01足够长时间的母乳喂养有利于母子健康
SR-Importance of Breast Feeding
DATE=2-15-01
TITLE=SCIENCE REPORT - Importance of Breast Feeding
BYLINE=Mario Ritter
(Start at 59")This is Steve Ember with the VOA Special English SCIENCE REPORT.
Doctors are (1)concerned that women in industrial nations are not (2)breast-feeding their babies long enough. Now, two new (3)scientific studies show how important breast-feeding is to both babies and mothers.
A (4)recent medical study shows that breast-feeding improves the health of babies. The study was published in the (5)Journal of the American Medical Association. Researchers studied more than seventeen-thousand mothers and their babies in the former Soviet Republic of Belarus. Almost all the mothers breast-fed their babies. However, one-half of the mothers breast-fed longer than the other half.
The study found that the babies who were breast-fed for longer periods of time had forty percent fewer infections of the stomach and intestines. The research also showed that these babies had fewer skin problems.
Michael Kramer of McGill University in (6)Montreal, Canada was one of the research leaders. Doctor Kramer says the number of mothers who do not breast-feed is too high. He says many mothers stop breast-feeding too early, or give their babies solid food too early.
The other study was done in Shandong Province, China. Researchers from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut carried out the study. They studied more than seven-hundred Chinese women.
The study found that women who breast-fed their babies for more than two years reduced their risk of developing breast (7)cancer by about fifty percent. The study compared women who breast-fed for two years and women who did so for only six months. The researchers also noted that women who breast-fed for at least seventy-three months during their life had a much lower risk of breast cancer.
The study did not(8) explore why breast-feeding may reduce the risk of breast cancer. One theory is that breast-feeding (9)suppresses the hormone (10)estrogen which has been linked to breast cancer.
Women in China and other developing countries normally breast-feed their babies for two years or longer. This is not true in the United States. American government health studies show that sixty-four percent of mothers breast-fed after giving birth. But only about thirty percent continue after six months. Public health officials want more American women to breast-feed their babies for at least one year.
This VOA Special English SCIENCE REPORT was written by Mario Ritter.
(1)concerned[?????????? ]adj.关心的, 有关的
(2)breast-feeding [ ??????????????]用母乳养育, 给...喂奶n.给食, 吃, 输送adj.饲用的, 逐渐强烈的, 供给饲料的
(3)scientific[ ??????????? ]adj.科学的
(4)recent[ ??????? ]adj.新近的, 近来的
(5)journal[???????? ]n.定期刊物, 杂志, 航海日记, 分类账
(6)Montreal[???????????? ]n. 蒙特利尔（加拿大）
(7)cancer[ ?????? ]n.癌, 毒瘤
(8)explore[????????? ]v.探险, 探测, 探究
(9)suppress[?????????]vt.镇压, 抑制, 查禁, 使止住
(10)estrogen[??????????? ]n.[生化]雌激素
02昂贵的爱滋病治疗药物
DATE=2-19-01
TITLE=DEVELOPMENT REPORT - Cost of AIDS Drugs
BYLINE=Mario Ritter
(Start at 50")This is Steve Ember with the VOA Special English Development Report.
The United States has asked the World Trade (1)Organization to rule in a (2)dispute. The dispute is between the Brazilian government and several large international companies that make (3)drugs to (4)treat the disease AIDS. The case is important because it could affect many developing nations that suffer from the AIDS (5)crisis.
International drug companies say a Brazilian law that (6)forces them to make AIDS drugs in Brazil is unfair. The Brazilian law says foreign companies must make their AIDS drugs in Brazil or have their sales rights limited. Brazil says AIDS is a national (7)emergency and that W-T-O trade rules permit Brazil to take measures to make AIDS drugs less costly.
Several drugs have been developed that successfully control the H-I-V(8) virus that causes AIDS. However, more than one drug is needed to fight the virus effectively. A (9)combination of two or three drugs reduces the level of H-I-V in the blood of an infected person. This is often called a drug program.
Several large international drug companies each developed one or more of the drugs used to control H-I-V. The companies hold (10)legal rights over the sale of these drugs.
The W-T-O protects the trade rights of drug companies under the Trade-Related Aspects of (11)Intellectual(12) Property Rights rules. These rules are designed to protect the rights of all companies and (13)individuals who invent or create some product for sale. However, the rules are observed only in member nations of the W-T-O. Other developing nations can make separate agreements with international drug companies.
In industrial countries, an AIDS drug program for one person costs more than ten-thousand dollars a year. (14) Brazil now produces an AIDS drug program for about three-thousand dollars. It says the cost to make the drugs could be reduced further. However, international drug companies say they are being hurt by Brazil's method for reducing the cost of the drugs.
Drug companies in other countries are also making AIDS drugs at a reduced cost. An Indian company recently (15)announced plans to sell a one-year AIDS drug program for three-hundred-fifty dollars to a doctors' group working in Africa. The group, Doctors Without Borders, has led a (16)campaign to force international drug companies to cut prices on drugs for the world's poorest people.
This VOA Special English Development Report was written by Mario Ritter.
(1) organization[ ??????????????? ]n.组织, 机构, 团体
(2) dispute[ ????????? ]v.争论, 辩论, 怀疑, 抗拒, 阻止, 争夺(土地,胜利等)n.争论, 辩论, 争吵
(3) drug[ ???? ]n.药, 麻药, 麻醉药, 滞销货vi.<俗> 吸毒vt.使服毒品, 毒化
(4) treat[ ????? ] vt.视为, 对待, 论述, 治疗, 款待vi.交涉, 谈判, 协商, 款待, 作东
(5) crisis[ ???????? ]n.疾病的转折点(或转好或恶化),危机, 危险期, [医]危象, 转换期
(6) force[ ???? ]n.力量, 武力, [复]军队, 影响力vt.强制, 强加, (用武力)夺取, 促使, 推动
(7) emergency[????????????]n.紧急情况, 突然事件, 非常时刻, 紧急事件
(8) virus[ ?????????]n.[微]病毒, 滤过性微生物, 毒害, 恶毒
(9) combination[ ????????????? ]n.结合, 联合, 合并, 化合, 化合物
(10) legal[ ??????? ]adj.法律的, 法定的, 合法
(11) intellectual[ ?????????????? ]adj.智力的, 有智力的, 显示智力的n.知识分子
(12) property[ ?????????]n.财产, 所有物, 所有权, 性质, 特性, (小)道具
(13) individual[?????????????? ]n.个人, 个体adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的
(14) Brazil[???????? ]n.巴西
(15) announce[ ??????? ]vt.宣布, 通告
(16) campaign[ ???????? ]n.[军]战役, (政治或商业性)活动, 竞选运动vi.参加活动, 从事活动
03 警惕杀虫剂的危害
DATE=2-20-01
TITLE=AGRICULTURE REPORT - (1)Pesticide Warning
BYLINE=George Grow
(Start at 1'00")This is Steve Ember with the VOA Special English AGRICULTURE REPORT.
Two United Nations(2) agencies are expressing (3)concern about the safety of some pesticides used to kill (4)insects. They report that about thirty percent of all pesticides sold in developing countries fail to meet widely accepted rules for quality. They say these products are a serious threat to human health and the(5) environment.
The U-N Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization gave the warning.
In developing countries, pesticides are used mainly for agriculture. Pesticides kill insects and other (6)organisms that (7)threaten crops. Pesticides also are used for public health. They control insects that spread disease, such as mosquitoes that spread malaria.
The U-N agencies report that the market value of pesticides in developing countries last year was about three-thousand-million dollars. They say the estimated market value of pesticides worldwide was thirty-two-thousand-million dollars.
Officials say poor quality pesticides often contain harmful(8) chemicals. These chemicals often are (9)banned or (10)restricted in some countries.
Possible causes of low quality in pesticides include production problems and failure to use the right chemicals. Officials say the active chemicals in many pesticides are stronger than those (11)permitted by many governments. They also say poor quality pesticides may contain poisonous substances or (12)substances that are not (13)pure.
Officials say the quality of pesticide (14)containers and product information on the containers are other concerns. They say information on the containers often fails to explain the active chemicals and how to use the product safely.
The W-H-O says products listing false information have been sold for years in some areas. The agencies say the problem of poor quality pesticides is widespread in parts of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. They called for worldwide acceptance of Food and Agriculture and World Health Organization pesticide rules. They say this would help (15)guarantee the safe production and trade of pesticides.
Officials say the agencies' rules are especially important for developing countries. They say developing countries often lack systems for testing pesticides.
This VOA Special English AGRICULTURE REPORT was written by George Grow.
(1) pesticide[ ?????????? ]n.杀虫剂
(2) agency[?????????? ]n.代理处, 行销处, 代理, 中介
(3) concern[ ???????? ]vt.涉及, 关系到n.(利害)关系, 关心, 关注, 关注,
(4) insect[ ??????? ]n.昆虫, 卑鄙的人adj..虫的, 虫子一样的, 对付虫子的
(5) environment[ ?????????????? ]n.环境, 外界
(6) organism[ ?????????? ]n.生物体, 有机体
(7) threaten[ ?????? ]vt.恐吓, 威胁, 预示(危险), 似有发生或来临的可能,
(8) chemical[ ???????? ]adj.化学的n.化学制品, 化学药品n.化学药品
(9) ban[??????]vt.禁止, 取缔(书刊等)
(10) restricted[???????????? ]adj.受限制的, 有限的
(11) permit[ ????????? ]n.通行证, 许可证, 执照v.许可, 允许, 准许
(12) substance[ ??????????]n.物质, 实质, 主旨
(13) pure[ ?????]adj.纯的, 纯粹的, 纯净的, 无垢的, 纯洁的, 抽象的
(14) container[ ????????? ]n.容器(箱,盆,罐,壶,桶,坛子), 集装箱
(15) guarantee[??????????? ]n.保证, 保证书, 抵押品vt.保证, 担保
04 美国的航空航天技术
DATE=2-21-01
TITLE=EXPLORATIONS #1940 - Space Digest
BYLINE=Paul Thompson
VOICE ONE:
This is Steve Ember.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Shirley Griffith with the VOA Special English program EXPLORATIONS. Today, we tell about a new NASA space science (1)command center. We tell about the linking of the American space (2)vehicle (3)Destiny with the International Space Station. And we tell about NASA's successful attempt to land a (4)spacecraft on a large (5)rock, far away in space.
(((THEME)))
VOICE ONE:
NASA has successfully (6)landed a small spacecraft on a space rock three-hundred-fifteen million kilometers from Earth. The small spacecraft is called the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Shoemaker spacecraft … or NEAR.
The small NEAR spacecraft landed last Monday on the (7)asteroid called Eros.
NEAR continued to send back pictures and (8)radar information as it began to move closer to Eros. NASA scientists say the pictures were ten times better than all the other information they received earlier from NEAR. The last picture sent from NEAR was from about one-hundred-sixty meters above Eros.
NASA officials say they expected the NEAR spacecraft to be (9)destroyed when it (10)crashed. But, they say, it made a soft landing on the rock and is still sending back information. They say the radio signals are weak but can still be heard.
VOICE TWO:
NEAR was not designed to make a landing. It has no landing (11)equipment or (12)devices. Yet NASA decided that having the space vehicle fly (13)extremely close to the (14)asteroid and try to land would provide useful information. The un-planned landing would also help NASA scientists train for landings for future space fights to other small objects in space.
Robert Farquhar is head of the NEAR project at the Johns Hopkins Applied (15)Physics Laboratory in Maryland. He said the flight down to the surface of (16)EROS took about four hours. He said he was extremely happy with the results.
VOICE ONE:
The NEAR spacecraft began its orbit around Eros a year ago in February. It used (17)cameras, radar and a special laser device to gather information about Eros. It sent back more than one-hundred-sixty-thousand pictures of Eros. This is about ten times the amount of information that NASA thought the small spacecraft could provide.
The asteroid Eros is an object about thirty-three kilometers long. Its surface is covered in large rocks. NASA sent the NEAR spacecraft to Eros to learn more about asteroids. Scientists say these asteroids are small objects that remained when our solar system was created.
Scientists say they want to study asteroids because they may (18)threaten Earth in the future. They say it may help to know about the (19)structure of asteroids. This information would be useful if NASA ever had to make plans to move an asteroid from its path or destroy it to protect Earth.
(((MUSIC BRIDGE)))
VOICE TWO:
The first laboratory has been connected to the International Space (20)Station. The American Space Shuttle Atlantis was launched from the Kennedy Space Center Wednesday, February Seventh. It carried the new laboratory, Destiny, to the space station which is (21)orbiting Earth. Destiny is the first of six space laboratories that will be launched and added to the space station.
The five crew members of Atlantis used the space shuttle's huge mechanical arm to take the laboratory out of the shuttle. The arm carefully moved Destiny to a linking device on the International Space Station.
Two members of the Atlantis crew put on protective clothing. They left the (22)shuttle and moved out into space to complete work on the (23)link. They also attached (24)electrical power equipment and other devices. The two astronauts also placed a device on one end of the laboratory that permits future shuttle flights to link with it. The two astronauts went into space three times before all the work outside the spacecraft was complete.
VOICE ONE:
The doors of the Destiny laboratory were opened as soon as was possible. The (25)commander of the International Space Station, Bill Shepherd and the commander of the space shuttle Atlantis, Kenneth Cockrell, met inside the new laboratory and shook hands.
Crew members (26)immediately began to remove the (27)protective coverings inside Destiny. The covers protected Destiny's equipment during the flight. One of the coverings had many names written on it. The names are from the people who prepared Destiny for flight. The cover was also had printed on it, “Dreams are like stars; You choose them as your guides, and following them, you reach your Destiny.
(28)Atlantis Astronaut Marsha Ivins promised to bring the signed cover back to Cape Canaveral for (29)visitors to see.
VOICE TWO:
Destiny will become the command and control center for the International Space Station as soon as several tests are completed. These tests will make sure all of its equipment is working correctly.
The new space laboratory has special equipment that (30)coordinates electrical power. It has equipment for cooling water. It has equipment that cleans the Space Station air of harmful elements, and controls the Station's (31)temperature.
VOICE ONE:
Destiny was built by the Boeing Company at the Marshall Space flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. It is made of special (32)aluminum metal.
Destiny Laboratory is more than eight meters long and four meters around. It is linked to the space station on one end. It also has the necessary equipment to link it to another piece of the space station that will be added in the future. With the new Destiny laboratory, the International Space Station is now fifty-two meters long.
The laboratory also has a more than fifty (33)centimeter round window. Space Station crew members will be able to look out the window and take pictures of Earth and space.
VOICE TWO:
Destiny is designed to provide (34)astronauts in the future with materials for different scientific experiments. Research is expected to begin next month when the equipment and materials for some of these experiments will arrive at the space station laboratory. Scientists from around the world will use the results of these and future experiments in their work.
The crew members on the International Space Station will use Destiny's science laboratory to study the effects of the very low gravity of space. They will do experiments in medicine, biotechnology, physics, materials science, human life science, space science and (35)ecology.
NASA (36)officials say the results of these experiments will permit scientists to better understand the effects of weightlessness on humans and materials. It will also permit the space agency to prepare for future space flights … perhaps back to the moon and to Mars.
(((MUSIC BRIDGE)))
VOICE ONE:
NASA says it has established a new Space Station Science Command Center. The center is now part of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. The science command center will link researchers on Earth with their science experiments and with astronauts on the International Space Station.
(37)Ceremonies to open the new center were held February Second. Art Stephenson is the director of the Marshall Space Flight Center. He says the International Space Station and the new center are a step toward a long held dream…a permanent international research station in orbit about the Earth.
VOICE TWO:
The new center is in a large building. Between thirteen and nineteen flight controllers will be working there, twenty-four hours each day. The center will provide support for as long as the International Space Station exists. The center will coordinate and control research efforts and plan the station's science (38)experiments.
The flight controllers in the center will observe and provide for the safety needs of the astronauts and experiments. The center's flight controllers will also plan the future use of the space station.
Art (39)Stephenson says the new center at Huntsville will control the research that can only be done in space. He says it is hoped that this research can lead to knowledge that will help all people on Earth.
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
This Special English program was written and produced by Paul Thompson. This is Steve Ember.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Shirley Griffith. Join us again next week for another (40)EXPLORATIONS program on the Voice of America.
(1) command[ ???????? ]n.命令, 掌握, 司令部v.命令, 指挥, 克制, 支配, 博得, 俯临
(2) vehicle[ ??????? ]n.交通工具, 车辆, 媒介物, 传达手段
(3) destiny[ ???????? ]n.命运, 定数
(4) spacecraft[ ???????????? ]n.太空船
(5) rock[ ??? ]n.岩石, 暗礁, 石头, 摇动vt.摇摆, 使动摇vi.摇, 摇动
(6) land[ ???? ]n.陆地, (书面语)国家、国土, 地带, [复数]地产, 田产vi.靠岸, 登陆, 登岸, 到达
(7) asteroid[ ????????? ]n.[天文]小游星, 小行星, 海盘车adj.星状的
(8) radar[ ?????? ]n.雷达, 电波探测器
(9) destroy[ ???????? ]vt.破坏, 毁坏, 消灭v.消灭, 摧毁
(10) crash[ ???? ]n.碰撞, 坠落, 坠毁, 撞击声, 爆裂声v.碰撞, 坠落, 坠毁, (指商业公司, 政府等)破产, 垮台
(11) equipment[ ?????????? ]n.装备, 设备, 器材, 装置, 铁道车辆, (一企业除房地产以外的)固定资产, 才能
(12) device[ ??????? ]n.装置, 设计, 图案, 策略, 发明物, 设备[计]安装设备驱动程序
(13) extremely[ ???????:??? ]adv.极端地, 非常地
(14) asteroid[ ????????? ]n.[天文]小游星, 小行星, 海盘车adj.星状的
(15) physics[ ??????? ]n.物理学
(16) EROS=Earth Resources Observation Satellite (System)地球资源观测卫星(系统)
(17) camera[ ??????? ]n.照相机
(18) threaten[ ?????? ]vt.恐吓, 威胁, 预示(危险), 似有发生或来临的可能, 可能来临
(19) structure[ ????????? ]n.结构, 构造, 建筑物vt.建筑, 构成, 组织
(20) station[ ???????? ]n.位置, 岗位, 地位, 身份, ...局, ...站vt.驻扎, 配置
(21) orbit[ ??:bit ]n.轨道, 势力范围, 生活常规, 眼眶vt.绕...轨道而行vi.进入轨道, 沿轨道飞行, 盘旋
(22) shuttle[ ????? ]n.往返汽车(列车、飞机), 航天飞机, 梭子, 穿梭v.穿梭往返
(23) link[ ???? ]n.链环, 连结物, 火把, 链接vt.连结, 联合, 挽vi.连接起来
(24) electrical[?????????????]adj.电的, 有关电的
(25) commander[ ????????? ]n.司令官, 指挥官
(26) immediately[ ??????????? ]adv.立即, 马上, 直接地
(27) protective[ ?????????? ]adj.给予保护的, 保护的
(28) Atlantis[ ?????????????? ]n.传说沉没于大西洋中的岛
(29) visitor[ ??????? ]n.访问者, 来宾, 游客
(30) coordinate[ ?????:dinit ]n.同等者, 同等物, adj.同等的, 并列的vt.调整, 整理
(31) temperature[??????????(r)]n.温度
(32) aluminum[ ?????:????? ]n.[化]铝
(33) centimeter[???????????????]n.厘米
(34) astronaut[????????:t]n.太空人, 宇航员
(35) ecology[ i(:)???????? ]n.生态学, [社会]环境适应学, 均衡系统
(36)official[ ??????? ]n.官员, 公务员adj.职务上的, 公务的, 官方的, 正式的
(37)ceremony[ ????????? ]n.典礼, 仪式, 礼节, 报幕员
(38)experiment[ ???????????? ]n.实验, 试验vi.进行实验, 做试验
(39)Stephenson[ ??????????]斯蒂芬森(①姓氏 ②George, 1781-1848, 英国发明家, 蒸气机的发明人
(40)exploration[ ???????:??????? ]n.探险, 踏勘, 探测, [医](伤处等的)探查, 探察术
05 关于克隆人计划的争论
DATE=2-21-01
TITLE=SCIENCE REPORT - Cloning Humans
BYLINE=George Grow
(start at 59") This is Steve Ember with the VOA Special English SCIENCE REPORT.
A (1)private group of scientists has announced plans to make an (2)exact copy of a human being. An American member of the team says he and the others will soon begin a serious effort to clone humans. Panos Zavos says the team hopes to produce the world's first cloned baby within the next two years.
He (3)announced the project at a (4)conference last month in the American city of (5)Lexington, Kentucky. Doctor Zavos is an expert on human (6)reproduction at the University of Kentucky. He works at the Kentucky Center for Reproductive Medicine and Invitro (7)Fertilization.
In recent years, scientists have produced exact (8)genetic copies of sheep and a few other animals. They created these clones from a single cell of an adult animal.
Three years ago, another American doctor, Richard Seed, announced plans to clone a human being. However, there is no evidence that he was successful.
Doctor Zavos says the new (9)international group plans to offer human cloning only to women currently not able to become pregnant and produce children. He says the effort will be to (10)assist people who want to have their own (11)biological child.
The (12)technology would be similar to that used to clone animals. It would involve clearing genetic (13)material from a woman's egg. Doctors then would place genetic material from the woman's husband into the egg before putting it in the woman's (14)uterus.
Doctor Zavos says his group plans to do its work in a country near the Mediterranean Sea. He did not name the country. He says an Italian reproductive expert, Severino Antinori, is leading the team. Doctor Antinori has led successful efforts to help many older women become (15)pregnant. He is known for establishing pregnancies in women as old as sixty.
Many medical experts and other groups are opposed to the idea of (16)cloning humans. Several countries ban or (17)restrict work on human cloning.Several doctors criticized the announcement by Doctor Zavos. They say doctors do not know if cloning humans is possible or safe. They say it would be irresponsible to attempt to clone a human being. That is because the chances of success are too small and the risks are too great.
This VOA Special English SCIENCE REPORT was written by George Grow.
(1) private[????????? ]adj.私人的, 私有的, 私营的, 秘密的n.士兵
(2) exact[???????t ]adj.精确的, 准确的, 原样的, 精密的, 严格vt.强求, 急需, 要求
(3) announce[ ??????? ]vt.宣布, 通告
(4) conference[ ?????????? ]n.会议, 讨论会, 协商会
(5) Lexington[ ?????????? ]列克星敦(①美国 Kentucky 州中北部一城市 ②美国 Massachusetts 州东部一城市)
(6) reproduction[ ?????????????? ]n.繁殖, 再现, 复制品
(7) fertilization[ ???????????????? ]n.肥沃, 施肥, 授精
(8) genetic[ ????????? ]adj.遗传的, 起源的
(9) international[ ???????????????? ]adj.国际的, 世界的n.国际性组织, 国际比赛
(10) assist[ ?????? ]v.援助, 帮助
(11) biological[ ????????????? ]adj.生物学的
(12) technology[ ??????????? ]n.工艺, 科技, 技术
(13) material[??????????]n.材料, 原料, 物资, 素材, 布料adj.物质的, 肉体的, 具体的, 重要的, 实质性的
(14) uterus[ ????????? ]n.[解]子宫
(15) pregnant[?????????? ]adj.怀孕的, 重要的, 富有意义的, 孕育的
(16) cloning[ ??????? ]无性（繁殖）系化， 纯系化
(17) restrict[ ????????? ]vt.限制, 约束, 限定
06 食盐与血压的关系
DATE=2-22-01
TITLE=SCIENCE REPORT - Salt and Blood (1)Pressure
BYLINE=Jerilyn Watson
（Start at 1'00")This is Steve Ember with the VOA Special English Science Report.
Most doctors have long believed that reducing salt can (2)decrease blood pressure. A new American study suggests this is true even when people do not eat the healthiest foods.
The research appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine. A team at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, (3)Massachusetts performed the study. Frank Sacks of Harvard University Medical School led the team.
More than four-hundred people took part in the research. Almost half of them had high blood pressure. They all ate foods with different amounts of salt. Salt contains sodium. There is strong evidence that (4)sodium affects blood pressure.
Half the people ate an average American diet. Their food was high in fat and (5)cholesterol. The other people ate low-fat, low-cholesterol foods. Members of the low-fat group ate many vegetables, fruits and grains.
The study showed that the people who ate healthful foods while eating less salt lowered their blood pressure the most. However, blood pressure decreased for both groups when they ate less salt. Almost fifty-million Americans have high blood pressure. Continued high-blood pressure is (6)dangerous because it can (7)increase the risk of heart disease and (8)stroke.
Philip Greenland of Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago, Illinois praised the study. He said the decreases in blood pressure among the people in the study were similar to those caused by medicine. However, Doctor Greenland said popular (9)prepared foods need to be improved if people are to decrease salt in their diets. He said most people get their salt mainly from these prepared foods. They include many soups and cooked meat products.
The Salt Institute is an association representing the salt industry. The (10)institute does not (11)dispute the research results. But it says the results show a low-fat diet reduces blood pressure better than reducing salt. The Salt Institute also says efforts to reduce sodium use have proved impossible for twenty years.
David McCarron is a medical professor at Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland. He says salt does not make much difference in controlling blood pressure when people eat the right foods. Doctor McCarron says healthy diets should include fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products.
This VOA Special English Science Report was written by Jerilyn Watson.
(1) pressure[?????????]n.压, 压力, 电压, 压迫, 强制, 紧迫
(2) decrease[?????????? ]n.减少, 减少之量v.减少
(3) Massachusetts[ ?????????????? ]n.麻萨诸塞州
(4) sodium[ ????????? ????? ]n.[化] 钠
(5) cholesterol[ ????????????? ???? ]n.胆固醇
(6) dangerous[ ?????????? ]adj.危险的
(7) increase[ ?????????]n.增加, 增大, 增长vt.增加, 加大vi.增加, 繁殖
(8) stroke[ ?????? ]n.击, 敲, 报时的钟声, (网球等)一击, (划船等)一划, (绘画等)一笔, 一次努力, 打击vt.抚摸
(9) prepared[ ???????? ]adj.准备好的, 精制的
(10) nstitute[ ??????????t ]n.学会, 学院, 协会vt.创立, 开始, 制定, 开始(调查), 提起(诉讼)
(11) dispute[ ????????t ]v.争论, 辩论, 怀疑, 抗拒, 争夺(土地,胜利等)n.争论, 辩论, 争吵
(12) dairy[ ?????? ]n.牛奶场, 奶品场, 售牛奶, 奶油, 鸡蛋等的商店, 奶制品
07 牙病的预防与治疗
DATE=2-27-01
TITLE=SCIENCE IN THE NEWS #2113 - (1)Dental Health
BYLINE=Nancy Steinbach
VOICE ONE:
This is Sarah Long.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Bob Doughty with Science in the News, a VOA Special English program about recent developments in science. Today, we tell about diseases of the teeth and (2)gums, and ways to prevent and treat them.
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
People have been troubled by tooth and gum problems for thousands of years. The earliest record of dental (3)treatment comes from ancient Egypt. Books say the Egyptians treated gum swelling by using a (4)substance made of spices and onions. The earliest known person to treat tooth problems was also from Egypt. He lived about five-thousand years ago. He was known as a "doctor of the tooth".
(5)Experts say Chinese people living almost five-thousand years ago treated tooth pain by (6)acupuncture -- placing small sharp needles in different parts of the body. About one-thousand-three-hundred years ago, the Chinese filled holes in the teeth with a (7)mixture of the metals (8)mercury, (9)silver and tin. That was almost one-thousand years before a similar (10)substance was first used in western countries. Some ancient people like the Maya did not treat dental disease. But they made their teeth pretty by placing pieces of stone and metal on them.
VOICE TWO:
The ancient Romans were careful about keeping their teeth clean. More than two-thousand years ago, the Romans treated toothaches, filled holes in teeth, and made (11)false teeth to replace those that had been lost.
From the fifth to the fifteenth centuries, Europeans with tooth problems went to people called barber-surgeons. These people performed many services, including cutting hair, pulling teeth and treating medical conditions. Dental treatment improved during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as doctors increased their knowledge about teeth.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
Modern dentistry began in the Seventeen-Hundreds in France. That was when Pierre Fauchard published his book, "The (12)Surgeon Dentist." It was the first book about dental science. The book provided information about dental problems for other dentists to use. And it (13)described ways to keep teeth healthy. Pierre Fauchard is considered the father of (14)modern dentistry. His work was important in helping establish dentistry as a separate (15)profession.
Organized dentistry began in Eighteen-Forty. That is when the world's first dental school opened in the American city of Baltimore, Maryland. Four years later, a dentist first used drugs to stop the pain during dental work. Two years after that, another dentist(16) publicly (17)demonstrated the use of the gas, ether, as a way to reduce pain.
And in Eighteen-Fifty-Eight, another American dentist (18)invented a dental (19)drill that was powered by stepping on a device. This machine made it possible for dentists to use both hands when working in a patient's mouth.
VOICE TWO:
In Eighteen-Ninety, an American scientist showed that bacteria in the mouth act on (20)sugars that remain on the teeth after eating. This action creates acid that (21)damages the tooth. The damage appears as a hole in the tooth. It is called a cavity. The part of the tooth that has been destroyed by the acid is inside the cavity. It is known as tooth (22)decay.
Tooth decay is (23)common in the United States and around the world. Dental professionals say the acid remaining in the mouth must be removed before it destroys the outer covering of the teeth. Dentists say the best thing people can do for their teeth is to keep them clean. After eating, people should use a (24)toothbrush or other device to clean the teeth. Then they should use a thin string or dental floss to remove particles of food between the teeth. Visiting a dentist every six months can help keep the teeth healthy, and prevent (25)cavities.
VOICE ONE:
Experts say the greatest improvement in dental health during the twentieth century began in the United States in the early Nineteen-Hundreds. Dentists in the small western town of Colorado Springs, (26)Colorado found that children there had low rates of tooth decay. They discovered that the town's water supply contained (27)fluoride, an (28)element found in rocks and minerals. Public health researchers thought that adding fluoride to water in other American cities could reduce the rates of tooth decay.
In Nineteen-Forty-Five, a test program began in the middle western state of Michigan. Ten years later, results showed a fifty to seventy percent (29)reduction in cavities in the children who drank water containing fluoride. Since then, many studies have confirmed the value of fluoride. Today, most of the American water supply contains fluoride. And international health organizations, including the World Health Organization, support water fluoridation programs.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
Decay is not the only disease that can cause tooth loss. Another serious disease affects the gums, the (30)tissue that surrounds the teeth. It is also caused by (31)bacteria. If the bacteria are not removed every day, they form a substance that stays on the teeth. This substance is known as (32)plaque.
At first, the gums appear to be swollen, and may bleed when the teeth are brushed. This can lead to serious infection of the tissue around the teeth. The infection may damage the bone that supports the teeth and cause tooth loss and other health problems. Studies have found that people with severe gum disease have an increased risk of developing heart disease, diabetes and stroke.
Gum disease can be treated by a special dentist called a periodontist. Periodontists are trained to repair the gum areas that have been damaged. This can be painful and costly.
Dental health experts say the best thing to do is to stop gum disease before it starts. The way to do this is to clean the teeth every day. People also should use dental floss to remove plaque from between the teeth. Most experts also agree that another way to prevent tooth and gum problems is to eat foods high in calcium and (33)vitamins and low in sugar.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
Scientists continue to develop better dental treatments and equipment. Improved (34)technology may change the way people receive dental treatment in the future. For example, dentists are now using laser light to treat diseased gums and teeth. Dentists use computer technology to help them repair damaged teeth. Researchers have developed improved methods to repair bone that supports the teeth. And genetic research is expected to develop tests that will show the (35)presence of disease-causing bacteria in the mouth.
Such increased knowledge about dental diseases and ways to prevent them has improved the health of many people. Yet problems remain in some areas. In (36)industrial countries, minorities and other groups have a high level of untreated dental disease. In developing countries, many areas do not have even emergency care services. The World Health Organization says people in countries in Africa have the most tooth and gum problems.
VOICE TWO:
World Health organization experts say the dental health situation is different for almost every country in the world. As a result, it has developed oral health programs separately for each area.
The W-H-O oral health program is mainly for people living in poor areas. It provides them with information about mouth diseases and health care. It also studies (37)preventive programs using fluoride in water, salt, milk and (38)toothpaste. And it explores ways to include dental health in national health care systems.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
Many governments and other organizations provide help so people can get needed dental health services. But dental health professionals say people should take good care of their teeth and gums. They say people should keep their teeth as clean as possible. They should eat foods high in calcium and fiber. These include milk products, whole grain breads and cereals, vegetables, fruits, beans and nuts. Recent studies have shown that eating nuts can help slow the production of plaque on the teeth. Experts say these activities will help everyone improve their dental health throughout their lives.
VOICE TWO:
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written and produced by Nancy Steinbach. This is Bob Doughty.
VOICE ONE:
And this is Sarah Long. Join us again next week for more news about science.
(1) dental[ ???????]adj.牙齿的
(2) gum[ ??? ]n.齿龈, 树脂, 橡胶, 橡胶树, 口香糖, 香口胶, 泡泡糖
(3) treatment[ ???????????]n.待遇, 对待, 处理, 治疗
(4) substance[ ????????? ]n.物质, 实质, 主旨
(5) expert[ ???????? ]n.专家, 行家, [军](特等)射手adj.老练的, 内行的, 专门的
(6) acupuncture[???????????????]n.针刺疗法v.施行针刺疗法
(7) mixture[??????????]n.混合, 混合物, 混合剂
(8) mercury[ ????????? ]n.水银, 汞, [罗神]墨丘利神(众神的信使)
(9) silver[ ?????? ]n.银, 银子vt.镀银
(10) substance[ ????????? ]n.物质, 实质, 主旨
(11) false[ ????? ]adj.错误的, 虚伪的, 假的, 无信义的, 伪造的, 人工的, 不老实的adv.欺诈地
(12) surgeon[????????? ]n.外科医生
(13) describe[?????????? ]vt.描写, 记述, 形容, 形容v.描述
(14) modern[?????En ]n.现代人, 有思想的人adj.近代的, 现代的, 现代化的, 时髦的
(15) profession[?????????? ]n.职业, 专业, 表白, 宣布
(16) publicly[?????????]adv.公然地, 舆论上
(17) demonstrate[????????????? ]vt.示范, 证明, 论证vi.示威
(18) invent[???????? ]vt.发明, 创造v.发明
(19) sugar[ ??????]n.糖, 食糖
(20) drill[ ???? ]n.钻孔机, 钻子, 播种机, 军事训练, 操练, (反复)练习, v.训练, 钻孔, 条播
(21) damage[ ??????? ]n.损害, 伤害v.招致损害n.[律] (用复数)赔偿金
(22) decay[ ?????? ]vi.腐朽, 腐烂, 衰减, 衰退n.腐朽, 腐烂, 衰减, 衰退v.衰落
(23) common[??????? ]adj.共同的, 公共的, 公有的, 普通的, n.[复][总]平民, 公有, 普通,
(24) toothbrush[?????????]n.牙刷
(25) cavity[ ??????i ]n.洞, 空穴, [解剖]腔
(26) Colorado[ ???????????u ]美国科罗拉多州(位于美国西部)
(27) fluoride[ ???????????? ]n.氟化物
(28) element[????????? ]n.要素, 元素, 成分, 元件, 自然环境
(29) reduction[ ???????En ]n.减少, 缩影, 变形, 缩减量, 约简
(30) tissue[ ??????? ]n.薄的纱织品, 薄纸, 棉纸, [生]组织, 连篇
(31) bacteria[ ?????????? ]n.细菌
(32) plaque[ ????? ]n.装在墙上作装饰或纪念用的薄金属板或瓷片
(33) vitamin[ ??????????????- ]n.维他命, 维生素
(34) technology[ ??????????i ]n.工艺, 科技, 技术
(35) presence[ ??????? ]n.出席, 到场, 存在
(36) industrial[ ??????????? ]adj.工业的, 产业的, 实业的, 从事工业的n.工业工人
(37) preventive[ ?????????? ]adj.预防性的
(38) toothpaste[??????????]n.牙膏
08 新型塑胶制品的应用
DATE=3-1-01
TITLE=SCIENCE REPORT- Self-Healing Plastic
BYLINE=Mario Ritter
(Start at 59")This is the VOA Special English SCIENCE REPORT.
American scientists have developed the first material that repairs itself. The material is a form of (1) plastic that has been (2) engineered to fill breaks in its surface.
Plastics are used today in everything from (3) airplane wings to hundreds of objects found in the home. Scientists wanted to find a way to make objects made of plastic last longer. The researchers hope their new discovery can be used to make objects that are difficult or impossible to replace.
The surface of plastic objects breaks over time. Very small breaks, or (4)cracks, develop every time a plastic object is used. The researchers wanted to find out how to stop plastic from developing small cracks that grow, weaken and destroy it. The research team at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana found an answer to the problem. They found the answer in the chemical (5) structure of plastic itself.
Plastic is made of small (6) molecules called (7) monomers. These monomers (8)link together to form very long molecules called (9) polymers. Polymers give plastic its ability to be shaped and its strength.
The research team found a way to make plastic that contains very small (10) balloons filled with liquid. The liquid contains monomer molecules - the building material of plastic. The team then created solid plastic that contains a special chemical. This chemical is called a (11) catalyst. A catalyst is a (12) substance that starts a chemical reaction.
The new plastic still cracks like common plastic. But, when it does, the monomer liquid is released and flows into the crack. The catalyst in the solid plastic then reacts with the liquid monomer. The chemical reaction between the liquid monomer and the catalyst creates polymer molecules that repair the break. The repaired plastic has seventy-five percent of the strength of (13) undamaged plastic.
The scientists say the new self-repairing plastic is not yet ready for production. But it has several possible uses. One could be in space (14) vehicles where parts cannot be repaired or replaced. Another possible use might be in bridges. And it could be used in people, to replace bone joints that have become broken or damaged. These include knees or hips. The leader of the study is Scott White, a professor of engineering. He says the material is able to repair itself just as the human body is able to heal itself.
This VOA Special English SCIENCE REPORT was written by Mario Ritter.
(1) plastic[ ?????????????????? ]n.塑胶, 可塑体, 塑料制品, 整形adj.塑胶的, 塑造的, 有可塑性的, 造形的, (外科)整形的
(2) engineer[ ?????????? ]n.工程师, 技师, 火车司机, 轮机员, 工兵
(3) airplane[ ????????? ]n.飞机
(4) crack[ ???? ]n.裂缝, 噼啪声v.(使)破裂, 裂纹, (使)爆裂adj.最好的, 高明的
(5) structure[ ????????? ]n.结构, 构造, 建筑物vt.建筑, 构成, 组织
(6) molecule[ ????????:l, 5mEu- ]n.[化]分子, 些微
(7) monomer[ ??????? ]n.单体
(8) link[ ???? ]n.链环, 连结物, 火把, 链接vt.连结, 联合, 挽vi.连接起来
(9) polymer[ ??????? ]n.聚合体
(10) balloon[ ?????:n ]n.气球
(11) catalyst[ ????????? ]n.催化剂
(12) substance[ ????????? ]n.物质, 实质, 主旨
(13) undamage[ ?????????? ]完整无损
(14) vehicle[ ???:??? ]n.交通工具, 车辆, 媒介物, 传达手段
09 英国农业部正试图阻止口啼疫蔓延
DATE=3-6-01
TITLE=AGRICULTURE REPORT - Foot-and-Mouth Disease
BYLINE=George Grow
(Start at 58")This is the VOA Special English AGRICULTURE REPORT.
(1)Agriculture officials in Britain are attempting to stop the spread of foot-and-mouth (2)disease. The disease was found in pigs last month at a meat production center in (3)Essex, east of London. More cases have been reported among farm animals in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The disease has been found in more than thirty areas in Britain. Officials have ordered the killing of at least eleven-thousand animals.
Britain and the European Union have banned (4)exports of live animals, milk and meat products until the crisis ends. British (5)officials also have asked the (6)public not to visit farm areas to avoid spreading the (7)virus that causes the disease.
Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the animal diseases that farmers fear most. The disease spreads widely and quickly. It can cause severe production and economic losses.
Foot-and-mouth disease affects cows, deer, goats, pigs and sheep. Affected animals develop cuts in their mouths and on their feet. Many affected animals recover. However, the disease weakens them. The disease is not considered dangerous to people. But people can carry the virus on their clothing and shoes.
Experts say the virus can live for long periods in the body of an animal and in animal products and wastes. The virus also is able to survive in the air and in water and (8)fields.
Experts say foot-and-mouth disease spreads quickly unless it is discovered early and stopped (9)immediately. They say farmers can support efforts to (10)prevent its spread. Experts urge farmers to watch for signs of the disease, such as an animal having difficulty walking. Another sign is large amounts of (11)fluid leaking from the mouth. Farmers should immediately report any unusual sign of disease to local experts or disease control officials.
There are at least seven forms of the foot-and-mouth virus. One or more (12)versions can attack animals at the same time. An animal can suffer repeated attacks of the disease. This is because natural resistance to one form of the virus does not protect it against other versions.
Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most difficult animal (13)infections to control. The disease is found in many parts of the world. Different forms of the virus have been identified in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America.
This VOA Special English AGRICULTURE REPORT was written by George Grow.
(1) agriculture[ ??????????? ]n.农业, 农艺, 农学
(2) disease[ ?????:z ]n.疾病, 弊病
(3) Essex[ ?????? ]n.艾塞克斯(英国英格兰东南部的郡)
(4) export[ ??????:t ]vt.输出n.出口货, 输出, 出口, 出口商品v.出口
(5) official[ ??????? ]n.官员, 公务员adj.职务上的, 公务的, 官方的, 正式的
(6) public[ ????lik ]n.公众, (特定的)人群, 公共场所adj.公众的, 公共的, 公立的, 公用的
(7) virus[ ???????? ]n.[微]病毒, 滤过性微生物, 毒害, 恶毒
(8) field[ fi:ld ]n.原野, 旷野, 领域, (一块)田地, 牧场, 域, 战场, 运动场vt.把(谷物等)暴晒于场上, 使上场
(9) immediately[ ????:?????? ]adv.立即, 马上, 直接地
(10) prevent[ ???????? ]v.防止, 预防
(11) fluid[ ????(:)?? ]n.流动性, 流度adj.流动的, 不固定的, 可改变的, 可另派用场的, 流畅的
(12) version[ ???:??? ]n.译文, 译本, 翻译
(13) infection[ ????????? ]n.[医] 传染, 传染病, 影响, 感染
10 世界卫生组织制定反癫痫症计划
DATE=3-7-01
TITLE=SCIENCE REPORT - WHO Campaign Against Epilepsy
BYLINE=Nancy Steinbach
(Start at 59")This is the VOA Special English Science Report.
The World Health Organization has announced (1)projects in four countries as part of its (2)campaign against the disease (3)epilepsy. The countries are China, Argentina, Senegal and Zimbabwe.
The four projects will find out the number of people suffering from epilepsy. Medical experts will train health care workers to (4)identify and treat patients with the disease.
Epilepsy is a brain (5)disorder in which nerve cells suddenly release a large amount of electrical energy. (6)Victims react by suffering what are called (7)seizures. They may close their eyes, fall down and move their (8)muscles uncontrollably for a few minutes. Or they may appear confused for a few minutes or act strangely.
The World Health Organization says epilepsy is the world's most common brain disorder. At least fifty-million people (9)suffer from it. Eighty-five percent of them live in developing countries. Two-million people develop epilepsy every year.
The W-H-O says any kind of brain injury or disease can lead to epilepsy. It also says common causes of epilepsy in developing countries include poor care during (10)childbirth and a lack of healthy food. There is no cure, but epilepsy can be treated. The W-H-O says up to eighty percent of the people with epilepsy could lead normal lives if they were treated.
The W-H-O says most epilepsy sufferers get no treatment. For example, its office in Latin America says five-million people in the area suffer epilepsy. It also says more than three-million of them are not treated. A recent study in thirty Latin American countries showed that none have national (11)policies for epilepsy. In Africa, only one doctor for every four-million people is able to treat brain disorders.
People with epilepsy fear that other people will find out they have the disease. The W-H-O campaign wants to educate the public about epilepsy, and improve the lives of those with the disease. Officials say their aim is to improve treatment, prevention and social (12)acceptance of the disease.
The W-H-O believes the four projects will show governments that it is possible to help people with epilepsy. Medical experts will use the information (13)gained from the projects to develop programs around the world.
This VOA Special English Science Report was written by Nancy Steinbach.
(1) project[ 5prCdVekt ]n.计划, 方案, 事业, 企业, 工程v.设计, 计划, 投射, 放映, 射出, 发射(导弹等), 凸出
(2) campaign[ kAm5pein ]n.[军]战役, (政治或商业性)活动, 竞选运动vi.参加活动, 从事活动, 作战
(3) epilepsy[ 5epilepsi ]n.[医]癫痫症
(4) identify[ ai5dentifai ]vt.识别, 鉴别, 把...和...看成一样v.确定
(5) disorder[ dis5C:dE ]n.杂乱, 混乱, 无秩序状态vt.扰乱, 使失调, 使紊乱
(6) victim[ 5viktim ]n.受害人, 牺牲者, 牺牲品
(7) seizure[ 5si:VE ]n.抓, 捉, 没收, 查封, 夺取
(8) muscle[ 5mQsl ]n.肌肉, 臂力, (可供食用的)瘦肉, [解]肌
(9) suffer[ 5sQfE ]vt.遭受, 经历, 忍受vi.受痛苦, 受损害
(10) childbirth[5tFaIldb:W]n.分娩
(11) policy[ 5pClisi ]n.政策, 方针
(12) acceptance[ Ek5septEns ]n.接受, 承诺, 容忍, 赞同, 相信
(13)gain [ ^ein ]n.财物的增加, 财富的获取, 利润, 收获vt.得到, 增进, 赚到, vi.获利, 增加
