming to visit your country.
6．动名词还可以作定语，如：
singing competition swimming pool
dining car opening speech
drinking cup living room
typing paper waiting room
writing desk washing machine
frying-pan sleeping-pill
walking stick teaching method
注：动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，它和名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系；而现在分词作定语，表示被修饰名词本身的动作、行为，它和名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。
三、动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构。
有时为了明确动名词所表示的动作的执行者，可以在动名词之前加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，来表示动名词逻辑上的主语。有时也可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格，不过，这主要用于口语中。如：
She won’t hear of us leaving the village.
Do you object to Li Ping’s joining the physics group
注①：如果不是在句子的开头，这个结构常用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格，如：
I don’t like the idea of us / our not helping at all.
I don’t mind Jane buying another one.
注②：如果动名词的逻辑主语是表示无生命的东西的名词，或不定代词，就只能用普通格，不能用所有格，如：
Is there any hope of your team winning the match
The boy was alarmed by someone knocking at the door.
动名词的复合结构有下列用法：
① 作主语：
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Nothing is worse than our bowing before difficulties.
Lao Li’s (not: Li)going won’t be of much help.
② 作表语：
Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.
What’s troubling them is their not having enough machine tools.
③ 作宾语：
Do you mind my reading your paper
Please excuse my interrupting you.
④ 作介词宾语：
They insisted on my staying there for supper.
Do you think there will be any chance of my seeing him again
四、动名词的完成形式与被动形式
动名词的一般形式通常表示一般性动作（即不是明确地在过去、现在或将来发生的动作）或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作，如：
They are all interested in climbing mountains.
He took a great delight in helping others.
① 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，通常用动名词的完成形式，如：He didn’t mention having met me.
I regret not having taken her advice.
I don’t remember having ever promised you that.
注：在某些动词之后（或在成语中）常用（或可以用）动名词的一般形式表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作，如：
Excuse me for coming late.
I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.
② 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的承受者时，这个动名词一般要用被动形式，如：This question is far from being settled.
He did it without being asked.
They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers.
He didn’t mind being left at home.
They couldn’t stand being treated like that.
注：如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动形式，如：
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.
PAGE
1
1、 动词不定式
2、
一）、不定式结构作主语
To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times.
To persevere means victory!
注①：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置：
It’s a great pleasure to be here.
It is not an easy thing to master a language.
注②：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：
It took us five hours to get there.
It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.
注③：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名词词组” 来表示，如：
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.
It was difficult for me to do the work.
注④：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名词词组” 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：
It’s kind of you to think so much of us.
It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.
It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.
It was careless of her to make such a mistake.
二）、不定式结构作表语
1．主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
2．主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：
My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Your mistake was not to write that letter.
My suggestion is to start work at once.
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”，如： All we have to do is push the button.
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
All I could do was send him a telegram.
三）、不定式结构作动词宾语
1．“动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如：
I’ve arranged to meet him at ten o’clock.
I didn’t expect to find you here.
2．“动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。
疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如：
I don’t know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there.
I haven’t decided whether to sell it or not.
We must find out what to do next / where to put it.
注① ：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如：
I find it difficult to understand him.
We thought it wrong not to help her.
They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.
注② ：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用，例如：
He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.
The child did nothing except weep.
She can do anything but sing.
He will do anything for you except lend you money.
They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.
注意不定式符号的省略问题！
四）、不定式结构作定语
1．不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：
It’s time to go to bed.
He is not a man to bow before difficulties.
Have you anything to declare
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.
I want to get something to read during the vocation.
2．能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如：
I don’t wish to quarrel with you.
→I have no wish to quarrel with you.
They will attempt to cross the river tonight.
→ They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight.
She promised not to do that again.
→ She made a promise not to do that again.
3．某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如：
He was obviously anxious to go.
→ His anxiety to go was obvious.
4．不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：
He has a large family to support (= that he must support).
注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如：
She has a lot of things to attend to.
The nurse has five children to look after.
Let’s first find a room to put the things in.
5．有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名词词组，如：
Here’s a book for you to read.
He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.
五）、不定式结构作状语
不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。
1．表示目的：
They ran over to welcome the delegates.
He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.
He went home to see his mother.
注①：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上三句)，但也有例外的情况，例如：
I stopped for him to speak to me.
He opened the door for the children to come in.
He brought a porter to carry the boxes / bags.
They sent a man to mend the window.
He stood up to be seen better.
注②：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如：
He came here in order to see Charlie.
He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
He went early in order not to miss the train.
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.
注③：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上so as ，如：
To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.
(In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.)
To get the best results, use clean water.
2. 表示结果：
What have I said to make you so angry
He came round to find himself in hospital.
不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型：
① so …as to …
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time
② such (…) as to …
I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
③ enough to …
The boy is old enough to go to school.
④ too … to …
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.
注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：
I’m only too glad to go. (= I’m very glad to go.)
I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.)
〖 only too (adv.) 极; 非常; 太;很 〗
☆☆有时，不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果，如：
She woke early to find it was raining.
He got home to learn that his father was ill.
这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点：
① 不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的，相当于一个限定动词词组，如：
He arrived late to find the others had gone home.
He arrived late and found the others had gone home.
② 不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。
He left his native country (,) never to return.
He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed.
③ 不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。（有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果），如：
He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.
④ 不定式之前有时可以加上only或but only，以加强语气，如：
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，须根据词汇意义认真加以区别，试比较：
He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.)
He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.)
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains. ( = He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.)
3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）
She wept to hear the news.
I pretend to be happy to know him.
He laughed to see such fun.
She seemed surprised to meet us.
六）、不定式结构作宾语补足语
Don’t force yourself to write when you have nothing to say.
He believed the earth to be a globe.
Did you see a young man enter the house
1．只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词：
① 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。
What do you desire me to do
The director preferred her to act the old lady.
② 含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。
We mustn’t let this happen again.
His father put him to mind the sheep.
③ 带有“请求”“恳求”等感彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。
He begged me not to tell his father about it.
She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris.
④ 含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。
He urged us to accept the compromise.
The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out.
⑤ 含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。
He required us to keep it a secret.
The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days.
I warn you not to do that again.
⑥ 其他还有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。
He promised to teach me to swim.
We should train them to make use of reference books.
We are waiting for the train to stop.
2．既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词：
△ see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have;
△ imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, set
Did you see anyone enter the house
Don’t imagine yourself to be always correct.
We find him to be dishonest.
He set the boys to carry water.
I’ll leave him to solve the problem for himself.
注①：有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行，如：
Did you see anyone enter the house
He saw his father talking with his teacher.
I once heard him sing this song.
She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.
注②：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to 应当省略。
△ 下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号to：
let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen to
He observed someone open the door.
I watched them get into the car.
Did you notice him leave the room
△feel 一词在使用 to do 型不定式作宾语补足语时，不带 to；在使用 to be 型不定式时，要带 to，如：
He felt them to be right.
Did you feel the earth shake
△ help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带 to，也可以不带 to，如：
Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework
△使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为被动结构以后，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，这时，“to”不可以省略，如：
The boss made them work from morning till night.
They were made to work from morning till night.
不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生
例如：Who heard him say that
They invited us to go there this summer.
如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用完成式，如：
I’m glad to have seen your mother.
(cf. I’m glad to see you. )
七）、不定式的完成式有下列用法
1．构成复合谓语，如：
He is said to have written a new book about workers.
(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.)
The enemy was reported to have surrendered.
(It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.)
She seemed to have heard about it already.
(It seemed that she had already heard about it.)
2．在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语，如：
You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert.
(=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.)
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
(=I’m sorry I have given you so much trouble.)
She was very glad to have done something for the people.
3．在某些动词后作宾语，如：
He pretended not to have seen me.
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
4．有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语，如：
It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.（主语）
So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定语）
They thought it a pity not to have invited her.（复合宾语）
She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. （复合宾语）
如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。
八）、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法
1．构成复合谓语，如：
They are said to be building another bridge across the river.
They seem to be getting along quite well.
I happened to be going that way too.
2．在某些动词后构成复合宾语，如：
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.
3．在某些动词后作宾语，如：
He pretended to be listening attentively.
4．有时可以作主语或状语，如：
I am glad to be working with you. (状语)
It’s nice of you to be thinking of us. (主语)
九）、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行，就需要用完成进行式，如：
They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.
She wished to have been training as hard as the others.
It’s a great pleasure to have been working with you.
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。
十）、 不定式的被动形式有下列用法
1．作主语：
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
2．作宾语：
She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.
3．构成复合宾语：
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
She didn’t like herself to be praised like that.
4．构成复合谓语：
The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.
5．作定语：
Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers’ office
6．作状语：
She was too young to be assigned such work.
十一）、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等，如：
It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语）
She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语)）
He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （复合宾语）
The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （复合谓语）
She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定语）
十二）不定式作独立成分。
To tell (you) the truth, he doesn’t agree with you.
To begin with, Beijing is a very beautiful city.
1.We were surprised to hear the news.
2. We have to get up early to catch the first train.
3. He is considered to be a great scientist.
4. To see is to believe.
5. I have a lot of words to say.
6.It’s impossible for him to go alone.
7.She promised to make no mistakes at all.
8.I find it difficult to understand him.
9. To catch the train, we’d better hurry to the station by taxi.
十三）、动词不定式省略to 的情况归纳
*1 当动词不定式作宾语补足语时，如动词是 make, let , have 或 look at , see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel 、等，不定式不带to.
*2. 在下列结构后 had better, would rather, would rather…than, cannot but（不得不 ，必然，不能不）, can’t help but 等
*3. Why…. 或 why not … 表建议
*4. 在介词 but , except 之后，如果其前有 实义动词do 的某种形式，不定式不带to,反之须带to .
*5 不定时作表语时，如果解释do的具体内容时，to可以省去。
*6 动词help或help+宾语之后，可用带to的不定式，也可用不带to的不定式，但在help+宾语+不定式结构中，如果用不带to的不定式，表示主语参与了不定式所表示的动作；如果用带to的不定式，表示主语没有参与不定时所表示的动作。
分 词
一、形 式
△ 现在分词：
△ 过去分词只有一种形式。
二、 功 能
1．作表语。现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，如：
The news was exciting.
The situation is encouraging.
She looked disappointed.
He appeared satisfied with my answer.
He seemed quite delighted at the idea.
Don’t get excited.
注①：已经成为形容词的分词，可以用 very 修饰；没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用 much 或 quite，有时也可用very much，如：
I’m very much pleased.
He’s very much worried about his health.
注②：过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。
系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；被动结构强调谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。此外还有：
系表结构：a. 常用一般现在或一般过去时态；b. 一般不带状语；
c. 可以有不及物动词的过去分词。
被动结构：a. 有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致；
b. 可以带时间、方式或 by 短语作状语；c. 必须是及物动词。
The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态)
The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (动作)
I’m interested in chess.
I was interested by what you told me.
The sun is risen.
This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921.
2．作定语：
① 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如：
touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week /
skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread
Barking dogs seldom bite.
Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.
注：分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如：
developing countries = countries that are developing
a growing city = a city that is growing
liberated areas = areas that have been liberated
② 在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如：
Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door
They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains.
They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history.
Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun
③ 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：
a. 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如：
Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise.
Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager
b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如：
They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south.
The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955.
④ 过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如：
Is this the book recommended by our teacher
The meeting held last week is very important.
He is a man loved by all.
I hate to see letters written in pencil.
注①：如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示，如：
The meeting being held is very important.
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
注②：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示，如：
The meeting to be held next week is very important.
Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting.
⑤ 分词还可以作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较：
All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists.
All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists.
All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister.
All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister.
⑥ 本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的：
Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为who has come from Beijing)
Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为who have finished)
The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为who gave us)
⑦ 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如：
Those being busy don’t have to go. (应改为Those who are busy don’t have to go.)
His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (应改为who is)
⑧ 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要用从句，如：
The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (应改为which/that died)
3．作状语：
① 现在分词作状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况，如：
The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.
They stood there for an hour watching the game.
She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.
注意：a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；b. 分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；c. 分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；d. 大部分放在谓语之后；e. 分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。
② 现在分词作状语，表示行为方式或手段（这类状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述a-c），如：
Following the guide, they started to climb.
Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost.
Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities.
③ 现在分词作状语，表示原因或理由，如：
Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to send the boy to hospital.
注：如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式，如：
Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.
Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.
Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well.
④ 现在分词作时间状语（相当于 when 引导的从句），如：
Turning around, she saw a police car driving up.
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those days in Yan’an.
注①：这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用 when 或 while + 分词这种结构，如：
Be careful when crossing the street.
Don’t mention this while talking to him.
注②：如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式，如：
Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.
Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction.
⑤ 现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步，如：
Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. (结果)
The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (结果)
Working hard, you will succeed. (条件)
Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (条件)
Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (让步)
⑥ 过去分词短语作状语，可以修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况，如：
Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old.
Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly.
Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room.
The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.
⑦ 过去分词短语表示原因（相当于一个原因状语从句），如：
The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once.
He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted…)
⑧ 过去分词短语有时可以表示时间（相当于时间状语从句）和条件（相当于条件状语从句），如：
United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If we are united …)
Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated …)
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
注：过去分词短语作状语时，前面有时可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句（省略部分多为 “主语 + be 的多种形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同，如：
If / When heated, water changes into steam.
Even if invited, I won’t go.
We will not attack unless attacked.
The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to.
4．作宾语补足语：
① 现在分词做宾语补足语，如：
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.
I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face.
He tried to start the engine running.
The words immediately set us all laughing.
注：现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行，强调动作过程。
② 过去分词做宾语补足语，如：
He watched the TV set carried out of the room.
Last year they had the house rebuilt.
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.
You’d better have your shoes mended.
注：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。
③ 现在分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语补足语一般为宾语所做的动作；过去分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：
He saw an old man getting on the bus.
An old man was getting on the bus.
I once heard this song sung in Japanese.
This song was once sung in Japanese.
I don’t want the children taken out in such weather.
The children were taken out in such weather.
④ 以上句子可以变为被动结构，这时，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，与谓语一起称为“复合谓语”，如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time.
She was never heard singing that song again.
One of the glasses was found broken.
⑤ 有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语补足语，又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，有些动词只能用现在分词作宾语补足语，这些动词是：catch, keep, mind, prevent, remember, stop, start, smell, excuse, spy, send 等，例如：
She caught her son smoking a cigarette.
We’d better keep the fire burning.
I don’t mind you joking. I like it.
The heavy rain prevented us coming here on time.
I don’t remember him ever saying anything like that.
We must try to stop them getting into trouble.
His words started me thinking seriously.
Can you smell something burning
The earthquake sent the china and glass crashing to the ground.
现在分词的完成形式和被动形式
① 现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，如：
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
The delegates, having fulfilled their mission, arrived back in Shanghai.
注：在独立结构中，也可以用现在分词的完成形式，如：
His comrades having all left for the front, he didn’t want to stay in the rear.
② 在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语，如：
That building being repaired is our library. （定语）
He asked who was the man being operated on. （定语）
You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （宾语补足语）
As we entered the village, we saw new houses being built. （宾语补足语）
Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.（状语）
Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. （状语）
△ 有时还有完成被动形式，如：
Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away
在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为: 独 立 结 构
独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如：
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况)
The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间)
So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因)
Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing tomorrow. (条件)
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
The job done, we went home.
The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.
现在分词和过去分词用法之异同
现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知，两种分词的区别很多，但它们之间的根本区别是：
过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重于被动；
而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。
这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子成份中。细述如下：
一、分词作定语
共同点：分词作定语时，如果分词只是一个单词，那么，该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，那么，该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
不同点：分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，句子后半部分是一个作定语、修饰 noise 的分词短语；再根据句意“一阵闪电之后，接着就是一声巨响。”可知，巨响应是主动，紧接在闪电之后的。因此，该题应选B。
2.The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；再根据 The Olympic Games 对于动词 play 来说只能是被动承受，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，该题应选C。
3.What’s the language ____ in Germany
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 which is spoken
4.Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 who were invited
5.Most of the artists ____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句who were invited
6.The computer centre, ____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后，可以用非限制性定语从句“which was opened last year”代替
7.The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which were written
二、分词作表语
共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。
不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.This news sounds ____.
A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作表语，因为 sounds 在此句中用作连系动词；再根据 The news 对于动词 encourage 来说应是主动关系，即这个消息本身就鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A。
2. -How did Bob do in the exams this time
-Well, his father seems ____ with his results.
A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please
简析：首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作表语。因为 seems 在此句中用作连系动词; 再根据 his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴; 换言之, 他的父亲因为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴。因此, 该题应选C。
3. -How did the audience receive the new play
-They got very ____.
A . excite B . excited C . excitedly D . exciting
简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。
三、分词作宾语补足语
共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。
不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.The next morning she found the man ____ in bed, dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the man; 再根据宾语 the man 对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系, 而且, lie 这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此, 该题应选A。
2. -Good morning. Can I help you -I’d like to have the package ____, madam.
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the package; 再根据 the package 对于动词 weigh 来说, 只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。
3. I can hardly imagine Peter ____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A. sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailed
简析: 该题应选B。测试动词 imagine 后要求跟动名词, Peter 是动名词的逻辑主语。
4.If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air ____ against your face.
A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move
简析: 该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。
四、分词作状语
共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。
不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.European football is played in 80 countries, ____ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在整个句中应作状语；再根据 European football 对于 make 来说应是主动关系，即欧洲足球使之本身成为一项最受世人欢迎的运动。因此，该题应选A。
2.____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
简析：该题应选C。 测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。
3.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, ____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
简析：该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。
4. “Can’t you read ” Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
简析：该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若B 答案为 and pointed angrily 时也对。
另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)
例: The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands，而不是句子的主语 The murderer , 而 his hands 对于动词 tie 来说，只能是被动承受。因此，该题应选D。
动 名 词
一、动名词的形式
二、功能及用法
1．动名词（短语）做主语，如：
Writing the book has taken up all his spare time.
Seeing is believing.
注①：动名词（短语）做主语还常用于下列结构：
a. It’s no use sending him over. It’s too late already.
It’s no good talking a lot without doing anything.
It’s a waste of time arguing about it.
b. There’s no joking about such matters.
There’s no saying what he’ll be doing next.
There’s no telling what he’s going to do.
注②：动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别：
动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，如：
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (抽象)
He realized that to go on like this was no use. (具体)
在实际运用中，一般可以互换，差异不大。但在下列几种情况中不能互换：
a. 当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式，如：
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.
b. 动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式主语it，而将动名词或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中，一般宜用动名词，不宜用不定式来代替：
It’s no use doing …
It’s no good doing…
It’s a waste of time doing …
例如：
It’s no use going there today; he won’t be at home.
It’s a waste of time arguing about it.
It’s no good waiting here. Let’s walk home.
而在It’s important … / It’s necessary … / It’s advisable … / It’s essential … / It’s fitting … 这类句型中，只能用不定式，如：
It’s important to learn foreign languages.
It’s quite necessary to read it many times.
2．动名词（短语）作表语，如：
Their job is building houses.
His job is raising pigs.
注①：动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别：
动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯；不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作，特别是将来的动作，试比较：
My favourite sport is swimming.
The first thing for us to do is to improve our pronunciation.
注②：动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别：
动名词作表语时相当于名词，说明主语的含义及内容，它与主语是同等关系，主语与表语互换位置不影响句子的基本含义，但不可用副词来修饰。
现在分词作表语时相当于形容词，说明主语的特征、性质、状态等，主语与表语不可互换位置，但可用very, quite等副词来修饰，如：
My job is looking after the children.
Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.
The situation is encouraging.
This cake is very inviting.
The volleyball match we watched was very exciting.
3．动名词（短语）用作宾语的情况很多，如：
Hearing the words, she couldn’t help thinking of her past bitterness.
We all avoided mentioning that matter.
★ 能用动名词作宾语的动词有两类：
一类是只能用动名词作宾语的动词，其中有：avoid, admit, consider, delay, advise, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, give up, can’t help, imagine, keep (on), don’t mind, miss, practise, put off, stop, go on, resist, suggest等，如：
Mary is considering changing her job.
I enjoy working with you.
Would you mind ringing me up tomorrow
另一类是既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式作宾语的动词，其中有：begin, cannot bear, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, try, want, need, can’t afford等。
上述动词尽管可以带两种结构作宾语，但用法不尽相同，需要注意下列几个情况：
A. 在begin, start, cease, continue, cannot bear, hate, like, love, prefer, propose 等动词后，两种结构意义无大的出入，如：
She can’t bear being laughed at / to be laughed at.
但是在下列情况下，通常用不定式：
a. 在would like / love / prefer / hate 后表示一个特定的新动作时：
I’d like to buy a suit.
I’d hate to disappoint them.
b. 当谓语动词已用进行时态时：
The water is beginning / starting to boil.
I’m starting to work on my essay next week.
c. 在begin 等后，非限定动词由某些状态动词构成时（即：指心理状态或精神活动时）：
She began to believe his story.
He began to realize that he was wrong.
d. 当主语是物，不是人时：
The water started / began to boil.
The ice started / began to melt.
B. 在need, want, deserve等后，可用动名词的主动式表示被动含义，或用不定式的被动式，意义上无差别。但用动名词较为普遍，（这时主语一般是物），如：
The door needs oiling / to be oiled.
C. 有的动词尽管可以用两种结构，但意义明显不同，须认真加以区别：
I forgot to close the door before I left the room.
I forgot having closed the door.
He tried to write better. (尽量努力地写)
He tried writing with a brush. (用毛笔试着写)
I couldn’t help finishing it. (不能不结束某事)
I couldn’t help to finish it. (不能帮助结束某事)
They left off fishing. (停止钓鱼)
They left off to fish. (离开某处出发去钓鱼)
I regret to say that there is no wine in the bottle. (对现在要发生的事表示遗憾、抱歉)
I regret not taking your advice. (后悔)
★ 动名词（短语）还常常跟在短语动词之后，作介词的宾语。常见的有：
insist on / think of / dream of / object to / hear of / prevent … from / keep … from / stop … from / feel like / be engaged in / look forward to / depend on / thank … for / excuse … for / devote … to / set about / spend … in / get (be) used to … / be fond of / be afraid of / be tired of / succeed in / be interested in / be proud of / burst out / give up 等，如：
He insisted on seeing us home.
They all objected to putting the meeting off.
Are you interested in going to the show
I’m thinking of going to town this afternoon.
I don’t feel like eating anything.
She is afraid of falling behind the others.
He finally got tired of doing office work.
She devotes hours to helping Mother with housework on Sunday.
4．动名词（短语）可以和about, against, at, before, after, by, for, besides, from, in, on, upon, without等介词构成短语，在句中作状语，如：
They broke in loud cheers on hearing the news.
He warned me against swimming there.
She left without saying good-bye to us.
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of the children.
He felt uncomfortable about accepting the gift.
They were surprised at your doing that.
5．动名词（短语）可以和介词构成短语作定语，如：
He hasn’t much experience in running factories.
What’s their reason for cancelling the English evening
Have you any objection to going there on foot
He has little hope of passing his examinations.
They don’t approve of his way of looking at things.
I’m glad to have this opportunity of coming to visit your country.
6．动名词还可以作定语，如：
singing competition swimming pool
dining car opening speech
drinking cup living room
typing paper waiting room
writing desk washing machine
frying-pan sleeping-pill
walking stick teaching method
注：动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，它和名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系；而现在分词作定语，表示被修饰名词本身的动作、行为，它和名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。
三、动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构。
有时为了明确动名词所表示的动作的执行者，可以在动名词之前加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，来表示动名词逻辑上的主语。有时也可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格，不过，这主要用于口语中。如：
She won’t hear of us leaving the village.
Do you object to Li Ping’s joining the physics group
注①：如果不是在句子的开头，这个结构常用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格，如：
I don’t like the idea of us / our not helping at all.
I don’t mind Jane buying another one.
注②：如果动名词的逻辑主语是表示无生命的东西的名词，或不定代词，就只能用普通格，不能用所有格，如：
Is there any hope of your team winning the match
The boy was alarmed by someone knocking at the door.
动名词的复合结构有下列用法：
① 作主语：
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Nothing is worse than our bowing before difficulties.
Lao Li’s (not: Li)going won’t be of much help.
② 作表语：
Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.
What’s troubling them is their not having enough machine tools.
③ 作宾语：
Do you mind my reading your paper
Please excuse my interrupting you.
④ 作介词宾语：
They insisted on my staying there for supper.
Do you think there will be any chance of my seeing him again
四、动名词的完成形式与被动形式
动名词的一般形式通常表示一般性动作（即不是明确地在过去、现在或将来发生的动作）或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作，如：
They are all interested in climbing mountains.
He took a great delight in helping others.
① 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，通常用动名词的完成形式，如：He didn’t mention having met me.
I regret not having taken her advice.
I don’t remember having ever promised you that.
注：在某些动词之后（或在成语中）常用（或可以用）动名词的一般形式表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作，如：
Excuse me for coming late.
I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.
② 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的承受者时，这个动名词一般要用被动形式，如：This question is far from being settled.
He did it without being asked.
They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers.
He didn’t mind being left at home.
They couldn’t stand being treated like that.
注：如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动形式，如：
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.
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