八年级英语暑假词类复习---构词法
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八年级英语暑假词类复习
名词
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可用下图表示：
1. 名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读/z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 –es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 –s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
2. 其它名词复数的规则变化
1）以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：
two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2）以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。
3）以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f, fe 加ves，如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
3. 名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。
但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
例如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词。
如：a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜） trousers, clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）；suit（套）；a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别的意思，
如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。
4. 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。（不可数）These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 （可数）
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：This factory produces steel. （不可数）
We need various steels. （可数）
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如： Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2）抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一条建议。
5. 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1）用复数作定语。例如sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2）man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如：
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：goods train （货车） arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees
两百棵树 a five-year plan一个五年计划
6. 不同国籍人的单复数
国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
7. 名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加“'s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1）单数名词词尾加“'s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2）若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3）凡不能加“'s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of+名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示“分别有”；只有一个's，则表示“共有”。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（两间） John and Mary's room（一间）
6）复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two's absence
名词
一、名词的种类
名词是所有事物的名称，包括人、物及抽象概念。名词分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。
1. 普通名词 ：普通名词是某类人、事件、物体和抽象概念的名称。根据其所指代物体的特征，普通名词又可分为以下四类：
A. 个体名词 表示人或物体中可以数清的单个体。如：student（学生）、pen（钢笔）、bird（鸟）等。
B. 集体名词 （即集合名词）表示由个体组成的集合体。如people（人民）、police（警察）、family（家庭）等。
C. 物质名词 表示构成物质的不可数名词，或表示无法分为个体的物质的名词。如water（水）、air（空气）、wood（木头）等。
D. 抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、情感等非具体化的抽象概念。如work（工作）、peace（和平）、love（爱）等。
2. 专有名词
专有名词是某些人、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称。主要包括：人名、地名、国名、党派名称等。如：Churchill（丘吉尔）、Tokyo（东京）、China（中国）、the Communist Party of China（中国共产党）等。
二、名词的性
名词按其所表达的物体的自然性别可以分为四类。
1. 阴性名词：表示女性或雌性动物的名词。如woman（女人）、hostess（女主人）、cow（母牛）等。
2. 阳性名词：表示男性或雄性动物的名词。如man（男人）、host（男主人）、bull（公牛）等。
3. 中性名词：表示物体和抽象概念的名词。如radio（收音机）、love（爱）、tree（树）、friend（朋友）等。
4. 通性名词：多数英语名词不分性，这类名词特指人类、适用于男性和女性组成的小群体或男性、女性个体。如parents（父母）、couple（夫妇）、children（孩子们）、child（孩子）、person（一个人）等。
三、名词的数
名词分可数名词和不可数名词
1. 可数名词：个体名词都是可数名词。每个可数名词都有其单数和复数形式。
A. 单数表示“一个”的概念。用名词的单数时，名词前需加 a 或 an。如 a book（一本书）、a river（一条河）、an apple（一个苹果）、an orange（一个橘子）等。
B. 复数表示两个或两个以上的物体。如two pens（两支钢笔）、three days（三天）、three cities（三个城市）等。
复数形式的构成有两种：规则名词复数形式的构成和不规则名词复数形式的构成。具体见下面。
规则名词复数形式的构成
词形特点 变为复数形式的构成方法 例词
大多数名词在词尾加-s（在清辅音后读[s]，在浊辅音及元音后读[z]。）
cat—cats bag—bags day—days 以 s、x、ch、sh 结尾的名词在词尾加 -es, 读作[iz]
class—classes match--matches
以辅音字母 + y 结尾的名词把 y 变成 i, 加 -es, 读作[iz]
city—cities（但专有名词例外，直接在 y后加-s，读作[z]Germany—Germanys）
以辅音字母 +o结尾的名词一般直接加 -es , 读作[z]
（某些外来词例外，加 –s，如tomato—tomatoes photo—photos piano—pianos）
以元音字母 + o 结尾的名词直接加 -s, 但读作[z] zoo—zoos radio--radios
以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词有的直接加 -s, 读作[z] roof--roofs
大多数要将 f 或 fe 变为 v, 再加-es,读作[z] leaf—leaves wife--wives
有些词两种形式都可以 handkerchief--handkerchiefs--handkerchieves
不规则名词复数形式的构成
复数形式的构成特点 例词
通过改变词内元音字母 man--men foot—feet tooth--teeth mouse--mice（老鼠）
通过在词尾加-en ox--oxen（牛） child--children
单复数形式相同 a sheep--two sheep a deer--two deer（鹿）a Chinese--two Chinese（中国人）
外来词保持其原有的复数形式 crisis--crises（危机） basis--bases（基础）phenomenon--phenomena（现象）
复合名词复数形式的构成
词的构成特点 变复数的方法 例词
由若干部分组成并含有一种中心词（指人的词）将中心词变为复数形式
son-in-law （女婿）--sons-in-law grandchild（孙子）--grandchildren looker-on （旁观者）--lookers-on
组成部分均为表示人的主体词各组成部分都要变为复数形式
woman doctors（女医生）--women doctor man servant（男仆）--men servants
组成部分没有中心词最后一个组成词上加 -s
grown-up （成年人）--grown-ups go-between（中间人）--go-betweens
只有复数形式的名词
词形特点 例词
由相同两部分组成的物体的名称 ：scissors（剪刀） trousers（裤子） glasses（眼镜）
以-ing 结尾的名词化的动名词 ：savings（积蓄） earnings（工资） belongings（所有物） surroundings（周围环境）
已约定俗成的名词形式 ：arms（武器） stairs（楼梯） thanks（感谢）
只有单数形式的名词 ：如：advice（意见） labour（劳动） information（信息、消息） furniture（家具）traffic（交通）
2. 不可数名词
表示无法分清个体的名词。不过，有些词在汉语中可数，在英语中却不可数。例如：news（新闻）、furniture（家具）、bread（面包）等。此类不可数名词要表示“一”这个概念时，需用其它方式表达，如 a piece of news，a piece of furniture，a loaf of bread 等。
一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，通常没有复数形式，但有时为了表示“不同类”或“大量”时，可以用复数形式，例如：China is rich in waters. 中国有丰富的水资源。
四、名词的格
名词的格是表示名词与句中其他词之间关系的名词形式。名词的格主要有三种：主格、宾格和所有格。
名词的主格与宾格的形式相同，即名词的原形，这种形式也被称为通格或普通格。
名词的所有格又称属格，表示所有关系。
1. 名词所有格形式的构成
A. 大多数单数名词后加 's 构成其所有格形式。 Mary's telephone number 玛丽的电话号码
the boy's ball 男孩的球
B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词，在 s 后加 ' 。 the teachers' office 老师们的办公室
the students' dorms 学生宿舍
C. 不以s结尾的复数名词所有格的构成形式与单数名词的相同。 the children's toys 孩子们的玩具
the women's hats 女人们的帽子
D. 复合词和由两个或两个以上名词表示共有关系的词组，在最后一个名词后加所有格符号's。
his son-in-law's friend 他女婿的朋友 Mary and Linda's mother 玛丽和琳达的母亲
E. 如果两个或两个以上名词表示分别的拥有关系，则在每个名词后分别加's。
Mary's and Linda's books 玛丽的书和琳达的书 。Tom's and Peter's fathers 汤姆的父亲和彼得的父亲
2. 以介词 of 加名词组成 of 属格
the title of the text 课文的题目。 the roof of a house 屋顶
3. “－'s”与“of”两种所有格的区别
A. “－'s”所有格形式多用于表示有生命的名词，或表示与人类活动有关的时间、地点、机构等名词。
Tom's books 汤姆的书。 today's newspaper 今天的报纸
B. “of”所有格主要表示无生命的东西。the topic of the conversation 话题 the surface of the earth 地球表面
C. 表示类别或属性时，只能用“－'s”所有格形式。
a women's college 女子学院。 children's books 儿童读物（试比较：a college of the women 那些女人的学院）
D. 所有格中的名词后面有定语（如现在分词短语或介词短语等），只能用"of"所有格形式。
It is the book of the boy speaking to the teacher． 这是正同老师说话的那个男生的书。
He is a student of the Fifth Middle School in Xi'an． 他是西安第五中学的学生。
E. 当所有格中的名词是以定冠词加形容词的形式出现时，只能用 of 构成的所有格形式。
the happiness of the old 老年人的幸福。 the problems of the young 年轻人的问题
4. 在以下情况中，只能用of与 's 构成双重所有格
所有格所修饰的名词前面有一个数量词或一个指示代词that时，要用双重所有格（数量词包括 a，two，some，no，any，few等）。
a friend of Mary's（=a friend of Mary's friends） 玛丽的一个朋友
some books of the teacher's 老师的一些书。 that son of Mr.Smith's 史密斯先生的那个儿子
that smile of the boy's 那个孩子的微笑 。 注：双重所有格修饰的名词不能与定冠词 the 连用。
5. 动名词所有格的省略式
A. 当名词所有格所修饰的名词在前面已出现过，为避免重复，往往省略。
I need your help, not Mary's. 我需要你的帮助，不是玛丽的（帮助）。
B. 当被所有格修饰的名词表示店铺、教堂或某人的家时，这一名词省略。
I'm going to the tailor's to get my dress. 我要去裁缝店拿我的衣服。
We'll visit St. Paul's （cathedral）. 我们将参观圣保罗教堂。
They took part in the birthday party at Tom's. 他们参加了在汤姆家举行的生日聚会。
五、名词的句法功能
1. 在句中作主语
This book is very useful. 这本书很有用。Mary is to meet you at the airport. 玛丽将在机场接你。
2. 作表语
My brother is a worker. 我弟弟是个工人。She is a writer. 她是个作家。
3. 作宾语或复合宾语
He finished his task on time. 他按时完成了他的任务。We made Tom our monitor. 我们选汤姆为我们的班长。
4. 作定语
He got three gold medals at the 23rd Olympic Games. 他在第二十三届奥运会上取得了三块金牌。
rain drops 雨点 colour film 彩色电影 。注：名词作定语修饰名词，通常表示事物的属性、本质特征、内容、材料、目的等。这些形容词化的名词与形容词作定语在语义上有一定的区别。
golden medal 金色的奖牌（颜色，非材料） gold medal 金牌（质地材料为金子）
colourful dress 色彩鲜艳的女装（仅指颜色） colour film 彩色电影（属性为彩色的）
5. 作状语
The meeting lasted two hours. 会议持续了两个小时。 Wait a moment. 等一会儿。
He was late for class this morning. 今天早晨他上课迟到了。
6. 作同位语
Mr. Smith, our leader, is speaking now. 史密斯先生，我们的领导，正在讲话。
We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。
7. 作称呼语
Come here, Mary. 玛丽，到这儿来。 Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们，先生们，早上好。
【模拟试题】（答题时间：70分钟）
一、单项选择
1. He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.
A. little wage B. few wage
C. wage D. wages
2. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
A. an ash B. the ash C. ash D. ashes
3. The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
A. many preparations B. much preparation
C. preparations D. preparation
4. Painting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
A. oil B. an oil C. oils D. the oil
5. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn't ____ oil here.
A. much B. lots of
C. a great deal of D. many
6. The large houses are being painted, but ______.
A. of great expense B. at a great expense
C. in a lot of expenses D. by high expense
7. The room was small and contained far too ______.
A. much new furniture
B. much new furnitures
C. many new furniture
D. many new furnitures
8. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
A. rooms number B. room number
C. room's numbers D. room numbers
9. Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
A. great many…many
B. much…a great deal
C. a great deal of…much
D. many…a great many
10. She didn't know _____ he had been given.
A.how many information
B.how many informations
C. the number of information
D.how much information
11. He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
A. comrade-in-arms B. comrades-in-arm
C. comrades-in-arms D. comrade-in-arm
12. All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
A. women doctors B. woman doctors
C. women doctor D. woman doctor
13. After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
A. growns-ups B. growns-up
C. grown-up D. grown-ups
14. The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
A. stander-by B. standers-by
C. stander-bys D. standers-bys
15. The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
A. prisoner-of-wars B. prisoners-of-war
C. prisoners-of-wars D. prisoner-of-war
16. The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
A. new reel B. news reel
C. new-reels D. news reels
17. Mary's dress is similar in appearance to her ______. A. elder sister B. elder sister's
C. elder sisters D. elder sisters dress
18. All the people at the conference are ______.
A. mathematic teachers B. mathematics teacher
C. mathematics teachers D. mathematic's teachers
19. Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
A. some property B. properties
C. some properties D. property
20. Physics _____ with matter and motion.
A. deal B. deals C. dealing D. are
21. He has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends.
A. have B. have been C. is D. are
22. After he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.
A. father-in-law's C. father's-in-law
B. father-in-law D. father's-in-law's
23. He told me _____ would come to his birthday party.
A. many Jack friends C. many Jack's friend
B. Jack's many friends D. many friends of Jack's
24. I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.
A. barber B. barbers C. barber's D. barbers'
25. Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______.
A. Peter and Helen's C. Peter and Helen
B. Peter and Helens D. Peter's and Helen's
26. .______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun's energy.
A. The earth's surface C. The surface of earth
B. The surface earth D. The earth surface
27. Numerous materials are available to ______.
A. today of designers C. today's of designers
B. today's designers D. today designers
28. Why did you speak to Peter that way Don't you know he is an old friend of ______
A. my brother B. my brothers
C. my brother's D. my brother's friend
29. ______ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.
A. This John's old friend
C. That's Jahn's old friend
B. This old friend of John
D. This old friend of John's
30. ______ is too much for a little boy to carry.
A. A bike's weight C. The weight of a bike
B. The weights of a bike D. Bilk's weight
31. Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.
A. little B. much C. a large number of D. a large amount of
32. When they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left.
A. only few seats B. a very few seats
C. only a few seats D. so a few seats
33. ______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.
A. A little mail B. A piece of mail
C. A mail D. A small mail
34. The department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there.
A. a new equipment C. new equipments
B. a new piece of equipment
D. new pieces of equipments
35. The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work.
A. little improvement C. many improvements
B. a little improvement D. few improvements
36. Today's modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models.
A. only a few B. only few C. only a little D. only little
37. No country can afford to neglect ______.
A. an education B. educations
C. education D. the education
38. Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______.
A. eighth chapter B. chapter eight
C. eight chapter D. chapter the eight
39. ______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys' and apes'.
A. The intelligent dog C.The intelligence of dogs
B. The dogs whose intelligence
D. The dogs being intelligent
40. All ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.
A. business student B. business's students
C. business students D. business's student
41. ______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
A. Three minutes call C. A three-minutes call
B. Three-minute call D. A three-minute call
42. The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.
A. public's chief concern C. chief public concern
B. public chief concern D. chief concern of public's
43. ______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.
A. Chinese were B. The Chinese was
C. Chinese was D. The Chinese were
44. ______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.
A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on
C. Looker-ons D. Lookers-ons
45. A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.
A. were B. have been C. was D. has been
46. Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be.
A. is B. are C. be D. been
47. One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum.
A. much of tomorrow food
C. many of tomorrow's food
B. much of the food of tomorrow
D. much of tomorrow's food
48. Scott is an orphan but he received ______.
A. very good education C. a very good education
B. very good educations D. many good educations
49. After several day's hardworking, we have made ______ on the design.
A. much improvement.C. many improvement
B. several improvements D. some improvement
50. The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.
A. shoes shop B. shoe shop
C. shoes's shop D. shoe's
51. Eggs, though nourishing, have ______ of fat content.
A. large number B. a large number
C. a high amount D. the high amount
52. He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.
A. research B. a research
C. researches D. the researches
53. Recently, he has lost all his ______.
A. wage and saving at card
C. wages and saving at card
B. wages and savings at card
D. wages and savings at cards
54. The country's wealth comes chiefly from its many ______.
A. herd of cattle B. herd of cattles
C. herds of cattle D. herds of cattles
55. In Britain the ______ are all painted red.
A. letter boxes B. letters box
C. letters boxes D. letters's box
56. Ten years had passed. I found she had ______.
A. a little white hair C. a few white hair
B. some white hair D. much white hair
57. All his ______ far from satisfaction
A. conduct is B. conduct are
C. conducts is D. conducts will be
58. Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done.
A. a few damages B. few damages
C. little damage D. a little damage
59. He was ______ what to do.
A. at his wit end B. at his wits end
C. at his wit's end D. at his wits's end
60. Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me
A. two toasts B. two pieces of toast
C. two piece of toasts..D. tow pieces of toasts
61. Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable.
A. datum B. datums C. data D. datas
62. On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______.
A. how-are-yous C. how-are-you's
B. of how-are-you's D. of how are you
63. Albert said he met the girl ______
A. at his uncle's Smith room
C. at his uncle Smith's room
B. at Smith's his uncle's room
D. at the room of his uncle's Smith's
64. It is four months since I last saw Keats ______.
A. at Mr Smith's ,the book seller
C. at my aunt's, a book seller
B. at my aunt's, Mrs Palmer's
D. at Mrs Palmer's, the book seller's
65. This room is ______.
A. the editor's-in-chief's office
C. the editor-in-chief's office
B. the editor-in-chief office
D. the editor's-in-chief office
66. My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at ______.
A. a teacher college C. a teacher's college
B. a teachers's college D. a college of a teacher's
67. The policemen put the criminal ______.
A. in a iron B. into a iron
C. in irons D. into a pair of iron
68. Our teacher gave me ______.
A. an advice B. the advice
C. many advice D. much advice
69. My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors.
A. a B. two C. a couple of D. a pair of
70. My house is within ______ from the railway station.
A. a stone's throw B. a throw of a stone
C. stone's throw D. the stone's throw
二、用括号内词的适当形式填空：
1. There are two________ over there．（bench）
2. I like taking ________.（photo）
3. l can see a _________and two ________ standing there．（man，woman）
4. There are two baskets of__________ on the floor.（apple）
5. You often make a lot of__________ in spelling. （mistake）
6. Look at those_________. （child）
7. This is a__________. Those are three__________. （knife）
8. He doesn't like these ________. （glass）
9. How many _________can you see？（radio）
10. Thirty __________live in this building. （family）.
三、选择下列正确答案：
1. A cow has four__________.
A. stomachs B. stomaches
2. Three_________ are eating grass.
A. sheep B. sheeps
3. Water__________ a kind of matter.
A. is B. are
4. Her clothes__________ nearly worn out.
A. is B. are
5. No man___________ present.
A. is B. are
6. It is I who___________ next.
A. am B. is
7. There_________ no water in the glass.
A. are B. is
8. Here__________ a blind man.
A. comes B. is
9. Physics____________ more difficult than maths.
A. is B. are
10. Neither Mary nor her sister___________ the party.
A. is going to B. are going to
冠词
冠词是一种虚词，用在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。
不定冠词形式：不定冠词有a和an两种形式。
a. 用在以辅音字母开头或以读音类似辅音的元音开头的单词前面
例：a man 一个男人 a table 一张桌子 a university 一所大学 a useful thing 一种有用的东西
an用在以元音字母开头或以不发音的h字母开头的单词前面
an hour 一小时 an apple 一个苹果
不定冠词的用法
1. 不定冠词a表示“一”这一概念时，意思与one相似 There's a pen on the desk. 桌子上有一支钢笔。
2. 不定冠词在表示“一”的概念时，是非强调性的。 如果强调“一”这一数量，常常用one
National Day is a two-day holiday. 国庆节是（一）个两天的假日。
3. 不定冠词用在表示数量、时间等名词前表示“每一（单位）…的价格、速度、顺序等”。
The apples are two yuan a kilogram. 这些苹果每公斤两元钱。
4. 不定冠词用于单数可数名词前泛指人的职业、国籍、宗教等
5. 不定冠词用在人名或表示人的名词前，表示不确定性，即说话人不清楚或没有指明所提到的人到底是谁。
A Smith called you just now. 刚才一个叫史密斯的人给你打电话。
6. 不定冠词用于“be of a （an）+名词”结构中，表示“相同…的”。
These sweaters are of a size. 这些毛衣大小相同。
7. 不定冠词用于固定结构quite/half/rather/many/what/such a （an）+名词，so/too/how+形容词+a （an）+名词表示程度、数量或感叹等。 It's too difficult a problem for him. 对他来说，这是一个太难的问题。
8. 不定冠词用于某些习惯用语或谚语中。 in a word 总而言之 at a time 一次
注：当一篇文章中第一次提到某一事物时，在名词前面要加不定冠词，以后再次提到同一事物时用定冠词。
…He saw a man standing there. The man was the person that he was looking for.…
…他看到一个人站在那里。那个人就是他正找的人。…
定冠词形式：
定冠词的形式是the，它没有单、复数和词性的变化。
定冠词的用法：
1. 定冠词用在名词前，表示特指，即某个特定的人、事物等。特别是当某名词后面有定语限定这一名词时，名词前面一般都要用定冠词the。
How do you like the rooms here 你觉得这里的房间怎么样？
2. 用于单数名词前，指一类事物。 The lion is a wild animal. 狮子是野生动物。
3. 用于乐器名称前。the violin 小提琴 the piano 钢琴
4. 用于世界上独一无二的事物前。the earth 地球 the world 世界
5. 用在形容词前，表示一类人或事物。the poor 穷人 the aged 老人
6. 用于构成形容词或副词的比较级和最高级形式。
Is this the best choice he can make 这是他能做出的最好的选择吗？
不用冠词的场合：
1. 名词在句中作表语、同位语时，当它所表示的职位、头衔等是独一无二的，则不用冠词。
Smith was appointed dean of Foreign Language Department.
史密斯被任命为外语系主任。
（上述的“主任”只有一个，如果这一职位不是独一的，则要用不定冠词。）
2. 当名词转化为抽象含义时，不具体指某一事物，前面不加冠词，这种情况常见于一些固定短语中。
I'll take him to hospital. 我将带他去医院（看病）。
（不指某一具体特定的医院而着重强调医院看病的普遍性功用。）
3. 表示季节、月份、星期的名词，如果没有限制性定语，或者不表示某一特定时间，前面不用冠词。
If winter comes, can spring be far behind 冬天已经到了，春天还会远吗？
4. 泛指的某顿饭前不用冠词
What do you want to have for breakfast 你早饭想吃什么？
注：表示新闻标题、提纲、广告、公告、电报、信函、书名等前不用冠词。
专有名词前的冠词：
用不定冠词的情况：
1. 表示某国人，某个说话人但不清楚是谁的人。（只知其名） He is an American. 他是美国人。
2. 表示某一家庭成员或某一名人的作品。
There's a Rembrandt in her collection. 她的收藏品中有一幅伦勃朗的画。
用定冠词的情况：
1. 某些地理名词，如江河海洋、海峡海湾、山脉群岛、沙漠等之前要用定冠词。
the Yangtze 长江 the Pacific 太平洋
2. 由普通名词和其它一些词构成的专有名词，如国名、组织机构、建筑物、报纸、会议、条约等的名称前，要用定冠词。 the United Nations 联合国 the New York Times 纽约时报
3. 定冠词用在复数专有名词前，表示一家人，或某对夫妇、整个民族等。
The Americans are a nation on wheels. 美国人是一个车轮上的民族。
专有名词前不用冠词的情况：
一般来说，街道、广场、公园的名字、大学名、节日名、杂志名前不加定冠词。
Hyde Park 海德公园 National Day 国庆节
抽象名词和物质名词前冠词的用法：
1. 当抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时，不用冠词（即使前面有修饰性词）
Knowledge begins with practice. 认识从实践开始。
2. 当抽象名词和物质名词表示某一特定概念时，特别是当它们有一限制性定语时，前面要加定冠词。
What do you think of the music 你觉得这音乐怎么样？
3. 当抽象名词和物质名词表示“一种”、“一场”、“一次”、“一阵”或“一份”等意义时，要在前面加上不定冠词a或an。Would you please give us an explanation 你能不能给我们解释一下呢
4. 表示某一品质或情绪的具体事件、人物或东西的抽象名词，前面要用不定冠词。
The English evening was really a great success. 这次英语晚会很成功。
连词
连词是一种虚词，在句子中不能单独作句子成分，也没有词形变化。用来连接词与词，短语和短语或句子与句子。
1. 并列关系 并列连词：用来连接句子中相同成分的词、短语、或句子。
and ……和……，……以及…… ; both…and … 既……又 ;not only… but also…不但…而且
as well as 也，又。Tom and I are friends.汤姆和我是好朋友。（连接主语）
He can speak and write English very well.他英语说得和写得都非常好。（连接两个谓语）
We are happy and gay.我们兴高采烈。（连接两个表语）
Both my father and mother like singing.我父母都喜欢唱歌。（连接两个主语）
Not only his parents but also he is very nice to me.不仅他的父母，就连他也对我很好。
He neither drinks nor smokes.他既不喝酒也不吸烟。（连接两个谓语）
I can sing as well as Tom （sings） .我能唱得和汤姆一样好。（连接两个分句子）
2. 转折关系：表示两个概念彼此有转折关系。
常见的连词有：but 但是，yet 然而， while 而，however 可是，然而。
She can play the piano but not the violin.她会弹钢琴，但不会拉小提琴。
He isn’t tall, yet he is strong.他个不高，但他很结实。
3. 选择关系：表示在两者间选择其一。
or 或者 either…or… 不是……就是……; or else 否则 otherwise 否则……
You must hurry or you’ll be late.你得赶快了，否则你会迟到。（连接两个分句）
Put on your sweater, or else you will catch a cold.穿上你的毛衣，否则你会感冒的。（连接两个分句）
I went at once ; otherwise I would have missed him.我立刻过去，否则就见不到他了。（连接两个分句）
4. 因果关系：说明原因或产生的结果。
常见的连词有：for ,so, therefore. It must have rained last night, for the road is wet.
昨晚一定是下雨了，因为路上是湿的。（连接两个分句）
The headmaster called me just now, so I must go to the office at once.
校长刚才给我打电话，因此我必须马上去办公室。
5. 从属连词：用来连接主句和名词性从句的连词。
连词：that ,whether/ if . I am sure that you’re certain to win.
我相信你们一定获胜。
He asked me if I could help him. 他问我是否能帮助他。
It’s certain that they will win the final victory. 肯定他们会赢得最后胜利。
连接状语从句：when , after , before , as , as soon as , while ,till , since .
The train had left when I got to the station. 当我到达车站时，火车已经开走了。
Where there is life there is hope . 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
If you work hard, you are sure to succeed. 如果你努力工作的话，肯定会成功。
The wind blew so hard that we could hardly walk. 风刮得很大，我们几乎不能走。
【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟）冠词练习
1. I read ______story. It is ______interesting story.
A. a, an B. a, a C. the, the D. /, an
2. Britain is __ European country and China is ___ Asian country.
A. an, an B. a, a C. a, an D. an, a
3. ______China is _____ old country with _____ long history.
A. The, an, a B. The, a, a C. /, an, the D. /, an, a
4. _____elephant is bigger than ______ horse.
A. /, / B. an, a C. An, a D. /, the
5. We always have ______rice for ______lunch.
A. /, / B. the, / C. /, a D. the, the
6. It took me ______ hour and _____ half to finish ______ work.
A. a, a, a B. an, a, a C. an, a, the D. an, a, /
7. ______ doctor told me to take ______ medicine three times
______day, stay in _____bed, then I would be better soon.
A. /, a, a, the B. A, the, the, /
C. The, the, a, / D. A, /, a, /
8. There is ____ picture on ____ wall. I like ____ picture very much.
A. a, the, the B. a, the, a
C. the, a, a D. a, an, the
9. January is ______first month of the year.
A. a B. / C. an D. the
10. Shut _____door, please.
A. a B. an C. the D./
11. Einstein won _____ Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
12. What ____ fine day it is today! Let’s go to the Summer Palace.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
13. I like music, but I don’t like ____ music of that TV play.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
14. ____ girl over there is ____ English teacher.
A. The, an B. A, / C. The, / D. A, a
15. It’s ____ exciting way to shop on the Net.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
16. She was ___ founder of ___ order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity.
A. a, an B. a, / C. the, / D. the, an
17. Xi’an is ___ old city with ___ long history, isn’t it
A. a, an B. an, a C. the, the D. the, a
18. Nancy’s sister is ____ English teacher, isn’t she
A. a B. an C. the D. /
19. Chaffs is______ boy，but he can play the guitar very well.
A. an eight-years old B. a eight-year-old
C. a eight-years-old D. an eight-year-old
20. We often have sports after class, and I like to play _____ basketball.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
连词练习
1. He can speak English_______ Chinese.
A. but B. also C. so D. and
2. Physics is not so easy, _______I like it very much.
A. but B. or C. since D. because
3. Will Tom wait for her at home ______ at the library
A. or B. as C. so that D. both
4. She has a son _______ a daughter.
A. but B. and C. so D. or
5. I’ll give her the gift ______ she arrives.
A. so B. before C. as soon as D. since
6. Tom was ____ill that we had to send for a doctor.
A. so B. very C. and D. too
7. The woman was____ angry_____ she couldn’t speak anything.
A. neither…nor B. either…or
C. both…and D. so…that
8. ______we got home it was very late.
A. When B. While C. Because D. As
9. We heard clearly_____ she said.
A. what B. which C. before D. because
10. I can’t sleep well at night，______I often feel very tired in the day．
A. so B. because C. and D. or
11. When you’re learning a foreign language，use it，______ you will lose it．
A. but B. or C. then D. and
12. --- Can you play football
--- Yes, I can，______ I can’t play it very well．
A. or B. and C. but D. so
13. Study hard，______ you will fall behind．
A. and B. but C. so D. or
14. My favorite is action movie ______ I think it’s exciting.
A. and B. because C. but D. so
15. The boy is very smart, ______ many of his classmates like him.
A. but B. so C. or D. for
16. He has never heard______ seen such a thing before.
A. nor B. and C. or D. since
易错题集中 重点、难点：
考试中常犯的错误分类例析
具体内容： 在学习初中英语过程中，同学们常会犯这样那样的错误，大多数同学认为这些错误纷繁复杂，无章可循，其实并非如此。为便于系统复习，现将同学们常犯的错误进行分类例析，希望对大家能有所警示与启迪。
（一）“蛇足”类错误例析
“蛇足”类错误就是“画蛇添足”，在句中出现一些原本没有或本应省略的成分。
[例1] Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money. （×）
Traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money.（√）
Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, it costs too much money.（√）
[例2] Because he was ill yesterday, so he didn’t go to work. （×）
Because he was ill yesterday, he didn’t go to work.（√）
He was ill yesterday, so he didn’t go to work.（√）
析：用though, but表示“虽然……，但是……”或用because，so 表示“因为……，所以……”时，though和but 及because和so 都只能择一而用，不能两者同时使用。
[例3] More than three hundreds people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in 2003.（×）
More than three hundred people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in 2003.（√）
析：hundred, thousand, million, billion等词前有具体数词修饰用来表示“确数”时，无论数词大小，hundred等词都要用单数形式。[例4] My English teacher is a 38-years old man. （×）
My English teacher is a 38-year-old man. （√）
析：句中的38-years-old是由数词、名词和形容词一起构成的复合形容词，在句中充当定语，修饰名词man。复合形容词作定语时，其中的名词要用单数形式，且各词之间要有连字符“-”。
[例5] The Smiths have moved Beijing.（×） The Smiths have moved to Beijing.（√）
析：不及物动词后接名词或代词作宾语时，要在动词之后加上适当的介词；但不及物动词后接home, here, there等副词作宾语时，动词之后不必加任何介词。
[例6] The box is too heavy for him to carry it.（×） The box is too heavy for him to carry.（√）
析：不定式to carry及其逻辑主语for him共同组成不定式复合结构作状语一起修饰heavy。
（二）“主谓不一致”类错误例析
主谓不一致类错误指的是句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上不一致而形成的错误。
[例1] Each of the boys have a pen.（×） Each of the boys has a pen.（√） The boys each have a pen .（√）
析：复数名词前有表个体的each of，one of，every，either of等词组修饰，或有表否定的neither of, none of 等词组修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
[例2] Neither he nor you is good at English.（×） Neither he nor you are good at English.（√）
析：either... or...，neither... nor...，not only...，but also...等词组连接句子的两个主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近一致原则”，即由靠近谓语的那个主语决定谓语的人称和数用何种形式。
[例3] Two months are quite a long time.（×） Two months is quite a long time.（√）
析：当时间、度量、距离、重量等名词作句子主语时，常将其看作一个整体，谓语动词要用单数形式。
[例4] Ten minus three are seven.（×） Ten minus three is seven.（√）
析：用英语表示加（plus）、减（minus）等数学运算时，谓语动词也用单数形式。
[例5] Watching TV too much are bad for your eyes. （×） Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.（√）
析：不定式、v-ing形式充当句子主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
[例6] The number of the workers in this factory are about 5,000.（×）
The number of the workers in this factory is about 5,000.（√）
析：the number of表示“……的数量”，谓语动词用单数形式；a number of 的意思是“若干”或“许多”，相当于some或a lot of，和复数名词连用，谓语动词用复数形式。
（三）“词序”、“语序”类错误例析
词序、语序类错误指的是单词或句子在排列顺序上不正确，也表现为该用陈述语序的用了疑问句语序，或该用疑问句语序的用了陈述句语序等情况。
[例1] Hello! I have important something to tell you.（×）Hello! I have something important to tell you. （√）
析：形容词或动词不定式修饰不定代词作定语时，修饰成分要置于不定代词之后。
[例2] His son is enough old to go to school.（×）His son is old enough to go to school.（√）
析：enough作形容词修饰名词时，可以放在名词前，也可放在名词后；作副词修饰形容词或副词时，只能放在形容词或副词之后。
[例3] Here is your sweater, put away it.（×）Here is your sweater, put it away.（√）
析：put away, pick up, put on等“动词+副词”构成的词组后接代词作宾语时，代词只能放在动词和副词之间。
[例4] I don’t know where is he going.（×）I don’t know where he is going.（√）
析：在含宾语从句的复合句中，从句要用陈述句语序。
[例5] Look! Here the bus comes.（×）Look! Here comes the bus.（√）
析：在以here，there引起的陈述句中，若句子的主语是名词，要用倒装语序，即用“Here /There+动词+名词”结构；但主语若是代词时，则不用倒装语序, 即用“Here/There +代词+动词”结构。
[例6] I do well in playing football, _______.（我妹妹也行。）A. so my sister does（×）B. so does my sister（√）
[例7] — Li Lei is really a football fan.
— _______.（确实这样.）
A. So is he（×）B. So he is（√）
析：“so+be动词/助动词+主语”的倒装结构表示前面所述情况也适用于后者，意为“……也是这样”；“so+主语+be动词/助动词”的陈述结构表示对前述情况的肯定，意为”……确实如此”。
（四）“逻辑”类错误例析
逻辑类错误是指用英语表达某一思想时，犯了逻辑推理错误，导致句子语法成分不全，句意表达上前后矛盾等方面的失误。
[例1]重庆比中国的其他城市都大。
Chongqing is larger than any city in China.（×）Chongqing is larger than any other city in China.（√）
析：“any city in China”包括了重庆这座城市，同一事物自己与自己不能做比较，只有在city 前加上other才能表示重庆和中国的其它城市比较大小。
[例2]广州的天气比北京的天气更暖和。
The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than Beijing.（×）The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than that in Beijing .（√）
析：表示比较时，句子中的两个比较对象必须一致，不同的比较对象不能做比较。错误句的比较对象分别为the weather in Guangzhou和Beijing，这两个不同类的事物之间不能做比较。
（五）“受汉语思维方式影响”类错误例析
受汉语影响类错误是指用英语表达某个意思时，受了汉语表达的影响而导致犯错。
[例1] Mr. Wu teaches our English.（×）Mr. Wu teaches us English.（√）
析：“teach sb. sth.”句式中的sb.和 sth.是teach的双宾语，因此teach后的人称代词要用宾格，而不能受汉语影响使用形容词性物主代词。
[例2] His sister married with a teacher last summer.（×）His sister married a teacher last summer.（√）
析：表达“A和B结婚”，要用A married/will marry B。这时务必要避免受汉语影响使用A married/will marry with B。
[例3] There is going to have a film tonight.（×） There is going to be a film tonight.（√）
析：一般将来时用在 There be 句式中时，be going to或will之后的动词原形只能用be,也就是说要用There is（are）going to be.... / There will be....。
[例4] I’ll go hiking if it won’t rain next Sunday.（×）I’ll go hiking if it doesn’t rain next Sunday.（√）
析：习惯上在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句的谓语动词用了一般将来时，从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来的动作。
[例5] Teacher told us yesterday that the earth went around the sun. （×）
Teacher told us yesterday that the earth goes around the sun. （√）
析：习惯上在含有宾语从句的复合句中，主句的谓语动词用了一般过去时，从句的谓语动词要用过去的某种时态。但如果从句表述的是一客观事实或客观真理时，则不受主句时态的影响，而用一般现在时。
[例6] All the balls are not round. 翻译成汉语：
所有的球都不是圆的。（×）并不是所有的球都是圆的。（√）
析：all，every，both等词和not连用时，not通常放在all，every，both的后面，一般情况下表示部分否定，意为“并非……都……”。
[例7] Do you know the way of the park （×）Do you know the way to the park （√）
析：习惯上表示无生命名词的所有格常用“……of……”；但表示“通往……的路”要用“the way to...”，而不能用“the way of...”。类似结构的词还有 the key to the lock （这把锁的钥匙），the answer to this question（这个问题的答案），the ticket to the concert（音乐会的票）等。
[例8]— He didn’t go to school yesterday, did he
— _______, though he didn’t feel very well. A. No, he didn’t（×） B. Yes, he did（√）
[例9]— Don’t you usually come to school by bike
— _______. But I sometimes walk.
A. No, I don’t（×） B. Yes, I do（√）
析：习惯上英语中的yes意为“是的”，no意为“不”，但在“前否后肯”的反意疑问句或否定疑问句中，yes意为“不”，no意为“是的”。
【模拟试题】
一. 阅读理解：
（A）
There is a one-day holiday in most countries on New Year’s Eve. There are several interesting customs in the West, and there are many differences from country to country.
Though Christmas is a family get-together. New Year for some is a time to be with friends too. Parties are most often held to welcome New Year. At such arties, there is food and drink and dancing until the time nears for the coming of New Year.
At midnight, people often say “ Happy New Year ” to each other. Champagne（香槟酒）is a favorite drink for New Year. In many western countries fireworks（烟火）are let off at midnight ,and many people like to make a noise, possibly to drive away bad spirits（幽灵）.
One important song is often sung at New year—the Scottish（苏格兰）song of Auld Lang syne（good times long ago.）
1. People usually have great celebrations for New Year on .
A. New Year’s Day B. the night before New Year’s Eve
C. the night of New Year’s Day D. the night before New Year’s Day
2. In the West, New Year is also a time when. .
A. friends get together B. friends write to each other
C. people can have a week’s holiday D. people can from country to country
3. The word “ customs ” in the passage means .
A. 习俗 B. 聚会 C.饮食 D. 活动
4. At midnight on New Year’s Eve western people often .
① hold parties to welcome New Year ② make a noise to drive away bad spirits
③ drink with friends or families ④ say “ Happy New Year ” to each other
⑤ sing an important French song ⑥ let off fireworks
A. ①②③④ B. ③④⑤⑥ C. ②③④⑥ D. ①②⑤⑥
5. This passage mainly talks about .
A. western people drink together on New Year’s Eve B. what western people do on New Year’s Day
C. how western people spend their New Year’s Eve D. western people have a good time on New Year’s Day
（B）
People have flown kites in Japan for more than 1,000 years. There are different kinds of kites there. Some look like bats（蝙蝠）; others look like birds. Most have pictures on them.
There are many interesting stories about kites in Japan. One story tells about a thief（小偷）who used a kite. He wanted to steal（偷）the gold（金子）from the top of a high tower（塔）. The thief and his friends made a large kite. One dark windy night he caught hold of the kite. His friends raised（使升高）it into the air. Then they moved the kite near the top of the tower. The thief was able to steal the gold. Another story tells about a father and a son. They were in trouble on an island near Japan. The father made a large kite. His son flew in it back to Japan.
The young men of Japan have kite matches. When the kites are flying, the match starts. The young men try to break each other’s kite strings（细绳）. The last kite left in the sky is the winner.
1. Most kites in Japan .
A. are very large B. are very small C. look like bats D. look nice with pictures
2. In the kite match the young men try to .
A. make their kites fly high B. stop each other’s kites from flying in the sky
C. make very large kites themselves D. draw beautiful pictures on their kites
3. The father in the passage made a large kite to help his son to .
A. return home B. fly over the island C. fly over the sea D. steal gold
4. The passage mainly（主要的）tells us .
A. how to fly kites B. how a kite match starts
C. something about the kites in Japan D. what the kites look like
二. 综合填空：
Dogs are good pets（宠物）. They are very f 1 to people and very beautiful, too. Most dogs get on very well with c 2 and their parents. Others are good watch-dogs because they cry loudly when a s 3 person arrives . When you buy a dog, an important thing to think about is its s 4 -buy a small dog if your home is small and a bigger one if y 5 is larger. Many people don't know how much to feed（喂养）their dogs. Dogs eat a 6 anything! They like meat, rice and lots of other things. You can buy lots of food m 7 for dogs in shops. Don't let your dogs eat too much. Feed it only once a day. Always l 8 water for your dog. It can get thirsty very quickly, especially（尤其是）in s 9 . Remember that dogs need e 10 . You should take it for a walk every day. Don't keep your dog inside all day.
三. 完型填空：
A good dictionary is 1 important tool（工具）. It will tell you 2 only what a word means but 3 how it 4 . A dictionary needs to be printed again about every ten years. Languages develop（发展）and a good dictionary must 5 these new changes.
A new English dictionary will only tell you 6 most people use the language today. It will not tell you what is right 7 wrong. It may tell you the right time to use a word. If only 8 people use a word, a dictionary will 9 tell you this or not list（编列）it.
10 dictionary will tell you many interesting facts. If you type（用打字机打）a word and the word is too long, 11 in your dictionary. All dictionaries show you 12 to break（拆开）a word. And they also show you how a word 13 .
Every dictionary, of course, tells you what a word means. But some words, like “get” or “take”, may have lots of meanings（意思）. In some dictionaries, the main（主要的）meanings are often listed first. In 14 , the newest meanings are listed last. So before you use your dictionary, you should always 15 the front part. This part explains 16 .
Some dictionaries also show you where a word comes 17 . Do you know that the word “brand”（标记）comes from an old word This old word means “to burn”. This is because 18 years ago people burned their names on tables or boats to show who 19 them. They also burned their own names on their farm animals 20 they would not be stolen.
Your dictionary also has a lot of other interesting facts in it. After you have learned to use a dictionary, it can become your best useful book.
1. A. a B. an C. the D. very
2. A. no B. that C. not D. if
3. A. too B. either C. yet D. also
4. A. uses B. is using C. is used D. used
5. A. to show B. show C. shows D. be shown
6. A. how B. what C. why D. if
7. A. and B. or C. but D. not
8. A. a little B. many C. a few D. a lot of
9. A. neither B. nor C. both D. either
10. A. Every B. Some C. All D. Many
11. A. look up it B. look for it C. look it up D. look it out
12. A. when B. where C. why D. which
13. A. speaks B. is spoke C. be spoken D. is spoken
14. A. another B. the other C. others D. other
15. A. see B. look C. watch D. read
16. A. how use it B. to how use it C. how to use it D. to how to use it
17. A. into B. up C. by D. from
18. A. hundreds of B. hundred of C. a hundred of D. hundred
19. A. builds B. makes C. build D. made
20. A. when B. in order to C. so that D. before
专题：宾语从句与状语从句
重点、难点 1. 引导宾语从句的关联词的原则 2. 状语从句的连词
具体内容（一）宾语从句 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
（二）构成：关联词+简单句
（三）引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
1. 从属连词that。如： He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。
注：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。
（1）Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。）大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
（2）I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.（that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。）对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。
（3）That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.（that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。） 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
（4）We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. （主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。） 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。
2. 从属连词if/whether。如： I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。
3. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如： Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
（1）介词宾语从句
宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如： He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方.I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
有时介词可以省略。如： I don’t care（for）who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。
Be careful（as to）how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。
四. 重点疑难
1. 如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他已表明他不会屈服。
2. 作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。
介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：
Are you sorry for what you’ve done 你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？
3. 某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如： I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。
I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。
I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams. 妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。
4. 连词whether（…or not）或if引导的宾语从句
if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether。试比较：
Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go.
if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。
5. 宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：
I don’t think you are right. 我认为你错了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares, does he 我想他不在意，是吗？
6. 宾语从句的时态变化规律
（1）当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。
（2）当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除
外。如： The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老师说地球绕着太阳运行。
状语从句：时间状语从句：
状语从句需要连词引导。引导时间状语从句的连词有： when，while，as，as soon as，before，once，after， since，till/until等。 例如： When you finish doing this drill, you may go on to the next one.
I’ll let you know as soon as it is settled. She has written fifty letters home since she came to Beijing.
注意（一）：虽然till和until可互相交换使用。但在句首只能用until。
用于否定句时，表示“直到……时，才……”；“在……以前，不……”例如：
Until you told me about the book I had no idea of it.（在你告诉我之前，我对此书一无所知。）
I won’t know where he is until I get a letter from him.（收到他的信时我才知道他在那里。）
时间状态语从句中用一般现在时表示将来时间，用现在完成时表示将来完成时间。例如：
As soon as my brother arrives, we’ll start working.
while和as的区别：when表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生或先于主句动作，可以指一段时间也可以指特定的时间点；while表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，表示“一边……一边……”，通常指一段时间。例如：
Jack stayed with us when / while he was in Beijing. He called us when he arrived in Beijing.
地点状语从句：
引导地点状语从句的有where，wherever，everywhere等连词。例如：
Where there is a will, there is a way. （有志者，事竟成）
Wherever you met him, he was not in my house. Everywhere he goes he makes new friends.
Everywhere she went, she was kindly received.
条件状语从句：
一般由if（如果），unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as（只要）等连词引导。例如：
Please come by if you are free. Unless you study harder, you’re going to fail the exam.
注意（二）：条件状语从句中也须用一般现在时表示将来时间，用现在完成时表示将来完成时间。例如：
If it rains tomorrow, we won't go hiking.
原因状语从句：
引导原因状语从句的连接词通常有because（因为），as（由于），Since（由于），now that（既然；由于）等。例如： As it is raining, you had better take your umbrella with you.
You must tell the truth since you know the fact. She couldn’t get up because her legs were wounded.
I can’t go to the movie because I'm too busy.
注意（三）： because , as和since均可指原因，但because引导的从句常位于主句之前；而as和since引导的从句常位于主句之后；because表示原因的语气最强，而as和since语气较弱，只是附带说明一下主句内容是由从句引起的结果。as和since常指说话人和听话人双方都知道的原因。当回答以why引导的疑问 句时必须用because。例如： Why didn’t you come to the meeting
Because I had a bad cold.
结果状语从句
结果状语从句一般由so…that（如此……以致于），such…that（如此……以致于），such that（如此……以致于）和so that（以致于）等引导。so…that与such…that的区别在于：so接形容词或副词，such接名词或名词词组。例如： He was so excited that he couldn't help jumping.
She spoke so loudly that every one in the big hall could hear her.
It was such a terrible accident that few people survived.
There were so few students present that the class was cancelled.
The book was written in such simple English that we could understand it easily.
目的状语从句一般由so that（为了；以便）和in order that（为了；以便）引导的目的状语从句，lest 表示“免得/ 以防/ 以免”。从句中一般用虚拟语气，动词形式为“should+ 动词原形”。
She spoke louder so that everyone in the hall could hear her.
They sent the book by air mail in order that it might reach us in good time.
The teacher hid the key to exercises lest the students should see it.
We set off early lest we should be late.
让步状语从句：
让步状语从句常用although / though（虽然），even though / even if（尽管），as（尽管），whatever/ whenever/ however（无论什么/ 何时/ 如何），no matter what / when / how（无论什么/ 何时/ 如何）等到引导。no matter what/ when/ how（无论什么/ 何时/ 如何）等引导。as表示让步时一般用于部分倒装结构，though也有此 用法。例如：
We’ll try our best to finish the work in time though we are short of materials.
He still wanted to do it although I warned him not to. Although she slept ten hours last night , she is still tired.
Although the road was narrow, the driver managed to pass it safely.
方式状语从句：方式状态语从句常由as if/as though（好像，如同）等。例如：
She acted as if/though nothing had happened. She always talks to him as if she were/was his sister.
It looks as if it'll rain. He treats me as if I am/were his brother.
【模拟试题】
一. 单项选择
1. Do you know how much hot water
A. Mum is needed B. does Mum need
C. Mum needs D. did Mum need
2. Can you tell me
A. where he is B. where is he
C. he is where D. what is he
3. I didn’t know how to London
A. would they go B. are they going
C. they would go D. they are going
4. I want to know how long .
A. has he been back B. has he come back
C. he has been back D. he has come back
5. Do you know
A. what the news are B. what is the news
C. what the news is D. what are the news
6. He said he would help me with my maths if he free.
A. was B. will be C. would be D. is
7. He will write to you as soon as he to Shanghai.
A. gets B. is getting C. will get D. shall get
8. Father music when he young
A. liked…was B. liked…is
C. likes…was D. likes…is
9. I liked sports I was young.
A. so much as B. so much that
C. very much when D. very much because
10. mother got home, I was tidying my room.
A. After B. When C. As soon as D. Before
11. The teacher didn’t begin her class the students stopped talking.
A. until B. because C. after D. when
12. If it tomorrow, we’ll go to the Great wall.
A. doesn’t rain B. won’t rain
C. not rains D. isn’t rain
13. Could you tell me we get to the plane
A. how B. whether C. where D. what
14. When they got to the cinema, the film for the ten minutes.
A. had been on B. has begun
C. began D. had begun
15. The teacher says she will leave a message on the headmaster’s desk.
A. if B. who C. that D. what
16. Lucy looks stronger Lily.
A. than B. as C. then D. not as
17. I know nothing about it he told me.
A. because B. since C. until D. after
18. You must make your new house clean and safe you move in.
A. because B. when C. before D. until
19. I was tired I couldn’t walk on.
A. so…that B. too…to C. very…that D. very…to
20. I thought he to see his mother if he time.
A. will go…has B. will go…will have
C. would go…would have D. would go…had
二. 用所给动词的正确形式填空：
1. I won’t return the book to the library because I （not finish）reading it.
2. As soon as he saw me, he to speak to me.（stop）
3. I hope he （come）back in a week.
4. It （rain）hard when I got to the factory this morning.
5. The old man told the children （not walk）in the rice fields.
6. He told me he （help）her with her maths the next evening.
7. She said they （know）each other for quite some time.
8. If it （not rain）tomorrow, we （visit）the People’s Museum.
9. John （write）something when I （go）to see him.
10. Our teacher told us that light （travel）much faster than sound.
11. When I got to the cinema, the film （begin）
12. Mike asked me if we （ask）any questions the next class.
13. Will you come and stay with us for a while when you （finish）doing your
homework
rade Wang didn’t know if there （be）an English evening that day.
15. Please tell me if she （come）again next time.
暑假专题（1）【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟）
选择填空：
1. Did Mary study at No.16 Middle School three years ______
A. ago B. before C. after D. Yes, then
2. We don’t understand the passage ______ there are few new words in it.
A. and B. if C. though D. because
3. Have you ever ______ Beijing to the Great Wall Yes, I have.
A. went to B. been to C. gone to D. been in
4. “Jack has ______ worked out the difficult problem . What about his classmates ” “________”
A. yet, Not already B. yet, Not yet
C. already, Not yet D. already, Not yet
5. Jack was ______ angry when he heard the words.
A. a bit of B. a little of C. a few D. a bit
6. Let’s ______ them a good luck.
A. to wish B. to hope C. wish D. hope
7. He _______ interested in biology for a few years.
A. is B. has been C. becomes D. became
8. Mary plays football very ______. He is _______ at it than me.
A. good, well B. well, good
C. well, better D. good, better
9. Miss Chen ______ her husband six months ago.
A. married to B. married
C. married with D. got married
10. Liu Xiang works in _____ office _____ I do.
A. the same, to B. the same, with
C. the same, as D. the same, like
11. Now the air in our hometown is ______ than it was before. We must do something.
A. much worse B. more better
C. more worse D. much better
12. We are ______ this massage.
A. surprising at B. surprised to
C. surprised at D. surprising by
13. He got full marks because he answered all the questions ______.
A. wrong B. right C. correct D. correctly
14. The teacher told us to finish our homework ______.
A. on ourselves B. by us C. lonely D. on our own
15. We came here to ___hello to them yesterday morning.
A. speak B. talk C. say D. tell
16. Tiny with his parents ______ in Beijing now, but they ______ to the USA soon.
A. live, move B. live, will move
C. is living, will move D. are living, will move
17. Tom is ______ his pencil. At last he ______ it.
A. looking for, finds B. look for, find
C. finding, look for D. finding, looks
18. It ______ me 5 yuan to buy that eraser.
A. spend B. cost C. took D. takes
19. There are few books in that old library, ______
暑假专题（二）
【模拟试题】（答题时间：45分钟）
一、句型转换：
1. We have a class meeting once a week. （划线提问）
______________________________________.
2. He has done his homework already. （否定句）
______________________________________.
3. I get up early in the morning in the past. （同义句）
______________________________________.
4. He has been there for two weeks.（同义句）
______________________________________.
5. I don’t want to go there any more. （同义句）
______________________________________.
6. Harry Jones designed the game. （被动语态）
______________________________________.
7. My classmates have already gone to the museum. （一般疑问句）____________________________.
8. He can’t hear it clearly because of the noise. （划线提问）_______________________________________.
9. His cousin has visited Hong Kong twice. （划线提问）
_________________________________________.
10. I was late because my bike was broken. （同义句）
_________________________________________.
11. I hope I can pass all the exams. （同义句）
_________________________________________.
12. He won’t go hiking. （反意疑问句）
_________________________________________.
13. Did the children fly kites on the playground （at 4:00 yesterday afternoon.）
__________________________________________
14. She listened to the music. （ while I was sleeping.）
___________________________________________.15. He will laugh at me. He will see me. （用as soon as 连成句子）
__________________________________________
16. Daniel got up early. He caught the early bus. （用so … that 连成句子）
__________________________________________
17. This is a bag. There is a red flower on it. （合并成一句）_____________________________________.
18. I’m reading a book. It is called “Seven Little Men.” （同义句
八年级英语暑假词类复习
名词
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可用下图表示：
1. 名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读/z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 –es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 –s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
2. 其它名词复数的规则变化
1）以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：
two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2）以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。
3）以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f, fe 加ves，如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
3. 名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。
但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
例如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词。
如：a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜） trousers, clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）；suit（套）；a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别的意思，
如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。
4. 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。（不可数）These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 （可数）
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：This factory produces steel. （不可数）
We need various steels. （可数）
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如： Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2）抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一条建议。
5. 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1）用复数作定语。例如sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2）man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如：
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：goods train （货车） arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees
两百棵树 a five-year plan一个五年计划
6. 不同国籍人的单复数
国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
7. 名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加“'s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1）单数名词词尾加“'s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2）若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3）凡不能加“'s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of+名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示“分别有”；只有一个's，则表示“共有”。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（两间） John and Mary's room（一间）
6）复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two's absence
名词
一、名词的种类
名词是所有事物的名称，包括人、物及抽象概念。名词分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。
1. 普通名词 ：普通名词是某类人、事件、物体和抽象概念的名称。根据其所指代物体的特征，普通名词又可分为以下四类：
A. 个体名词 表示人或物体中可以数清的单个体。如：student（学生）、pen（钢笔）、bird（鸟）等。
B. 集体名词 （即集合名词）表示由个体组成的集合体。如people（人民）、police（警察）、family（家庭）等。
C. 物质名词 表示构成物质的不可数名词，或表示无法分为个体的物质的名词。如water（水）、air（空气）、wood（木头）等。
D. 抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、情感等非具体化的抽象概念。如work（工作）、peace（和平）、love（爱）等。
2. 专有名词
专有名词是某些人、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称。主要包括：人名、地名、国名、党派名称等。如：Churchill（丘吉尔）、Tokyo（东京）、China（中国）、the Communist Party of China（中国共产党）等。
二、名词的性
名词按其所表达的物体的自然性别可以分为四类。
1. 阴性名词：表示女性或雌性动物的名词。如woman（女人）、hostess（女主人）、cow（母牛）等。
2. 阳性名词：表示男性或雄性动物的名词。如man（男人）、host（男主人）、bull（公牛）等。
3. 中性名词：表示物体和抽象概念的名词。如radio（收音机）、love（爱）、tree（树）、friend（朋友）等。
4. 通性名词：多数英语名词不分性，这类名词特指人类、适用于男性和女性组成的小群体或男性、女性个体。如parents（父母）、couple（夫妇）、children（孩子们）、child（孩子）、person（一个人）等。
三、名词的数
名词分可数名词和不可数名词
1. 可数名词：个体名词都是可数名词。每个可数名词都有其单数和复数形式。
A. 单数表示“一个”的概念。用名词的单数时，名词前需加 a 或 an。如 a book（一本书）、a river（一条河）、an apple（一个苹果）、an orange（一个橘子）等。
B. 复数表示两个或两个以上的物体。如two pens（两支钢笔）、three days（三天）、three cities（三个城市）等。
复数形式的构成有两种：规则名词复数形式的构成和不规则名词复数形式的构成。具体见下面。
规则名词复数形式的构成
词形特点 变为复数形式的构成方法 例词
大多数名词在词尾加-s（在清辅音后读[s]，在浊辅音及元音后读[z]。）
cat—cats bag—bags day—days 以 s、x、ch、sh 结尾的名词在词尾加 -es, 读作[iz]
class—classes match--matches
以辅音字母 + y 结尾的名词把 y 变成 i, 加 -es, 读作[iz]
city—cities（但专有名词例外，直接在 y后加-s，读作[z]Germany—Germanys）
以辅音字母 +o结尾的名词一般直接加 -es , 读作[z]
（某些外来词例外，加 –s，如tomato—tomatoes photo—photos piano—pianos）
以元音字母 + o 结尾的名词直接加 -s, 但读作[z] zoo—zoos radio--radios
以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词有的直接加 -s, 读作[z] roof--roofs
大多数要将 f 或 fe 变为 v, 再加-es,读作[z] leaf—leaves wife--wives
有些词两种形式都可以 handkerchief--handkerchiefs--handkerchieves
不规则名词复数形式的构成
复数形式的构成特点 例词
通过改变词内元音字母 man--men foot—feet tooth--teeth mouse--mice（老鼠）
通过在词尾加-en ox--oxen（牛） child--children
单复数形式相同 a sheep--two sheep a deer--two deer（鹿）a Chinese--two Chinese（中国人）
外来词保持其原有的复数形式 crisis--crises（危机） basis--bases（基础）phenomenon--phenomena（现象）
复合名词复数形式的构成
词的构成特点 变复数的方法 例词
由若干部分组成并含有一种中心词（指人的词）将中心词变为复数形式
son-in-law （女婿）--sons-in-law grandchild（孙子）--grandchildren looker-on （旁观者）--lookers-on
组成部分均为表示人的主体词各组成部分都要变为复数形式
woman doctors（女医生）--women doctor man servant（男仆）--men servants
组成部分没有中心词最后一个组成词上加 -s
grown-up （成年人）--grown-ups go-between（中间人）--go-betweens
只有复数形式的名词
词形特点 例词
由相同两部分组成的物体的名称 ：scissors（剪刀） trousers（裤子） glasses（眼镜）
以-ing 结尾的名词化的动名词 ：savings（积蓄） earnings（工资） belongings（所有物） surroundings（周围环境）
已约定俗成的名词形式 ：arms（武器） stairs（楼梯） thanks（感谢）
只有单数形式的名词 ：如：advice（意见） labour（劳动） information（信息、消息） furniture（家具）traffic（交通）
2. 不可数名词
表示无法分清个体的名词。不过，有些词在汉语中可数，在英语中却不可数。例如：news（新闻）、furniture（家具）、bread（面包）等。此类不可数名词要表示“一”这个概念时，需用其它方式表达，如 a piece of news，a piece of furniture，a loaf of bread 等。
一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，通常没有复数形式，但有时为了表示“不同类”或“大量”时，可以用复数形式，例如：China is rich in waters. 中国有丰富的水资源。
四、名词的格
名词的格是表示名词与句中其他词之间关系的名词形式。名词的格主要有三种：主格、宾格和所有格。
名词的主格与宾格的形式相同，即名词的原形，这种形式也被称为通格或普通格。
名词的所有格又称属格，表示所有关系。
1. 名词所有格形式的构成
A. 大多数单数名词后加 's 构成其所有格形式。 Mary's telephone number 玛丽的电话号码
the boy's ball 男孩的球
B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词，在 s 后加 ' 。 the teachers' office 老师们的办公室
the students' dorms 学生宿舍
C. 不以s结尾的复数名词所有格的构成形式与单数名词的相同。 the children's toys 孩子们的玩具
the women's hats 女人们的帽子
D. 复合词和由两个或两个以上名词表示共有关系的词组，在最后一个名词后加所有格符号's。
his son-in-law's friend 他女婿的朋友 Mary and Linda's mother 玛丽和琳达的母亲
E. 如果两个或两个以上名词表示分别的拥有关系，则在每个名词后分别加's。
Mary's and Linda's books 玛丽的书和琳达的书 。Tom's and Peter's fathers 汤姆的父亲和彼得的父亲
2. 以介词 of 加名词组成 of 属格
the title of the text 课文的题目。 the roof of a house 屋顶
3. “－'s”与“of”两种所有格的区别
A. “－'s”所有格形式多用于表示有生命的名词，或表示与人类活动有关的时间、地点、机构等名词。
Tom's books 汤姆的书。 today's newspaper 今天的报纸
B. “of”所有格主要表示无生命的东西。the topic of the conversation 话题 the surface of the earth 地球表面
C. 表示类别或属性时，只能用“－'s”所有格形式。
a women's college 女子学院。 children's books 儿童读物（试比较：a college of the women 那些女人的学院）
D. 所有格中的名词后面有定语（如现在分词短语或介词短语等），只能用"of"所有格形式。
It is the book of the boy speaking to the teacher． 这是正同老师说话的那个男生的书。
He is a student of the Fifth Middle School in Xi'an． 他是西安第五中学的学生。
E. 当所有格中的名词是以定冠词加形容词的形式出现时，只能用 of 构成的所有格形式。
the happiness of the old 老年人的幸福。 the problems of the young 年轻人的问题
4. 在以下情况中，只能用of与 's 构成双重所有格
所有格所修饰的名词前面有一个数量词或一个指示代词that时，要用双重所有格（数量词包括 a，two，some，no，any，few等）。
a friend of Mary's（=a friend of Mary's friends） 玛丽的一个朋友
some books of the teacher's 老师的一些书。 that son of Mr.Smith's 史密斯先生的那个儿子
that smile of the boy's 那个孩子的微笑 。 注：双重所有格修饰的名词不能与定冠词 the 连用。
5. 动名词所有格的省略式
A. 当名词所有格所修饰的名词在前面已出现过，为避免重复，往往省略。
I need your help, not Mary's. 我需要你的帮助，不是玛丽的（帮助）。
B. 当被所有格修饰的名词表示店铺、教堂或某人的家时，这一名词省略。
I'm going to the tailor's to get my dress. 我要去裁缝店拿我的衣服。
We'll visit St. Paul's （cathedral）. 我们将参观圣保罗教堂。
They took part in the birthday party at Tom's. 他们参加了在汤姆家举行的生日聚会。
五、名词的句法功能
1. 在句中作主语
This book is very useful. 这本书很有用。Mary is to meet you at the airport. 玛丽将在机场接你。
2. 作表语
My brother is a worker. 我弟弟是个工人。She is a writer. 她是个作家。
3. 作宾语或复合宾语
He finished his task on time. 他按时完成了他的任务。We made Tom our monitor. 我们选汤姆为我们的班长。
4. 作定语
He got three gold medals at the 23rd Olympic Games. 他在第二十三届奥运会上取得了三块金牌。
rain drops 雨点 colour film 彩色电影 。注：名词作定语修饰名词，通常表示事物的属性、本质特征、内容、材料、目的等。这些形容词化的名词与形容词作定语在语义上有一定的区别。
golden medal 金色的奖牌（颜色，非材料） gold medal 金牌（质地材料为金子）
colourful dress 色彩鲜艳的女装（仅指颜色） colour film 彩色电影（属性为彩色的）
5. 作状语
The meeting lasted two hours. 会议持续了两个小时。 Wait a moment. 等一会儿。
He was late for class this morning. 今天早晨他上课迟到了。
6. 作同位语
Mr. Smith, our leader, is speaking now. 史密斯先生，我们的领导，正在讲话。
We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。
7. 作称呼语
Come here, Mary. 玛丽，到这儿来。 Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们，先生们，早上好。
【模拟试题】（答题时间：70分钟）
一、单项选择
1. He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.
A. little wage B. few wage
C. wage D. wages
2. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
A. an ash B. the ash C. ash D. ashes
3. The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
A. many preparations B. much preparation
C. preparations D. preparation
4. Painting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
A. oil B. an oil C. oils D. the oil
5. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn't ____ oil here.
A. much B. lots of
C. a great deal of D. many
6. The large houses are being painted, but ______.
A. of great expense B. at a great expense
C. in a lot of expenses D. by high expense
7. The room was small and contained far too ______.
A. much new furniture
B. much new furnitures
C. many new furniture
D. many new furnitures
8. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
A. rooms number B. room number
C. room's numbers D. room numbers
9. Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
A. great many…many
B. much…a great deal
C. a great deal of…much
D. many…a great many
10. She didn't know _____ he had been given.
A.how many information
B.how many informations
C. the number of information
D.how much information
11. He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
A. comrade-in-arms B. comrades-in-arm
C. comrades-in-arms D. comrade-in-arm
12. All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
A. women doctors B. woman doctors
C. women doctor D. woman doctor
13. After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
A. growns-ups B. growns-up
C. grown-up D. grown-ups
14. The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
A. stander-by B. standers-by
C. stander-bys D. standers-bys
15. The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
A. prisoner-of-wars B. prisoners-of-war
C. prisoners-of-wars D. prisoner-of-war
16. The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
A. new reel B. news reel
C. new-reels D. news reels
17. Mary's dress is similar in appearance to her ______. A. elder sister B. elder sister's
C. elder sisters D. elder sisters dress
18. All the people at the conference are ______.
A. mathematic teachers B. mathematics teacher
C. mathematics teachers D. mathematic's teachers
19. Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
A. some property B. properties
C. some properties D. property
20. Physics _____ with matter and motion.
A. deal B. deals C. dealing D. are
21. He has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends.
A. have B. have been C. is D. are
22. After he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.
A. father-in-law's C. father's-in-law
B. father-in-law D. father's-in-law's
23. He told me _____ would come to his birthday party.
A. many Jack friends C. many Jack's friend
B. Jack's many friends D. many friends of Jack's
24. I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.
A. barber B. barbers C. barber's D. barbers'
25. Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______.
A. Peter and Helen's C. Peter and Helen
B. Peter and Helens D. Peter's and Helen's
26. .______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun's energy.
A. The earth's surface C. The surface of earth
B. The surface earth D. The earth surface
27. Numerous materials are available to ______.
A. today of designers C. today's of designers
B. today's designers D. today designers
28. Why did you speak to Peter that way Don't you know he is an old friend of ______
A. my brother B. my brothers
C. my brother's D. my brother's friend
29. ______ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.
A. This John's old friend
C. That's Jahn's old friend
B. This old friend of John
D. This old friend of John's
30. ______ is too much for a little boy to carry.
A. A bike's weight C. The weight of a bike
B. The weights of a bike D. Bilk's weight
31. Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.
A. little B. much C. a large number of D. a large amount of
32. When they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left.
A. only few seats B. a very few seats
C. only a few seats D. so a few seats
33. ______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.
A. A little mail B. A piece of mail
C. A mail D. A small mail
34. The department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there.
A. a new equipment C. new equipments
B. a new piece of equipment
D. new pieces of equipments
35. The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work.
A. little improvement C. many improvements
B. a little improvement D. few improvements
36. Today's modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models.
A. only a few B. only few C. only a little D. only little
37. No country can afford to neglect ______.
A. an education B. educations
C. education D. the education
38. Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______.
A. eighth chapter B. chapter eight
C. eight chapter D. chapter the eight
39. ______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys' and apes'.
A. The intelligent dog C.The intelligence of dogs
B. The dogs whose intelligence
D. The dogs being intelligent
40. All ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.
A. business student B. business's students
C. business students D. business's student
41. ______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
A. Three minutes call C. A three-minutes call
B. Three-minute call D. A three-minute call
42. The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.
A. public's chief concern C. chief public concern
B. public chief concern D. chief concern of public's
43. ______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.
A. Chinese were B. The Chinese was
C. Chinese was D. The Chinese were
44. ______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.
A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on
C. Looker-ons D. Lookers-ons
45. A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.
A. were B. have been C. was D. has been
46. Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be.
A. is B. are C. be D. been
47. One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum.
A. much of tomorrow food
C. many of tomorrow's food
B. much of the food of tomorrow
D. much of tomorrow's food
48. Scott is an orphan but he received ______.
A. very good education C. a very good education
B. very good educations D. many good educations
49. After several day's hardworking, we have made ______ on the design.
A. much improvement.C. many improvement
B. several improvements D. some improvement
50. The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.
A. shoes shop B. shoe shop
C. shoes's shop D. shoe's
51. Eggs, though nourishing, have ______ of fat content.
A. large number B. a large number
C. a high amount D. the high amount
52. He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.
A. research B. a research
C. researches D. the researches
53. Recently, he has lost all his ______.
A. wage and saving at card
C. wages and saving at card
B. wages and savings at card
D. wages and savings at cards
54. The country's wealth comes chiefly from its many ______.
A. herd of cattle B. herd of cattles
C. herds of cattle D. herds of cattles
55. In Britain the ______ are all painted red.
A. letter boxes B. letters box
C. letters boxes D. letters's box
56. Ten years had passed. I found she had ______.
A. a little white hair C. a few white hair
B. some white hair D. much white hair
57. All his ______ far from satisfaction
A. conduct is B. conduct are
C. conducts is D. conducts will be
58. Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done.
A. a few damages B. few damages
C. little damage D. a little damage
59. He was ______ what to do.
A. at his wit end B. at his wits end
C. at his wit's end D. at his wits's end
60. Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me
A. two toasts B. two pieces of toast
C. two piece of toasts..D. tow pieces of toasts
61. Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable.
A. datum B. datums C. data D. datas
62. On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______.
A. how-are-yous C. how-are-you's
B. of how-are-you's D. of how are you
63. Albert said he met the girl ______
A. at his uncle's Smith room
C. at his uncle Smith's room
B. at Smith's his uncle's room
D. at the room of his uncle's Smith's
64. It is four months since I last saw Keats ______.
A. at Mr Smith's ,the book seller
C. at my aunt's, a book seller
B. at my aunt's, Mrs Palmer's
D. at Mrs Palmer's, the book seller's
65. This room is ______.
A. the editor's-in-chief's office
C. the editor-in-chief's office
B. the editor-in-chief office
D. the editor's-in-chief office
66. My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at ______.
A. a teacher college C. a teacher's college
B. a teachers's college D. a college of a teacher's
67. The policemen put the criminal ______.
A. in a iron B. into a iron
C. in irons D. into a pair of iron
68. Our teacher gave me ______.
A. an advice B. the advice
C. many advice D. much advice
69. My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors.
A. a B. two C. a couple of D. a pair of
70. My house is within ______ from the railway station.
A. a stone's throw B. a throw of a stone
C. stone's throw D. the stone's throw
二、用括号内词的适当形式填空：
1. There are two________ over there．（bench）
2. I like taking ________.（photo）
3. l can see a _________and two ________ standing there．（man，woman）
4. There are two baskets of__________ on the floor.（apple）
5. You often make a lot of__________ in spelling. （mistake）
6. Look at those_________. （child）
7. This is a__________. Those are three__________. （knife）
8. He doesn't like these ________. （glass）
9. How many _________can you see？（radio）
10. Thirty __________live in this building. （family）.
三、选择下列正确答案：
1. A cow has four__________.
A. stomachs B. stomaches
2. Three_________ are eating grass.
A. sheep B. sheeps
3. Water__________ a kind of matter.
A. is B. are
4. Her clothes__________ nearly worn out.
A. is B. are
5. No man___________ present.
A. is B. are
6. It is I who___________ next.
A. am B. is
7. There_________ no water in the glass.
A. are B. is
8. Here__________ a blind man.
A. comes B. is
9. Physics____________ more difficult than maths.
A. is B. are
10. Neither Mary nor her sister___________ the party.
A. is going to B. are going to
冠词
冠词是一种虚词，用在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。
不定冠词形式：不定冠词有a和an两种形式。
a. 用在以辅音字母开头或以读音类似辅音的元音开头的单词前面
例：a man 一个男人 a table 一张桌子 a university 一所大学 a useful thing 一种有用的东西
an用在以元音字母开头或以不发音的h字母开头的单词前面
an hour 一小时 an apple 一个苹果
不定冠词的用法
1. 不定冠词a表示“一”这一概念时，意思与one相似 There's a pen on the desk. 桌子上有一支钢笔。
2. 不定冠词在表示“一”的概念时，是非强调性的。 如果强调“一”这一数量，常常用one
National Day is a two-day holiday. 国庆节是（一）个两天的假日。
3. 不定冠词用在表示数量、时间等名词前表示“每一（单位）…的价格、速度、顺序等”。
The apples are two yuan a kilogram. 这些苹果每公斤两元钱。
4. 不定冠词用于单数可数名词前泛指人的职业、国籍、宗教等
5. 不定冠词用在人名或表示人的名词前，表示不确定性，即说话人不清楚或没有指明所提到的人到底是谁。
A Smith called you just now. 刚才一个叫史密斯的人给你打电话。
6. 不定冠词用于“be of a （an）+名词”结构中，表示“相同…的”。
These sweaters are of a size. 这些毛衣大小相同。
7. 不定冠词用于固定结构quite/half/rather/many/what/such a （an）+名词，so/too/how+形容词+a （an）+名词表示程度、数量或感叹等。 It's too difficult a problem for him. 对他来说，这是一个太难的问题。
8. 不定冠词用于某些习惯用语或谚语中。 in a word 总而言之 at a time 一次
注：当一篇文章中第一次提到某一事物时，在名词前面要加不定冠词，以后再次提到同一事物时用定冠词。
…He saw a man standing there. The man was the person that he was looking for.…
…他看到一个人站在那里。那个人就是他正找的人。…
定冠词形式：
定冠词的形式是the，它没有单、复数和词性的变化。
定冠词的用法：
1. 定冠词用在名词前，表示特指，即某个特定的人、事物等。特别是当某名词后面有定语限定这一名词时，名词前面一般都要用定冠词the。
How do you like the rooms here 你觉得这里的房间怎么样？
2. 用于单数名词前，指一类事物。 The lion is a wild animal. 狮子是野生动物。
3. 用于乐器名称前。the violin 小提琴 the piano 钢琴
4. 用于世界上独一无二的事物前。the earth 地球 the world 世界
5. 用在形容词前，表示一类人或事物。the poor 穷人 the aged 老人
6. 用于构成形容词或副词的比较级和最高级形式。
Is this the best choice he can make 这是他能做出的最好的选择吗？
不用冠词的场合：
1. 名词在句中作表语、同位语时，当它所表示的职位、头衔等是独一无二的，则不用冠词。
Smith was appointed dean of Foreign Language Department.
史密斯被任命为外语系主任。
（上述的“主任”只有一个，如果这一职位不是独一的，则要用不定冠词。）
2. 当名词转化为抽象含义时，不具体指某一事物，前面不加冠词，这种情况常见于一些固定短语中。
I'll take him to hospital. 我将带他去医院（看病）。
（不指某一具体特定的医院而着重强调医院看病的普遍性功用。）
3. 表示季节、月份、星期的名词，如果没有限制性定语，或者不表示某一特定时间，前面不用冠词。
If winter comes, can spring be far behind 冬天已经到了，春天还会远吗？
4. 泛指的某顿饭前不用冠词
What do you want to have for breakfast 你早饭想吃什么？
注：表示新闻标题、提纲、广告、公告、电报、信函、书名等前不用冠词。
专有名词前的冠词：
用不定冠词的情况：
1. 表示某国人，某个说话人但不清楚是谁的人。（只知其名） He is an American. 他是美国人。
2. 表示某一家庭成员或某一名人的作品。
There's a Rembrandt in her collection. 她的收藏品中有一幅伦勃朗的画。
用定冠词的情况：
1. 某些地理名词，如江河海洋、海峡海湾、山脉群岛、沙漠等之前要用定冠词。
the Yangtze 长江 the Pacific 太平洋
2. 由普通名词和其它一些词构成的专有名词，如国名、组织机构、建筑物、报纸、会议、条约等的名称前，要用定冠词。 the United Nations 联合国 the New York Times 纽约时报
3. 定冠词用在复数专有名词前，表示一家人，或某对夫妇、整个民族等。
The Americans are a nation on wheels. 美国人是一个车轮上的民族。
专有名词前不用冠词的情况：
一般来说，街道、广场、公园的名字、大学名、节日名、杂志名前不加定冠词。
Hyde Park 海德公园 National Day 国庆节
抽象名词和物质名词前冠词的用法：
1. 当抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时，不用冠词（即使前面有修饰性词）
Knowledge begins with practice. 认识从实践开始。
2. 当抽象名词和物质名词表示某一特定概念时，特别是当它们有一限制性定语时，前面要加定冠词。
What do you think of the music 你觉得这音乐怎么样？
3. 当抽象名词和物质名词表示“一种”、“一场”、“一次”、“一阵”或“一份”等意义时，要在前面加上不定冠词a或an。Would you please give us an explanation 你能不能给我们解释一下呢
4. 表示某一品质或情绪的具体事件、人物或东西的抽象名词，前面要用不定冠词。
The English evening was really a great success. 这次英语晚会很成功。
连词
连词是一种虚词，在句子中不能单独作句子成分，也没有词形变化。用来连接词与词，短语和短语或句子与句子。
1. 并列关系 并列连词：用来连接句子中相同成分的词、短语、或句子。
and ……和……，……以及…… ; both…and … 既……又 ;not only… but also…不但…而且
as well as 也，又。Tom and I are friends.汤姆和我是好朋友。（连接主语）
He can speak and write English very well.他英语说得和写得都非常好。（连接两个谓语）
We are happy and gay.我们兴高采烈。（连接两个表语）
Both my father and mother like singing.我父母都喜欢唱歌。（连接两个主语）
Not only his parents but also he is very nice to me.不仅他的父母，就连他也对我很好。
He neither drinks nor smokes.他既不喝酒也不吸烟。（连接两个谓语）
I can sing as well as Tom （sings） .我能唱得和汤姆一样好。（连接两个分句子）
2. 转折关系：表示两个概念彼此有转折关系。
常见的连词有：but 但是，yet 然而， while 而，however 可是，然而。
She can play the piano but not the violin.她会弹钢琴，但不会拉小提琴。
He isn’t tall, yet he is strong.他个不高，但他很结实。
3. 选择关系：表示在两者间选择其一。
or 或者 either…or… 不是……就是……; or else 否则 otherwise 否则……
You must hurry or you’ll be late.你得赶快了，否则你会迟到。（连接两个分句）
Put on your sweater, or else you will catch a cold.穿上你的毛衣，否则你会感冒的。（连接两个分句）
I went at once ; otherwise I would have missed him.我立刻过去，否则就见不到他了。（连接两个分句）
4. 因果关系：说明原因或产生的结果。
常见的连词有：for ,so, therefore. It must have rained last night, for the road is wet.
昨晚一定是下雨了，因为路上是湿的。（连接两个分句）
The headmaster called me just now, so I must go to the office at once.
校长刚才给我打电话，因此我必须马上去办公室。
5. 从属连词：用来连接主句和名词性从句的连词。
连词：that ,whether/ if . I am sure that you’re certain to win.
我相信你们一定获胜。
He asked me if I could help him. 他问我是否能帮助他。
It’s certain that they will win the final victory. 肯定他们会赢得最后胜利。
连接状语从句：when , after , before , as , as soon as , while ,till , since .
The train had left when I got to the station. 当我到达车站时，火车已经开走了。
Where there is life there is hope . 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
If you work hard, you are sure to succeed. 如果你努力工作的话，肯定会成功。
The wind blew so hard that we could hardly walk. 风刮得很大，我们几乎不能走。
【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟）冠词练习
1. I read ______story. It is ______interesting story.
A. a, an B. a, a C. the, the D. /, an
2. Britain is __ European country and China is ___ Asian country.
A. an, an B. a, a C. a, an D. an, a
3. ______China is _____ old country with _____ long history.
A. The, an, a B. The, a, a C. /, an, the D. /, an, a
4. _____elephant is bigger than ______ horse.
A. /, / B. an, a C. An, a D. /, the
5. We always have ______rice for ______lunch.
A. /, / B. the, / C. /, a D. the, the
6. It took me ______ hour and _____ half to finish ______ work.
A. a, a, a B. an, a, a C. an, a, the D. an, a, /
7. ______ doctor told me to take ______ medicine three times
______day, stay in _____bed, then I would be better soon.
A. /, a, a, the B. A, the, the, /
C. The, the, a, / D. A, /, a, /
8. There is ____ picture on ____ wall. I like ____ picture very much.
A. a, the, the B. a, the, a
C. the, a, a D. a, an, the
9. January is ______first month of the year.
A. a B. / C. an D. the
10. Shut _____door, please.
A. a B. an C. the D./
11. Einstein won _____ Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
12. What ____ fine day it is today! Let’s go to the Summer Palace.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
13. I like music, but I don’t like ____ music of that TV play.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
14. ____ girl over there is ____ English teacher.
A. The, an B. A, / C. The, / D. A, a
15. It’s ____ exciting way to shop on the Net.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
16. She was ___ founder of ___ order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity.
A. a, an B. a, / C. the, / D. the, an
17. Xi’an is ___ old city with ___ long history, isn’t it
A. a, an B. an, a C. the, the D. the, a
18. Nancy’s sister is ____ English teacher, isn’t she
A. a B. an C. the D. /
19. Chaffs is______ boy，but he can play the guitar very well.
A. an eight-years old B. a eight-year-old
C. a eight-years-old D. an eight-year-old
20. We often have sports after class, and I like to play _____ basketball.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
连词练习
1. He can speak English_______ Chinese.
A. but B. also C. so D. and
2. Physics is not so easy, _______I like it very much.
A. but B. or C. since D. because
3. Will Tom wait for her at home ______ at the library
A. or B. as C. so that D. both
4. She has a son _______ a daughter.
A. but B. and C. so D. or
5. I’ll give her the gift ______ she arrives.
A. so B. before C. as soon as D. since
6. Tom was ____ill that we had to send for a doctor.
A. so B. very C. and D. too
7. The woman was____ angry_____ she couldn’t speak anything.
A. neither…nor B. either…or
C. both…and D. so…that
8. ______we got home it was very late.
A. When B. While C. Because D. As
9. We heard clearly_____ she said.
A. what B. which C. before D. because
10. I can’t sleep well at night，______I often feel very tired in the day．
A. so B. because C. and D. or
11. When you’re learning a foreign language，use it，______ you will lose it．
A. but B. or C. then D. and
12. --- Can you play football
--- Yes, I can，______ I can’t play it very well．
A. or B. and C. but D. so
13. Study hard，______ you will fall behind．
A. and B. but C. so D. or
14. My favorite is action movie ______ I think it’s exciting.
A. and B. because C. but D. so
15. The boy is very smart, ______ many of his classmates like him.
A. but B. so C. or D. for
16. He has never heard______ seen such a thing before.
A. nor B. and C. or D. since
易错题集中 重点、难点：
考试中常犯的错误分类例析
具体内容： 在学习初中英语过程中，同学们常会犯这样那样的错误，大多数同学认为这些错误纷繁复杂，无章可循，其实并非如此。为便于系统复习，现将同学们常犯的错误进行分类例析，希望对大家能有所警示与启迪。
（一）“蛇足”类错误例析
“蛇足”类错误就是“画蛇添足”，在句中出现一些原本没有或本应省略的成分。
[例1] Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money. （×）
Traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money.（√）
Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, it costs too much money.（√）
[例2] Because he was ill yesterday, so he didn’t go to work. （×）
Because he was ill yesterday, he didn’t go to work.（√）
He was ill yesterday, so he didn’t go to work.（√）
析：用though, but表示“虽然……，但是……”或用because，so 表示“因为……，所以……”时，though和but 及because和so 都只能择一而用，不能两者同时使用。
[例3] More than three hundreds people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in 2003.（×）
More than three hundred people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in 2003.（√）
析：hundred, thousand, million, billion等词前有具体数词修饰用来表示“确数”时，无论数词大小，hundred等词都要用单数形式。[例4] My English teacher is a 38-years old man. （×）
My English teacher is a 38-year-old man. （√）
析：句中的38-years-old是由数词、名词和形容词一起构成的复合形容词，在句中充当定语，修饰名词man。复合形容词作定语时，其中的名词要用单数形式，且各词之间要有连字符“-”。
[例5] The Smiths have moved Beijing.（×） The Smiths have moved to Beijing.（√）
析：不及物动词后接名词或代词作宾语时，要在动词之后加上适当的介词；但不及物动词后接home, here, there等副词作宾语时，动词之后不必加任何介词。
[例6] The box is too heavy for him to carry it.（×） The box is too heavy for him to carry.（√）
析：不定式to carry及其逻辑主语for him共同组成不定式复合结构作状语一起修饰heavy。
（二）“主谓不一致”类错误例析
主谓不一致类错误指的是句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上不一致而形成的错误。
[例1] Each of the boys have a pen.（×） Each of the boys has a pen.（√） The boys each have a pen .（√）
析：复数名词前有表个体的each of，one of，every，either of等词组修饰，或有表否定的neither of, none of 等词组修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
[例2] Neither he nor you is good at English.（×） Neither he nor you are good at English.（√）
析：either... or...，neither... nor...，not only...，but also...等词组连接句子的两个主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近一致原则”，即由靠近谓语的那个主语决定谓语的人称和数用何种形式。
[例3] Two months are quite a long time.（×） Two months is quite a long time.（√）
析：当时间、度量、距离、重量等名词作句子主语时，常将其看作一个整体，谓语动词要用单数形式。
[例4] Ten minus three are seven.（×） Ten minus three is seven.（√）
析：用英语表示加（plus）、减（minus）等数学运算时，谓语动词也用单数形式。
[例5] Watching TV too much are bad for your eyes. （×） Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.（√）
析：不定式、v-ing形式充当句子主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
[例6] The number of the workers in this factory are about 5,000.（×）
The number of the workers in this factory is about 5,000.（√）
析：the number of表示“……的数量”，谓语动词用单数形式；a number of 的意思是“若干”或“许多”，相当于some或a lot of，和复数名词连用，谓语动词用复数形式。
（三）“词序”、“语序”类错误例析
词序、语序类错误指的是单词或句子在排列顺序上不正确，也表现为该用陈述语序的用了疑问句语序，或该用疑问句语序的用了陈述句语序等情况。
[例1] Hello! I have important something to tell you.（×）Hello! I have something important to tell you. （√）
析：形容词或动词不定式修饰不定代词作定语时，修饰成分要置于不定代词之后。
[例2] His son is enough old to go to school.（×）His son is old enough to go to school.（√）
析：enough作形容词修饰名词时，可以放在名词前，也可放在名词后；作副词修饰形容词或副词时，只能放在形容词或副词之后。
[例3] Here is your sweater, put away it.（×）Here is your sweater, put it away.（√）
析：put away, pick up, put on等“动词+副词”构成的词组后接代词作宾语时，代词只能放在动词和副词之间。
[例4] I don’t know where is he going.（×）I don’t know where he is going.（√）
析：在含宾语从句的复合句中，从句要用陈述句语序。
[例5] Look! Here the bus comes.（×）Look! Here comes the bus.（√）
析：在以here，there引起的陈述句中，若句子的主语是名词，要用倒装语序，即用“Here /There+动词+名词”结构；但主语若是代词时，则不用倒装语序, 即用“Here/There +代词+动词”结构。
[例6] I do well in playing football, _______.（我妹妹也行。）A. so my sister does（×）B. so does my sister（√）
[例7] — Li Lei is really a football fan.
— _______.（确实这样.）
A. So is he（×）B. So he is（√）
析：“so+be动词/助动词+主语”的倒装结构表示前面所述情况也适用于后者，意为“……也是这样”；“so+主语+be动词/助动词”的陈述结构表示对前述情况的肯定，意为”……确实如此”。
（四）“逻辑”类错误例析
逻辑类错误是指用英语表达某一思想时，犯了逻辑推理错误，导致句子语法成分不全，句意表达上前后矛盾等方面的失误。
[例1]重庆比中国的其他城市都大。
Chongqing is larger than any city in China.（×）Chongqing is larger than any other city in China.（√）
析：“any city in China”包括了重庆这座城市，同一事物自己与自己不能做比较，只有在city 前加上other才能表示重庆和中国的其它城市比较大小。
[例2]广州的天气比北京的天气更暖和。
The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than Beijing.（×）The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than that in Beijing .（√）
析：表示比较时，句子中的两个比较对象必须一致，不同的比较对象不能做比较。错误句的比较对象分别为the weather in Guangzhou和Beijing，这两个不同类的事物之间不能做比较。
（五）“受汉语思维方式影响”类错误例析
受汉语影响类错误是指用英语表达某个意思时，受了汉语表达的影响而导致犯错。
[例1] Mr. Wu teaches our English.（×）Mr. Wu teaches us English.（√）
析：“teach sb. sth.”句式中的sb.和 sth.是teach的双宾语，因此teach后的人称代词要用宾格，而不能受汉语影响使用形容词性物主代词。
[例2] His sister married with a teacher last summer.（×）His sister married a teacher last summer.（√）
析：表达“A和B结婚”，要用A married/will marry B。这时务必要避免受汉语影响使用A married/will marry with B。
[例3] There is going to have a film tonight.（×） There is going to be a film tonight.（√）
析：一般将来时用在 There be 句式中时，be going to或will之后的动词原形只能用be,也就是说要用There is（are）going to be.... / There will be....。
[例4] I’ll go hiking if it won’t rain next Sunday.（×）I’ll go hiking if it doesn’t rain next Sunday.（√）
析：习惯上在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句的谓语动词用了一般将来时，从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来的动作。
[例5] Teacher told us yesterday that the earth went around the sun. （×）
Teacher told us yesterday that the earth goes around the sun. （√）
析：习惯上在含有宾语从句的复合句中，主句的谓语动词用了一般过去时，从句的谓语动词要用过去的某种时态。但如果从句表述的是一客观事实或客观真理时，则不受主句时态的影响，而用一般现在时。
[例6] All the balls are not round. 翻译成汉语：
所有的球都不是圆的。（×）并不是所有的球都是圆的。（√）
析：all，every，both等词和not连用时，not通常放在all，every，both的后面，一般情况下表示部分否定，意为“并非……都……”。
[例7] Do you know the way of the park （×）Do you know the way to the park （√）
析：习惯上表示无生命名词的所有格常用“……of……”；但表示“通往……的路”要用“the way to...”，而不能用“the way of...”。类似结构的词还有 the key to the lock （这把锁的钥匙），the answer to this question（这个问题的答案），the ticket to the concert（音乐会的票）等。
[例8]— He didn’t go to school yesterday, did he
— _______, though he didn’t feel very well. A. No, he didn’t（×） B. Yes, he did（√）
[例9]— Don’t you usually come to school by bike
— _______. But I sometimes walk.
A. No, I don’t（×） B. Yes, I do（√）
析：习惯上英语中的yes意为“是的”，no意为“不”，但在“前否后肯”的反意疑问句或否定疑问句中，yes意为“不”，no意为“是的”。
【模拟试题】
一. 阅读理解：
（A）
There is a one-day holiday in most countries on New Year’s Eve. There are several interesting customs in the West, and there are many differences from country to country.
Though Christmas is a family get-together. New Year for some is a time to be with friends too. Parties are most often held to welcome New Year. At such arties, there is food and drink and dancing until the time nears for the coming of New Year.
At midnight, people often say “ Happy New Year ” to each other. Champagne（香槟酒）is a favorite drink for New Year. In many western countries fireworks（烟火）are let off at midnight ,and many people like to make a noise, possibly to drive away bad spirits（幽灵）.
One important song is often sung at New year—the Scottish（苏格兰）song of Auld Lang syne（good times long ago.）
1. People usually have great celebrations for New Year on .
A. New Year’s Day B. the night before New Year’s Eve
C. the night of New Year’s Day D. the night before New Year’s Day
2. In the West, New Year is also a time when. .
A. friends get together B. friends write to each other
C. people can have a week’s holiday D. people can from country to country
3. The word “ customs ” in the passage means .
A. 习俗 B. 聚会 C.饮食 D. 活动
4. At midnight on New Year’s Eve western people often .
① hold parties to welcome New Year ② make a noise to drive away bad spirits
③ drink with friends or families ④ say “ Happy New Year ” to each other
⑤ sing an important French song ⑥ let off fireworks
A. ①②③④ B. ③④⑤⑥ C. ②③④⑥ D. ①②⑤⑥
5. This passage mainly talks about .
A. western people drink together on New Year’s Eve B. what western people do on New Year’s Day
C. how western people spend their New Year’s Eve D. western people have a good time on New Year’s Day
（B）
People have flown kites in Japan for more than 1,000 years. There are different kinds of kites there. Some look like bats（蝙蝠）; others look like birds. Most have pictures on them.
There are many interesting stories about kites in Japan. One story tells about a thief（小偷）who used a kite. He wanted to steal（偷）the gold（金子）from the top of a high tower（塔）. The thief and his friends made a large kite. One dark windy night he caught hold of the kite. His friends raised（使升高）it into the air. Then they moved the kite near the top of the tower. The thief was able to steal the gold. Another story tells about a father and a son. They were in trouble on an island near Japan. The father made a large kite. His son flew in it back to Japan.
The young men of Japan have kite matches. When the kites are flying, the match starts. The young men try to break each other’s kite strings（细绳）. The last kite left in the sky is the winner.
1. Most kites in Japan .
A. are very large B. are very small C. look like bats D. look nice with pictures
2. In the kite match the young men try to .
A. make their kites fly high B. stop each other’s kites from flying in the sky
C. make very large kites themselves D. draw beautiful pictures on their kites
3. The father in the passage made a large kite to help his son to .
A. return home B. fly over the island C. fly over the sea D. steal gold
4. The passage mainly（主要的）tells us .
A. how to fly kites B. how a kite match starts
C. something about the kites in Japan D. what the kites look like
二. 综合填空：
Dogs are good pets（宠物）. They are very f 1 to people and very beautiful, too. Most dogs get on very well with c 2 and their parents. Others are good watch-dogs because they cry loudly when a s 3 person arrives . When you buy a dog, an important thing to think about is its s 4 -buy a small dog if your home is small and a bigger one if y 5 is larger. Many people don't know how much to feed（喂养）their dogs. Dogs eat a 6 anything! They like meat, rice and lots of other things. You can buy lots of food m 7 for dogs in shops. Don't let your dogs eat too much. Feed it only once a day. Always l 8 water for your dog. It can get thirsty very quickly, especially（尤其是）in s 9 . Remember that dogs need e 10 . You should take it for a walk every day. Don't keep your dog inside all day.
三. 完型填空：
A good dictionary is 1 important tool（工具）. It will tell you 2 only what a word means but 3 how it 4 . A dictionary needs to be printed again about every ten years. Languages develop（发展）and a good dictionary must 5 these new changes.
A new English dictionary will only tell you 6 most people use the language today. It will not tell you what is right 7 wrong. It may tell you the right time to use a word. If only 8 people use a word, a dictionary will 9 tell you this or not list（编列）it.
10 dictionary will tell you many interesting facts. If you type（用打字机打）a word and the word is too long, 11 in your dictionary. All dictionaries show you 12 to break（拆开）a word. And they also show you how a word 13 .
Every dictionary, of course, tells you what a word means. But some words, like “get” or “take”, may have lots of meanings（意思）. In some dictionaries, the main（主要的）meanings are often listed first. In 14 , the newest meanings are listed last. So before you use your dictionary, you should always 15 the front part. This part explains 16 .
Some dictionaries also show you where a word comes 17 . Do you know that the word “brand”（标记）comes from an old word This old word means “to burn”. This is because 18 years ago people burned their names on tables or boats to show who 19 them. They also burned their own names on their farm animals 20 they would not be stolen.
Your dictionary also has a lot of other interesting facts in it. After you have learned to use a dictionary, it can become your best useful book.
1. A. a B. an C. the D. very
2. A. no B. that C. not D. if
3. A. too B. either C. yet D. also
4. A. uses B. is using C. is used D. used
5. A. to show B. show C. shows D. be shown
6. A. how B. what C. why D. if
7. A. and B. or C. but D. not
8. A. a little B. many C. a few D. a lot of
9. A. neither B. nor C. both D. either
10. A. Every B. Some C. All D. Many
11. A. look up it B. look for it C. look it up D. look it out
12. A. when B. where C. why D. which
13. A. speaks B. is spoke C. be spoken D. is spoken
14. A. another B. the other C. others D. other
15. A. see B. look C. watch D. read
16. A. how use it B. to how use it C. how to use it D. to how to use it
17. A. into B. up C. by D. from
18. A. hundreds of B. hundred of C. a hundred of D. hundred
19. A. builds B. makes C. build D. made
20. A. when B. in order to C. so that D. before
专题：宾语从句与状语从句
重点、难点 1. 引导宾语从句的关联词的原则 2. 状语从句的连词
具体内容（一）宾语从句 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
（二）构成：关联词+简单句
（三）引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
1. 从属连词that。如： He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。
注：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。
（1）Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。）大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
（2）I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.（that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。）对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。
（3）That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.（that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。） 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
（4）We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. （主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。） 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。
2. 从属连词if/whether。如： I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。
3. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如： Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
（1）介词宾语从句
宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如： He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方.I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
有时介词可以省略。如： I don’t care（for）who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。
Be careful（as to）how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。
四. 重点疑难
1. 如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他已表明他不会屈服。
2. 作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。
介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：
Are you sorry for what you’ve done 你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？
3. 某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如： I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。
I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。
I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams. 妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。
4. 连词whether（…or not）或if引导的宾语从句
if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether。试比较：
Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go.
if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。
5. 宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：
I don’t think you are right. 我认为你错了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares, does he 我想他不在意，是吗？
6. 宾语从句的时态变化规律
（1）当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。
（2）当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除
外。如： The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老师说地球绕着太阳运行。
状语从句：时间状语从句：
状语从句需要连词引导。引导时间状语从句的连词有： when，while，as，as soon as，before，once，after， since，till/until等。 例如： When you finish doing this drill, you may go on to the next one.
I’ll let you know as soon as it is settled. She has written fifty letters home since she came to Beijing.
注意（一）：虽然till和until可互相交换使用。但在句首只能用until。
用于否定句时，表示“直到……时，才……”；“在……以前，不……”例如：
Until you told me about the book I had no idea of it.（在你告诉我之前，我对此书一无所知。）
I won’t know where he is until I get a letter from him.（收到他的信时我才知道他在那里。）
时间状态语从句中用一般现在时表示将来时间，用现在完成时表示将来完成时间。例如：
As soon as my brother arrives, we’ll start working.
while和as的区别：when表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生或先于主句动作，可以指一段时间也可以指特定的时间点；while表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，表示“一边……一边……”，通常指一段时间。例如：
Jack stayed with us when / while he was in Beijing. He called us when he arrived in Beijing.
地点状语从句：
引导地点状语从句的有where，wherever，everywhere等连词。例如：
Where there is a will, there is a way. （有志者，事竟成）
Wherever you met him, he was not in my house. Everywhere he goes he makes new friends.
Everywhere she went, she was kindly received.
条件状语从句：
一般由if（如果），unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as（只要）等连词引导。例如：
Please come by if you are free. Unless you study harder, you’re going to fail the exam.
注意（二）：条件状语从句中也须用一般现在时表示将来时间，用现在完成时表示将来完成时间。例如：
If it rains tomorrow, we won't go hiking.
原因状语从句：
引导原因状语从句的连接词通常有because（因为），as（由于），Since（由于），now that（既然；由于）等。例如： As it is raining, you had better take your umbrella with you.
You must tell the truth since you know the fact. She couldn’t get up because her legs were wounded.
I can’t go to the movie because I'm too busy.
注意（三）： because , as和since均可指原因，但because引导的从句常位于主句之前；而as和since引导的从句常位于主句之后；because表示原因的语气最强，而as和since语气较弱，只是附带说明一下主句内容是由从句引起的结果。as和since常指说话人和听话人双方都知道的原因。当回答以why引导的疑问 句时必须用because。例如： Why didn’t you come to the meeting
Because I had a bad cold.
结果状语从句
结果状语从句一般由so…that（如此……以致于），such…that（如此……以致于），such that（如此……以致于）和so that（以致于）等引导。so…that与such…that的区别在于：so接形容词或副词，such接名词或名词词组。例如： He was so excited that he couldn't help jumping.
She spoke so loudly that every one in the big hall could hear her.
It was such a terrible accident that few people survived.
There were so few students present that the class was cancelled.
The book was written in such simple English that we could understand it easily.
目的状语从句一般由so that（为了；以便）和in order that（为了；以便）引导的目的状语从句，lest 表示“免得/ 以防/ 以免”。从句中一般用虚拟语气，动词形式为“should+ 动词原形”。
She spoke louder so that everyone in the hall could hear her.
They sent the book by air mail in order that it might reach us in good time.
The teacher hid the key to exercises lest the students should see it.
We set off early lest we should be late.
让步状语从句：
让步状语从句常用although / though（虽然），even though / even if（尽管），as（尽管），whatever/ whenever/ however（无论什么/ 何时/ 如何），no matter what / when / how（无论什么/ 何时/ 如何）等到引导。no matter what/ when/ how（无论什么/ 何时/ 如何）等引导。as表示让步时一般用于部分倒装结构，though也有此 用法。例如：
We’ll try our best to finish the work in time though we are short of materials.
He still wanted to do it although I warned him not to. Although she slept ten hours last night , she is still tired.
Although the road was narrow, the driver managed to pass it safely.
方式状语从句：方式状态语从句常由as if/as though（好像，如同）等。例如：
She acted as if/though nothing had happened. She always talks to him as if she were/was his sister.
It looks as if it'll rain. He treats me as if I am/were his brother.
【模拟试题】
一. 单项选择
1. Do you know how much hot water
A. Mum is needed B. does Mum need
C. Mum needs D. did Mum need
2. Can you tell me
A. where he is B. where is he
C. he is where D. what is he
3. I didn’t know how to London
A. would they go B. are they going
C. they would go D. they are going
4. I want to know how long .
A. has he been back B. has he come back
C. he has been back D. he has come back
5. Do you know
A. what the news are B. what is the news
C. what the news is D. what are the news
6. He said he would help me with my maths if he free.
A. was B. will be C. would be D. is
7. He will write to you as soon as he to Shanghai.
A. gets B. is getting C. will get D. shall get
8. Father music when he young
A. liked…was B. liked…is
C. likes…was D. likes…is
9. I liked sports I was young.
A. so much as B. so much that
C. very much when D. very much because
10. mother got home, I was tidying my room.
A. After B. When C. As soon as D. Before
11. The teacher didn’t begin her class the students stopped talking.
A. until B. because C. after D. when
12. If it tomorrow, we’ll go to the Great wall.
A. doesn’t rain B. won’t rain
C. not rains D. isn’t rain
13. Could you tell me we get to the plane
A. how B. whether C. where D. what
14. When they got to the cinema, the film for the ten minutes.
A. had been on B. has begun
C. began D. had begun
15. The teacher says she will leave a message on the headmaster’s desk.
A. if B. who C. that D. what
16. Lucy looks stronger Lily.
A. than B. as C. then D. not as
17. I know nothing about it he told me.
A. because B. since C. until D. after
18. You must make your new house clean and safe you move in.
A. because B. when C. before D. until
19. I was tired I couldn’t walk on.
A. so…that B. too…to C. very…that D. very…to
20. I thought he to see his mother if he time.
A. will go…has B. will go…will have
C. would go…would have D. would go…had
二. 用所给动词的正确形式填空：
1. I won’t return the book to the library because I （not finish）reading it.
2. As soon as he saw me, he to speak to me.（stop）
3. I hope he （come）back in a week.
4. It （rain）hard when I got to the factory this morning.
5. The old man told the children （not walk）in the rice fields.
6. He told me he （help）her with her maths the next evening.
7. She said they （know）each other for quite some time.
8. If it （not rain）tomorrow, we （visit）the People’s Museum.
9. John （write）something when I （go）to see him.
10. Our teacher told us that light （travel）much faster than sound.
11. When I got to the cinema, the film （begin）
12. Mike asked me if we （ask）any questions the next class.
13. Will you come and stay with us for a while when you （finish）doing your
homework
rade Wang didn’t know if there （be）an English evening that day.
15. Please tell me if she （come）again next time.
暑假专题（1）【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟）
选择填空：
1. Did Mary study at No.16 Middle School three years ______
A. ago B. before C. after D. Yes, then
2. We don’t understand the passage ______ there are few new words in it.
A. and B. if C. though D. because
3. Have you ever ______ Beijing to the Great Wall Yes, I have.
A. went to B. been to C. gone to D. been in
4. “Jack has ______ worked out the difficult problem . What about his classmates ” “________”
A. yet, Not already B. yet, Not yet
C. already, Not yet D. already, Not yet
5. Jack was ______ angry when he heard the words.
A. a bit of B. a little of C. a few D. a bit
6. Let’s ______ them a good luck.
A. to wish B. to hope C. wish D. hope
7. He _______ interested in biology for a few years.
A. is B. has been C. becomes D. became
8. Mary plays football very ______. He is _______ at it than me.
A. good, well B. well, good
C. well, better D. good, better
9. Miss Chen ______ her husband six months ago.
A. married to B. married
C. married with D. got married
10. Liu Xiang works in _____ office _____ I do.
A. the same, to B. the same, with
C. the same, as D. the same, like
11. Now the air in our hometown is ______ than it was before. We must do something.
A. much worse B. more better
C. more worse D. much better
12. We are ______ this massage.
A. surprising at B. surprised to
C. surprised at D. surprising by
13. He got full marks because he answered all the questions ______.
A. wrong B. right C. correct D. correctly
14. The teacher told us to finish our homework ______.
A. on ourselves B. by us C. lonely D. on our own
15. We came here to ___hello to them yesterday morning.
A. speak B. talk C. say D. tell
16. Tiny with his parents ______ in Beijing now, but they ______ to the USA soon.
A. live, move B. live, will move
C. is living, will move D. are living, will move
17. Tom is ______ his pencil. At last he ______ it.
A. looking for, finds B. look for, find
C. finding, look for D. finding, looks
18. It ______ me 5 yuan to buy that eraser.
A. spend B. cost C. took D. takes
19. There are few books in that old library, ______
暑假专题（二）
【模拟试题】（答题时间：45分钟）
一、句型转换：
1. We have a class meeting once a week. （划线提问）
______________________________________.
2. He has done his homework already. （否定句）
______________________________________.
3. I get up early in the morning in the past. （同义句）
______________________________________.
4. He has been there for two weeks.（同义句）
______________________________________.
5. I don’t want to go there any more. （同义句）
______________________________________.
6. Harry Jones designed the game. （被动语态）
______________________________________.
7. My classmates have already gone to the museum. （一般疑问句）____________________________.
8. He can’t hear it clearly because of the noise. （划线提问）_______________________________________.
9. His cousin has visited Hong Kong twice. （划线提问）
_________________________________________.
10. I was late because my bike was broken. （同义句）
_________________________________________.
11. I hope I can pass all the exams. （同义句）
_________________________________________.
12. He won’t go hiking. （反意疑问句）
_________________________________________.
13. Did the children fly kites on the playground （at 4:00 yesterday afternoon.）
__________________________________________
14. She listened to the music. （ while I was sleeping.）
___________________________________________.15. He will laugh at me. He will see me. （用as soon as 连成句子）
__________________________________________
16. Daniel got up early. He caught the early bus. （用so … that 连成句子）
__________________________________________
17. This is a bag. There is a red flower on it. （合并成一句）_____________________________________.
18. I’m reading a book. It is called “Seven Little Men.” （同义句
同课章节目录
- 词法
- 名词
- 动词和动词短语
- 动词语态
- 动词时态
- 助动词和情态动词
- 非谓语动词
- 冠词
- 代词
- 数词和量词
- 形容词副词及其比较等级
- 介词和介词短语
- 连词和感叹词
- 构词法
- 相似、相近词比较
- 句法
- 陈述句
- 一般疑问句和否定疑问句
- 特殊疑问句及选择疑问句
- 反意疑问句
- 存在句(There be句型)
- 宾语从句
- 定语从句
- 状语从句
- 主谓一致问题
- 简单句
- 并列句
- 复合句
- 主谓一致
- 主、表语从句
- 名词性从句
- 直接引语和间接引语
- 虚拟语气
- 感叹句
- 强调句
- 倒装句
- 祈使句
- 句子的成分
- 句子的分类
- 题型专区
- 单项选择部分
- 易错题
- 完形填空
- 阅读理解
- 词汇练习
- 听说训练
- 句型转换
- 补全对话
- 短文改错
- 翻译
- 书面表达
- 任务型阅读
- 语法填空
- 其他资料