单词讲解[下学期]

牛津单词用法
at
/ Et; Et; strong form 强读式 t; At/ prep
1 (a) (indicating a point in space 指空间的某一点):
at the end of the runway 在跑道的尽头 * at the corner of the street 在街道的拐角 * go in at the side door 从旁门进入 * change at Didcot 在迪德考特转换 * arrive at the airport 到达飞机场 * At the roundabout take the third exit. 在环状交叉路口从第三条出路驶出. * I'll be at home (ie not at work, school, church, etc) all morning. 我一上午都在家.
(b) (used with the name of a building, esp with reference to the activities going on inside 与建筑物名称连用, 尤指其中进行的活动):
She's at the theatre, cinema, etc, ie watching a play, film, etc. 她在戏院里、 电影院里等（看戏、 看电影等） * She works at the hospital. 她在医院工作. * He's at (ie staying at) the Grand Hotel. 他住在格兰德大旅馆.
(c) among those who attend 在参加者中:
at a concert, conference, match, etc 参加音乐会、 会议、 比赛等.
(d) (used with the name of a person + 's to refer to that person's home or place of work 与人名+'s连用, 指其家或工作处):
They're at Keith's. 他们在基思家. * I was at my father's. 我先前在我父亲处. * They didn't have any bread at the baker's. 面包店里那时没有面包.
(e) (indicating place of employment or study 指受雇的或学习的处所):
He's been at the bank longer than anyone else. 他在银行工作时期比别人都长. * I'm at the head office. 我在总公司工作. * her three years at Oxford 她在牛津三年求学期间 (Cf 参看 spend three days in Oxford as a tourist).
2 (a) (indicating a point in time 指时间的某一点):
start, meet, leave, etc at 2 o'clock 在2时开始、 会见、 离开等 * at 3.15/a quarter past 3 在3点15分[3时1刻] * He is to be shot at dawn. 定於黎明将他枪决. * I didn't know he was dead at the time of speaking, ie when I spoke. 我讲话时不知道他已死亡. * At the moment you called I was in the garden shed. 你来电话时我正在花园的小屋里. * at the end of the holiday 假日的终结.
(b) (indicating a period of time 指一段时间):
At night you can see the stars. 夜晚可以看到星星. * What are you doing at (US on) the weekend 你在周末做什么 * take a few days' holiday at Christmas, Easter, Whitsun, etc 在圣诞节、 复活节、 圣灵降临节等休几天假.
(c) (used to indicate the age at which sb does sth 用以指某人做某事时的年龄):
She got married at 55. 她55岁时结婚. * You can retire at 60. 60岁时可以退休. * He left school at (the age of) 16. 他16（岁）时中学毕业. =>Usage at time1 用法见time1.
3 (a) in the direction of or towards (sb/sth) 向或朝（某人[某物]）的方向:
aim the ball at the hole 将球对准那个洞 * direct one's advertising at a wider audience 将宣传面向范围更大的群众 * smile, grin, stare, wave, etc at sb 对著某人微笑、 咧著嘴笑、 凝视、 挥手等 * A man with a gun was shooting at the crowd. 有一持枪男子向人群射击. * The dog rushed at me, wagging its tail. 那狗摇晃著尾巴朝我奔来. * She shouted at me but I couldn't hear. 她冲著我喊叫, 可是我并没听见. * throw stones at the can in the water, ie trying to hit it 用石块向水中的罐扔去（想打中它）.
(b) (used to show that sb tries to do sth but does not succeed or complete it 用以表示某人尽力做某事物却未做成或未做完):
clutch at a rope 去抓绳索 * guess at the meaning 猜测意思 * She nibbled at a sandwich, ie ate only tiny portions. 她咬了几口三明治.
4 (indicating the distance away from sth 指离某事物的距离):
Can you read a car number-plate at fifty metres 你能在离汽车五十米远处看清车牌号码吗 * hold sth at arm's length 伸直胳膊握住某物.
5 (indicating a state, condition or continuous activity 指某状态、 情形或持续的活动):
at war with their neighbours 与他们的邻国交战 * stand at ease, ie in a relaxed position 稍息（休息的姿势） * put sb at risk 置某人於危险地位 * children at play 玩耍著的儿童 * She's at work in the garden. 她正在花园 里干活儿.
6 (a) (indicating a rate, price, speed, etc 指比率、 价格、 速度等):
House prices are rising at a higher rate than inflation. 房价比通货膨胀上涨的比率高. * I bought this coat at half-price/at 50% discount. 我用半价[5折]买的这件外衣. * driving at 70 mph 以每小时70英里的速度驾驶.
(b) (indicating order or frequency 指顺序或频率):
at the first attempt 初次尝试 * at two-minute intervals, ie once every two minutes 每隔两分钟.
7 in response to (sth) 对（某事物）回应:
attend the dinner at the chairman's invitation 应主席之邀赴宴 * at the king's command 奉国王之命.
8 (used with his, her, our, etc and a superlative adj 与 his、 her、 our等及形容词的最高级连用):
This was Torvill and Dean at their best. 这是托维尔和迪安的最佳表现. * The garden's at its most beautiful in June. 花园在六月份最美丽. * an example of British craftsmanship at its finest 英国手工艺的瑰宝.
9 (used after many adjs and ns 用於许多形容词和名词之後):
good, clever, skilled, etc at restoring furniture, etc 善於、 精於、 长於翻修家具等 * hopeless at (playing) chess 对（下）国际象棋不堪造就 * She's a genius at doing crossword puzzles. 她做纵横填字游戏是一绝. * busy at their homework 都在忙著做功课 * impatient at the delay 因耽搁而不耐烦 * amused at the cartoons 对著连环画乐不可支 * delighted at the result 对结果满心欢喜 * puzzled at her silence 对她的缄默大惑不解 * his anger at being beaten 他被击败时的气恼.
10 (idm 习语) ,where it's `at (infml 口) place or activity that is very popular or fashionable 热闹的或时髦的场所或活动: Judging by the crowds waiting to get in this seems to be where it's at.从争先恐後等待进去的人群来看, 这似乎是个热闹去处. (For idioms such as at hand, at once, at a low ebb, etc see entries at hand1, once, low1, etc. at hand、 at once、 at a low ebb等习语, 见hand1、 once、 low1.)
believe
/ bI5li:v; bI`liv/ v
1 [Tn, Tw] feel sure of the truth of (sth); accept the statement of (sb) as true 相信（某事物）的真实性; 认为（某人）的话属实:
I believe him/what he says. 我相信他[他的话]. * I'm innocent, please believe me. 我是无辜的, 请相信我吧. * I'll believe it/that when I see it, ie Until I have evidence, I remain sceptical. 我亲眼见到才能相信（尚无证据, 我仍有怀疑）. * I'm told he's been in prison, and I can well believe it, ie it doesn't surprise me. 有人对我说他进过监狱, 我完全能够相信这一点.
2 [Tf, Tw, Tnt] think (perhaps mistakenly); suppose 认为, 以为（容或有误）; 设想:
People used to believe (that) the world was flat. 过去人们以为地球是扁的. * Nobody will believe what difficulty we have had/believe how difficult it has been for us. 谁也想像不到我们遇到了什么样的困难[这对我们来说一直是多么困难]. * They believed him to be insane. 他们认为他疯了. * I believe it to have been a mistake. 我认为这一直就是错的. * Mr Smith, I believe, ie I presume you are Mr Smith. 我想您就是史密斯先生吧. * `Is he coming ' `I believe so/not.' ‘他来吗 ’‘我想他来[不来].’
3 [I] have religious faith 具有宗教信仰:
He thinks that everyone who believes will go to heaven. 他认为凡是信神者都将进天堂.
4 (idm 习语)
believe it or not: it may sound surprising but it is true 信不信由你: Believe it or not, we were left waiting in the rain for two hours. 信不信由你, 我们冒雨一直等了两个小时.
believe (you) me I assure you 我向你保证: Believe you me, the government won't meddle with the tax system. 我向你保证, 政府绝不会干预税收制度的. give sb to believe/understand => give1.
lead sb to believe => lead3.
make believe (that...) pretend 假装: The boys made believe (that) they were astronauts. 男孩儿们假扮成航天员. Cf 参看 make-believe (make1).
not believe one's `ears/`eyes be unable to believe that what one hears or sees is real because one is so astonished 惊讶得无法相信所见所闻是事实.
seeing is `believing (saying 谚) one needs to see sth before one can believe it exists or happens 眼见为实.
would you believe (it) (expressing astonishment or dismay 表示惊讶或沮丧) although it is hard to believe 尽管难以置信: Today, would you believe, she came to work in an evening dress! 说出来你可能不信, 今天她穿了晚礼服来上班!
5 (phr v)
believe in sb/sth feel sure of the existence of sb/sth 相信某人[某事物]的存在:
I believe in God. 我信仰上帝. * Do you believe in ghosts 你相信有鬼吗
believe in sth/sb; believe in doing sth trust sth/sb; feel sure of the worth or truth of sth 相信某事物[某人]; 肯定某事物的价值或正确性:
I believe in his good character. 我相信他品德良好. * Do you believe in nuclear disarmament 你认为真能裁减核军备吗 * He believes in getting plenty of exercise. 他相信多做运动必有好处.
believe sth of sb accept that sb is capable of a particular action, etc 相信某人在从事某种特殊活动等方面的才能:
If I hadn't seen him doing it I would never have believed it of him. 要不是亲眼看见, 我怎么也不会相信他能做这事.
believable adj that can be believed 可信的.
believably / -EblI; -EblI/ adv.
believer n
1 person who believes, esp sb with religious faith 笃信者; （尤指）教徒.
2 (idm 习语) be a (great/firm) believer in sth feel sure of the worth of sth 肯定某事物的价值: I'm not a great believer in (taking) regular physical exercise. 我对经常锻炼身体的好处有点怀疑.
fix
1 / fIks; fIks/ v
1 [Tn.pr] fasten (sth) firmly to sth 将（某物）固定到另一物上; 安装:
fix a shelf to the wall 把架子装在墙上 * fix a post in the ground 把杆子固定在地上 * (fig 比喻) fix the blame on sb 把过错推诿给某人 * fix sb's name in one's mind, ie make great efforts to remember it 牢记某人的名字.
2 [Tn.pr] ~ sth on sb/sth direct (esp one's eyes) on sb/sth with steady attention 全神贯注於、 （尤指）凝视某人[某物]:
Her eyes were fixed on the gun. 她紧盯著那枝枪. * fix one's thoughts/attention on what one is doing 全神贯注地工作.
3 [Tn] decide (sth) definitely; set or determine 决定（某事物）; 确定:
The time for our meeting has been fixed already. 我们开会的时间已经确定了. * We will fix the rent at 100 a week. 我们要把租金定为每周100英镑.
4 [Tn] repair or mend (sth) 修理（某物）:
My watch has stopped; it needs fixing. 我的表停了--需要修理了.
5 [Tn] put (sth) in order; adjust 整理（某事物）; 调整:
Let me fix my hair (ie brush and comb it) and I'll be ready. 我梳梳头, 马上就好.
6 [Tn, Tn.p] ~ sth (up) arrange sth 安排某事物:
I'll fix (up) a meeting. 我来安排会议. * I could fix it up with Geoffrey. 我可以和杰弗里商量一下, 把这事安排好.
7 [Tn] find out (the exact nature, position, time, etc of sth) 确定（某事物的真正性质、 位置、 时间等）.
8 [Tn, Dn.n, Dn.pr] ~ sth (for sb)(esp US) provide or prepare (esp food) 供给或准备（尤指食物）:
He's just fixing a snack. 他在准备一点小吃. * Can I fix you a drink 我给你弄点饮料好吗 * Let me fix supper for you. 我去给你准备晚饭.
9 [Tn] treat (photographic film, dyed fabric, etc) with a chemical so that the colours do not change or fade （用化学药品）使（摄影底片、 染过的织物等的颜色）固定不变, 定影.
10 [Tn esp passive 尤用於被动语态] (infml 口) influence the result or actions of (sth), by unfair or illegal means 作弊:
I knew the race was fixed. 我知道这次比赛有鬼. * The jury/judge had been fixed. 有人操纵了陪审团[法官].
11 [Tn] (infml 口) punish or kill (esp sb who has harmed one); get even with 惩罚或杀死（尤指伤害过自己的人）; 报复:
I'll fix him so that he never bothers you again. 我来收拾他, 叫他再也不能打扰你.
12 [I, Tn] (sl 俚) inject oneself with (a narcotic drug) 给自己注射（毒品）.
13 (phr v)
fix on sb/sth decide to have sb/sth; choose 决定要某人[某事物]; 选定; 确定:
They've fixed on Ashby as the new chairman. 他们决定让阿什比做新的主席. * Have you fixed on a date for the wedding 你们举行婚礼的日期确定了吗
fix sth up repair, redecorate, or adapt sth 修理、 重新装饰或改装某物:
He fixed up the cottage before they moved in. 他把农舍修整好, 他们才搬进去.
fix sb up (with sth) (infml 口) arrange for sb to have sth; provide sb with sth 为某人安排某事物; 向某人提供某事物:
I'll fix you up with a place to stay. 我来给你安排住处. * She's got herself fixed up with a cosy flat. 她弄到了一套舒适的公寓.
fix sb with sth (fml 文) direct one's gaze, attention, etc at sb 凝视某人; 注视某人: He fixed her with an angry stare. 他怒目注视著她.
> fixed / fIkst; fIkst/ adj
1 already arranged and decided; not changing; set 已决定的; 确定不变的; 固定的:
fixed prices 固定的价格 * a fixed rate of interest 固定的利率.
2 (of ideas, wishes, etc) held firmly and sometimes obsessively （指想法、 愿望等）坚定的, 执著的, 固执的:
He had the fixed idea that a woman's place was in the home. 他有个成见, 认为女人的天地是在家里.
3 [attrib 作定语] (of an expression on sb's face) not changing; intent （指表情）不变的, 专注的: a fixed smile, glare, stare, etc 呆板的微笑、 眼睛一动不动的怒视、 目不转睛的注视.
4 [pred 作表语] ~ for sth (infml 口) provided or supplied with sth 供给或供应某物: How are you fixed for money, food, time, etc 你的钱、 食物、 时间等是怎么来的
5 (idm 习语)
(of) ,no fixed abode/address (law 律) (having) no permanent place to live in 无固定住所[住址]（的）: Lovejoy, of no fixed abode, was charged with murder. 洛夫乔伊, 居无定所, 被控谋杀.
fixedly / 5fIksIdlI; `fIksIdlI/ adv without altering one's gaze; intently 目不转睛地; 专注地: stare fixedly at sb 目不转睛地注视某人.
fixed `assets permanent business assets, eg buildings and equipment 固定资产（如建筑物和设备）. Cf 参看 current assets (current1).
fixed `costs business costs that do not vary with the amount of work produced 固定成本（不随产量变化而变动的企业成本）.
fixed `star star so far from the earth that it seems to have no movement 恒星.
fixer / 5fIksE(r); `fIksL/ n
1 (infml 口) person who makes (usu illegal) arrangements 代为做（通常为非法的）安排的人.
2 (chemical) substance that fixes (fix1 9) photographs or dyes 定影剂; 定色剂.
fixity / 5fIksItI; `fIksEtI/ n [U] ~ of sth quality of being fixed; firmness 固定性; 稳定性: She displayed great fixity of purpose. 她目标始终如一.
2 / fIks; fIks/ n
1 [C usu sing 通常作单数] (infml 口) awkward or difficult situation 尴尬的境地; 窘况; 困境:
be in/get oneself into a fix 处於[使自己陷入]尴尬的境地.
2 [C] (a) action of finding the position of a ship, an aircraft, etc by taking measurements with a compass, etc （用罗盘对船只、 飞行器等的）方位测定. (b) position found by these means 测出的方位.
3 [sing] (infml 口) thing arranged dishonestly 不光明正大的安排; 搞鬼; 勾当: Her promotion was a fix, I'm sure. 我敢肯定她的提升有鬼.
4 [C] (sl 俚) injection of a narcotic drug, eg heroin 注射麻醉品（如海洛因）: get oneself a fix 给自己注射毒品.
intend
/ In5tend; In`tZnd/ v
1 (a) [Tn, Tf, Tt, Tnt, Tg, Cn.n/a, Dn.n] ~ sth (as sth) have (a particular purpose or plan) in mind; mean 打算; 意欲; 想要:
I meant it to be an informal discussion, but it didn't turn out as I intended (it should). 我本想随便商量一下, 结果事与愿违. * It's not what I intended (it to be). 那并不是我的本意. * I hear they intend to marry/intend marrying. 听说他们要结婚了. * I intended to do it, but I'm afraid I forgot. 我本有意去做, 但很遗憾, 我忘记了. * I don't intend to listen to this rubbish any longer! 我再也不想听这种无稽之谈了! * I intended it as a joke. 我不过说笑罢了. * He intends you no harm, ie does not plan to harm you. 他对你并无恶意.
(b) [Tf, Tnt] have (sth) as a fixed plan or purpose for sb else 为某人定下计画或目标:
I intend that you shall take over the business. 我有意让你接管公司. * I intend you to take over. 我打算让你来接管. * You weren't intended (ie supposed) to hear that remark. 你按说不应该听那些话.
2 [Dn.pr] ~ sth for sb plan that sb should receive or be affected by sth 为某人准备某事物; 要使某人受某事物的影响:
I think the bomb was intended for (ie planned to harm) me. 我认为那颗炸弹是要炸我的.
3 [Cn.n/a] ~ sth as sth plan that sth should be or become sth 打算使某事物成为另一事物: Was that remark intended as (ie supposed to be) a joke 那句话是不是当作笑话说的
4 [Tn.pr] ~ sth by sth plan that sth should have the specified meaning 欲使某事物具有某意义; 意指; 意谓: What did he intend by that remark 他说那话是什么意思
> intended / -dId; -dId/ adj
1 [attrib 作定语] planned; meant; desired 计画的; 打算的; 意欲的:
the intended meaning, result, effect, purpose 原来的意思、 想要的结果、 预期的效果、 原有的目的.
2 ~ for sb/sth [pred 作表语] planned or designed for sb/sth 为（某人[某事物]）计画或设计:
a book, course, programme, etc intended for children, adults, beginners, etc 为儿童、 成人、 初学者等而写的书、 开设的课程、 编排的节目等 * water (not) intended for drinking （非）饮用水.
interest
1 / 5IntrEst; `IntrEst/ n
1 [U, sing] ~ (in sb/sth) state of wanting to learn or know (about sb/sth); curiosity; concern 兴趣; 好奇心; 关心:
feel, have, show, express (an) interest in sb or sth 对某人或某事物觉得有、 有、 表现有、 表示有兴趣 * a topic that arouses, provokes, stimulates, etc a lot of interest 能引起、 激起、 唤起...很大兴趣的话题 * Now he's grown up he no longer takes any interest in his stamp collection: he's lost all interest in it. 他已经长大了, 对集邮不再感兴趣了, 完全失去了兴趣了. * do sth (just) for interest/out of interest/for interest's sake, ie (just) to satisfy a desire for knowledge （纯粹）因为有兴趣[从兴趣出发/为了兴趣]而做某事（以满足求知欲）.
2 [U] quality that arouses concern or curiosity; power to hold one's attention 引起关心或好奇心的性质; 趣味; 吸引力:
The subject may be full of interest to you, but it holds no interest for me. 这个问题即使你兴味盎然, 我也是兴味索然. * Suspense adds interest to a story. 故事中的悬疑情节更加引人入胜.
3 [C] thing with which one concerns oneself or about which one is enthusiastic 令人感兴趣的事物; 爱好: a person of wide, varied, narrow, limited interests 兴趣广泛、 多样、 狭窄、 有限的人 * Her main interests in life are music, tennis and cooking. 她生活中的主要爱好是音乐、 网球和烹饪.
4 [C usu pl 通常作复数] advantage; benefit 好处; 利益; 福利:
look after, protect, safeguard, etc one's own interests, ie make sure that nothing is done to one's disadvantage 照顾、 保护、 保卫...自己的利益 * He has your best interests at heart, ie is acting for your advantage. 他处处为你的利益著想.
5 [C usu pl 通常作复数] ~ (in sth) legal right to share in sth (eg a business), esp in its profits （某事物中的）合法权益（如企业中的）（尤指利润）:
He has considerable business interests. 他有很多企业股份. * American interests in Europe, eg capital invested in European countries 美国在欧洲的权益（如在欧洲各国的投资） * sell one's interest in a company 把自己在某公司的股份售出.
6 [C] ~ (in sth) personal connection with sth from which one may benefit, esp financially 利害关系（尤指财务上的）:
If a Member of Parliament wishes to speak about a company with which he is connected, he must declare his interest. 下院议员若想谈论与其有关的公司的事, 则必须申明他和该公司的利益关系.
7 [U] ~ (on sth) (finance 财) money charged for borrowing money, or paid to sb who invests money 利息:
pay interest on a capital sum 付一笔资金的利息 * the rate of interest, ie payment made by the borrower expressed as a percentage of capital 利率 * interest at 10% 利率为10% * [attrib 作定语] the interest rate 利率 * an interest-free loan, ie on which one does not have to pay interest 无息贷款.
8 [C usu pl 通常作复数] (often derog 常作贬义) group of people engaged in the same business, etc or having sth in common （企业等的）同行; 有共同之处的人:
landed interests, ie landowners 土地所有者 * Powerful business interests (ie large business firms collectively) are influencing the government's actions. 强有力的企业集团影响著政府采取的措施. * [attrib 作定语] influential interest groups 有影响的有共同利益的各集团.
9 (idm 习语)
in sb's interest(s) for or to sb's advantage 为某人的利益; 对某人有好处; 有利於某人: sth that is not in the public interest 不符合公众利益的事 * It would be in your interests to accept. 接受下来对你有利.
in the interest(s) of sth for the sake of sth 为某事物的缘故: In the interest(s) of safety, no smoking is allowed. 为了安全, 严禁吸烟.
a vested interest => vest2.
(repay, return, etc sth) with interest (a) (finance 财) (give back a sum of money) adding a percentage of interest 加息（还款）. (b) (fig infml 比喻, 口) (respond to an action, good or bad, by doing it to the doer) with added force 加重回报: return a blow, a kindness with interest 重重回击、 加倍报答好意.
2 / 5IntrEst; `IntrEst/ v [Tn, Tn.pr]
~ oneself/sb (in sth)
(a) cause oneself/sb to give one's/his attention (to sth) or to be concerned (about sth) 使自己[某人]注意、 关心或感兴趣:
a topic that interests me greatly 使我大感兴趣的题目 * Having lost his job, he'd begun to interest himself in local voluntary work. 他失业後便开始关注地方的志愿工作了. * It may interest you to know that she's since died. 你可能不知道吧, 她後来死了.
(b) arouse sb's desire to do, buy, eat, etc sth 引起某人要做、 买、 吃等的欲望:
Can I interest you in our latest computer 我给您介绍一下我们最新的计算机好吗
> interested / -tId; -tId/ adj
1 ~ (in sth/sb) showing curiosity or concern (about sb or sth) （对某人或某事物）感兴趣的, 关心的:
Are you interested in history 你喜欢历史吗 * I tried to tell him about it, but he just wasn't interested. 我想把这件事告诉他, 可他简直不感兴趣. * interested listeners 感兴趣的听众 * an interested look 显出好奇的样子 * I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道情况会怎样.
2 ~ (in sth) in a position to obtain an advantage (from sth); not impartial 处於获利益的地位的; 有关系的:
As an interested party (ie sb likely to profit), I was not allowed to vote. 因为其中有我的利益, 所以我不得投票.
interesting adj holding the attention; arousing curiosity 有趣的; 引起兴趣的: interesting people, books, conversation 有趣的人、 书籍、 谈话.
interestingly adv: She was there but her husband, interestingly, wasn't. 她在那儿, 有趣的是她丈夫却没在那里.
NOTE ON USAGE 用法:
The adjective interested can mean *interested这一形容词的意思有两个
1 `desiring to learn or know (about something)' ‘（对某事）想知道的’: I am very interested in local history. 我很想了解本地的历史.
2 `having an involvement (in something)' ‘（与某事）有牵连的’: The lawyer invited the interested parties to discuss the problem. 律师邀请有关的当事人一起商讨问题.
Uninterested relates to sense
1 *uninterested涉及第1义: She seemed completely uninterested in what I had to tell her about my new job. 我想把我新工作的事告诉她, 她好像丝毫不感兴趣.
Disinterested relates to sense 2 *disinterested涉及第2义: In financial matters it is important to get disinterested advice, ie from somebody who is not directly involved. 在财务方面, 要徵询与之无利益关系者的意见, 这是十分重要的.
lack
/ lAk; lAk/ v
1 [Tn no passive 不用於被动语态] be without (sth); have less than enough of 没有（某事物）; 缺乏; 缺少; 不足:
lack creativity, self-discipline, courage 缺乏创造性、 自制力、 勇气 * They lacked the money to send him to university. 他们没钱送他上大学. * What he lacks in experience he makes up for in enthusiasm. 他热心工作以弥补其经验的不足.
2 [Ipr no passive 不用於被动语态] ~ for sth (fml 文) need sth 需要某事物:
They lacked for nothing, ie had everything they wanted. 他们无所需求（已应有尽有）.
3 (idm 习语)
be lacking not be available when needed 不敷所需:
Money for the project is still lacking. 进行这个项目的钱还没有著落.
be lacking in sth not have enough of sth 不足; 不够:
be lacking in warmth, courage, strength 缺乏温暖、 勇气、 力气 * The film was lacking in pace. 这部影片不紧凑.
have/lack the courage of one's convictions => courage.
> lack n [U, sing] absence or shortage (of sth that is needed) （所需事物的）缺乏, 短缺:
a lack of care, money, water 缺乏关心、 金钱、 水 * The project had to be abandoned for (ie because of) lack of funds. 工程因资金匮乏只得放弃.
# `lack-lustre adj dull; uninspiring; lifeless 无光泽的; 死气沉沉的; 无生气的:
lack-lustre eyes 暗无光泽的眼睛 * They gave a lack-lustre performance. 他们的演出死气沉沉.
load
1 / lEUd; lod/ n
1 [C] thing that is being carried or to be carried, esp if heavy 负荷物, 载荷物（尤指沉重的）:
a load of sand 运载的一批沙子.
2 [C] (esp in compounds 尤用以构成复合词) quantity that can be carried, eg by a vehicle 运载的量:
coach-loads of tourists 一车车的游客 * a boat-load of survivors 一船生还的人.
3 [C] (a) amount of work that a dynamo, a motor, an engine, etc is required to do （发电机、 电动机、 发动机等的）负载, 负荷.
(b) amount of electric current supplied by a dynamo or generating station （发电机或发电站的）发电量.
4 [C usu sing 通常作单数] (fig 比喻) weight of responsibility, worry, grief, etc （责任、 忧虑、 悲哀等的）沉重感:
a heavy load of guilt 沉重的负疚感.
5 loads (of sth) [pl] (infml 口) plenty (of sth) 大量; 许多:
loads of friends, money, time 很多朋友、 金钱、 时间 * `Have you got any change ' `Loads!' ‘你有零钱吗 ’‘有的是!’
6 (idm 习语)
be/take a ,load/,weight off sb's `mind => mind1.
a ,load of (old) `rubbish, etc (infml 口) nonsense 胡说八道: I've never heard such a load of garbage! 这么胡说八道我还从来没听说过!
get a load of sb/sth (infml 口) take notice of sb/sth 注意某人[某事物]: Get a load of that old bloke with the funny hat! 你瞧那戴怪帽子的家伙!
# `load-shedding n [U] cutting off the supply of electric current on certain lines when the general demand is greater than the available supply 甩负荷（电源过载时切断某些线路的电源）.
2 / lEUd; lod/ v
1 (a) [I, Ip, Tn, Tn.pr, Tn.p] ~ (up)/~ (up with sth); ~ sth/sb (down/up) (with sth); ~ sth (into/onto sth/sb) put a load in or on (sth/sb) 装载; 使（某事物[某人]）负荷:
We're still loading. 我们仍在装货. * load a lorry (up) with bricks/load bricks onto a lorry 把砖装进卡车里 * loaded down with shopping 拿著很多买来的东西 * (fig 比喻) load sb with honours 给某人许多荣誉.
(b) [I] receive a load 接受负荷:
The boat is still loading. 船仍在上货.
2 [Tn esp passive 尤用於被动语态] weight (sth) with lead, etc 用铅等加重（某物）:
a loaded cane, stick, etc, ie for use as a weapon 加铅的手杖、 棒等（用作武器） * loaded dice, ie one weighted so as to fall in a certain way, eg with the six uppermost 灌铅色子（掷出後总以某面朝上, 如6点）.
3 (a) [I, Tn, Tn.pr] ~ sth (with sth) put film into (a camera) or ammunition into (a gun) 将胶卷装入（照相机）; 将弹药装入（枪炮）:
Be careful, that gun's loaded. 小心, 那枪是上了膛的.
(b) [Tn, Tn.pr] ~ sth (into sth) place (film or ammunition) thus 装（胶卷或弹药）: load a new film into the camera 把新胶卷装进照相机里.
4 [Tn] (computing 计) transfer (data or a program) from a storage medium into the memory of a computer 装入, 写入, 寄存（数据或程序）.
5 (idm 习语) load the dice (against sb) (usu passive 通常用於被动语态) put sb at a disadvantage 使某人处不利地位: Having lost both his parents when he was a child he always felt that the dice were loaded against him. 他因自小失去双亲, 总觉得处处受人欺负.
> loaded adj 1 carrying a load 带负载的.
2 [pred 作表语] (sl 俚) very rich 富有; 阔绰.
3 (idm 习语) a ,loaded `question question intended to trap sb into saying sth which he does not want to say or which could harm him 有圈套的问题（诱人说出其不愿说或对其不利之事者）.
mean
1 / mi:n; min/ v (pt, pp meant / ment; mZnt/)
1 [Tn, Tn.pr,Tf] ~ sth (to sb) (intend to) convey sth; signify sth 意指某事; 意思是:
A dictionary tells you what words mean. 词典是解释词义的工具书. * What does this sentence mean 这句子是什么意思 * These symbols mean nothing to me. 这些符号我完全不明白是什么意思. * The flashing lights mean that the road is blocked. 那闪动的灯光表示此路不通.
2 [Tn, Tf, Tg, Tsg] (be likely to) result in (sth) ; be a sign (that); involve （很可能）造成, 导致（某结果）; 是某事物的征兆; 意味; 包含:
Spending too much now will mean a shortage of cash next year. 现在花钱过头, 来年就要缺钱. * The sudden thaw means that spring is here. 一朝解冻, 便是春天来到. * This new order will mean (us) working overtime. 这一新定单意味著（我们）得加班加点.
3 (a) [Tn, Tn.pr, Tf no passive 不用於被动语态, Tt, Tnt, Cn.n/a, Dn.n, Dn.pr] ~ sth for sb; ~ sth (as sth); ~ sth (to sb) have sth as a purpose; intend sth 怀有某目的; 打算; 意欲:
What does she mean by cancelling her performance ie Why has she done it 她取消自己的演出是什么意思 * He means what he says, ie is not joking, exaggerating, etc. 他说话是当真的. * Don't laugh! I mean it! ie I am serious. 别笑! 我真是这个意思! * He means (to cause) trouble. 他存心捣乱. * She meant this gift for you. 她这礼物是送给你的. * I never meant that you should come alone. 我没打算要你单独来. * She means to succeed. 她立意求成. * I'm sorry I hurt you: I didn't mean to. 对不起, 我弄伤了你; 我不是故意的. * I wasn't serious. I meant it as a joke. 我并非有意. 我是想开个玩笑而已. * I didn't mean you to read the letter. 我没有要你看这封信的意思. * You're meant to (ie You are supposed to) pay before you come in. 你要交钱才能进来. * I mean you no harm. 我并无伤害你的意思. * He means no harm to anyone. 他无意伤害任何人.
(b) [Tn, Tf no passive 不用於被动语态] intend to say (sth) on a particular occasion 在某场合下想说（某事）; 意思是:
What did he mean by that remark 他那样说是什么意思 * Do you mean Miss Anne Smith or Miss Mary Smith 你指的是安 史密斯小姐还是玛丽 史密斯小姐 * Did he mean (that) he was dissatisfied with our service 他的意思是不满意我们的服务吗
4 [Tn.pr esp passive 尤用於被动语态, Tnt] ~ sb for sth intend or destine sb to be or do sth 打算或注定要某人成为或做某事物: I was never meant for the army, ie did not have the qualities needed to become a soldier. 我根本就不是当兵的材料. * She was never meant to be a teacher. 她从来就没注定要当教师. * His father meant him to be an engineer. 他父亲打算让他当工程师.
5 [Tn.pr no passive 不用於被动语态] ~ sth to sb be of value or importance to sb 对某人有价值或重要:
Your friendship means a great deal to me. 你和我的友谊对我意义重大. * 20 means a lot (ie seems to be a lot of money) to a poor person. 20英镑对於穷人是个大数目. * Money means nothing to him. 金钱对他来说是无所谓的. * You don't know how much you mean to me, ie how much I like you. 你不知道我多么喜欢你.
6 (idm 习语)
mean `business (infml 口) be serious in one's intentions 是认真的: He means business: he really will shoot us if we try to escape. 他不是说著玩的; 我们要是逃, 他真会开枪.
mean `mischief intend to do sth wrong or harmful 有意弄坏或加害.
mean well (derog 贬) have good intentions, though perhaps not the will or ability to carry them out 怀有善意; 出於好心: He's hopelessly inefficient, but I suppose he means well. 他低能得无以复加, 然而却是出於好心.
mean well by sb have kindly intentions towards sb 对某人抱善意.
2 / mi:n; min/ adj (-er, -est) 1 ~ (with sth) ungenerous; selfish (esp with money) 吝啬的; 自私的（尤指金钱方面）: be very mean with money 对钱十分吝啬 * She's too mean to make a donation. 她很小气, 不肯捐款. 2 ~ (to sb) (of people or their behaviour) unworthy; unkind （指人或人的行为）卑鄙的, 不善良的: That was a mean trick! 那是卑鄙的伎俩! * It was mean of you to eat all the food. 你把东西全吃光了, 你可太坏了. * Don't be so mean to your little brother! 别对你弟弟那么刻薄! * I feel rather mean for not helping more. 我未能多帮忙, 十分抱歉. 3 (esp US) nasty; vicious 刻毒的; 邪恶的: A rattlesnake is a really mean creature. 响尾蛇是很凶的动物. * He looks like a mean character. 他看上去不似善类. 4 poor in appearance, quality, etc; shabby-looking 难看的; 劣质的; 简陋的; 破旧的: the mean little houses where the poorest people live 最穷苦的人赖以栖身的破败小屋. 5 (esp of the understanding or abilities) inferior （尤指理解力或能力）低劣的, 平庸的: This should be clear even to the meanest intelligence. 就是对智 力最差的人来说, 这也应当是很清楚的. 6 (dated 旧) of humble birth or low social rank 出身微贱的; 社会地位低下的: The meanest labourer has the same rights as the richest landowner. 最贫贱的劳动者享有和最富的地主同样的权利. 7 (infml approv 口, 褒) very skilful, effective, etc 熟练的; 有效的; 出色的: a mean golfer, chess-player, etc 出色的高尔夫球手、 国际象棋选手等 * a new tennis champion with a mean service 发球刁钻的新网球冠军. 8 (idm 习语) no mean sth (approv 褒) a very good or great performer or performance 出色的或了不起的表演者或表现: She's no mean player. 她是个中高手. * That was no mean achievement. 那是巨大的成就.
> meanie (also meany) / 5mi:nI; `minI/ n (joc 谑) ungenerous person 吝啬的人: Give me some more, you meanie! 再给我点儿, 你这吝啬鬼!
meanly adv.
meanness n [U].
3 / mi:n; min/ n 1 condition, quality, course of action,etc that is halfway between two extremes 中间; 中庸: You must find a mean between frankness and rudeness. 你要在坦诚与唐突之间取其中. 2 (mathematics 数) (a) midway point, quantity, etc between two extremes; average 中数; 平均数; 平均值: The mean of 13, 5 and 27 is found by adding them together and dividing by 3. 13、 5和27的平均数可将三数相加再除以3求得. (b) term between the first and the last of a series 比例中项: In 1:3 :: 3:9, the mean is 3. 在1:3 :: 3:9中, 比例中项是3. 3 (idm 习语) the happy/golden mean moderate course of action 中庸之道.
> mean adj [attrib 作定语] midway between two extremes; average 中间的; 平均的: the mean annual temperature 年平均温度.
Greenwich Mean Time
/ 9grenIdV 5mi:n taIm; `grInIdV`min 9taIm/ (abbr 缩写 GMT) (also Universal Time) time on the line of 0 longitude (which passes through Greenwich, London), used as a basis for calculating time throughout the world 世界时（也叫格林威治时间或格林尼治时间）.
pay
1 / peI; pe/ n [U]
1 money paid for regular work 工资; 薪金: an increase in pay/a pay increase 加薪 * He doesn't like the job, but the pay is good. 他不喜欢那工作, 但薪水很高. * (infml 口) What's the pay like (ie How much are you paid) in your job 你挣多少钱 * [attrib 作定语] pay negotiations 工资谈判. =>Usage at income 用法见 income.
2 (idm 习语) in the pay of sb/sth (derog 贬) employed by sb/sth, esp secretly 受雇於某人[某事物]（尤指秘密工作）: a spy in the pay of the enemy 敌人收买的间谍.
# `pay-claim n demand for an increase in pay made by a union for its members （工会为其会员提出的）加薪要求.
`pay-day n 1 day of the week or month on which wages or salaries are paid 发薪日. 2 (in the Stock Exchange) day when stock that has been transferred has to be paid for （证券交易所的）过户结帐日.
`pay dirt (US) earth containing enough ore to make mining profitable （有开采价值的）矿石, 矿砂.
`payload n 1 part of the load of a ship, an aircraft, etc for which payment is received, eg passengers and cargo, but not fuel 收费载重, 酬载（船舶、 飞机等的收费运载量, 如乘客、 货物而不包括燃料）. 2 explosive power of a bomb or warhead carried in an aircraft or a missile （飞行器或导弹所携的炸弹或弹头的）炸药量. 3 equipment carried by a satellite or spacecraft 有效荷载（卫星或航天器携带的仪器设备）.
`paymaster n 1 official who pays troops, workers, etc 负责发薪饷的军需官; 工薪出纳员. 2 (usu pl 通常作复数) (derog 贬) person who pays another person or group to do sth for him and who therefore controls his/their actions 雇用并操纵他人的人: The paymasters of these petty crooks are the big crime syndicates. 操纵这帮小流氓的就是那个大犯罪集团. ,Paymaster `General (Brit) minister in charge of the department of the Treasury through which payments are made （财政部）主计长.
`pay-packet n envelope containing an employee's wages 薪水袋.
`pay phone (US `pay station) coin-operated telephone（投币式）公用电话.
`payroll n (a) list of people employed by a company and the amount of money to be paid to each of them （公司员工的）薪水名册: a firm with 500 employees on the payroll, ie one that employs 500 people 有500名雇员的公司. (b) total amount of wages and salaries to be paid to the employees of a company （公司员工的）薪水总额.
`pay-slip n piece of paper that gives details of an employee's pay, including deductions for tax, insurance, etc 薪水单.
pay
2 / peI; pe/ v (pt, pp paid)
1 (a) [I, Ipr, Tn, Tn.pr, Dn.n, Dn.pr] ~ (sb) (for sth); ~ sth (to sb) (for sth) give (sb) money (for goods, services, etc) 付钱给（某人）（作为货物、 服务等的费用）:
My firm pays well, ie pays high wages. 我公司工酬优厚. * Are you paying in cash or by cheque 你用现款还是用支票支付 * They tried to leave the restaurant without paying (for their meal). 他们不付饭钱就要溜走. * Her parents paid for her to go (ie paid the cost of her travel) to America.她去美国的旅费是父母给的. * Have you paid the milkman this week 这星期给送奶人钱了吗 * pay sb by the hour/by the job 计时[计件]给某人付酬 * How much did you pay for your house 你买房花了多少钱 * We paid 50000 for our house. 我们买房花了5万英镑. * You haven't paid me the money you owe me. 你欠我的钱还没还给我呢. * She paid a dealer 2000 for that car. 她用2千英镑从汽车行买的这辆汽车. * Have you paid that money to the bank yet 你把那笔钱付给银行了吗 * You're not paid to sit around doing nothing! 花钱雇你来可不是让你光坐著不干活的!
(b) [Tn, Dn.n, Dn.pr] ~ sth (to sb) give (what is owed); hand over the amount of sth 还; 偿还; 缴付: pay taxes, rates, rent, etc 纳税、 交地方税、 缴租 * pay a bill, debt, fine, subscription, etc 付帐、 还债、 缴罚款、 交订费 * He paid the terrorist a ransom of 50000 for his kidnapped son. 他为救出被绑架的儿子向恐怖分子交付了5万英镑的赎金. * Membership fees should be paid to the club secretary. 会费应交给俱乐部秘书.
2 (a) [I] (of a business, etc) be profitable （指商业等）有利可图, 有收益: The shop closed because it didn't pay. 该店因不赚钱而关闭. * It's difficult to make sheep farming pay here. 养羊业在这里难有收益.
(b) [I, Tn] be advantageous or profitable to (sb) 对（某人）有利或有好处: Crime doesn't pay. 犯罪是得不偿失的. * It would pay (you) to use an accountant. 雇会计划得来. * It pays to be honest with the taxman. 纳税诚实不吃亏.
3 (idm 习语)
expenses paid => expense.
give/pay lip-service to sth => lip-service (lip).
he who ,pays the ,piper ,calls the `tune (saying 谚) the person who provides the money for sth should control how it is spent 花钱的人说话算数.
pay attention (to sb/sth) listen carefully to sb/sth; take notice of sb/sth 仔细听某人说的话[某事物]; 注意某人[某事物]: Pay attention when I'm talking to you! 我跟你说话的时候, 你要留心听! * pay attention to one's teacher 注意听老师讲课.
pay sb a compliment/pay a compliment to sb praise sb about sth 就某事物夸奖某人.
pay court to sb (becoming dated 渐旧) treat (esp a woman) with great respect or admiration in order to gain favour 向（尤指女人）献殷勤; 讨好; 求爱.
pay `dividends produce benefits or advantages 产生效益; 得到好处: I suggest you take more exercise; I think you'll find it pays dividends, ie it will make you fitter. 我建议你多运动, 多运动你就会觉得有好处.
pay heed (to sb/sth) take careful notice of sb/sth; heed sb/sth 注意某人[某事物]: She paid no heed to our warnings. 她不把我们的警告放在心上.
pay sb (back) in his own/the same `coin punish sb for treating one badly, by treating him in the same way 以其人之道还治其人之身.
pay/settle an old score => old.
pay the `penalty (for sth/doing sth) suffer because of wrongdoing, misfortune or an error 因过失、 不幸或缪误而受苦或受害: I'm paying the penalty for drinking too much last night; I've got a dreadful headache! 昨晚我酒喝得太多真是自讨苦吃, 现在头疼得很厉害!
pay a/the `price (for sth) suffer a disadvantage or loss in return for sth one has gained 为所得付出代价: Our troops recaptured the city, but they paid a heavy price for it, ie many were killed. 我军收复了该市, 但为此付出了沉重代价.
pay one's re`spects (to sb) (fml 文) visit sb as a sign of respect for him 探望某人以示敬意; 拜访; 拜见: Please pay my respects to your mother. 请代我向伯母致意. * Hundreds came to pay their last respects to the dead president, eg by attending his funeral. 数以百计的人前来向总统遗体告别. pay through the `nose (for sth) (infml 口) pay too much or a lot of money for sth 为某事物花钱过多.
pay (a) tribute to sb/sth express one's admiration or respect for sb/sth 对某人[某事物]表示赞赏或敬意: His colleagues paid generous tributes to the outgoing president. 同事们纷纷向即将卸任的总裁致敬.
pay sb/sth a visit visit sb/sth 访问某人; 参观某处.
pay one's/its `way (of a person, business, etc) support oneself/itself with money one/it has earned （指人）挣钱维持生活; （指企业）赢利维持营业.
put `paid to sth (infml 口) stop or destroy sth 结束或毁掉某事物: Coming to work drunk put paid to her hopes of promotion. 她上班总是醉醺醺的, 把晋升的希望都失去了.
rob Peter to pay Paul => rob.
there'll be the devil to pay => devil1.
there will be/was hell to pay => hell.
you ,pays your ,money and you ,takes your `choice (infml catchphrase 口, 警语) one should choose whatever alternative course of action, explanation etc, one wants, since any one is as good as any other 你花钱, 你挑选（谁都一样碰运气）.
4 (phr v)
pay sb back (sth); pay sth back return (money) to sb that one has borrowed from him 还（钱）给某人: Have you paid (me) back the money you owe me yet 你向我借的钱还（给我）了吗 * I'll pay you back next week. 我下星期还给你.
pay sb back (for sth) punish sb or get one's revenge 惩罚某人; 报复: I'll pay him back for the trick he played on me. 他对我使坏, 我得治治他.
pay for sth suffer or be punished for sth 为某事吃苦头或受惩罚: The home team paid (dearly) for their defensive errors, eg by losing the match. 主队因防守错误而（大）吃苦头（例如比赛输了）. * I'll make him pay for his insolence! 他蛮横无礼, 我要让他尝尝苦头!
pay sth in; pay sth into sth put (money) into (a bank account) 将（钱）存入（银行）: pay a cheque into one's account 把支票存入帐户.
pay off (infml 口) (of a risky policy, course of action, etc) bring good results; be successful; work （尤指冒风险的政策、 做法等）带来好结果, 成功, 行得通: The gamble paid off. 赌赢了.
pay sb off (a) pay the wages of sb and dismiss him from a job 付清某人工资予以解雇: pay off the crew of a ship 付清全体船员工资并予以解雇. (b) (infml 口) give money to sb to prevent him from doing sth; bribe sb 用钱收买某人使之不做某事; 贿赂某人.
pay sth off pay in full (money owed for sth) 全部偿还; 偿清: pay off one's debts, a loan, a mortgage, etc 还清债务、 贷款、 抵押款等.
pay sth out (a) (regularly) make a large payment (of money) for sth （按时）为某事物付巨款: I had to pay out 200 to get my car repaired! 我得花200英镑修理汽车! * We're paying out 300 a month on our mortgage. 我们每 月要付300英镑抵押贷款.
(b) release or pass (a length of rope, cord, etc) through the hands （自手中）放松, 放出（一段绳索等）.
pay up pay in full money that is owed for sth 付清全部欠款: I'll take you to court unless you pay up immediately. 除非马上还清欠款, 否则我和你打官司.
> payable / 5peIEbl; `peEbl/ adj [pred 作表语] that must or may be paid 应付; 可付: Instalments are payable on the last day of the month. 分期付的款可於每月最後一日交付. * The price of the goods is payable in instalments. 货款可以分期支付.
payee / peI5i:; pe`i/ n person to whom sth is (to be) paid 受款人; 收款人.
payer n person who pays or who has to pay for sth 付款人; 交款人.
# ,paid-`up adj having paid all money or subscriptions owed to a club, political party, etc （会员费、 党费等）已付清的, 已缴齐的: She's a (fully) ,paid-up member of the `party. 她是缴（清）了党费的党员.
,pay-as-you-`earn n [U] (Brit) (abbr 缩写 PAYE) method of collecting income tax by deducting it from an employee's wages or salary 预扣所得税法（从薪金中扣除所得税的制度）.
`pay-bed n (Brit) bed in a National Health hospital for which the user has paid as a private patient （国民保健医院的）自费病床.
,paying `guest person who lives in sb's house and pays for his board and lodging; lodger （私人家中的）寄膳宿者, 房客.
`pay-off n (infml 口) 1 act or occasion of paying money (esp a bribe) to sb 付给某人钱（尤指贿赂）. 2 deserved reward or punishment （应有的）报偿, 惩罚. 3 climax of a story or of a series of events （故事或事件的）高潮.
prepare
/ prI5peE(r); prI`pZr/ v
1 [I, Ipr, Tn, Tn.pr, Cn.t] ~ (sb/sth) (for sb/sth) get or make (sb/sth) ready 使（某人）有准备; 把（某事物）准备好; 预备:
I had no time in which to prepare. 我已来不及做准备了. * prepare for trouble 准备应付麻烦事 * prepare a meal, i.e. get food ready to be eaten 预备饭菜 * have everything prepared beforehand 事先把一切都准备好 * prepare children for an examination 指导儿童准备考试 * The troops were being prepared for battle/to go into battle. 部队已作好战斗准备[已准备好投入战斗].
2 (idm 习语)
be prepared for sth be ready for sth (esp sth unpleasant) 对某事物（尤指令人不愉快者）作好准备: I knew there were problems, but I was not prepared for this! 我知道有些问题, 却未料到这一点! * She was prepared for anything to happen. 她已准备好应付一切.
be prepared to do sth be able and willing to do sth 能够 并愿意做某事: I am prepared to lend you the money if you promise to pay it back. 我愿意把钱借给你, 你得答应还给我. * I am not prepared to stay and listen to these outrageous insults. 我可不愿意在这儿受这种奇耻大辱.
prepare the ground (for sth) make it possible or easier to develop sth 为发展某事物准备了条件: Early experiments with military rockets prepared the ground for space travel. 早期进行的军用火箭试验为宇航事业的发展打下了基础.
3 (phr v) prepare sb for sth cause sb to expect sth (esp sth unpleasant) 使某人对某事物（尤指令人不愉快者）有所准备: Prepare yourself for a nasty shock! 有件令人十分震惊的事, 你要有所准备!
> preparedness / prI5peErIdnIs; prI`pZrIdnIs/ n [U] being prepared 有所准备: a state of preparedness 有准备的状态.
proper
/ 5prCpE(r); `prBpL/ adj
1 (a) that fits, belongs or is suitable; fitting or appropriate 适合的; 适当的; 适宜的; 适用的; 恰当的:
clothes proper for the occasion 适於那种场合的衣服 * the proper tool for the job 适用於这种工作的工具 * The teapot has lost its proper lid but this one will do instead. 茶壶盖儿不见了, 但这个可代替使用.
(b) [attrib 作定语] according to the rules; right or correct 遵守规则的; 正确的; 对的:
the proper way to hold the bat 正确的执拍方法 * The reels of film were not in the proper order. 电影胶片卷盘的顺序弄错了.
2 according to or respecting social conventions; respectable遵照或尊重社会习俗的; 可敬的; 体面的:
After a very proper upbringing he chose to lead the Bohemian life of an artist. 他受过正统的教育, 却立意过著艺术家我行我素的生活. * She's not at all a proper person for you to know. 她可不是正派人, 你不应该结识她. Cf 参看 improper.
3 (a) [attrib 作定语] (infml 口) being in fact what it is called; genuine 名副其实的; 真正的:
She hadn't had a proper holiday for years. 多年来她都没有过真正的假期. * It was discovered that he was not a proper (ie qualified) doctor. 已经发现他并不是合格的医生.
(b) (placed after the n 置於名词之後) strictly so called; itself 严格而言的; 本身的:
You have to wait in a large entrance hall before being shown into the court proper. 进入皇宫时先要在入口大厅等候, 由人带领进入正殿. * Students have to do a year's preparation before they start the degree course proper. 学生要先念一年预科, 然後才能开始攻读学位课程.
4 [attrib 作定语] (infml 口) thorough; complete 彻底的; 十足的:
We're in a proper mess now. 我们现在真是一团糟. * He gave the burglar a proper hiding, ie beat him thoroughly. 他给了那窃贼一顿痛打.
5 (idm 习语) do the proper/right thing (by sb) => thing. prim and proper => prim.
> properly adv
1 in a proper manner 适当地; 恰当地; 循规蹈矩地; 正确地; 可敬地; 真正地; 严格地:
She will have to learn to behave properly. 她要懂得检点些. * Do it properly or don't do it at all. 要干就得好好干. * He is not properly (ie strictly) speaking a member of the staff. 严格说来, 他不算是职员.
2 (infml 口) thoroughly 彻底地:
He got properly beaten by the world champion. 他被那个世界冠军打得惨败.
# ,proper `fraction (mathematics 数) fraction that has a lower number above the line than below 真分数: , --- are proper fractions. ---都是真分数. Cf 参看 improper fraction (improper).
proper name (also `proper noun) (grammar) name of an individual person, place, etc (written with an initial capital letter), eg Jane, Mr Smith, London, Europe, the Thames 专有名词（人、 地等的专用称呼, 书写时以大写字母开头, 如Jane简、 Mr Smith史密斯先生、 London伦敦、 Europe欧洲、 the Thames泰晤士河）.
prove
/ pru:v; pruv/ v (pp proved; US proven / 5pru:vn;`pruvEn/) =>Usage 见所附用法.
1 [Tn, Tf, Dn.pr, Dpr.f] ~ sth (to sb) show that sth is true or certain by means of argument or evidence 证明某事物属实; 证实某事物:
prove sb's guilt/(that) sb is guilty 证明某人有罪 * Can you prove it to me 你能向我证实吗 * I shall prove to you that the witness is not speaking the truth. 我将向你证明, 证人说的不是真话.
2 (US probate) [Tn] establish that (a will) is genuine 认证（遗嘱）: The will has to be proved before we can inherit. 遗嘱要先认证, 然後我们才能继承遗产.
3 [La, Ln, Cn.a, Cn.n, Cn.t] ~ (oneself) sth be seen or found to be sth; turn out to be sth 显现出是某事物; 被发现是某事物:
The old methods proved best after all. 采用老方法结果反而是某事物最好. * The task proved (to be) more difficult than we'd thought. 这项任务原来比我们预想的难得多. * He proved himself (to be) a better driver than the world champion. 他的表现说明他的驾驶技术胜过世界冠军.
4 [I] (of dough) rise because of the action of yeast （指面团）发酵: leave the dough to prove for half an hour让面团发酵半小时.
5 (idm 习语)
the exception proves the rule => exception.
prove one's/the `case/`point demonstrate that one's/the statement, argument, criticism, etc is true or valid 表明自己的[该]言论、 论据、 批评等是符合事实的或确有根据的: He quoted figures to prove his case. 他援引数字以表明自己的说法确有根据. * She claimed that money had been wasted and our financial difficulties seemed to prove her point. 她断定那笔钱用得不是地方, 而我们在经济上遇到的困难却也似乎说明她言之有理.
> provable / -Ebl; -Ebl/ that can be proved 可证明的; 可证实的: a provable case of negligence 证据确凿的玩忽职守事件.
provably / -EblI; -EblI/ adv.
NOTE ON USAGE 用法: Prove and shave have alternative past participle forms *prove和shave均有两种过去分词形式: proved/proven; shaved/shaven. The irregular forms are more common in US than in British English. 不规则形式在美式英语中比在英式英语中用得多. Shaven and proven are mostly used adjectivally *shaven和proven多用作形容词性的修饰成分: a well-proven method 充分证明行之有效的方法 * a shaven head 剃光的头.
put
/ pUt; pJt/ v (-tt-, pt, pp put)
1 (a) [Tn.pr, Tn.p] move (sth/sb), esp away from oneself, so that it/he is in the specified place or position 将（某物[某人]）置於某处所或位置; 放; 放置:
She put the book on the table. 她把书放在桌子上了. * `Where did you put the scissors ' `I put them (back) in the drawer.' ‘你把剪刀放在哪儿了 ’‘我把它放（回）到抽屉里了.’ * Did you put sugar in my tea 你在我的茶里加糖了吗 * He put his hands in his pockets. 他把双手插在口袋里. * She put her arm round his shoulders. 她的一只手臂搭在他的双肩上. * She put her hand to her mouth. 她用一只手捂住嘴. * You've put the picture too high up (on the wall). 你把这幅画挂得太高了. * The Americans put a man on the moon in 1969. 美国人於1969年把人送上了月球. * It's time to put the baby to bed. 该让那婴儿上床睡觉了. * Maradona put the ball in the net, ie scored a goal in a football match. 马拉多纳把球踢进了网内.
(b) [Tn.pr] fit or fix (sth) to sth else 使（某物）与他物配合; 将（某物）固定於他物上: Will you please put (ie sew) a patch on these trousers 请你在这条裤子上缝个补丁好吗 * We must put a new lock on the front door. 我们得在前门上安一把新锁.
(c) [Tn.pr] thrust (sth) in a specified direction 猛推（某物）; 使（某物）刺向...: She put a knife between his ribs. 她举起一把刀子刺进了他的肋骨间. * He put his fist through a plate-glass door. 他挥拳打穿了一扇玻璃门.
(d) [Tn.pr, Tn.p] write or mark (sth) on sth 在某物上书写或标上（某事物）: put one's signature to a document 在文件上签字 * put a cross against sb's name 在某人的名字上打叉 * Put your name here. 把你的名字签在这里.
2 [Tn.pr] cause (sb/sth) to be in the specified state or condition 使（某人[某事物]）处於某状:
The incident put her in a bad mood. 这件事使她心情很不好. * Your decision puts me in an awkward position. 你的决定把我弄得很尴尬. * IThe injury to her back will put her out of action for several weeks. 她背部受了伤, 几个星期都活动不了. * The Russians plan to put a satellite into orbit round Mars. 俄国人计画把一颗人造卫星送入环绕火星的轨道.
3 [Tn.pr] rate or classify (sb/sth) in the specified way 将（某人[某事物]）看作或列为...:
I wouldn't put him among the greatest composers. 我认为他算不上一个最伟大的作曲家. * I put her in the top rank of modern novelists. 我把她看做是当代第一流的小说家. * As a writer I'd put him on a par/level with Joyce. 我认为他这位作家与乔伊斯实乃伯仲之间.
4 [Tn, Tn.pr] (used esp with a following adv or in questions after how 尤与以下副词连用或用於以how开始的问句中) express or state (sth) 表达或表述（某事物）: She put it very tactfully. 她说得很有技巧. * That's very well put. 那话十分得体. * How shall I put it 我该怎么说才好呢 * As T.S. Eliot puts it... 正如T.S.艾略特所说... * `The election result was a disaster for the country.' `I wouldn't put it quite like that.' ‘这次选举的结果对国家来说是个灾难.’‘我看未必如此.’
5 [Tn] throw (esp the shot) with an upward movement of the arm, as an athletic exercise 以手臂向上抛掷（尤指铅球）. Cf 参看 shot-put (shot1).
6 (idm 习语) not put it past sb (to do sth) (infml 口) (used with would 与would连用) consider sb capable of doing sth malicious, illegal, etc 认为某人有可能做坏事、 不合法的事等: I wouldn't put it past him to steal money from his own grandmother! 我认为他偷他祖母的钱这事不是不可能的! put it to sb that... suggest to sb that it is true that...; invite sb to agree that... 向某人表明事实是...; 请某人同意...: I put it to you that you are the only person who had a motive for the crime. 我让你明白你是唯一具有犯罪动机的人. put sb `through it (infml 口) force sb to undergo sth demanding or unpleasant 强使某人承担费力的或讨厌的事: They really put you through it (ie ask you difficult questions, etc) at the interview. 他们在面试时提的问题的确够你受的. put to`gether (used after a n or ns referring to a group of people or things 用於名词之後, 指人或事物之群体) combined 加在一起; 汇总: Your department spent more last year than all the other departments put together. 你们部门去年的花销比其他所有部门的加起来还多. (For other idioms containing put, see entries for ns, adjs, etc 查阅与put搭配的其他习语见有关名词、 形容词等的词条, 如 put one's foot in it => foot1; put sth right => right1.)
7 (phr v) put (sth) a`bout (nautical 海) (cause sth to) change direction （使某物）改变方向:
The ship put slowly about. 那船慢慢改变了航向. * The captain put the ship about. 船长更改了船的航向. put sth about spread or circulate (false news, rumours, etc) 散布, 传播（假消息、 谣言等）: He's always putting about malicious rumours. 他老是散布别有用心的谣言. * It's being put about that the Prime Minister may resign. 有谣传说首相可能辞职.
put sth above sth => put sth before/above sth.
put sth across sb (infml 口) trick sb into accepting a claim, etc that is worthless or untrue 哄骗某人接受无谓的或虚假的说法等: Are you trying to put one across me 你想蒙我吧 put oneself/sth a`cross/`over (to sb) communicate or convey (one's personality, an idea, etc) to sb 让某人认识（自己的个性）; 沟通或传达（思想等）: He doesn't know how to put himself across at interviews. 他不知道在面试时怎样把自己的意思讲清楚. * She's very good at putting her ideas across. 她非常善於表达思想.
put sth a`side (a) place sth to one side 把某物放到一边: She put the newspaper aside and picked up a book. 她把报纸放下, 拿起了一本书.
(b) save (a sum of money) to use later; reserve (an item) for a customer to collect later 储存（某钱数）以备他日之需; 为顾客保留（物品）: She's put aside a tidy sum for her retirement. 她存了一笔相当可观的钱以备退休之用. * We'll put the suit aside for you, Mr Parkinson. 帕金森先生, 我们暂时为你保留这套衣服.
(c) disregard, ignore or forget sth 不顾、 忽视或不再想某事物: They decided to put aside their differences. 他们决定抛开彼此的分歧.
put sth at sth calculate or estimate (the size, cost, etc of sth) to be (the specified weight, amount, etc) 计算, 估计（某物之大小、 价值等）: I would put his age at about sixty. 我估计他大概有六十岁. * `What would you put the price of this car at ' `I'd put it at 15000.' ‘你看这辆汽车值多少钱 ’‘我看值15000英镑.’
put sb a`way (often passive 常用於被动语态) (infml 口) confine sb in a prison or mental hospital 把某人关进监狱或精神病院: He was put away for ten years for armed robbery. 他因持械抢劫而关押了十年. * She went a bit odd and had to be put away. 她有点不正常, 只好送进了疯人院.
put sth a`way (a) put sth in a box, drawer, etc because one has finished using it （使用完毕）将某物收起或放入箱子、 抽屉等中: Put your toys away in the cupboard, when you've finished playing. 你把玩具玩儿完了以後放进柜子里去. * I'm just going to put the car away, ie in the garage. 我正要把车开进车库里去.
(b) save (money) to use later 存（钱）以备他日之需: She's got a few thousand pounds put away for her retirement. 她已存了几千镑以备退休之用.
(c) (infml 口) eat or drink (a large quantity of food or drink) 吃, 喝（大量食物或饮料）: He must have put away half a bottle of whisky last night. 昨晚他大概喝了半瓶威士忌酒. * I don't know how he manages to put it all away! 我真不知道他怎么吃得这样多!
put sth `back (a) return sth to its proper place; replace sth 把某物放回原处; 放回某物: Please put the dictionary back on the shelf when you've finished with it. 词典用完後请放回到书架上.
(b) move (the hands of a clock) back to give the correct time 把（钟表指针）倒拨（校准）: My watch is fast; it needs putting back five minutes. 我的表快了, 需要拨回五分钟.
(c) move sth to a later time or date; postpone sth 使某事物延期或延迟; 推迟某事物: This afternoon's meeting has been put back to next week. 今天下午的会议已延至下星期举行.
(d) cause sth to be delayed 使某事物延误: The lorry drivers' strike has put back our deliveries by over a month. 因卡车司机罢工, 我们的交货日期延误了一个多月.
(e) (infml 口) drink (a large quantity of alcohol) （大量地）喝（酒）: By midnight he had put back nearly two bottles of wine. 到半夜时分他已喝了近两瓶酒.
put sth before/above sth treat or regard sth as more important than sth else 把某事物看得比其他事物重要:
He puts his children's welfare before all other considerations.他把子女的幸福看得比什么都重要.
put sth `by save (money) to use in the future 存（钱）以备未来之需: She has a fair amount of money put by. 她存了不少钱.
put (sth) `down (of an aeroplane or its pilot) land; land (an aeroplane, etc) （指飞机或飞行员）著陆; 将（飞机等）降落: He put (the glider) down in a field. 他（把滑翔机）降落在田地里了.
put sb down (a) (of a bus, coach, etc) allow sb to get off （指公共汽车、 长途汽车等）让某人下车: The bus stopped to put down some passengers. 公共汽车停下来让一些旅客下车.
(b) (infml 口) humiliate or snub sb 羞辱或怠慢某人: He's always putting his wife down in public. 他老是当众羞辱妻子.
put sth down (a) place sth on a table, shelf, etc; set down sth that is dangerous or a nuisance to others 把某物放到桌子、 架子等上; 把对别人有危险或有妨碍之某物放下: Put down that knife before you hurt somebody! 把那刀子放下, 以免伤人! * I can't put this novel down, ie because I am enjoying it so much. 这本小说我实在撂不下（因为我读上了瘾）.
(b) place sth in storage; place (wine) in a cellar to mature 把某物储藏起来; 窖（酒）: I put down a couple of cases of claret last year. 去年我把几箱红葡萄酒放进地窖使之香醇.
(c) write sth down; make a note of sth 把某事物写下来; 记下某事物: I'm having a party next Saturday; put it down in your diary so you don't forget. 本星期六我有个聚会; 把这事记在你的日记里吧, 以免忘了.
(d) stop, suppress or abolish sth by force or authority 使用力量或权威禁止、 压制或废止某事物: put down a rebellion, a revolt, an uprising, etc 镇压叛乱、 反叛、 起义等 * The military junta is determined to put down all political opposition. 这个军人集团决心镇压政治上的一切反对派.
(e) (often passive 常用於被动语态) kill (an animal) because it is old or sick; destroy sth 宰杀（衰老或有病的动物）; 破坏某事物: The horse broke a leg in the fall and had to be put down. 这马跌断了一条腿, 不得不杀掉. * Our cat was getting so old and sick that we had her put down. 我们的老猫病成这个样子, 该把它杀掉了.
(f) (esp in Parliament) include sth on the agenda for a meeting or debate （尤指议会中）将某事列入议程, 将某事提交会议辩论: The Opposition plan to put down a censure motion on the Government's handling of the affair. 反对党拟将谴责政府处理该事的动议提交议会辩论. put sb down as sb consider sb to be (the specified type of person); take sb to be sb 认为某人是（某种类型的人）; 把某人当作某种人: I put him down as a retired naval officer. 我看他是个退役的海军军官.
put sb down for sth (a) write down that sb is willing or wishes to buy or contribute sth 登记某人预购或认捐某物: Put me down for three tickets for Saturday's performance. 给我登记购买三张星期六的演出票.
(b) put (sb's name) on the waiting-list for admission to a private school 为（某人）预约报名（进入私立学校）: They've put their son down for Eton. 他们已为儿子预约报名入伊顿公学.
put sth down to sth (a) charge (an amount or item) to a particular account 把（数额或项目）记在某帐户上: Would you put these shoes down to my account, please W请你把这双鞋记在我的帐上好吗 (b) consider that sth is caused by sth; attribute sth to sth 认为某事物系由另事物所引起; 把某事物归因於另事物: What do you put her success down to 你认为她成功的原因是什么 * I put it all down to her hard work and initiative. 我把这一切归因於她工作又勤奋又主动.
put sth forth (fml 文) (of trees and plants) send out or produce (buds, shoots, etc) （指花草树木）长出（花蕾）或发（芽等）: Spring has come and the hedges are putting forth new leaves. 春天到了, 树篱长出了新叶子.
put oneself/sb forward present oneself or propose or recommend sb as a candidate for a job, position, etc 自荐或提名或推荐某人为某职务、 职位等的候选人: Two left-wingers have been put forward for the Labour Party's National Executive. 两名左翼成员被提名为工党全国执行委员会的委员. * Can I put you/your name forward for golf club secretary 我推荐你[提名让你]担任高尔夫球俱乐部的秘书好吗
put sth forward (a) move (the hands of a clock) forward to give the correct time 把（钟表指针）顺拨（校准）: Put your watch forward; you're five minutes slow. 把你的表往前拨拨; 你的表慢了五分钟.
(b) move sth to an earlier time or date 将某事物提前: We've put forward (the date of) our wedding by one week. 我们将婚礼（日期）提前了一周.
(c) advance, propose or suggest sth for discussion 提出某事供讨论; 提请审议某事: put forward an argument, a plan, a suggestion, etc 提出一论据、 一计画、 一建议等 * She is putting forward radical proposals for electoral reform. 她为选举制度的改革提出极为激进的建议.
put `in interrupt another speaker in order to say sth; interject 插话; 插嘴: `But what about us ' he put in. ‘可是我们怎么办呢 ’他插嘴问道.
put sb in (a) give duties to sb (eg in an office building) 指派某人担任职务（如在办公楼内）: put in a caretaker, a security man, etc 指派管理员、 保安员等. (b) elect (a political party) to govern a country 选举（某政党）执掌政权: The electorate put the Tories in with an increased majority in 1983. 1983年选民选举保守党执政, 其票数超过了上届的多数票. (c) (of the team that wins the toss in cricket) ask (the opposing team) to bat first （指板球戏於掷钱币中获胜的队）请（对方）首先击球: Australia won the toss and put England in (to bat). 澳大利亚队於掷币中获胜, 要求英格兰队首先击球.
put sth in (a) install or fit sth 安装或设置某物: We put new central heating in when we moved here. 我们搬到这儿的时候安装了集中供暖设备. * We're having a new shower put in. 我们正在安装新的淋浴器. (b) include or insert sth in a story, narrative, etc （在故事、 叙述等中）包括或插入某事物: If you're writing to your mother, don't forget to put in something about her coming to stay. 你要是正在给你母亲写信, 可别忘了加上几句请她来住上几天. (c) present sth formally; submit sth 正式提出某事物; 呈交某事物: put in a claim for damages, higher wages 提出赔偿损失、 提高工资的要求. (d) manage to strike (a blow) or say sth 给予（打击）; 说某话: Tyson put in some telling blows to Tucker's chin. 泰森重击了塔克的下颚几拳. * Could I put in a word (ie say sth) at this point 我现在说几句行吗 (e) spend (a period of time) working at sth 花费（一段时间）做某事物: She often puts in twelve hours' work a day. 她常常一天工作十二小时. * I must put in an hour's gardening this evening. 今晚我得用一个小时干些园艺活儿.
put sth in; put sth into sth/doing sth devote (time, effort, etc) to sth 用（时间、 精力等）做某事: Thank you for all the hard work you've put in. 谢谢你的这一切努力. * We've put a great deal of time and effort into this project. 我们为这一项目付出了大量的时间和精力. * She's putting a lot of work into improving her French. 她正在下功夫进修法语.
put in (at...)/putinto... (of a ship, its crew, etc) enter (a port or harbour)（指船、 全体船员等）进入（港口）: The boat put in at Lagos/put into Lagos for repairs. 那船进了拉各斯港进行检修.
put in for sth apply formally for sth 申请某事物: Are you going to put in for that job 你打算申请那份工作吗
put oneself/sb/sth in for sth enter oneself/sb/sth for (a competition) 使自己[某人/某物]参加（竞赛）: She's put herself in for the 100 metres and the long jump. 她参加了百米赛跑和跳远.
put sb in for sth recommend sb for (a job, an award, etc) 推荐某人获（职位、 奖励等）: The commanding officer put Sergeant Williams in for a medal for bravery. 指挥官推荐威廉斯中士获勇敢勋章.
put `off (of a boat, its crew, etc) move away from a pier, jetty, etc （指船、 全体船员等）驶离码头等: We put off from the quay. 我们驶离了码头.
put sb off (a) (of a vehicle, boat, etc) stop in order to allow sb to get off （指车船等）停住让某人下去: I asked the bus driver to put me off near the town centre. 我请公共汽车司机在快到市中心时让我下车. (b) postpone or cancel a meeting or an engagement with sb 推迟或取消会议或与某人的约会: We've invited friends to supper and it's too late to put them off now, ie to tell them not to come. 我们已邀请朋友来吃晚饭, 现在取消已来不及了. * She put him off with the excuse that (ie said that she could not see him because) she had too much work to do. 她以工作太忙为藉口取消了跟他的约会. (c) make sb feel dislike; displease, repel or disgust sb 使某人不高兴; 惹某人不悦、 厌恶或反感: He's a good salesman, but his offhand manner does tend to put people off. 他是个很好的推销