16 科技新闻摘要（五）
DATE=5-22-01
TITLE=SCIENCE IN THE NEWS #2125 - Digest
BYLINE=Staff
VOICE ONE:
This is Sarah Long.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Bob Doughty with Science in the News, a VOA Special English program about recent developments in science. Today, we tell about the oldest city in the Americas. We tell about an (1)ancestor of a famous （2）dinosaur. We tell about how the American space agency is helping coffee growers. And we tell about how drinking alcohol can help your heart.
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
Scientists working in Peru's Supe Valley have identified what they say are ruins of the oldest city ever found in the Americas. They say the ruins include six huge stone (3) structures that look like hills. The scientists say the (4) mounds were built by people who lived more than 4,000 years ago. That would make the mounds as old as the great (5) pyramids of Egypt.
The (6) archeologists say the mounds are the oldest known man-made structures in North America, Central America or South America. Archeologists from the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois, and Northern Illinois University announced the discovery.
VOICE TWO:
The mounds are in Caral, 200 kilometers north of Lima, Peru. Scientists first discovered the ruins in Nineteen-Oh-Five. However, archeologists had not done much work there. The area has no modern roads, electric power or clean drinking water. Also, scientists have never found (7) ceramic containers in the area because the people who lived there did not make stoneware. So archeologists had not been very interested in the area until now.
VOICE ONE:
The scientists used (8) radiocarbon dating tests to (9) identify the age of the structures. The method shows the level of a radioactive form of carbon in a substance. The scientists tested the remains of plants used to make woven bags. They say the bags were important in building the mounds. Workers filled the bags with rocks. Then they carried the bags to where the mounds were being built. They placed the bags of rocks in the walls of the mounds. The tests showed the mounds were built as early as four- thousand, six- hundred years ago.
The largest mound is eighteen meters high and one- hundred fifty meters wide. The scientists say the six mounds and other structures were built around a huge public area. They say the mounds were probably used for (10) ceremonies and the administration of the city. Steps and rooms were built on the top and sides of the mounds. Scientists also found the ruins of small homes and larger buildings under sand and broken rock.
VOICE TWO:
Until now, experts had believed that the first (11) settlements in the Americas were coastal fishing villages. Caral, however, is about twenty kilometers from the Pacific Ocean. The scientists say the economy of Caral was based on agriculture. They discovered evidence of simple (12) irrigation systems to water crops. These may have been the first irrigation systems in the Americas.
Jonathan Haas of the Field Museum was one of the researchers. Mister Haas says Caral was a complex and well-developed society. He says the leaders of the ancient city were powerful people. They probably forced citizens to provide labor for building projects.
Other scientists dispute the idea. But they do agree on the importance of the ruins. Experts say Caral was important in the social, political and economic development of (13) civilization in South America.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
Scientists have identified bones of a dinosaur found on the Isle of Wight, near the coast of England. They believe the dinosaur is an ancestor of the fierce (14) Tyrannosaurus Rex. But it is about two times older than the T-Rex. Experts say it is a new kind of dinosaur never（15）discovered before. They say it is one of the most important discoveries of its kind ever made in Britain.
A young collector found part of the foot of the dinosaur in Nineteen-Ninety-Seven. Gavin Leng discovered this sharp, pointed claw on a high point of land near Newport. He took it to the Isle of Wight Museum of (16) Geology.
VOICE TWO:
Experts dug in the area where the claw was found. They unearthed about forty percent of the dinosaur. The experts call it Eotyrannus Lengi, in honor of the man who discovered it. They say it is one of the most （17）complete and important dinosaurs of this age ever found. It provides a lot of new information about early tyrannosaurs.
Scientists believe Eotyrannus Lengi lived about one- hundred- twenty- five- million years ago. It was about four meters long. Its large head was filled with sharp teeth. Its head and shoulder were similar to tyrannosaurs that lived later. But those dinosaurs were much larger. They lived about sixty- million years ago. Scientists have found evidence of about twenty kinds of dinosaurs on the Isle of Wight.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
The American space agency is making plans to help coffee growers in the state of Hawaii. NASA will send an aircraft high above fields where coffee plants are grown. The aircraft will gather color images of the plants during the harvest season. From this information, the (18) Hawaiian coffee growers will know exactly when to harvest their crops.
NASA will use a special aircraft that flies without a pilot. Officials say the project will show that the aircraft can carry scientific observation equipment on long flights. They say it can fly higher than a traditional aircraft with a pilot.
VOICE TWO:
The aircraft is called Pathfinder-Plus. It is powered by energy from the sun.The aircraft will fly over the largest coffee farm in the United States, the Kauai Coffee Company plantation. Researchers hope (19) Pathfinder-Plus will gather information the growers can use to select the best time to harvest the coffee beans.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
Two new studies have added to the evidence that drinking a little alcohol each day is good for the heart. Earlier studies have shown that drinking a moderate amount of alcohol reduces the chances of suffering a heart attack or a stroke caused by thickening of the blood.
The new studies were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. One group of researchers was from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts. They questioned almost two- thousand patients at forty-five hospitals. All the patients had just suffered heart attacks.
VOICE TWO:
The researchers asked them how much alcohol they drank in the year before the heart attack. Those who had fewer than seven alcoholic drinks a week were considered light drinkers. Those who had more than seven drinks a week were considered (20) moderate drinkers.
The researchers studied the patients' health for the next four years. At the end of that time, the light drinkers had a twenty-one percent lower chance of dying from a heart attack than those who never drank at all. The moderate drinkers had a thirty-two percent lower chance of dying than those who never drank. The drinkers survived mostly because they had fewer additional heart attacks.
VOICE ONE:
The other study involved more than two- thousand older men and women. Their average age was seventy-four. Researchers from Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia asked them how much alcohol they drank. The researchers studied the health of these people for up to fourteen years. They found that those who had one or two drinks each day were twenty to fifty percent less likely to develop heart failure than those who did not drink. The studies found no difference in survival among people who drank beer, wine or liquor.
VOICE TWO:
Arthur Klatsky is a heart doctor at the Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in Oakland, California. Doctor Klatsky said both studies strengthen the idea that drinking a small amount of alcohol each day can protect the heart. Alcohol thins the blood and prevents clots that block (21) arteries. It also increases the so-called good (22) cholesterol in the blood that helps keep arteries open. However, other health risks have been linked to moderate drinking. And Doctor Klatsky said heavy alcohol drinking is a sure way to damage your health.
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by George Grow, Jerilyn Watson and Nancy Steinbach. It was produced by Nancy Steinbach. This is Sarah Long.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Bob Doughty. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.
注释：
（1） ancestor[ ???????? ]n.祖先, 祖宗
（2） dinosaur[?????????? ]n.恐龙
（3） structure[?????????? ]n.结构, 构造, 建筑物v.建筑, 构成
（4） mound[ ????? ]n.土墩, 护堤
（5） pyramid[ ?????????]n.角锥，金字塔
（6） archeologist[??????????????]n.考古学家
（7） ceramic[????????? ]adj.陶器的n.陶瓷制品
（8） radiocarbon[ ??????????????? ]n.放射性碳, 碳的放射性同位元素
（9） identify[ ??????????? ]v.识别, 鉴别
（10） ceremony[ ????????? ]n.典礼, 仪式
（11） settlement[ ??????????]n.沉降, 解决
（12） irrigation[???????????? ]n.灌溉, 冲洗
（13） civilization[??????????????????????]n.文明, 文化
（14） tyrannosaurus[?????????????]n.暴龙
（15） discover[ ???????? ]v.发现, 发觉
（16） geology[ ?????????? ]n.地质学, 地质概况
（17） complete[?????????? ]adj.全部的, 完全的, 完成的v.完成, 使完善
（18） Hawaiian[ ?????????? ]n.夏威夷人, 夏威夷语adj.夏威夷的, 夏威夷语的
（19） pathfinder[??????????????]n.探险者, 开创者
（20） moderate[ ???????? ]adj.中等的, 适度的, 适中的v.缓和
（21） artery[ 5B:tEri ]n.动脉, 要道
（22） cholesterol[ ???????????????????]n.胆固醇
17 科技新闻摘要（六）
DATE=6-19-01
TITLE=SCIENCE IN THE NEWS #2129 - Digest
BYLINE=Staff
VOICE ONE:
This is Bob Doughty.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Sarah Long with Science in the News, a VOA Special English program about recent developments in science. Today, we tell about damaged heart (1) tissue that can repair itself. We tell about health problems caused by being (2) overweight. And we tell about a Russian proposal to import (3) nuclear waste.
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
For many years doctors have believed that damage to the heart after a heart attack was (4) permanent. They said the human body could not replace cells killed by a heart attack, injury or disease. But new research has shown that human heart (5) muscle cells continue to divide and grow after a heart attack. The New England Journal of Medicine published the study earlier this month.
Scientists say the new cell growth was not enough to repair the heart. But some scientists say the research (6) proves a damaged heart may some day repair itself. This could result in new treatments for heart disease. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, and a major killer throughout the world.
VOICE TWO:
Piero Anversa of the New York Medical College in Valhalla led the research. Scientists from the United States and Italy studied muscle cells from the hearts of thirteen heart attack (7) victims. The people had died from four to twelve days after suffering a heart attack.
The scientists examined tissue near the area of the heart attack. They also studied tissue from another part of the heart. Then they compared these damaged hearts with those of ten patients with normal hearts who had died of other causes.
VOICE ONE:
The researchers measured the activity of a (8) protein in the cells needed for (9) cell division. They also colored the heart tissue with a substance that helps show cells dividing. They used a special (10) microscope to study the cells.
They found that the number of muscle cells dividing and growing in the diseased hearts was much higher than in the normal hearts. Doctor Anversa says these results offer an exciting (11) possibility. He says even a few new heart cells might grow into many cells in several weeks. However, experts say the heart contains more than just muscle cells. It also includes (12) blood vessels and (13) connective tissue. Growth in heart muscle cells alone may not return the heart to normal.
VOICE TWO:
During a heart attack, a (14) blockage forms in an (15) artery carrying blood to the heart muscle. The heart does not receive needed oxygen and other (16) nutrients. The tissue dies if blood does not flow again within about twelve hours. For years, doctors believed this damaged tissue proved the heart could not (17) manufacture new cells.
Doctor Anversa has been studying cell growth in the heart for about twenty years. He and his team published a study of heart re-growth two years ago. At that time a number of other scientists said they did not believe the (18) evidence. But several experts immediately praised the new research.
Doctor Anversa and his team have started trying to (19) identify substances that can cause cell division in the heart. They hope such substances can some day be placed around dying heart tissue. This process might prevent permanent heart damage.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
You are listening to the Special English program SCIENCE IN THE NEWS on VOA. This is Bob Doughty with Sarah Long in Washington.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
The Worldwatch Institute warns that the growing number of overweight or (20) obese people in the world has become an international problem. The organization says (21) obesity damages people's health. It increases the chances of heart disease, some kinds of cancer and (22) diabetes. The Centers for Disease Control in the United States estimates that three-hundred-thousand Americans die each year from sicknesses linked to obesity. Sixty-one percent of American adults are overweight.
However, obesity is not just a problem in the United States. The Worldwatch Institute says that for the first time in history, a (23) majority of adults in several other industrial countries are overweight. For example, fifty-four percent of the people in Russia are obese. Fifty-one percent are overweight in Britain. And in Germany, half the population weighs too much.
VOICE TWO:
The number of obese people is also increasing in developing countries. The Worldwatch Institute estimates that thirty-six percent of the population of Brazil is overweight. Also, fifteen percent of China's population weighs too much.
The Worldwatch Institute says obesity is more common in cities. This is because people living in cities are less active. This causes them to (24) gain weight. For example, in China and Indonesia, there are two times as many obese people in cities as in farming areas. And in (25) Congo, obesity is six times higher in cities.
Modern technology has reduced the amount of exercise people get. Many people drive cars every day instead of walking or riding bicycles. They also spend their free time watching television. The Worldwatch Institute says this is especially harmful for children. It says children who watch television at least five hours a day are five times more likely to be overweight than those who watch fewer than two hours a day.
VOICE ONE:
People gain weight when they eat more (26) calories than they burn. Calories are a measurement of the heat and energy value of food. In industrial countries, people eat many foods rich in fat and sugar. The Worldwatch Institute says this is also happening in developing countries, especially in cities.
Most overweight people must do two things to lose weight. They must reduce the amount of calories they eat. And they must burn more calories through exercise. However, increasing exercise is not easy.
The Worldwatch Institute says cities today are designed for automobiles. It says one answer is to (27) redesign communities with more paths for walking, running and bicycling. It says cities should have more public transportation. And there should be more public play areas. The Worldwatch Institute says exercise should become a daily activity or obesity and health problems will continue to spread around the world.
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VOICE TWO:
The lower house of the Russian (28) parliament has approved a plan to (29) import used nuclear fuel from nuclear reactors in other countries. Under the plan, Russia would import and process about twenty-thousand tons of used nuclear fuel over the next thirty years. Supporters say the plan could help Russia earn up to twenty-thousand-million dollars. They say about one-third of the money would go to cleaning up areas in Russia where (30) nuclear waste is buried.
Officials from the Russian Nuclear Energy Ministry say the plan is safe. They say it provides a service to Russia and other countries. Reports say the waste would be put in (31) temporary storage for at least ten years. Then it would be reprocessed into fuel.
VOICE ONE:
Many (32) environmentalists urged Russian lawmakers to vote against the plan. They say its passage would be a huge mistake for Russia. They argue that Russia should not receive the nuclear waste of other countries. They say Russia cannot (33) guarantee the safety of its own nuclear waste. Last year, a public opinion study found that more than ninety percent of Russians questioned opposed importing nuclear waste.
The upper house of the Russian parliament will consider the proposal. The upper house and President Vladimir Putin would have to approve the measure before it could become law. Mister Putin has not publicly expressed support for the plan. Environmentalists say they will continue to urge Mister Putin not to sign the bill.
VOICE TWO:
The United States has (34) exported nuclear reactors and nuclear fuel to many countries. Experts say the United States produced about ninety percent of the nuclear fuel covered by the Russian proposal. Countries that have used the fuel would have to get approval from the United States before sending it to Russia. The environmental group Greenpeace is urging President Bush to block the Russian plan.
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Jerilyn Watson, Jill Moss and George Grow. It was produced by Caty Weaver. This is Bob Doughty.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Sarah Long. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.
(1) tissue [ ??????] n. [生]组织
(2) overweight [ ?????????] n.超重
(3) nuclear waste 原子能工业废料
(4) permanent [ ??????????] adj.永久的, 持久的
(5) muscle [?????] n.肌肉, 臂力 [解]肌
(6) prove [?????] vt.证明, 证实vi.原来(是), 证明(是)
(7) victim [ ???????] n.受害人
(8) protein [ ?????????] n.[生化]蛋白质
(9) cell division 细胞分裂
(10) microscope [ ????????????] n.显微镜
(11) possibility [????????????] n.可能性, 可能发生的事物
(12) blood vessel 血管
(13) connective tissue n.结缔体素
(14) blockage [????????] n.封锁, 妨碍
(15) artery [ ???????] n.动脉, 要道
(16) nutrients [???????????] 营养物质
(17) manufacture [?????????????] vt.制造, 加工
(18) evidence [ ????????] n. 迹象, 根据, [物]证据, 证物
(19) identify [???????????] vt.识别, 鉴别
(20) obese [???????] adj.肥胖的, 肥大的
(21) obesity [?????????] n.肥胖, 肥大
(22) diabetes [?????????????] n.[医] 糖尿病
(23) majority [??????????] n.多数, 大半
(24) gain weight v.体重增加
(25) Congo [???????] n. 刚果
(26) calorie [ ???????] n.卡路里
(27) redesign [???????????] v.重新设计
(28) parliament [ ??????????] n.国会, 议会
(29) import [???????] vt.输入, 进口
(30) nuclear waste 原子能工业废料
(31) temporary [ ??????????] adj.暂时的, 临时的, 临时性
(32) environmentalist [???????????????????] n.环境保护论者
(33) guarantee [??????????] vt.保证, 担保
(34) export [ ????????] vt.输出 v.出口
