非谓语动词[下学期]
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十．非谓语动词
(一)复习重点习重点
1. 非谓语动词的用法
2. 非谓语动词的时态，语态
3. 非谓语动词应注意的问题
(二)难点难点
1. 非谓语动词的时态，语态
2. 正确使用各类，各种形式的非谓语动词
(三)要点讲解点讲解
非谓语动词包括动词不定式，动词-ing形式和过去分词。它们在句子
中不能单独作谓语，故统称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词使用广泛，用法
复杂，是语法中的重点，难点，掌握好非谓语动词对提高英语水平具有
重要意义。
一．非谓语动词的用法语动词的用法
1．非谓语动词作主语
在表示具体的某个动作时多用不定式；表示抽象的，习惯性的动作
常用动词的-ing形式。如：
To tell lies is wrong. (指具体某人的一次行为)
Telling lies is wrong. (泛指说慌这种行为是不对的)
非谓语动词作主语，在很多情况下可以用it作形式主语，把真正的
主语放到后面。如：
It‘s a great pleasure to talk with him.
It‘s a waste of time quarrelling about it.
2. 非谓语动词作表语
动词不定式和动词-ing形式作表语时的区别类同与它们作主语时的
区别。如：
What was the most important was to save his life.
Our favourate sport is playing football.
分词也可以作表语，其作用相当于形容词。如：
The film is exciting.
The glass is broken.
3. 非谓语动词作宾语
动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语用法较多，区别复杂，需搞清楚以下
几类动词。
1) 接不定式作宾语的动词有：
hope，wish，ask，refuse，want，decide，promise，expect，
manage，pretend，offer，plan，choose，demand，need，agree，
dare，等。如：
He hoped to come to China some day.
I didn‘t expect to meet you here.
He offered to teach me English.
The boy didn‘t dare to see his father.
2) 接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词(动词短语)有：
enjoy，suggest，finish，practise，mind，stop，keep，miss，consider，
avoid，admit，imagine，resist，stand(忍受)
give up，can‘t help doing，put off，insist on，
feel like，devote oneself to，get used to等。如：
Are you considering accepting his invitation
We‘d better avoid mentioning this in the letter.
He couldn‘t help laughing at the words.
He decided to put off going there.
3) 有些动词既可接不定式作宾语，也可接动词-ing形式作宾语，意思差
别不大。这样的动词有：
like，love，hate ,begin，start，continue等。如：
I hate troubling you all the time.
I hate to trouble you all the time.
有时动词不定式和动词的-ing形式作宾语也像它们作主语和表语时的
区别一样，表示某次具体的行为和习惯性的动作用不定式。如：
I like playing tennis，but I don‘t like to play it in such hot weather.
4) 有些动词后面跟不定式和动词-ing形式所表达的意思不同。这类动词
有：
remember，forget，try，mean，regret等。如：
I told him of the matter again，for I forgot having met him after the accident.
Don‘t forget to lock the door. It is not safe enough here.
forget，remember等动词后面跟不定式表示动作尚未发生，动词-ing形
式表示动作已经发生。其它动词表示意义不同。如：
① try to do “努力做某事”
try doing “尝试做某事”
He tried to work out the problem.
He tried working out the problem in another way.
② mean to do “打算做某事”
mean doing “意味着”
What! Did you mean to leave by train
Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
③ regret to do 因没做某事而遗憾，抱歉
regret doing 因做过某事而遗憾，后悔
I regret to say I can‘t help you.
I regret saying such silly words.
5) need，want，require这几个动词一般后跟不定式作宾语，但是当其
主语和它们是被动关系时要用动词-ing形式表示被动(也可以用不定
式的被动语态)。如：
You need to water the flowers.
The flowers need watering. (The flowers need to be watered.)
6) 动词-ing形式可以作介词宾语，而动词不定式（除介词except，but
以外）不能作介词宾语。如：
He has the habit of staying up late.
We discovered，on opening the box，that it was empty.
She turned away without saying anything.
但动词不定式可以作介词except，but的宾语。如：
The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes
in the morning.
It had no effect but to make him angry.
4. 非谓语动词作宾语补足语
不定式和分词都可以作宾语补足语，但需弄清楚以下几个问题。
有些动词接不定式作宾语补足语时需省略to。这样的动词有：
have，make，let，see，hear，watch，observe，notice，feel，listen to，
look at，等。如：
You‘d better let us do it.
He sat listening to her climb the stairs.
注意在被动语态中to不能省略。如：
Though he had often made his sister cry，today he was made to cry by his
sister.
5. 非谓语动词作定语
不定式和分词都可以作定语，但需注意以下两个问题。
1) 定语的位置
单个分词作定语应放在所修饰词的前面；分词短语和不定式短语作定语
需后置。如：
He made an inspiring speech at the meeting. (现在分词作定语)
This is a torn newspaper. (过去分词作定语)
These are the problems facing us. (现在分词短语作定语)
This is one of the finest novels published last year. (过去分词短语作定语)
He has a large family to support. (不定式作定语)
2) 当不定式作定语的动词为不及物动词时，应在动词后面加上适当的介
词。如：
This is a good topic to write about.
Give me a piece of paper to write on.
6. 非谓语动词作状语
不定式和分词都可以作状语。不定式作状语常表示目的，原因，结果；
分词作状语常表示时间，原因，伴随情况等。如：
He came to China to study Chinese. (目的状语)
I‘m very glad to hear of your success. (原因状语)
The ice is thick enough to walk on. (结果状语)
Arriving at the station，he found the train had left. (分词短语作时间状语)
Deeply moved by the teacher‘s words，he became more determined to study
English well. (过去分词短语作原因状语)
Holding his head high，he walked past me. (分词短语作伴随状语)
非谓语动词作状语要注意以下几点：
1) 注意不定式作目的状语时，可在不定式前加in order或so as，以示强调。
如：
We started early in order to arrive before dark.
Let‘s hurry so as not to be late for the meeting.
2) 在不定式前加only可表示出乎意外的结果。如：
They lifted the rock only to drop it on their own feet.
3) 分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应和句子的主语一致。如：
Being a child，he could not understand.
(As he was a child，he could not understand.)
但是不能说：
Being a child，we don‘t blame him.
(As he is a child，we don‘t blame him).
根据其逻辑主语就是句子的主语这一特点，即可确定用现在分词还是过去
分词。如：
Seeing the lights were out in the house，he thought his friends were not in.
句子的主语he和分词seeing为主动关系，因此用现在分词
Seen from space，the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe.
句子的主语the earth和分词seen为被动关系，因此用过去分词。
二．非谓语动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态
动词不定式和动词-ing形式都有时态和语态的变化，变化形式如下：
语 态 时 态分 类 主 动 式 被 动 式
一般式 进行式 完成式 一般式 完成式
不定式 to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done
动词-ing doing having done being done having been done
1．非谓语动词的时态
当非谓动词的动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或发生
在谓语动词的动作之后应使用一般式。如：
The students helped the old man clean the house. (同时)
I‘ll get someone to repair the recorder for you. (之后)
Burning gives off heat. (同时)
He insisted on joining our basketball team. (之后)
“Can‘t you read ” She said angrily pointing to the notice. (同时)
当非谓动词的动作发生在谓语动作之前时应使用完成式。如：
He seems to have studied English before. (之前)
I regret not having taken her advice. (之前)
Having been there many times，she know the place quite well. (之前)
动词不定式还有进行式。当谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式的
动作正在进行，这时不定式需要用进行式。如：
When he came in，I happened to be reading a novel.
The two cheats pretended to be working hard when the king came in.
2. 非谓语动词的语态
当非谓语动词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，非谓语动词需要用被动式。
如：
Here is another letter to be typed.
She likes being given harder work.
The house being built there is our new library.
非谓语动词的被动式的动作如果发生在谓语动作之前，需要用完成时态
的被动式。如：
He is said to have been praised for it.
I don‘t remember having ever been given such a book.
Having been asked to stay，I couldn‘t very well leave.
3. 非谓语动词时态，语态中应注意的几个问题
1) 不定式完成式还可以表示过去没有实现的行为。如：
① I intended to have come to see you，but I was too busy then.
我原打算来看你的，可我当时太忙了。
② I was to have started work last week，but I caught a bad cold.
我本来打算上星期就开始工作的，可我患了重感冒。
2) 非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义的情况
① 动词need(want，require，)+doing结构表示被动意义。如：
My bike needs oiling. (=My bike needs to be oiled.)
The baby wants looking after.
② be worth doing结构中，doing表示被动意义。如：
The book is worth reading.
(= The book is worthy of being read.)
③ 形容词后作状语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。如：
The maths problem is easy to work out.
The chair is comfortable to sit on.
④ 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，虽然该不定式与所修饰的词具有
被动关系，应用主动形式。如：
I have an important meeting to attend.
We still have many difficulties to overcome.
⑤ 在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式常用主动代替被动。如：
There is no time to lose.(=to be lost)
There is a lot of work to do. (=to be done)
(四) 高考题精选考题精选
非谓语动词作主语,表语和宾语
1. We agreed _答案案_______ here but so far she hasn‘t turned up yet. (NMET95)
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
2. ---We were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well，now I regret __答案______ that. (NMET95)
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
3. Little Jim should love _答案______ to the theatre this evening. (MET92)
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
4. I‘ve worked with children before，so I know what _答案_______ in my new job.
(NMET2000)
A. expect B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
5. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，_答案______ it more
difficult. (NMET99)
A. not make B. not to make
C. not making D. do not make
6. I can hardly imagine Peter _答案_______ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
(MET91)
A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed
7. The salesman scolded the girl caugh __答案案____ and let her off. (NMET92)
A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing
8. Charles Babbage is generally considered __答案案______ the first computer.
(NMET93)
A. to have invented B. inventing
C. to invent D. having invented
9. The missing boy were last seen __答案______ near the river. (NMET94)
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
10. Robert is said _答案______ abroad，but I don‘t know what country he studied in.
(NMET99)
A. to have studied B. to study
C. to be studying D. to have been studying
11. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _答案案_____ the
next year. (NMET2000)
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
非谓语动词作定语
12. Most of artists __答案案_____ to the party were from South Africa. (MET90)
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
13. The first textbooks _答案______ for teaching English as a foreign language
came out in the 16th century. (NMET94)
A. having written B. to be written
C. being written D. written
14. There was a terrible noise __答案______ the sudden burst of light. (MET89)
A. followed B. following
C. to be followed D. being followed
非谓语动词作状语
15．_答案____such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (NMET2001)
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
16. _答案_______ a reply，he decided to write again. (MET92)
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
17. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，_答案_案_____
that he had enjoyed his stay here. (NMET94)
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
18. _答案案______ in thought，he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET96)
A. Losting B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
19. ----I‘ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat
----Not at all. _答案______ . (NMET96)
A. I‘ve no time B. I’d rather not
C. I‘d like it D. I’d be happy to
20. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him
_答案案________ . (NMET95)
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案及思路点拨
1 C agree需跟不定式作宾语，故排除A，B；不定式动作发生在
谓语动词之后，故用不定式的现在式。
2 D regret接动名词表示后悔做了某事。
3 A should love to do是固定用法，故排除C，D；该不定式和其
主语为被动关系，故用不定式的被动式。
4 B 该题考查疑问词+不定式的用法。
5 B 该题考查不定式作表语的用法。not to make和前面的to
make构成对比，故不能用动名词not making。
6 C imagine需跟动名词作宾语。
7 D 该题为catch sb. doing结构。stealing为其逻辑主语the girl
的补语。
8. A 该题为consider sb. to do结构的被动语态，故应排除B，
D；由于不定式动作发生在以前，故用不定式的完成式。
9 A 该题为see sb. doing的被动语态。该题用现在分词强调最后
见到那个孩子时正在进行的动作。
10 A 根据句中studied这一过去时态，可知不定式应选择完成
式，表示“以前在国外学习过。”
11 C 该题考查过去分词作宾语补足语。由于其逻辑主语the plan
和carry out为被动关系，故用过去分词。
12 A invite和artists为被动关系，而且根据题意，动作已经完
成，故用过去分词作定语。
13. D 句中非谓语动词和其所修饰的词为被动关系，故排除A；由
于动作已经发生，应用过去分词。
14. B 该题非谓语动词和所修饰的词noise为主动关系，故用现在
分词。
15. A 该题为分词短语作原因状语，由于分词动作发生在谓语动作以前，故用完成式。
166 C 该题为分词短语作原因状语。由于非谓语动词的动作发生在谓
语动作之前，故用完成式；not doing为分词的否定结构，故选C。
17 C 该题为分词短语作伴随状语。
18 C 该题为分词短语作原因状语。由于句子主语和lose为被动关系
故用过去分词。
199 D 该题考查动词不定式的省略。根据上文，不定式符号to后面
省略了look after your cat。
20 A 该题为tell sb. not to do sth.的省略，只保留不定式符号to。
(五) 综合训练题练题
I. 用非谓语动词改写下列句子动词改写下列句子
1. Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself
2. He was the first one who came to school this morning.
3. He came in order that he may borrow my bike.
4. He was so angry that he was unable to speak.
5. The pen which was given by my father yesterday is quite expensive.
6. While he was walking along the sands，Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a
man‘s foot.
7. As he was ill，he went home.
8.. Though it is picked twenty times a year，the tea tree still grow well.
9. She worked hard，so that she caught up with others.
10.0. The teacher came into the classroom and he was followed by a group of
students.
II. 改错改错
1.. He will drive the car repairing now.
2. I saw a boy running out of the shop just now.
3. The children stood there，and watching the little monkey.
4. Being ill，so he stayed at home.
5. I do mind having been kept to wait here in such cold weather for so long.
6. Looking out of the window of our hotel room，there were lots of mountains.
7. The main trouble was their having not enough machine tools to help them make
repairs.
8. Mr Green made it know to this friends that he did not want to enter politics.
9. The doctor did what he could do an operation on the badly wounded patient.
10.0. He felt himself to be seized by a strong arm from behind when climbing into
the house through the window.
11.1. We are requested to be present at a party held at the Great Hall next Friday.
12. He is believed to leave last Monday.
13.3. I didn‘t know you were a thief，stole bread out of the mouths of women and
children.
14.4. I will not go to attend her birthday party unless to be invited.
15.5. They couldn‘t stand treating like that.
III. 单项选择选择
1. The soldiers had him _答案______ with his back to his father.
A. to stand B. stand C. standing D. stood
2. The boy is looking forward __答案_______ a gift.
A. to be given B. to being given
C. to give D. to giving
3. What is the way Smith thought of __答案案______ enough money to buy the new
house
A. getting B. having got C. being got D. to get
4. He is not what he _答案_______ .
A. used to B. used to be C. was used to D. didn‘t used to
5. He said he wouldn‘t come to the party if he wasn’t __答案案______ .
A. invited B. being invited C. invited to D. inviting
6. ______ by his looks，the young man _答案_______ be a foreigner.
A. Judging；can B. Judged；must
C. Judging；must D. Judged；should
7. 答案_______ to visit us made us feel very happy.
A. My uncle coming B. My uncle had come
C. My uncle came D. My uncle‘s coming
8. Last summer I took a course on __答案______ .
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
9. ---Good morning. Can I help you
---I‘d like to have this package _答案_______，madam.
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
10. ---- I usually go there by train.
----Why not _答案_______ by boat for a change.
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
11. Rather than _答案_______ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ________ a
bicycle.
A. ride；ride B. riding；ride C. ride；to ride D. to ride；riding
12. How stupid _答案_案_______ his advice!
A. it is for us not to take B. of us not to take
C. it is for us not taking D. of us not taking
13. I shall be interested __答案_____ what your experience has been over the matter.
A. in hearing B. to hear C. hearing D. listen for
14. ---I‘d like to buy an expensive sports car.
---Well，Mike，we have got several models __答案________ .
A. to be chosen from B. to choose C. to choose from D. for choosing
15. The terrible rainstorm prevented the sports meet _答案______ last Wednesday.
A. to hold B. to be held C. from holding D. from being held
IV. 用括号中动词的适当形式完成下列信函号中动词的适当形式完成下列信函
We look forward to __1__(see) you again next week. You need __2__ (be) careful in __3_3__ (get) the underground to come here: you should take a train __4__ (go) to Edgware, because the trains __5__ (go) to Highgate do not come to Golders Green. You ought __6__6__ (stop) __7__ (look) at the train-indicator on the platform. If you prefer __8__ (travel) by bus, take a Number Two but be careful __9__ (ask) the conductor __10_0__ (tell) you where to get off. I prefer __11__ (travel) by bus to __12__ (travel) by tube, but it takes longer. You had better __13__ (ring) me up just before you start out, as I intend __14__ (come) to the station or bus-stop __15__ (meet) you. I am used to __16__ (find) my way about Golders Green, but you might keep __17__ (take) the wrong turning, as many of the streets are very similar. Few things are more infuriating than __18__ (keep) on __19__(go) the wrong way when you know you are near your destination. I will see to __20_0__ (get) in some of your favourite wine, and I hope __21__ (find) you fit and thirsty when we meet.
Yours ever,
Tom
答案及思路点拨
I. 1. Do you have anything to say for yourself
2. He was the first one to come to school this morning.
3. He came in order to borrow my bike.
4. He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
5. The pen given by my father yesterday is quite expensive.
6. Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man‘s foot.
7. Being ill, he went home.
8. Picked twenty times a year, the tea tree still grow well.
9.9. She work hard, catching up with others.
10. The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of students.
II. 1. repairing---being repaired 分词作定语，须用现在分词的被动式表示正在
进行的动作。
2．running---run 现在分词作宾补表示正在进行的动作，而不定式作宾补
则表示动作的完成或全过程。
3．and watching---watching watch在句中作伴随状语， 不是并列谓语， 故
去掉and。
4．去掉so Being ill为分词短语作原因状语，不是分句。故不能用连词so
5.5. to wait---waiting 该题为keep sb. doing sth. 的被动形式，故用现在分词
作宾补。
6．． there were---we saw 分词的逻辑主语须与句子主语一致。
7． having not---not having 非谓语动词的否定词应放在该词前面。
8．． know---known known为过去分词作宾补。
9． could do---could to do “to do” 为目的状语。
10．0．to be seized---seized feel后面不可接带to的不定式，seize为过去分
词作宾补，表示被动关系。
11．held---to be held 过去分词作定语表示已经完成的动作，不定式表示
未发生的动作。
12．2．to leave---to have left 动作发生在谓语动作之前，应用完成式。
13．3．stole---stealing 现在分词短语作非限定性定语。
14．4．to be invited---invited unless invited为unless I‘m invited的省略。
15．treating---being treated treating与其逻辑主语为被动关系，故用被动式。
III. 1. B 2.B 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. D
10.0. D 11.1. C 12. B 13.3. B 14.4. C 15.5. D
IV. 1. seeing 2. to be 3. getting 4. to go 5. going 6. to stop
7. to look 8. to travel 9. to ask 10.0. to tell 11. travelling
12.2. travelling 13. ring 14. 14. to come 15.5. to meet 16.6. finding
17.7. taking 18. keeping 19.9. going 20. getting 21.1. to find
(一)复习重点习重点
1. 非谓语动词的用法
2. 非谓语动词的时态，语态
3. 非谓语动词应注意的问题
(二)难点难点
1. 非谓语动词的时态，语态
2. 正确使用各类，各种形式的非谓语动词
(三)要点讲解点讲解
非谓语动词包括动词不定式，动词-ing形式和过去分词。它们在句子
中不能单独作谓语，故统称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词使用广泛，用法
复杂，是语法中的重点，难点，掌握好非谓语动词对提高英语水平具有
重要意义。
一．非谓语动词的用法语动词的用法
1．非谓语动词作主语
在表示具体的某个动作时多用不定式；表示抽象的，习惯性的动作
常用动词的-ing形式。如：
To tell lies is wrong. (指具体某人的一次行为)
Telling lies is wrong. (泛指说慌这种行为是不对的)
非谓语动词作主语，在很多情况下可以用it作形式主语，把真正的
主语放到后面。如：
It‘s a great pleasure to talk with him.
It‘s a waste of time quarrelling about it.
2. 非谓语动词作表语
动词不定式和动词-ing形式作表语时的区别类同与它们作主语时的
区别。如：
What was the most important was to save his life.
Our favourate sport is playing football.
分词也可以作表语，其作用相当于形容词。如：
The film is exciting.
The glass is broken.
3. 非谓语动词作宾语
动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语用法较多，区别复杂，需搞清楚以下
几类动词。
1) 接不定式作宾语的动词有：
hope，wish，ask，refuse，want，decide，promise，expect，
manage，pretend，offer，plan，choose，demand，need，agree，
dare，等。如：
He hoped to come to China some day.
I didn‘t expect to meet you here.
He offered to teach me English.
The boy didn‘t dare to see his father.
2) 接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词(动词短语)有：
enjoy，suggest，finish，practise，mind，stop，keep，miss，consider，
avoid，admit，imagine，resist，stand(忍受)
give up，can‘t help doing，put off，insist on，
feel like，devote oneself to，get used to等。如：
Are you considering accepting his invitation
We‘d better avoid mentioning this in the letter.
He couldn‘t help laughing at the words.
He decided to put off going there.
3) 有些动词既可接不定式作宾语，也可接动词-ing形式作宾语，意思差
别不大。这样的动词有：
like，love，hate ,begin，start，continue等。如：
I hate troubling you all the time.
I hate to trouble you all the time.
有时动词不定式和动词的-ing形式作宾语也像它们作主语和表语时的
区别一样，表示某次具体的行为和习惯性的动作用不定式。如：
I like playing tennis，but I don‘t like to play it in such hot weather.
4) 有些动词后面跟不定式和动词-ing形式所表达的意思不同。这类动词
有：
remember，forget，try，mean，regret等。如：
I told him of the matter again，for I forgot having met him after the accident.
Don‘t forget to lock the door. It is not safe enough here.
forget，remember等动词后面跟不定式表示动作尚未发生，动词-ing形
式表示动作已经发生。其它动词表示意义不同。如：
① try to do “努力做某事”
try doing “尝试做某事”
He tried to work out the problem.
He tried working out the problem in another way.
② mean to do “打算做某事”
mean doing “意味着”
What! Did you mean to leave by train
Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
③ regret to do 因没做某事而遗憾，抱歉
regret doing 因做过某事而遗憾，后悔
I regret to say I can‘t help you.
I regret saying such silly words.
5) need，want，require这几个动词一般后跟不定式作宾语，但是当其
主语和它们是被动关系时要用动词-ing形式表示被动(也可以用不定
式的被动语态)。如：
You need to water the flowers.
The flowers need watering. (The flowers need to be watered.)
6) 动词-ing形式可以作介词宾语，而动词不定式（除介词except，but
以外）不能作介词宾语。如：
He has the habit of staying up late.
We discovered，on opening the box，that it was empty.
She turned away without saying anything.
但动词不定式可以作介词except，but的宾语。如：
The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes
in the morning.
It had no effect but to make him angry.
4. 非谓语动词作宾语补足语
不定式和分词都可以作宾语补足语，但需弄清楚以下几个问题。
有些动词接不定式作宾语补足语时需省略to。这样的动词有：
have，make，let，see，hear，watch，observe，notice，feel，listen to，
look at，等。如：
You‘d better let us do it.
He sat listening to her climb the stairs.
注意在被动语态中to不能省略。如：
Though he had often made his sister cry，today he was made to cry by his
sister.
5. 非谓语动词作定语
不定式和分词都可以作定语，但需注意以下两个问题。
1) 定语的位置
单个分词作定语应放在所修饰词的前面；分词短语和不定式短语作定语
需后置。如：
He made an inspiring speech at the meeting. (现在分词作定语)
This is a torn newspaper. (过去分词作定语)
These are the problems facing us. (现在分词短语作定语)
This is one of the finest novels published last year. (过去分词短语作定语)
He has a large family to support. (不定式作定语)
2) 当不定式作定语的动词为不及物动词时，应在动词后面加上适当的介
词。如：
This is a good topic to write about.
Give me a piece of paper to write on.
6. 非谓语动词作状语
不定式和分词都可以作状语。不定式作状语常表示目的，原因，结果；
分词作状语常表示时间，原因，伴随情况等。如：
He came to China to study Chinese. (目的状语)
I‘m very glad to hear of your success. (原因状语)
The ice is thick enough to walk on. (结果状语)
Arriving at the station，he found the train had left. (分词短语作时间状语)
Deeply moved by the teacher‘s words，he became more determined to study
English well. (过去分词短语作原因状语)
Holding his head high，he walked past me. (分词短语作伴随状语)
非谓语动词作状语要注意以下几点：
1) 注意不定式作目的状语时，可在不定式前加in order或so as，以示强调。
如：
We started early in order to arrive before dark.
Let‘s hurry so as not to be late for the meeting.
2) 在不定式前加only可表示出乎意外的结果。如：
They lifted the rock only to drop it on their own feet.
3) 分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应和句子的主语一致。如：
Being a child，he could not understand.
(As he was a child，he could not understand.)
但是不能说：
Being a child，we don‘t blame him.
(As he is a child，we don‘t blame him).
根据其逻辑主语就是句子的主语这一特点，即可确定用现在分词还是过去
分词。如：
Seeing the lights were out in the house，he thought his friends were not in.
句子的主语he和分词seeing为主动关系，因此用现在分词
Seen from space，the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe.
句子的主语the earth和分词seen为被动关系，因此用过去分词。
二．非谓语动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态
动词不定式和动词-ing形式都有时态和语态的变化，变化形式如下：
语 态 时 态分 类 主 动 式 被 动 式
一般式 进行式 完成式 一般式 完成式
不定式 to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done
动词-ing doing having done being done having been done
1．非谓语动词的时态
当非谓动词的动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或发生
在谓语动词的动作之后应使用一般式。如：
The students helped the old man clean the house. (同时)
I‘ll get someone to repair the recorder for you. (之后)
Burning gives off heat. (同时)
He insisted on joining our basketball team. (之后)
“Can‘t you read ” She said angrily pointing to the notice. (同时)
当非谓动词的动作发生在谓语动作之前时应使用完成式。如：
He seems to have studied English before. (之前)
I regret not having taken her advice. (之前)
Having been there many times，she know the place quite well. (之前)
动词不定式还有进行式。当谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式的
动作正在进行，这时不定式需要用进行式。如：
When he came in，I happened to be reading a novel.
The two cheats pretended to be working hard when the king came in.
2. 非谓语动词的语态
当非谓语动词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，非谓语动词需要用被动式。
如：
Here is another letter to be typed.
She likes being given harder work.
The house being built there is our new library.
非谓语动词的被动式的动作如果发生在谓语动作之前，需要用完成时态
的被动式。如：
He is said to have been praised for it.
I don‘t remember having ever been given such a book.
Having been asked to stay，I couldn‘t very well leave.
3. 非谓语动词时态，语态中应注意的几个问题
1) 不定式完成式还可以表示过去没有实现的行为。如：
① I intended to have come to see you，but I was too busy then.
我原打算来看你的，可我当时太忙了。
② I was to have started work last week，but I caught a bad cold.
我本来打算上星期就开始工作的，可我患了重感冒。
2) 非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义的情况
① 动词need(want，require，)+doing结构表示被动意义。如：
My bike needs oiling. (=My bike needs to be oiled.)
The baby wants looking after.
② be worth doing结构中，doing表示被动意义。如：
The book is worth reading.
(= The book is worthy of being read.)
③ 形容词后作状语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。如：
The maths problem is easy to work out.
The chair is comfortable to sit on.
④ 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，虽然该不定式与所修饰的词具有
被动关系，应用主动形式。如：
I have an important meeting to attend.
We still have many difficulties to overcome.
⑤ 在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式常用主动代替被动。如：
There is no time to lose.(=to be lost)
There is a lot of work to do. (=to be done)
(四) 高考题精选考题精选
非谓语动词作主语,表语和宾语
1. We agreed _答案案_______ here but so far she hasn‘t turned up yet. (NMET95)
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
2. ---We were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well，now I regret __答案______ that. (NMET95)
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
3. Little Jim should love _答案______ to the theatre this evening. (MET92)
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
4. I‘ve worked with children before，so I know what _答案_______ in my new job.
(NMET2000)
A. expect B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
5. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，_答案______ it more
difficult. (NMET99)
A. not make B. not to make
C. not making D. do not make
6. I can hardly imagine Peter _答案_______ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
(MET91)
A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed
7. The salesman scolded the girl caugh __答案案____ and let her off. (NMET92)
A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing
8. Charles Babbage is generally considered __答案案______ the first computer.
(NMET93)
A. to have invented B. inventing
C. to invent D. having invented
9. The missing boy were last seen __答案______ near the river. (NMET94)
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
10. Robert is said _答案______ abroad，but I don‘t know what country he studied in.
(NMET99)
A. to have studied B. to study
C. to be studying D. to have been studying
11. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _答案案_____ the
next year. (NMET2000)
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
非谓语动词作定语
12. Most of artists __答案案_____ to the party were from South Africa. (MET90)
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
13. The first textbooks _答案______ for teaching English as a foreign language
came out in the 16th century. (NMET94)
A. having written B. to be written
C. being written D. written
14. There was a terrible noise __答案______ the sudden burst of light. (MET89)
A. followed B. following
C. to be followed D. being followed
非谓语动词作状语
15．_答案____such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (NMET2001)
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
16. _答案_______ a reply，he decided to write again. (MET92)
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
17. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，_答案_案_____
that he had enjoyed his stay here. (NMET94)
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
18. _答案案______ in thought，he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET96)
A. Losting B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
19. ----I‘ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat
----Not at all. _答案______ . (NMET96)
A. I‘ve no time B. I’d rather not
C. I‘d like it D. I’d be happy to
20. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him
_答案案________ . (NMET95)
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案及思路点拨
1 C agree需跟不定式作宾语，故排除A，B；不定式动作发生在
谓语动词之后，故用不定式的现在式。
2 D regret接动名词表示后悔做了某事。
3 A should love to do是固定用法，故排除C，D；该不定式和其
主语为被动关系，故用不定式的被动式。
4 B 该题考查疑问词+不定式的用法。
5 B 该题考查不定式作表语的用法。not to make和前面的to
make构成对比，故不能用动名词not making。
6 C imagine需跟动名词作宾语。
7 D 该题为catch sb. doing结构。stealing为其逻辑主语the girl
的补语。
8. A 该题为consider sb. to do结构的被动语态，故应排除B，
D；由于不定式动作发生在以前，故用不定式的完成式。
9 A 该题为see sb. doing的被动语态。该题用现在分词强调最后
见到那个孩子时正在进行的动作。
10 A 根据句中studied这一过去时态，可知不定式应选择完成
式，表示“以前在国外学习过。”
11 C 该题考查过去分词作宾语补足语。由于其逻辑主语the plan
和carry out为被动关系，故用过去分词。
12 A invite和artists为被动关系，而且根据题意，动作已经完
成，故用过去分词作定语。
13. D 句中非谓语动词和其所修饰的词为被动关系，故排除A；由
于动作已经发生，应用过去分词。
14. B 该题非谓语动词和所修饰的词noise为主动关系，故用现在
分词。
15. A 该题为分词短语作原因状语，由于分词动作发生在谓语动作以前，故用完成式。
166 C 该题为分词短语作原因状语。由于非谓语动词的动作发生在谓
语动作之前，故用完成式；not doing为分词的否定结构，故选C。
17 C 该题为分词短语作伴随状语。
18 C 该题为分词短语作原因状语。由于句子主语和lose为被动关系
故用过去分词。
199 D 该题考查动词不定式的省略。根据上文，不定式符号to后面
省略了look after your cat。
20 A 该题为tell sb. not to do sth.的省略，只保留不定式符号to。
(五) 综合训练题练题
I. 用非谓语动词改写下列句子动词改写下列句子
1. Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself
2. He was the first one who came to school this morning.
3. He came in order that he may borrow my bike.
4. He was so angry that he was unable to speak.
5. The pen which was given by my father yesterday is quite expensive.
6. While he was walking along the sands，Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a
man‘s foot.
7. As he was ill，he went home.
8.. Though it is picked twenty times a year，the tea tree still grow well.
9. She worked hard，so that she caught up with others.
10.0. The teacher came into the classroom and he was followed by a group of
students.
II. 改错改错
1.. He will drive the car repairing now.
2. I saw a boy running out of the shop just now.
3. The children stood there，and watching the little monkey.
4. Being ill，so he stayed at home.
5. I do mind having been kept to wait here in such cold weather for so long.
6. Looking out of the window of our hotel room，there were lots of mountains.
7. The main trouble was their having not enough machine tools to help them make
repairs.
8. Mr Green made it know to this friends that he did not want to enter politics.
9. The doctor did what he could do an operation on the badly wounded patient.
10.0. He felt himself to be seized by a strong arm from behind when climbing into
the house through the window.
11.1. We are requested to be present at a party held at the Great Hall next Friday.
12. He is believed to leave last Monday.
13.3. I didn‘t know you were a thief，stole bread out of the mouths of women and
children.
14.4. I will not go to attend her birthday party unless to be invited.
15.5. They couldn‘t stand treating like that.
III. 单项选择选择
1. The soldiers had him _答案______ with his back to his father.
A. to stand B. stand C. standing D. stood
2. The boy is looking forward __答案_______ a gift.
A. to be given B. to being given
C. to give D. to giving
3. What is the way Smith thought of __答案案______ enough money to buy the new
house
A. getting B. having got C. being got D. to get
4. He is not what he _答案_______ .
A. used to B. used to be C. was used to D. didn‘t used to
5. He said he wouldn‘t come to the party if he wasn’t __答案案______ .
A. invited B. being invited C. invited to D. inviting
6. ______ by his looks，the young man _答案_______ be a foreigner.
A. Judging；can B. Judged；must
C. Judging；must D. Judged；should
7. 答案_______ to visit us made us feel very happy.
A. My uncle coming B. My uncle had come
C. My uncle came D. My uncle‘s coming
8. Last summer I took a course on __答案______ .
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
9. ---Good morning. Can I help you
---I‘d like to have this package _答案_______，madam.
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
10. ---- I usually go there by train.
----Why not _答案_______ by boat for a change.
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
11. Rather than _答案_______ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ________ a
bicycle.
A. ride；ride B. riding；ride C. ride；to ride D. to ride；riding
12. How stupid _答案_案_______ his advice!
A. it is for us not to take B. of us not to take
C. it is for us not taking D. of us not taking
13. I shall be interested __答案_____ what your experience has been over the matter.
A. in hearing B. to hear C. hearing D. listen for
14. ---I‘d like to buy an expensive sports car.
---Well，Mike，we have got several models __答案________ .
A. to be chosen from B. to choose C. to choose from D. for choosing
15. The terrible rainstorm prevented the sports meet _答案______ last Wednesday.
A. to hold B. to be held C. from holding D. from being held
IV. 用括号中动词的适当形式完成下列信函号中动词的适当形式完成下列信函
We look forward to __1__(see) you again next week. You need __2__ (be) careful in __3_3__ (get) the underground to come here: you should take a train __4__ (go) to Edgware, because the trains __5__ (go) to Highgate do not come to Golders Green. You ought __6__6__ (stop) __7__ (look) at the train-indicator on the platform. If you prefer __8__ (travel) by bus, take a Number Two but be careful __9__ (ask) the conductor __10_0__ (tell) you where to get off. I prefer __11__ (travel) by bus to __12__ (travel) by tube, but it takes longer. You had better __13__ (ring) me up just before you start out, as I intend __14__ (come) to the station or bus-stop __15__ (meet) you. I am used to __16__ (find) my way about Golders Green, but you might keep __17__ (take) the wrong turning, as many of the streets are very similar. Few things are more infuriating than __18__ (keep) on __19__(go) the wrong way when you know you are near your destination. I will see to __20_0__ (get) in some of your favourite wine, and I hope __21__ (find) you fit and thirsty when we meet.
Yours ever,
Tom
答案及思路点拨
I. 1. Do you have anything to say for yourself
2. He was the first one to come to school this morning.
3. He came in order to borrow my bike.
4. He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
5. The pen given by my father yesterday is quite expensive.
6. Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man‘s foot.
7. Being ill, he went home.
8. Picked twenty times a year, the tea tree still grow well.
9.9. She work hard, catching up with others.
10. The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of students.
II. 1. repairing---being repaired 分词作定语，须用现在分词的被动式表示正在
进行的动作。
2．running---run 现在分词作宾补表示正在进行的动作，而不定式作宾补
则表示动作的完成或全过程。
3．and watching---watching watch在句中作伴随状语， 不是并列谓语， 故
去掉and。
4．去掉so Being ill为分词短语作原因状语，不是分句。故不能用连词so
5.5. to wait---waiting 该题为keep sb. doing sth. 的被动形式，故用现在分词
作宾补。
6．． there were---we saw 分词的逻辑主语须与句子主语一致。
7． having not---not having 非谓语动词的否定词应放在该词前面。
8．． know---known known为过去分词作宾补。
9． could do---could to do “to do” 为目的状语。
10．0．to be seized---seized feel后面不可接带to的不定式，seize为过去分
词作宾补，表示被动关系。
11．held---to be held 过去分词作定语表示已经完成的动作，不定式表示
未发生的动作。
12．2．to leave---to have left 动作发生在谓语动作之前，应用完成式。
13．3．stole---stealing 现在分词短语作非限定性定语。
14．4．to be invited---invited unless invited为unless I‘m invited的省略。
15．treating---being treated treating与其逻辑主语为被动关系，故用被动式。
III. 1. B 2.B 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. D
10.0. D 11.1. C 12. B 13.3. B 14.4. C 15.5. D
IV. 1. seeing 2. to be 3. getting 4. to go 5. going 6. to stop
7. to look 8. to travel 9. to ask 10.0. to tell 11. travelling
12.2. travelling 13. ring 14. 14. to come 15.5. to meet 16.6. finding
17.7. taking 18. keeping 19.9. going 20. getting 21.1. to find