unit10[上学期]
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Unit 10 Frightening Nature
知能聚焦language focuses
单 词和短 语 frightening; hurricane; astronomy; terrify; erupt; flee; urge; meanwhile; severely; heart-breaking; steady; knock about; afterwards; unbelievable; awake; whisper; appropriate ;wonder; at hand; start out; call for; a bit of/ bits of; on the other side of; upon arrival; calm down; a sheet of/sheets of; light up; a rain of; pick out; full-powered; all of a sudden.
重 要句 型 (1) I’m afraid of…（我害怕……）(2) She is scared to death.（她吓得要死。）(3) I’m frightened to death by … （我被……吓得 要死。）(4) draw one’s attention to … （提醒某人注意……）(5) watch sb./sth. doing… （观看某人/物正在做……）(6) beg sb. to do sth. （恳求某人做……）
语 法和话 题 grammar: ellipsisfunctional items:Talking about natural disasters happened in the past Learn to leave out already-known information when speaking Debating
课前热身 Warming up
1) 背景知识：
Thousands of years ago, in the middle of an ocean, miles from the nearest island, an undersea volcano broke out. The hot liquid piled(堆积) higher and higher and spread（延伸） wider and wider. In this way, an island rose up in the sea.
As time went on, hot sun and cool rains made the rock split and break to pieces. Sea waves dashed against the rock. In this way, soil and sand came into being.
Nothing lived on the naked soil. And then the wind and birds brought plant seeds, spiders and other little creatures there. Only plants could grow first. Only they, in sunlight, could produce food from the minerals of the soil, water and air. While many animals landed on the island, they could find no food. A spider spun its web in vain, because there were no insects for its web to catch. Insects couldn't stay until there were plants for them to eat. So plants had to be the pioneer life on this new island.
判断正误：
( )1. The passage mainly talks about how an undersea volcano broke out.
( )2. The island got its first soil from cool rains.
( )3. The word "naked" (in paragraph 3) means “new”.
( )4. The order of coming into being on the island is soil, plants and animals.
( )5. Spiders were the first life that could live on the island.
答案：1.× 2.√ 3.× 4.√ 5.×
读写指导 Instructions for reading and writing
Reading
In this letter, there are 7 paragraphs in all and they can be divided
into 3 parts.
Part 1. (para.1) The author tells us why he writes the letter and what the letter is about.
Part 2. (para.2-6) The author talks about the details of the whole story ---
What he saw and heard in the process of the volcano eruption and the death of his uncle.
Part 3.(para.7)By hoping Tacitus to pick out what information he likes, the author closes the letter.
Main idea: Pliny writes a letter to his friend Tacitus to describe what he saw and heard in the eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.
Writing:
How to write a letter （如何写信）
书信是人们通过书面形式进行感情交流、传递信息、业务交往等的一种实用性文体。英语书信写作是英语学习者一项必不可少的技能。
1．英语书信有其约定俗成的写法和格式
(1) 信封的正确写法
stamp(s)
Ms.Zhang Hongyan 20 Xing Fu RoadUrumqi，Xinjiang Prof．James MillerP．R．C 508 South Olive Avenue.VIA AIR MAIL． West Palm Beach，Florida, U．S．A．
信封的写法有以下特点：
寄信人的地址应写在左上角。首先写寄信人姓名，然后写单位名称，跟着写街道、城市和省的名字，最后写国家。国家的名字可用通用略写形式，也可用全称省略定冠词“the”的形式。
收信人的姓名及地址应写在信封的中间部分。顺序仍是先写收信人姓名，然后以小到大的顺序依次写出街道、城市、省或州名及邮编，最后写国家名。
邮票需贴在右上角。
左下角括号内是附加投递说明。
(2)书写英文信封时应注意以下事项：
①中文信封与英文信封相比，收信人和寄信人地址的位置正好相反。
②发信人名前不加职衔，但可以加Ms等以表示写信人性别，以便回信人知道如何称呼。
收信人名前应加适当尊称以示礼貌。常用的尊称有：
Mr.(先生); Mrs.(太太); Miss(小姐); Ms(女士用于已婚：
或未婚均可); Dr(博士); President(总统); Premier(总理); Prof(教授)用于全名前；Professor可用于姓前，也可以姓名后加Esq(先生)，表示一种尊称，但极少使用。
④门牌号前无需加“No．”，数字后也不加逗号。Road，Street，Avenue和Square可分别用Rd．，St.，Ave．，和Sq．表示。美国的州名也可用缩写，但一定要用大家公认的缩写形
式，否则信将无法投递。
⑤如需寄给第三者然后再转交收信人，需在转交人名前加c／o字样。
如：Mr．Winchell Smith(收信人) c／o Mr．Willian Lytton(收转人)
⑥如信直接托人递交，可省地址。只在收信人姓名下写Kindness，of Forward by；Favor Of; By Politeness of等。再写上受托人姓名，如：
Mr．John Anderson
Kindness of Dr．Henry Albert．
(烦请享利艾尔勃博士面交约翰·安德森先生)
⑦如由人面交介绍信或推荐信，则在信封左下角
注：Introducing Mr．—— 或Recommending Mr．
2．英语信函的八个组成部分
(1)信首(Heading)
主要包括地址和日期。地址的写法与写信封上的地址YI 一 致；但不写寄信人姓名。美国人在日期写法上采用“月--日--年”顺序，日与年之间有逗号。例如：May 5，1987，而英国人则多用“日--月--年”顺序，日、月、年之间都不用逗号。例 5 May 1997.日期后序数词字尾的-st-nd；-rd可省略。而且除May，June和July外，其余月份名字都可缩写。年的表示要用全写，即19…，不能使用12／3／95的形式表示日期。信头一般写在信纸右上角。但平头信里也可移置左上角。
(2)信内地址(Inside Address)
指收信人的姓名和地址。多见于正式商业信件，一般私人信中可以省去。这一部分放在信头下面，空一行距离从信纸的左边写起。第一行写收信人的姓名，第二行开始写地址，写的顺序与发信人的地址写法相同。
(3)称呼(solutation)
收信人的称呼写在信纸左侧，在信内地址(如无信内地址，向上推至信首)一至二个行距下。 通常在收信人的姓氏或名字和尊称前加习惯用词“Dear”(并不一定表示亲昵)表
示尊敬或亲密。
例如：Dear Ms Evans，Dear Mr Hedricks，Dear Bertha，Dear Professor Wang．
①公函信件
对机构尤其是不知姓名的男子常用：
Dear Sir(s); Sir(s); Gentlemen(美国人常用，但从不用单数形式，也不在前加“Dear”一词)
对女士则用：
Dear Madam; Madam
对不知收信人性别时用：
To whom it May Concern
对已相互认识的人一般用：
Dear Hilton; Professor Brown; Miss; Alcott; Dear Mr Lin等。
②私人书信
熟人和亲友之间常用名字或昵称。如：
Hi; Berty; My dear mother(美国人认为这种称呼比Dear…更表亲密，
但英国人用法反之)。
(4)书信正文(Body)
正文是书信的主要部分。在写公务信件时，行文应力求开门见山，语言简洁，层次清晰，中心突出。对亲友写信应态度热情，语言简练。
(5)结尾语
如同汉语信一样，英文信结尾也有“盼复信”、“祝好”、“代问全家好”之类的客套话。仅举几例常用语：
①句子类．
a．I hope l can get your welcome letter again．
b．Your immediate reply will be much appreciated．
C．We shall appreciate hearing from you again．
d．Give my regards (respects) to your general
manager．
②分词短句类(其后用逗号)
a．Looking forward to your kind decision
b。Wishing your business ever successful
C．Trusting our friendship will last forever
介词短语类
a．With my best regards
b．With all good wishes
(6)结束语(closing)
结束语的格式与用语都比较固定。结束语的第一个字母总是大写，其后也总是用逗号。写信的对象不同，结束语也有所不同。
如：写给机关单位或不相识的人一般用：
Yours truly，Yours faithfully，Yours sincerely，等。
在美国常略去"Yours”，只用“Sincerely”一个词。
写给上级、长者或老师一般可用：
Yours respectfully
写给亲属或密友一般用：
Your loving mother(father，son); Yours; Yours ever，With my best wishes;
Yours affectionately; With love;Fondly等。
(7)签名：
为表示信件的真实性，写信人应在信末签名。最好用打字机再打一遍，目的是方便辨认。在英美两国，妇女用括号 注上Mrs，Miss，以便对方知道如何称呼自己，例如：
Yours Sincerely
Elaine Harvis (手签)
(Miss) Elaine Harvis(打字机打出)
签字后一般附有本人的职务、学衔，中文信件也注职务，但注技术职称，注意区别。美国书信格式中，往往把结束用语和签字放在信的左下角。
(8)信的附加部分
①附件(Enclosure)
如信带附件：用Enc．表示单项附件，用Encs，表示复数附件。如：
Enc．sheepskin．(附件毕业证一份)
Enc．1 photo，4 invoices(附件：一张照片，4张发票)
②再启(Postscript)
如果补充其他内容，常以P．S表示。但不用于正式事务信函中，以免给对方造成你办事丢三落四的印象。
例题精析：
一天，你和朋友去河边钓鱼，发现这条河污染严重，臭气熏天，只好扫兴而归。对此你写了一篇感想并将该稿寄给了一家英文报纸，希望能引起公众对环保的重视。要点如下：
1．你是陕西读者，名叫李泳，现在咸阳中学读书。
2．工厂向河里排放污水，有些市民向河中倾倒垃圾，致使河水污染，死鱼漂浮，散发臭气。
3.各地河流污染日趋严重，后果不堪设想。
4.希望不久河水变清，污染得到有效阻止。
5.字数约100词左右。
【解题思路】
1） 这是一封信，同时又是一篇记事加议论的文章。写作时应该使用书信的格式、内容应以
记叙和议论并重的形式来写。
2）在信纸的右上角写出写信人的地址和日期，应先写地址后写日期。地址和时间均应按照由小到大的顺序排列。
3）确定人称、时态和叙述的顺序。叙述时，应使用第一人称以及过去时态来表达；以“我 ”的所见所闻为描写的顺序；分析污染产生的原因及后果；呼吁全社会以及当地政府重视污染、减少污染、抵制污染等。
4）注意要写出所有要点：
写信的地址和日期Xianyang Middle School，Xianyang, Shaanxi May 15，2004
一天，你和朋友去河边钓鱼。The other day my friend and I went fishing on a riverside.注意：“我和朋友”翻译成英语时要说” my friend and I”,而不能说成” I and my friend”
发现这条河污染严重，臭气熏天，死鱼漂浮(只好扫兴而归)。We found the river so dirty and the smell so terrible that we could hardly stay there. We also found some rubbish and dead fish floating on the water.( so we got home empty-handed.)
河流污染的原因：a)工厂向河里排放污水because factories always send waste water into the river.b) 有些市民向河中倾倒垃圾some people throw rubbish into the river. 河流污染后果：不堪设想If the river water all over the country were polluted like this, all the living things in the water would be killed and harm would be done to the people close to the rivers.
呼吁减少污染、抵制污染We expect the river will be made clean again soon,
and something should be done to stop anyone from polluting our surroundings.
结尾与签名Yours sincerely, Li Yong
[例文答案]
Xianyang Middle School
Xianyang, shaanxi
May 15th
Dear editor,
We have to say that the condition of the pollution is now getting worse. The other day my friend and I went fishing on a riverside. We found the river so dirty and the smell so terrible that we could hardly stay there. We also found some rubbish and dead fish floating on the water.
It is all because a lot of factories always send waste water and some people throw rubbish into the river. If the river water all over the country were polluted like this, all the living things in the water would be killed and harm would be done to the people close to the rivers. We expect the river will be made clean again soon, and something should be done to stop anyone from polluting our surroundings.
Yours sincerely,
Li Yong
要点解析Key points analysis
1． On the 24th of August in 79AD, between two and three in the afternoon my mother drew my uncle’s attention to a cloud of unusual size and shape. （公元79年8月24日下午两、三点种的时候，我母亲提醒我的叔叔注意看天空一团巨大而形状奇特的云。）
draw one’s attention to… （提醒某人注意。。。）
e.g, He drew my attention to the point that I had overlooked.
他提醒我注意我所忽略的一点。
注：1）当这个短语后没有to…时，draw one’s attention 用作“吸引某人的注意力” e.g. Beautiful paintings always draw my attention. 漂亮的水彩画总是吸引我的注意。
1） draw 一词的意思较多，是个很有用的单词。应注意学习其中的几种用法。
a） draw vt.&vi. move by pulling 拉；牵
e.g. （1）The fisherman drew his boat out of water.那位渔夫将自己的船拉出水面。
（2）When you shoot an arrow, you draw the bow. 射箭时，你需要拉弓。
a) obtain from a source 提取； 获取
e.g. (1) draw one’s salary 领工资
(2) draw money from the bank 从银行提款
(3) draw information from the witness 从证人中获取信息
(4) His speech drew long applause. 他的演讲获得长时间的掌声。
b) attract 吸引
e.g. (1) Streets accidents always draw crowds.街道发生的意外总是吸引群众。
(2) The movie drew large audiences.这部影片吸引了许多观众。
(3) The movie Titanic is drawing well in Guangming Cinema.
电影《铁达尼号》在光明电影院十分卖座。
2．We watched it rising from a mountain --- at such distance we couldn’t tell which one, but we afterwards learnt that it was Mount Vesuvius.我们看着它从山上升腾起来--- 如此远的距离使我们分辨不出是哪座山，但后来我们得知是维苏威火山。
1) watch sb./sth. doing 看着某人/物正在……
e.g. I watched the cat climbing the tree.我看着那只猫正在爬树。
注：watch sb./sth. doing 与watch sb./sth. do 是不同的。在watch sb./sth. doing 里，doing为现在分词，作sb.的补语，表示该动作正在发生（或指整个动作完成过程中的一个片段）。然而，watch sb./sth do 意思为“看着某人/物做了某事” do 为不带to的动词不定式，作宾补，指整个动作过程。试比较：
a) His father watched him doing his homework.他父亲看着他做作业。（doing 指正在进行中）
b)His father watched him do his homework.他父亲看着他做了作业。（do指整个做作业的过程）
可构成类似句型的动词还有：see; hear; observe; have; look at; notice; find; listen to; feel等。
2) tell 在这里的意思是“辨别”“区分”，常用于下列句型：
tell A from B “区分A与B” 以及 tell the difference between A & B “辨别A与B的不同之处” e.g.
(1) Can you tell Lily from her twin sister Lucy 你能将Lily与她的孪生姊妹Lucy区分开吗？
(2) I can’t tell the difference between the two.我辨认不出这两者之间的差别。
3．The sight of it awoke the scientist in my uncle to go and see it from closer at hand. 这样的景象唤醒了我叔叔心中的科学灵感，敦促他走近火山去看个究竟。
1) awake (p.t. awoke ; p.p. awoke/awaked) vt.;vi&adj. 唤醒；使醒过来；醒的 e.g. (1) The sound of the door bell awoke the baby.
门铃声把婴儿闹醒了。
（2）I awoke at once as hearing the noise.一听到声响，我立即就醒来了。
(3) Is she awake or asleep 她是醒着的还是睡着的？
(4) I lay awake all night. 我彻夜未眠。
[同义词辨析] awake; wake
(1) awake 作adj.时，只作表语。
(2) awake 为v.时，当“唤醒”讲，比wake正式, 既可作vt.也可作vi.来用。wake 常与up连用。
e.g. a) When do you usually wake up 你通常什么时候醒来？
b) Please wake me (up) at six. 请在六点钟叫醒我。
2） at hand （near; within reach） 在近处；在手边
e.g. a) He lives close at hand. 他住在近处。
b) The examinations are at hand. 考试即将举行。
c)I always keep a dictionary at hand. 我经常把字典放在手边。
4．Her house lay at the foot of Vesuvius.她的家位于维苏威火山脚下。
lie vi 存在；位于
e.g. a) China lies in the east of Asia. 中国位于亚洲东部。
b) India lies on the southeast of China. 印度位于中国西南。
c) Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国以东。
注：lie in表示A地位于B地范围内的某个方向。Lie on表示A地与B地相邻；相接壤。lie to 表示A地与B地不接壤，含“隔。。。。。。相望”之意。
[同义词辨析] lie; lie; lay
lie 除了“存在”“位于”意思之外，还有“躺”“撒谎”之意。这时，它们的过去式和过去分词形式是不同的，应注意区分。请看下面的表格：
动词原形 释义 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 例句
lie 躺 lay lain lying On the ground lay a wounded soldier.一位受伤的战士躺在地上。
lie 撒谎 lied lied lying Tom always lies to his parents.汤姆经常对父母撒谎。
lay 放、置；下蛋 laid laid laying Lay down your book on the table.把书放在桌上。The white hen lays an egg each day.这只白母鸡每天下一个蛋。
5. What started out as a trip for knowledge now called for courage.
一次初衷为寻求知识的旅行现在需要勇气了。
call for “要求”“需要”“去取（某物）”“去接某人”
e.g. Success calls for hard work. 成功需要努力。
I’ll call for you at your house. 我到你家去叫你。
注：call 与介词搭配构成的短语还有：
（1）call on 号召；呼吁；（正式）拜访 e.g.
The Party called on our youth to study hard for our country. 我们的党号召我们青年人为祖国努力学习。
I called on Mr. Green yesterday.我昨天拜访了格林先生。
(2)call at ( a place) 访问某地 e.g.
I called at Mr. Green’s house yesterday.
昨天我拜访了格林先生的家。
(3)call in 召集；召回 e.g.
The government called in some experts to deal with SARS.
政府召集了一些专家来对付“非典”。
The librarian has called in all books.
图书管理员已经通知召回全部图书。
6．Ash and bits of rock that were burnt black were falling onto the ship now, darker and more, the closer they went.
此时此刻，烟灰和几片被烧成黑色的石块散落在船上；他们越靠近（火山），天色就更暗，而且散落的东西也就越多。
bit n. 一点 （pl. bits）一些，常用作a bit of 或bits of,后加不可数名词。e.g.
a bit of cake 一小块蛋糕 a bit of time 一点时间
He took some paper and bits of wood and soon made a fire.
他拿了一些纸和几块木头，很快就生了一堆火。
[同义词辨析] a bit ; a little
(1) 两者在肯定句中修饰动词、形容词、副词及其比较级时，可互换。意思是“一点儿” e.g.
The speaker spoke up a bit / a little to make himself heard more clearly.演讲者把嗓门提高了一点，以便使别人听得更清楚。
In fact, the earth is actually a bit/ a little nearer to the sun during the winter. 事实上，冬天地球离太阳更近一点。
（2）a bit 和a little 在否定句中意思恰恰相反。not a bit 相当于 “not at all” (一点都不)；not a little 相当于 “very much”或 “extremely”
e.g. He wasn’t a bit hungry. (=He wasn’t hungry at all.)
他一点儿都不饿。
He wasn’t a little hungry. (=He was very hungry.)
他饿极了。
（3）a little 可直接作名词的定语，而a bit 则要与of 连用才可作定语，二者都只修饰不可数名词。
e.g. There is only a little/ a bit of food left for lunch.
午餐只剩下一点儿食品了。
7．urge vt.
. 催促; 力劝; 激励; 怂恿
They urged us to go at once.
他们催促我们马上去。
. 极力主张; 强烈要求[(+on)][+that]
My friends urged that I (should) apply for the job.
朋友们力劝我申请那份工作。
He urged that they go to New York.
他极力主张他们去纽约。
The people in that country urged independence.
那个国家的人民要求独立。
. 推进; 驱策
We urged the school team on with loud cheers.
我们大声助威,激励校队拼搏。
vi. 极力主张; 强烈要求
The citizens urged for the construction of a new hospital.
市民们强烈要求建造一个新医院。
n.[C] 强烈的欲望; 冲动; 迫切的要求
The vacation is coming and I have an urge to travel.
假期快到了,我很想外出旅行。
8.Observing the steady fall of the barometer, Captain Mac Whirr thought,
“There’s some dirty weather knocking about.”
注意到气压计平稳地下降，麦克沃尔船长心想，“尘土卷上来了。”
knock V．敲；打；撞； knock about(v.)漫游；闲逛
e.g. He’s knocked about in Africa for years.他在非洲漫游了好几年。
As a young man he suffered a lot from poverty. He used to knock about in the market, trying to find a job for a few coins.
年轻时他很穷，经常在市场里闲逛，找些零活挣些小钱。
knock．．．off把(某人)从……撞下来
I knocked a glass bottle off the table because of carelessness．
我因为粗心把玻璃瓶碰下了桌子。
I was having supper when somebody knocked at the door．
我正吃晚饭这时有人敲门。
[词义拓展] knock into sb．撞在某人身上；knock down撞倒；knock against／on撞在…上
I knocked my head against／on the window．我的头碰到了窗户。
9．With a tearing crash, tons of water fell upon the deck, as though the ship passed under a waterfall.随着猛烈的撞击，大量的海水散落在甲板上，似乎这只船从瀑布下穿过。 “Seems as if the wind had dropped, Sir.”“似乎风停止了，船长。”
1）seem ①seem与作为系动词使用的be，appear，look，sound，taste，feel，smell等属同一类词，后接形容词而不接副词：
You seem a bit pale today．
你今天脸色有点苍白。
She seemed (to be) angry with somebody．
她好象在生谁的气。
John seemed (to be) honest enough．
约翰看来很诚实。
②seem用于一个不带形容词的名词前面时，常用seem to be
I was introduced to a burly man who seemed to be a Soldier．
我被介绍给一个魁梧的人，他看来像是个军人。
③seem后所接的动词不定式，可以是完成时或
进行时：
The boy seems to have rickets．
这男孩看来有软骨病。
The woman seemed to have seen a ghost．
那个妇女好像是见了鬼似的。
He seems to be looking for someone．
他好像在找什么人。
④seem后跟like而不跟as：
This seems like a good idea．
这主意好像不错。
It seems like rain．
好像要下雨。
⑤seem not比doesn't seem，can't seem在使用上更为规范些：
They seem not to like the house．(规范)
他们似乎不喜欢这房子。
They don't seem to like the house．(不规范)
他们似乎不喜欢这房子。
He seems to be unable to place me．(规范)
他似乎记不起我是谁了。
He can't seem to place me at all．(不规范)
他似乎怎么也记不起我是谁了。 ，
⑥seem后接as if或that：
It seems as if you are in for trouble．
看来你要碰到麻烦了。
It seemed that no one knew what had happened．
似乎没有人知道出了什么事。
It seems as if the storm is going to break．
看来暴风雨要开始了。
It seems (that) you were not telling all the truth．
看来你没有说出全部实情。
⑦there可作seem的先行主语；
There seems to be some misunderstanding between them．
看来他们之间好像有些误会。
2）as though与as if两者的用法和含义完全相同，意为“好像”、“仿佛”，
as if用得较普遍，as though更多用于不真实的比拟。
1) as if+从句；好像。动词为虚拟语气，表示比喻或夸张，此时多用过去时代替
现在时，用were代替was或is：
He talks as if he knew all about it．
他讲起话来好像完全知道此事似的。
He looks as if he had seen a ghost．
他看起来好像见到了鬼似的。(不可能真的见鬼)
试比较：
He looks as if he has been walking in the rain．
他看上去像是刚在雨里走了一阵似的。(可能确实如此)
It isn’t as though he were dull．
看起来他不像呆笨的样子。
He works with such enthusiasm，as though he never knew fatigue.
他工作热情这么高，好像从不知道疲倦似的。
He said it as if he meant it.
． 他说这话好像是很认真的。
2)as if+从句，动词不用虚拟语气，表示可能的事实：
It looks as if it is going to snow．
看起来好像要下雪啦。
3)as if+动词不定式：似乎，好像
He waved his hand as if t urge us on.
他挥挥手，似乎在鼓励我们前进。
The child opened his mouth as if to say something．
这小孩张了张嘴，好像要说什么似的。
4)as if+从句，表示反诘、不满、气愤或惊讶等口气(常用虚拟语气及无主句)：
As if you didn’t know!
别装着不知道!
As if he would ever go!
他才不会去呢!
He talks as if he were a great statesman!
他说话的口气，俨然像个伟大的政治家!
As if we were all stupid and he alone clever!
好像我们都是傻瓜，只有他一个人聪明。
10. “ Wind fell all at once. The trouble’s not over yet,” said Captain Mac Whirr, half aloud.“风突然停了。麻烦并没有结束，”麦克沃儿船长有点儿半喊叫地说道。
1） fall 一词意思较多且较活用。请注意学习。
n.
. 落下;跌倒[C][(+from)]
The fall from his horse broke his arm.
他从马上跌落摔坏了胳膊。
. 降落;降落量[C]
During the afternoon, there was a sudden heavy fall of snow.
下午突然下起了大雪。
. 下降;减少[C][(+in)]
We are expecting a fall in stock prices.
我们预料股市价格将要下跌。
. 落差[S][(+of)]
The fall of the river here is three feet.
这里河水落差为三英尺。
. (政府)垮台;(城市、要塞)陷落
The people did not cease to resist even after the fall of the capital.
即使在首都失陷以后人民也没有停止抵抗。
. 堕落[S]
The play was about the fall of an honest man.
这出戏是关于一个诚实的人堕落的故事。
. 【美】秋天
I may be going back in the fall.
我可能在秋天回去。
. 瀑布
vi.
. 落下;降落
Leaves fall from the trees.
叶子从树上落下。
. 跌落;跌倒[(+over/down)]
She slipped and fell over.
他滑了一下跌倒了。
. 下降;减退;减弱
Production costs fell by 30%.
生产成本下降了百分之三十。
. 【书】战死,阵亡
Many men fell in battle.
许多人在战斗中阵亡。
. 变成; 成为
They first met at university and later fell in love.
他们在大学里初次相遇,后来相爱。
After a while I fell asleep.
一会儿以后我睡着了。
. (政府、政权等)垮台
The Government has fallen again.
政府又垮台了。
. (城市、阵地等)陷落
The city fell to the enemy.
该城失陷了。
. (脸色)变阴沉
His face suddenly fell.
他的脸色突然一沉。
. (黑夜)降临;(目光、重音)落在
The accent falls on the first syllable.
重音落在第一个音节上。
Darkness was falling fast.
天很快黑了下来。
. 下垂
Her hair falls to her shoulders.
她长发披肩。
. (地面)倾斜;(河、水)流入
The land falls gently to the sea.
地面缓缓地向海边倾斜。
. 被说出[(+from)]
Not a word fell from his lips.
他一声不吭。
. 属(于)[(+into)]
They fall into different categories.
他们属于不同的类别。
2） 词语辨析
all at once /at once / at one time /at a time /at all times
all at once突然
He left all at once. 他突然离开了。
at once马上;立刻
Do it at once! 马上就做!
at one time一度，过去曾经，用于一般过去时态。
at a time“—次”，“每次”或在“某个时候”。
at times有时，不时，相当于from time to time／sometimes／once in a while．
at all times“—直”，“无论何时”，相当于at any time，always．
e.g. Take two pills at a time．每次服二丸药。
I do feel a little nervous at times．
我有时的确有点紧张。
We should at all times be aware of our own shortcomings．
我们应该时刻清醒地认识到自己的不足之处。
ahead of time提前，all the time一直地
at one time①一度②同时(做某事)
at the same time①同时②但
at the time那时候，at times有时候
for the first time第一次，from time to time不时地
have a good (hard) time过得很好(处境困难)
in no time马上，一会儿，in time①及时地②最后
On time准时，time and (time) again一再
语法重点归纳：省略
一、状语从句省略必须具备两个条件
1．由when，while，whenever，before，where，until，till，if, unless，though，as if等引导的状语从句，当从句的结构是“主语+be+形容词(或分词) ”作表语；“主语+进行时态”或是"There be句型”等结构时，可以将主语和动词be或There be省略。例如：
He is very good at farm work，though(he is)very young．
他虽然年轻，但很会干农活。
The boy looked as if(he were)afraid Of nothing．
那男孩看来什么都不怕。
He must be somewhere around if(he is) no there．
如果他不在这儿，必定在附近某个地方。
He won't be here unless (he is) invited．
除非被邀请，否则他不会来。
2．状语从句的主语与主句的主语必须一致，或从句的主语为it.例如：
I'll have the letter copied if (it is) necessary．
如果有必要，我可以叫人把这封信写一份。
I'll start writing the novel this winter if (it is)possible．
如果有可能，我将在今年冬天着手写这部小说。
Put in "the”，“a" or "an" where (it is) necessary．
在必要的地方填上the，a或an。
二、简单句中的省略
1．在对话中。例如：
--- How is your mother today
--- (She is) Much better．
2．在祈使句中。例如：
(You) Open the door，please!
3．在感叹句中。例如：
What a (good) boy (he is)!
How (hard) they are working!
4．表示讲话人的意见和看法。例如：
(It) Sounds fine to me．
(1t’S)Pity you couldn't come．
5．提问。例如：
(Is there)Anything wrong
(Have you)Found the treasure
6．名词所有格修饰的名词表示店铺、住宅、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物。例如：
At her mother's (house) she passed many happy days.
I met him at the doctor's．
7．前面出现过的动词在下文再次出现时可以单纯使用不定式符号to(动词不定式的省略，一般只省去动词，而保留符号“to”)。例如：
---Will you go with me
---Well，I’d like to(go with you)．
---Have you ever been to the seaside
---No，we can't afford to(go to the seaside)．
三、并列句中的省略
1．如果后面分句中有与前面相同部分常被省略。例如：
Bob has done his homework，but Tom hasn’t (done his homework)。
She was poor but(she was)honest．
The captain can find a boat quicker than we can (find a boat)．
2．有时并列句中的省略部分出现在前面的分句，看完最后一个分句才能掌握
全句的完整意义。例如：
Bob works (in London)，and Peter lives in london．
Mary can (speak English) and (Mary) ought to speak English．
玛丽能讲英语，她也应该讲英语。
We tested the depth (of the water) and (the) temperature of the water．
四、惯用的省略结构
1．无动词祈使句，无主句祝愿句，这类句子往往用感叹号。例如：
If only l could remember his name!
Oh，for a friend to help us and advise us!
要是能有一位朋友来帮助和指教我们该有多好啊1
2。固定句型How／What about+名词／代词／v-ing。例如：
What about some more milk
What about him
How about going out for a walk
3。Why not+省去“to"的动词不定式，例如：
Why not get so excited
Why not go at once
五、复合句中的省略
1.主句中的省略
(1)主句中的省略多见句首，多用于口语中。例
如：
(It is／was a)pity you couldn’t come．
(2)在对话中答句省去整个主句，只用从句。例如：
---Shall I go to play
---If you like (you can go to play)。
---When could I start
---(You may)Whenever you like．
2．宾语从句中的省略
(1) 由which，when，where，how和why引导的宾语从句，可全部或部分省去，
只留引导词。例如；
Please pass me one Of these books，I don’t care which (you pass me)．
He will come back，but he doesn’t know when (he will come back)．
She wants to learn English well，yet she doesn’t know how (she can learn it well)．
(2) 在I’m afraid，I think，I believe，I hope，I guess 等作答句中，
后面跟“so，’与"not'分别等于肯定或否定，宾语从句可省去。例如：
---Do you think it will rain
---I hope not (that it will not rain).
---Do you believe our team will win
---I guess so．
能力升华Developing skills
[知能演练]
用括号把下列句子当中可以省略的部分括起来，或者把句子当中已被省略的部分
补写出来。
1. He is as tall as you are if he is not taller than you.
2. A: Would you like to go with me
B: I'd like to go with you, but I'm busy now.
3. A: I will not go on with the plan.
B: Why will you not go on with the plan
4. You may ask him questions if you have any question to ask.
5. Li Ming is a League member, but I am not a League member.
6. Pardon
7. A: Will you go to visit Dr Baker
B: Yes, but not until tomorrow.
8. What a cold day !
9. A: May I take the computer away
B: What for
10. A. Does Lily come from Australia
B. Oh, I don't know.
[拓展训练]
1.--Will you go to Paris next summer
--I'm still hoping
A. it B. that C. this D. to
2. Don't stop to look up the words in the
dictionary while
A. read B. reading
C. to be read D. being read
3. "Your heart isn't made of blood and
flesh, but iron and steel." she said to him.
A. of B. from C. by D, with
4. --Shall I go to play
--
A, You can't B. Don't you
C. Dare you D. If you like
5. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the
street, but his mother told him
A. not to B. not to do
C. not do it D. do not to
单元检测
Test
一、单项选择（共15小题，每题1分，计15分）
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填人空白处的最佳选项。
1. What you bought me ，_______《Harry Porter》，are my favorite books.
A. included B. including C. to include D. being included
2. One bird _______ is better than two birds in bush.
A. on hand B. in hand C. at hand D. by hand
3. Being hurt in an accident he stays in hospital now, still ________ .
A. awake B. awoken C. wake D. woken
4. --- What’s the matter with John
--- He didn’t pass the exam but he still _________ .
A. hopes it B. hopes so C. hopes that D. hopes to
5. If ______ successfully, the plan will completely change the traffic conditions in the city.
A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out
6. I was sleeping soundly when, _____ ,the earthquake took place.
A. all of sudden B. all of the sudden C. all of a sudden D. all suddenly
7. Unless _____ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
8. --- Do you like a house with no garden
--- _____. But anyhow, it’s better to have one than none.
A. Not a bit B. Not a little C. Not really D. Not especially
9. I was much ______ when I heard the strange noise.
A. frightening B. being frightened C. to be frightening D. frightened
10. As a teacher, he never _____ his students to study from morning till evening.
A. let B. have C. make D. urge
11. One of the doors was painted green, ____________ .
A. the other one was white B. and the others white
B. and the other one was white D. the other one white
12. While playing in the garden, _________ .
A. a snake bites her B. a snake bit her
C. she was bit by a snake D. she was bitten by a snake
13. The old gentleman was speaking to the poor little girl kindly, ______ to his own granddaughter.
A. as if B. so as C. in order D. like
14. _______ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.
A. Had it not been B. if they were not C. Were it not D. If it is not
15. The piano in the other shop will be _____, but ______ .
A. cheaper, not as better B. more cheaper, not as better
C. cheaper, not as good D. more cheap, not as good.
1、
2、 完型填空 （共20小题，每小题1.5分，计30分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填人空白处的最佳选项。
American medical researchers have just reported the first scientific proof that even a small amount of exercise will help us 16 longer. The 17 was
carried out by scientists at Harvard and Standford universities, which were very famous in America. It involved(涉及)about 17,000 students who 18 Harvard between 1916 and 1950.
The scientists 19 their research in 1960.They collected a lot of facts and studied the medical 20 of every one in the study group 21 living and
dead. Members of the study group 22 how much they walked, how many 23 they climbed, what kind of sports they 24 in for and many other things they 25 each week. The scientists checked information about height, weight, 26 pressure and family records of heart disease. Their research showed exercise helped 27 the chance of death from a number of diseases. They also concluded that sports
and games 28 people's bodies and prevented them from putting on weight.
They found that two thirds of people who had heart 29 never exercised. 30 of the scientists said the most important 31 was that people who do not exercise have more heart diseases, but they 32 realize the importance of sports until they get the disease. He also said that it might be 33 now to get him to exercise when their doctors 34 them to. They 35 the doctors' advice very seriously and they want to keep healthy and have a longer life.
16. A. learn B. remember C. live D. work
17. A. exercise B. report C. search D. study
18. A. attended B. passed C. entered D. visited
19. A. began B. finished C. stopped D. discovered
20. A. care B. research C. practice D. history
21. A. between B. either C. both D. all
22. A. reported B. counted C. tested D. studied
23. A. paces B. steps C. races D. blackboards
24. A. left B. took C. went D. devoted
25. A. could B. should C. used D. did
26. A. air B. water C. blood D. strength
27. A. reduce B. slow C. lose D. miss
28. A. increased B. kept C. built D. harmed
29. A. beat B. strike C. attack D. break
30. A. One B. Most C. All D. Few
31. A. invention B. discovery C. subject D. plan
32. A. will B. won't C. did D. didn't
33. A. important B. necessary C. harder D. easier
34. A. advise B. agree C. hope D. lead
3、 35. A. ask B. refuse C. take D. give
4、 阅读理解（共10小题，每小题2分，计20分）
A
My Aunt Edith was a widow (寡妇) of 50, working as a secretary, when doctors discovered what was then thought to be a very serious heart illness.
Aunt Edith doesn’t accept defeat easily. She began studying medical reports in the library and found an article in a magazine about a well-known heart doctor, Dr Michael Debakey, of Houston, Texas. He had saved the life of someone with the same illness. The article said Dr Debakey's fees were very high; Aunt Edith couldn't possibly pay them. But could he tell her of someone whose fee she could pay
So Aunt Edith wrote to him. She simply listed her reasons for wanting to live: her three children, who would be on their own in three or four more years and among them a little girl who always dreamed of traveling and seeing the world. There wasn't word of self pity, only warmth and humor and the joy of living. She mailed the letter, not really expecting an answer.
A few days later, my doorbell rang. Aunt Edith didn't wait to come in; she stood in the hall and read aloud:
Your beautiful letter moved me very deeply. If you can come to Houston, there will be no charge for either the hospital or the operation.
Signed: Michael Debakey
That was seven years ago. Since then, Aunt Edith has been around the world. Her three children are happily married. For her age, she is one of the youngest, most alive people I know.
36. "Aunt Edith doesn't accept defeat easily." means that
A. she is very beautiful B. she is very strong
C. she is very brave D. she is very warm-hearted
37. Aunt Edith wrote to Dr Debakey because __
A. she had no time to visit him B. she didn't know the way to Houston
C. she didn't believe in him D. she wanted to get some help from him
38. In fact, Aunt Edith' s letter to Dr Dehakey was full of .
A. courage B. illness C. pity D. sadness
39. After reading Dr Debakey' s letter, Aunt Edith felt .
A. discouraged B. frightened C. disappointed D. encouraged
40. The reason why Aunt Edith remains young is that
A. she had an operation by a famous doctor
B. she has been light-hearted all the time
C. her three children take good care of her
D. she has lost her heart to live on
B
Great honors were heaped(堆积) upon Albert Einstein on November 7, 1919, when British astronomers (天文学家) declared they had found the first confirmation
(证据) of Einstein's general relative theory. Einstein had already become known in scientific fields, because of his two astonishing theories: the special theory of
relativity, published in 1905 when he was only twenty-six, and the general theory of relativity, declared between 1913 and 1915. He was considered so excellent by other scientists that in 1914 he was invited to join the famous Royal (皇家的) Prussian (普鲁士 )Academy（学会） of Sciences and became head of" the research branch at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. He accepted the offer and moved to Berlin.
41. The reason why Einstein became famous on November 7, 1919 was that .
A. he declared his general relativity theory
B. he received the Nobel Prize
C. scientists were astonished by his theories
D. scientists had confirmed Einstein' s general theory of relativity
42. Einstein's special relativity theory was declared in .
A. 1905 B. 1913
C. 1915 D. 1919
43. Einstein's chief of the research branch at the Kaiser Wilhelm
institute in .
A. 1913 B. 1915 C. 1914 D. 1905
44. By the end of the year 1919 Einstein was well- known .
A. in Germany B. in Berlin C. throughout Europe D. through the world
45. The passage says that Einstein was .
A. praised by the British astronomers B. invited to work in Berlin
C. forced to leave Berlin D. considered excellent by other officials
5、
6、 短文改错：（共10小题，计10分）
When passing the bus station on my way to home, I
1.
found the little girl alone in the corner, crying. Probably
2.
she was lost and couldn't find her mother. I went up to
3.
see what was the matter. When asked where his mother
4.
was, but she only shook her head and kept crying. So I
5.
brought her to the station broadcasting room for help.
6.
"Anyone lost a child, please come to the broadcasting
7.
room…" was quickly heard again and again round the
station. 8.
Minutes later, the worrying mother hurried in. The
9.
little girl runs to her, smiling happily with tears still on
10.
7、 her face.
8、 书面表达（计25分）
提示:Susan Jones, a girl student in Washington State,
USA. She wrote to you saying that she wanted to be your
pen-friend. Please write a reply to her and tell that you are
willing to be her close friend. Your letter of Dec. should at
least include the following information.
1. Name: Li Mei
2. Date of birth
3. Place of birth:
4.School name: No.2 Middle School of Xi'an
5. The number of teachers and students
6. Main subjects: five or more
7. Your favorite subject: English, why
8. Your family members
参考答案：知能演练答案：
1. (are) (he is) (than you)
2. (go with you)
3. (will you) (go on with the plan)
4. (you have) (question to ask)
5. (a League member)
6. I beg your pardon
7. but I will not do that until tomorrow.
8. What a cold day it is!
9. What do you take it away for
10. I don't know whether she does or not.
拓展训练答案：1-5 DBADA
单元检测答案：1-5 BCBBA 6-10 CACDD 11-15 BDAAC
完型填空答案及解析：
16. C 文章的中心是“锻炼与人的寿命关系 ”，所以锻炼可以使人活的时间长。
17．D
18. A attend school “上学”
19．B 第一段末句说明这项研究的对象涉及了1916年到1950年在哈佛大学上学的学生。
20． A medical care 医疗护理
21． C both A and B A和B两个都……
22．A
23. B
24. C go in for 参加
25. D
26. C blood pressure 血压
27．A reduce the chance of death 减少死亡的机会
28．C build bodies 健身 而 keep fit 保持健康
29． C heart attack 心脏病发作
30．A 据下文 He also said … 知。
31．B discovery 发现
32．B not … until 连用且从句用了一般现在时结构表示将来，因此主句应使用一般将来时。
33． D 由最后一句可知。
34． A advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事。
35． C take one’s advice 采纳某人的建议。
阅读理解答案：36-40 CDADB 41-45 DACCB
短文改错答案与解析：
1．词性错误。将to去掉。home在这里是副词。又如：go
home，arrive home，come home，on one’s way home这
类表达中home都是副词。
2．冠词错误。将the改为a。“小女孩”这一对象在文中
是首次出现。
3．此题没错。
4．代词错误。将his改为her,指代the gir’s.
5．连词错误。将but去掉。she only shook her head and
kept crying是主句部分，When asked where her mother
删是它的状语部分，二者之间不需连词。
6．用词混淆。将brought改为took。take意思是“带走
(离开说话人所在的地方)”，bring意思是“带来(到说
话人所在的地方)”。
7．句子结构错误。在lost之前加who。who引导定语从
句，且在此句中作主语(作主语时不能省略)。
8．用词混淆。将quick改为soon。soon表示“没多久”“不
久以后”，而quickly侧重动词本身快。
9．非谓语动词错误。将worrying改为worried。文中要
表达的是“感到焦急的母亲”，不是“令人焦急的母亲”。
10．时态错误。将runs改为ran。与全文时态一致。
书面表达答案：
Dec. 1,2002
Dear Susan:
I have been very pleased to receive your letter. And I'
d like very much to be your pen-friend. I was born in Xi'an
on November, 15. I' m now studying at No. 2 Middle School.
There are about 150 teachers and 1900 students in our school.
We study Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and some other
subjects. I like English best, because it's widely used in the world.
There are three people in my family. They are my father,
my mother and I. My parents felt happy when I told them something
about you and encouraged me to write to you to make penfriends with you.
I'm looking forward to your next letter.
Yours
Li Mei
PAGE
23
知能聚焦language focuses
单 词和短 语 frightening; hurricane; astronomy; terrify; erupt; flee; urge; meanwhile; severely; heart-breaking; steady; knock about; afterwards; unbelievable; awake; whisper; appropriate ;wonder; at hand; start out; call for; a bit of/ bits of; on the other side of; upon arrival; calm down; a sheet of/sheets of; light up; a rain of; pick out; full-powered; all of a sudden.
重 要句 型 (1) I’m afraid of…（我害怕……）(2) She is scared to death.（她吓得要死。）(3) I’m frightened to death by … （我被……吓得 要死。）(4) draw one’s attention to … （提醒某人注意……）(5) watch sb./sth. doing… （观看某人/物正在做……）(6) beg sb. to do sth. （恳求某人做……）
语 法和话 题 grammar: ellipsisfunctional items:Talking about natural disasters happened in the past Learn to leave out already-known information when speaking Debating
课前热身 Warming up
1) 背景知识：
Thousands of years ago, in the middle of an ocean, miles from the nearest island, an undersea volcano broke out. The hot liquid piled(堆积) higher and higher and spread（延伸） wider and wider. In this way, an island rose up in the sea.
As time went on, hot sun and cool rains made the rock split and break to pieces. Sea waves dashed against the rock. In this way, soil and sand came into being.
Nothing lived on the naked soil. And then the wind and birds brought plant seeds, spiders and other little creatures there. Only plants could grow first. Only they, in sunlight, could produce food from the minerals of the soil, water and air. While many animals landed on the island, they could find no food. A spider spun its web in vain, because there were no insects for its web to catch. Insects couldn't stay until there were plants for them to eat. So plants had to be the pioneer life on this new island.
判断正误：
( )1. The passage mainly talks about how an undersea volcano broke out.
( )2. The island got its first soil from cool rains.
( )3. The word "naked" (in paragraph 3) means “new”.
( )4. The order of coming into being on the island is soil, plants and animals.
( )5. Spiders were the first life that could live on the island.
答案：1.× 2.√ 3.× 4.√ 5.×
读写指导 Instructions for reading and writing
Reading
In this letter, there are 7 paragraphs in all and they can be divided
into 3 parts.
Part 1. (para.1) The author tells us why he writes the letter and what the letter is about.
Part 2. (para.2-6) The author talks about the details of the whole story ---
What he saw and heard in the process of the volcano eruption and the death of his uncle.
Part 3.(para.7)By hoping Tacitus to pick out what information he likes, the author closes the letter.
Main idea: Pliny writes a letter to his friend Tacitus to describe what he saw and heard in the eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.
Writing:
How to write a letter （如何写信）
书信是人们通过书面形式进行感情交流、传递信息、业务交往等的一种实用性文体。英语书信写作是英语学习者一项必不可少的技能。
1．英语书信有其约定俗成的写法和格式
(1) 信封的正确写法
stamp(s)
Ms.Zhang Hongyan 20 Xing Fu RoadUrumqi，Xinjiang Prof．James MillerP．R．C 508 South Olive Avenue.VIA AIR MAIL． West Palm Beach，Florida, U．S．A．
信封的写法有以下特点：
寄信人的地址应写在左上角。首先写寄信人姓名，然后写单位名称，跟着写街道、城市和省的名字，最后写国家。国家的名字可用通用略写形式，也可用全称省略定冠词“the”的形式。
收信人的姓名及地址应写在信封的中间部分。顺序仍是先写收信人姓名，然后以小到大的顺序依次写出街道、城市、省或州名及邮编，最后写国家名。
邮票需贴在右上角。
左下角括号内是附加投递说明。
(2)书写英文信封时应注意以下事项：
①中文信封与英文信封相比，收信人和寄信人地址的位置正好相反。
②发信人名前不加职衔，但可以加Ms等以表示写信人性别，以便回信人知道如何称呼。
收信人名前应加适当尊称以示礼貌。常用的尊称有：
Mr.(先生); Mrs.(太太); Miss(小姐); Ms(女士用于已婚：
或未婚均可); Dr(博士); President(总统); Premier(总理); Prof(教授)用于全名前；Professor可用于姓前，也可以姓名后加Esq(先生)，表示一种尊称，但极少使用。
④门牌号前无需加“No．”，数字后也不加逗号。Road，Street，Avenue和Square可分别用Rd．，St.，Ave．，和Sq．表示。美国的州名也可用缩写，但一定要用大家公认的缩写形
式，否则信将无法投递。
⑤如需寄给第三者然后再转交收信人，需在转交人名前加c／o字样。
如：Mr．Winchell Smith(收信人) c／o Mr．Willian Lytton(收转人)
⑥如信直接托人递交，可省地址。只在收信人姓名下写Kindness，of Forward by；Favor Of; By Politeness of等。再写上受托人姓名，如：
Mr．John Anderson
Kindness of Dr．Henry Albert．
(烦请享利艾尔勃博士面交约翰·安德森先生)
⑦如由人面交介绍信或推荐信，则在信封左下角
注：Introducing Mr．—— 或Recommending Mr．
2．英语信函的八个组成部分
(1)信首(Heading)
主要包括地址和日期。地址的写法与写信封上的地址YI 一 致；但不写寄信人姓名。美国人在日期写法上采用“月--日--年”顺序，日与年之间有逗号。例如：May 5，1987，而英国人则多用“日--月--年”顺序，日、月、年之间都不用逗号。例 5 May 1997.日期后序数词字尾的-st-nd；-rd可省略。而且除May，June和July外，其余月份名字都可缩写。年的表示要用全写，即19…，不能使用12／3／95的形式表示日期。信头一般写在信纸右上角。但平头信里也可移置左上角。
(2)信内地址(Inside Address)
指收信人的姓名和地址。多见于正式商业信件，一般私人信中可以省去。这一部分放在信头下面，空一行距离从信纸的左边写起。第一行写收信人的姓名，第二行开始写地址，写的顺序与发信人的地址写法相同。
(3)称呼(solutation)
收信人的称呼写在信纸左侧，在信内地址(如无信内地址，向上推至信首)一至二个行距下。 通常在收信人的姓氏或名字和尊称前加习惯用词“Dear”(并不一定表示亲昵)表
示尊敬或亲密。
例如：Dear Ms Evans，Dear Mr Hedricks，Dear Bertha，Dear Professor Wang．
①公函信件
对机构尤其是不知姓名的男子常用：
Dear Sir(s); Sir(s); Gentlemen(美国人常用，但从不用单数形式，也不在前加“Dear”一词)
对女士则用：
Dear Madam; Madam
对不知收信人性别时用：
To whom it May Concern
对已相互认识的人一般用：
Dear Hilton; Professor Brown; Miss; Alcott; Dear Mr Lin等。
②私人书信
熟人和亲友之间常用名字或昵称。如：
Hi; Berty; My dear mother(美国人认为这种称呼比Dear…更表亲密，
但英国人用法反之)。
(4)书信正文(Body)
正文是书信的主要部分。在写公务信件时，行文应力求开门见山，语言简洁，层次清晰，中心突出。对亲友写信应态度热情，语言简练。
(5)结尾语
如同汉语信一样，英文信结尾也有“盼复信”、“祝好”、“代问全家好”之类的客套话。仅举几例常用语：
①句子类．
a．I hope l can get your welcome letter again．
b．Your immediate reply will be much appreciated．
C．We shall appreciate hearing from you again．
d．Give my regards (respects) to your general
manager．
②分词短句类(其后用逗号)
a．Looking forward to your kind decision
b。Wishing your business ever successful
C．Trusting our friendship will last forever
介词短语类
a．With my best regards
b．With all good wishes
(6)结束语(closing)
结束语的格式与用语都比较固定。结束语的第一个字母总是大写，其后也总是用逗号。写信的对象不同，结束语也有所不同。
如：写给机关单位或不相识的人一般用：
Yours truly，Yours faithfully，Yours sincerely，等。
在美国常略去"Yours”，只用“Sincerely”一个词。
写给上级、长者或老师一般可用：
Yours respectfully
写给亲属或密友一般用：
Your loving mother(father，son); Yours; Yours ever，With my best wishes;
Yours affectionately; With love;Fondly等。
(7)签名：
为表示信件的真实性，写信人应在信末签名。最好用打字机再打一遍，目的是方便辨认。在英美两国，妇女用括号 注上Mrs，Miss，以便对方知道如何称呼自己，例如：
Yours Sincerely
Elaine Harvis (手签)
(Miss) Elaine Harvis(打字机打出)
签字后一般附有本人的职务、学衔，中文信件也注职务，但注技术职称，注意区别。美国书信格式中，往往把结束用语和签字放在信的左下角。
(8)信的附加部分
①附件(Enclosure)
如信带附件：用Enc．表示单项附件，用Encs，表示复数附件。如：
Enc．sheepskin．(附件毕业证一份)
Enc．1 photo，4 invoices(附件：一张照片，4张发票)
②再启(Postscript)
如果补充其他内容，常以P．S表示。但不用于正式事务信函中，以免给对方造成你办事丢三落四的印象。
例题精析：
一天，你和朋友去河边钓鱼，发现这条河污染严重，臭气熏天，只好扫兴而归。对此你写了一篇感想并将该稿寄给了一家英文报纸，希望能引起公众对环保的重视。要点如下：
1．你是陕西读者，名叫李泳，现在咸阳中学读书。
2．工厂向河里排放污水，有些市民向河中倾倒垃圾，致使河水污染，死鱼漂浮，散发臭气。
3.各地河流污染日趋严重，后果不堪设想。
4.希望不久河水变清，污染得到有效阻止。
5.字数约100词左右。
【解题思路】
1） 这是一封信，同时又是一篇记事加议论的文章。写作时应该使用书信的格式、内容应以
记叙和议论并重的形式来写。
2）在信纸的右上角写出写信人的地址和日期，应先写地址后写日期。地址和时间均应按照由小到大的顺序排列。
3）确定人称、时态和叙述的顺序。叙述时，应使用第一人称以及过去时态来表达；以“我 ”的所见所闻为描写的顺序；分析污染产生的原因及后果；呼吁全社会以及当地政府重视污染、减少污染、抵制污染等。
4）注意要写出所有要点：
写信的地址和日期Xianyang Middle School，Xianyang, Shaanxi May 15，2004
一天，你和朋友去河边钓鱼。The other day my friend and I went fishing on a riverside.注意：“我和朋友”翻译成英语时要说” my friend and I”,而不能说成” I and my friend”
发现这条河污染严重，臭气熏天，死鱼漂浮(只好扫兴而归)。We found the river so dirty and the smell so terrible that we could hardly stay there. We also found some rubbish and dead fish floating on the water.( so we got home empty-handed.)
河流污染的原因：a)工厂向河里排放污水because factories always send waste water into the river.b) 有些市民向河中倾倒垃圾some people throw rubbish into the river. 河流污染后果：不堪设想If the river water all over the country were polluted like this, all the living things in the water would be killed and harm would be done to the people close to the rivers.
呼吁减少污染、抵制污染We expect the river will be made clean again soon,
and something should be done to stop anyone from polluting our surroundings.
结尾与签名Yours sincerely, Li Yong
[例文答案]
Xianyang Middle School
Xianyang, shaanxi
May 15th
Dear editor,
We have to say that the condition of the pollution is now getting worse. The other day my friend and I went fishing on a riverside. We found the river so dirty and the smell so terrible that we could hardly stay there. We also found some rubbish and dead fish floating on the water.
It is all because a lot of factories always send waste water and some people throw rubbish into the river. If the river water all over the country were polluted like this, all the living things in the water would be killed and harm would be done to the people close to the rivers. We expect the river will be made clean again soon, and something should be done to stop anyone from polluting our surroundings.
Yours sincerely,
Li Yong
要点解析Key points analysis
1． On the 24th of August in 79AD, between two and three in the afternoon my mother drew my uncle’s attention to a cloud of unusual size and shape. （公元79年8月24日下午两、三点种的时候，我母亲提醒我的叔叔注意看天空一团巨大而形状奇特的云。）
draw one’s attention to… （提醒某人注意。。。）
e.g, He drew my attention to the point that I had overlooked.
他提醒我注意我所忽略的一点。
注：1）当这个短语后没有to…时，draw one’s attention 用作“吸引某人的注意力” e.g. Beautiful paintings always draw my attention. 漂亮的水彩画总是吸引我的注意。
1） draw 一词的意思较多，是个很有用的单词。应注意学习其中的几种用法。
a） draw vt.&vi. move by pulling 拉；牵
e.g. （1）The fisherman drew his boat out of water.那位渔夫将自己的船拉出水面。
（2）When you shoot an arrow, you draw the bow. 射箭时，你需要拉弓。
a) obtain from a source 提取； 获取
e.g. (1) draw one’s salary 领工资
(2) draw money from the bank 从银行提款
(3) draw information from the witness 从证人中获取信息
(4) His speech drew long applause. 他的演讲获得长时间的掌声。
b) attract 吸引
e.g. (1) Streets accidents always draw crowds.街道发生的意外总是吸引群众。
(2) The movie drew large audiences.这部影片吸引了许多观众。
(3) The movie Titanic is drawing well in Guangming Cinema.
电影《铁达尼号》在光明电影院十分卖座。
2．We watched it rising from a mountain --- at such distance we couldn’t tell which one, but we afterwards learnt that it was Mount Vesuvius.我们看着它从山上升腾起来--- 如此远的距离使我们分辨不出是哪座山，但后来我们得知是维苏威火山。
1) watch sb./sth. doing 看着某人/物正在……
e.g. I watched the cat climbing the tree.我看着那只猫正在爬树。
注：watch sb./sth. doing 与watch sb./sth. do 是不同的。在watch sb./sth. doing 里，doing为现在分词，作sb.的补语，表示该动作正在发生（或指整个动作完成过程中的一个片段）。然而，watch sb./sth do 意思为“看着某人/物做了某事” do 为不带to的动词不定式，作宾补，指整个动作过程。试比较：
a) His father watched him doing his homework.他父亲看着他做作业。（doing 指正在进行中）
b)His father watched him do his homework.他父亲看着他做了作业。（do指整个做作业的过程）
可构成类似句型的动词还有：see; hear; observe; have; look at; notice; find; listen to; feel等。
2) tell 在这里的意思是“辨别”“区分”，常用于下列句型：
tell A from B “区分A与B” 以及 tell the difference between A & B “辨别A与B的不同之处” e.g.
(1) Can you tell Lily from her twin sister Lucy 你能将Lily与她的孪生姊妹Lucy区分开吗？
(2) I can’t tell the difference between the two.我辨认不出这两者之间的差别。
3．The sight of it awoke the scientist in my uncle to go and see it from closer at hand. 这样的景象唤醒了我叔叔心中的科学灵感，敦促他走近火山去看个究竟。
1) awake (p.t. awoke ; p.p. awoke/awaked) vt.;vi&adj. 唤醒；使醒过来；醒的 e.g. (1) The sound of the door bell awoke the baby.
门铃声把婴儿闹醒了。
（2）I awoke at once as hearing the noise.一听到声响，我立即就醒来了。
(3) Is she awake or asleep 她是醒着的还是睡着的？
(4) I lay awake all night. 我彻夜未眠。
[同义词辨析] awake; wake
(1) awake 作adj.时，只作表语。
(2) awake 为v.时，当“唤醒”讲，比wake正式, 既可作vt.也可作vi.来用。wake 常与up连用。
e.g. a) When do you usually wake up 你通常什么时候醒来？
b) Please wake me (up) at six. 请在六点钟叫醒我。
2） at hand （near; within reach） 在近处；在手边
e.g. a) He lives close at hand. 他住在近处。
b) The examinations are at hand. 考试即将举行。
c)I always keep a dictionary at hand. 我经常把字典放在手边。
4．Her house lay at the foot of Vesuvius.她的家位于维苏威火山脚下。
lie vi 存在；位于
e.g. a) China lies in the east of Asia. 中国位于亚洲东部。
b) India lies on the southeast of China. 印度位于中国西南。
c) Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国以东。
注：lie in表示A地位于B地范围内的某个方向。Lie on表示A地与B地相邻；相接壤。lie to 表示A地与B地不接壤，含“隔。。。。。。相望”之意。
[同义词辨析] lie; lie; lay
lie 除了“存在”“位于”意思之外，还有“躺”“撒谎”之意。这时，它们的过去式和过去分词形式是不同的，应注意区分。请看下面的表格：
动词原形 释义 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 例句
lie 躺 lay lain lying On the ground lay a wounded soldier.一位受伤的战士躺在地上。
lie 撒谎 lied lied lying Tom always lies to his parents.汤姆经常对父母撒谎。
lay 放、置；下蛋 laid laid laying Lay down your book on the table.把书放在桌上。The white hen lays an egg each day.这只白母鸡每天下一个蛋。
5. What started out as a trip for knowledge now called for courage.
一次初衷为寻求知识的旅行现在需要勇气了。
call for “要求”“需要”“去取（某物）”“去接某人”
e.g. Success calls for hard work. 成功需要努力。
I’ll call for you at your house. 我到你家去叫你。
注：call 与介词搭配构成的短语还有：
（1）call on 号召；呼吁；（正式）拜访 e.g.
The Party called on our youth to study hard for our country. 我们的党号召我们青年人为祖国努力学习。
I called on Mr. Green yesterday.我昨天拜访了格林先生。
(2)call at ( a place) 访问某地 e.g.
I called at Mr. Green’s house yesterday.
昨天我拜访了格林先生的家。
(3)call in 召集；召回 e.g.
The government called in some experts to deal with SARS.
政府召集了一些专家来对付“非典”。
The librarian has called in all books.
图书管理员已经通知召回全部图书。
6．Ash and bits of rock that were burnt black were falling onto the ship now, darker and more, the closer they went.
此时此刻，烟灰和几片被烧成黑色的石块散落在船上；他们越靠近（火山），天色就更暗，而且散落的东西也就越多。
bit n. 一点 （pl. bits）一些，常用作a bit of 或bits of,后加不可数名词。e.g.
a bit of cake 一小块蛋糕 a bit of time 一点时间
He took some paper and bits of wood and soon made a fire.
他拿了一些纸和几块木头，很快就生了一堆火。
[同义词辨析] a bit ; a little
(1) 两者在肯定句中修饰动词、形容词、副词及其比较级时，可互换。意思是“一点儿” e.g.
The speaker spoke up a bit / a little to make himself heard more clearly.演讲者把嗓门提高了一点，以便使别人听得更清楚。
In fact, the earth is actually a bit/ a little nearer to the sun during the winter. 事实上，冬天地球离太阳更近一点。
（2）a bit 和a little 在否定句中意思恰恰相反。not a bit 相当于 “not at all” (一点都不)；not a little 相当于 “very much”或 “extremely”
e.g. He wasn’t a bit hungry. (=He wasn’t hungry at all.)
他一点儿都不饿。
He wasn’t a little hungry. (=He was very hungry.)
他饿极了。
（3）a little 可直接作名词的定语，而a bit 则要与of 连用才可作定语，二者都只修饰不可数名词。
e.g. There is only a little/ a bit of food left for lunch.
午餐只剩下一点儿食品了。
7．urge vt.
. 催促; 力劝; 激励; 怂恿
They urged us to go at once.
他们催促我们马上去。
. 极力主张; 强烈要求[(+on)][+that]
My friends urged that I (should) apply for the job.
朋友们力劝我申请那份工作。
He urged that they go to New York.
他极力主张他们去纽约。
The people in that country urged independence.
那个国家的人民要求独立。
. 推进; 驱策
We urged the school team on with loud cheers.
我们大声助威,激励校队拼搏。
vi. 极力主张; 强烈要求
The citizens urged for the construction of a new hospital.
市民们强烈要求建造一个新医院。
n.[C] 强烈的欲望; 冲动; 迫切的要求
The vacation is coming and I have an urge to travel.
假期快到了,我很想外出旅行。
8.Observing the steady fall of the barometer, Captain Mac Whirr thought,
“There’s some dirty weather knocking about.”
注意到气压计平稳地下降，麦克沃尔船长心想，“尘土卷上来了。”
knock V．敲；打；撞； knock about(v.)漫游；闲逛
e.g. He’s knocked about in Africa for years.他在非洲漫游了好几年。
As a young man he suffered a lot from poverty. He used to knock about in the market, trying to find a job for a few coins.
年轻时他很穷，经常在市场里闲逛，找些零活挣些小钱。
knock．．．off把(某人)从……撞下来
I knocked a glass bottle off the table because of carelessness．
我因为粗心把玻璃瓶碰下了桌子。
I was having supper when somebody knocked at the door．
我正吃晚饭这时有人敲门。
[词义拓展] knock into sb．撞在某人身上；knock down撞倒；knock against／on撞在…上
I knocked my head against／on the window．我的头碰到了窗户。
9．With a tearing crash, tons of water fell upon the deck, as though the ship passed under a waterfall.随着猛烈的撞击，大量的海水散落在甲板上，似乎这只船从瀑布下穿过。 “Seems as if the wind had dropped, Sir.”“似乎风停止了，船长。”
1）seem ①seem与作为系动词使用的be，appear，look，sound，taste，feel，smell等属同一类词，后接形容词而不接副词：
You seem a bit pale today．
你今天脸色有点苍白。
She seemed (to be) angry with somebody．
她好象在生谁的气。
John seemed (to be) honest enough．
约翰看来很诚实。
②seem用于一个不带形容词的名词前面时，常用seem to be
I was introduced to a burly man who seemed to be a Soldier．
我被介绍给一个魁梧的人，他看来像是个军人。
③seem后所接的动词不定式，可以是完成时或
进行时：
The boy seems to have rickets．
这男孩看来有软骨病。
The woman seemed to have seen a ghost．
那个妇女好像是见了鬼似的。
He seems to be looking for someone．
他好像在找什么人。
④seem后跟like而不跟as：
This seems like a good idea．
这主意好像不错。
It seems like rain．
好像要下雨。
⑤seem not比doesn't seem，can't seem在使用上更为规范些：
They seem not to like the house．(规范)
他们似乎不喜欢这房子。
They don't seem to like the house．(不规范)
他们似乎不喜欢这房子。
He seems to be unable to place me．(规范)
他似乎记不起我是谁了。
He can't seem to place me at all．(不规范)
他似乎怎么也记不起我是谁了。 ，
⑥seem后接as if或that：
It seems as if you are in for trouble．
看来你要碰到麻烦了。
It seemed that no one knew what had happened．
似乎没有人知道出了什么事。
It seems as if the storm is going to break．
看来暴风雨要开始了。
It seems (that) you were not telling all the truth．
看来你没有说出全部实情。
⑦there可作seem的先行主语；
There seems to be some misunderstanding between them．
看来他们之间好像有些误会。
2）as though与as if两者的用法和含义完全相同，意为“好像”、“仿佛”，
as if用得较普遍，as though更多用于不真实的比拟。
1) as if+从句；好像。动词为虚拟语气，表示比喻或夸张，此时多用过去时代替
现在时，用were代替was或is：
He talks as if he knew all about it．
他讲起话来好像完全知道此事似的。
He looks as if he had seen a ghost．
他看起来好像见到了鬼似的。(不可能真的见鬼)
试比较：
He looks as if he has been walking in the rain．
他看上去像是刚在雨里走了一阵似的。(可能确实如此)
It isn’t as though he were dull．
看起来他不像呆笨的样子。
He works with such enthusiasm，as though he never knew fatigue.
他工作热情这么高，好像从不知道疲倦似的。
He said it as if he meant it.
． 他说这话好像是很认真的。
2)as if+从句，动词不用虚拟语气，表示可能的事实：
It looks as if it is going to snow．
看起来好像要下雪啦。
3)as if+动词不定式：似乎，好像
He waved his hand as if t urge us on.
他挥挥手，似乎在鼓励我们前进。
The child opened his mouth as if to say something．
这小孩张了张嘴，好像要说什么似的。
4)as if+从句，表示反诘、不满、气愤或惊讶等口气(常用虚拟语气及无主句)：
As if you didn’t know!
别装着不知道!
As if he would ever go!
他才不会去呢!
He talks as if he were a great statesman!
他说话的口气，俨然像个伟大的政治家!
As if we were all stupid and he alone clever!
好像我们都是傻瓜，只有他一个人聪明。
10. “ Wind fell all at once. The trouble’s not over yet,” said Captain Mac Whirr, half aloud.“风突然停了。麻烦并没有结束，”麦克沃儿船长有点儿半喊叫地说道。
1） fall 一词意思较多且较活用。请注意学习。
n.
. 落下;跌倒[C][(+from)]
The fall from his horse broke his arm.
他从马上跌落摔坏了胳膊。
. 降落;降落量[C]
During the afternoon, there was a sudden heavy fall of snow.
下午突然下起了大雪。
. 下降;减少[C][(+in)]
We are expecting a fall in stock prices.
我们预料股市价格将要下跌。
. 落差[S][(+of)]
The fall of the river here is three feet.
这里河水落差为三英尺。
. (政府)垮台;(城市、要塞)陷落
The people did not cease to resist even after the fall of the capital.
即使在首都失陷以后人民也没有停止抵抗。
. 堕落[S]
The play was about the fall of an honest man.
这出戏是关于一个诚实的人堕落的故事。
. 【美】秋天
I may be going back in the fall.
我可能在秋天回去。
. 瀑布
vi.
. 落下;降落
Leaves fall from the trees.
叶子从树上落下。
. 跌落;跌倒[(+over/down)]
She slipped and fell over.
他滑了一下跌倒了。
. 下降;减退;减弱
Production costs fell by 30%.
生产成本下降了百分之三十。
. 【书】战死,阵亡
Many men fell in battle.
许多人在战斗中阵亡。
. 变成; 成为
They first met at university and later fell in love.
他们在大学里初次相遇,后来相爱。
After a while I fell asleep.
一会儿以后我睡着了。
. (政府、政权等)垮台
The Government has fallen again.
政府又垮台了。
. (城市、阵地等)陷落
The city fell to the enemy.
该城失陷了。
. (脸色)变阴沉
His face suddenly fell.
他的脸色突然一沉。
. (黑夜)降临;(目光、重音)落在
The accent falls on the first syllable.
重音落在第一个音节上。
Darkness was falling fast.
天很快黑了下来。
. 下垂
Her hair falls to her shoulders.
她长发披肩。
. (地面)倾斜;(河、水)流入
The land falls gently to the sea.
地面缓缓地向海边倾斜。
. 被说出[(+from)]
Not a word fell from his lips.
他一声不吭。
. 属(于)[(+into)]
They fall into different categories.
他们属于不同的类别。
2） 词语辨析
all at once /at once / at one time /at a time /at all times
all at once突然
He left all at once. 他突然离开了。
at once马上;立刻
Do it at once! 马上就做!
at one time一度，过去曾经，用于一般过去时态。
at a time“—次”，“每次”或在“某个时候”。
at times有时，不时，相当于from time to time／sometimes／once in a while．
at all times“—直”，“无论何时”，相当于at any time，always．
e.g. Take two pills at a time．每次服二丸药。
I do feel a little nervous at times．
我有时的确有点紧张。
We should at all times be aware of our own shortcomings．
我们应该时刻清醒地认识到自己的不足之处。
ahead of time提前，all the time一直地
at one time①一度②同时(做某事)
at the same time①同时②但
at the time那时候，at times有时候
for the first time第一次，from time to time不时地
have a good (hard) time过得很好(处境困难)
in no time马上，一会儿，in time①及时地②最后
On time准时，time and (time) again一再
语法重点归纳：省略
一、状语从句省略必须具备两个条件
1．由when，while，whenever，before，where，until，till，if, unless，though，as if等引导的状语从句，当从句的结构是“主语+be+形容词(或分词) ”作表语；“主语+进行时态”或是"There be句型”等结构时，可以将主语和动词be或There be省略。例如：
He is very good at farm work，though(he is)very young．
他虽然年轻，但很会干农活。
The boy looked as if(he were)afraid Of nothing．
那男孩看来什么都不怕。
He must be somewhere around if(he is) no there．
如果他不在这儿，必定在附近某个地方。
He won't be here unless (he is) invited．
除非被邀请，否则他不会来。
2．状语从句的主语与主句的主语必须一致，或从句的主语为it.例如：
I'll have the letter copied if (it is) necessary．
如果有必要，我可以叫人把这封信写一份。
I'll start writing the novel this winter if (it is)possible．
如果有可能，我将在今年冬天着手写这部小说。
Put in "the”，“a" or "an" where (it is) necessary．
在必要的地方填上the，a或an。
二、简单句中的省略
1．在对话中。例如：
--- How is your mother today
--- (She is) Much better．
2．在祈使句中。例如：
(You) Open the door，please!
3．在感叹句中。例如：
What a (good) boy (he is)!
How (hard) they are working!
4．表示讲话人的意见和看法。例如：
(It) Sounds fine to me．
(1t’S)Pity you couldn't come．
5．提问。例如：
(Is there)Anything wrong
(Have you)Found the treasure
6．名词所有格修饰的名词表示店铺、住宅、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物。例如：
At her mother's (house) she passed many happy days.
I met him at the doctor's．
7．前面出现过的动词在下文再次出现时可以单纯使用不定式符号to(动词不定式的省略，一般只省去动词，而保留符号“to”)。例如：
---Will you go with me
---Well，I’d like to(go with you)．
---Have you ever been to the seaside
---No，we can't afford to(go to the seaside)．
三、并列句中的省略
1．如果后面分句中有与前面相同部分常被省略。例如：
Bob has done his homework，but Tom hasn’t (done his homework)。
She was poor but(she was)honest．
The captain can find a boat quicker than we can (find a boat)．
2．有时并列句中的省略部分出现在前面的分句，看完最后一个分句才能掌握
全句的完整意义。例如：
Bob works (in London)，and Peter lives in london．
Mary can (speak English) and (Mary) ought to speak English．
玛丽能讲英语，她也应该讲英语。
We tested the depth (of the water) and (the) temperature of the water．
四、惯用的省略结构
1．无动词祈使句，无主句祝愿句，这类句子往往用感叹号。例如：
If only l could remember his name!
Oh，for a friend to help us and advise us!
要是能有一位朋友来帮助和指教我们该有多好啊1
2。固定句型How／What about+名词／代词／v-ing。例如：
What about some more milk
What about him
How about going out for a walk
3。Why not+省去“to"的动词不定式，例如：
Why not get so excited
Why not go at once
五、复合句中的省略
1.主句中的省略
(1)主句中的省略多见句首，多用于口语中。例
如：
(It is／was a)pity you couldn’t come．
(2)在对话中答句省去整个主句，只用从句。例如：
---Shall I go to play
---If you like (you can go to play)。
---When could I start
---(You may)Whenever you like．
2．宾语从句中的省略
(1) 由which，when，where，how和why引导的宾语从句，可全部或部分省去，
只留引导词。例如；
Please pass me one Of these books，I don’t care which (you pass me)．
He will come back，but he doesn’t know when (he will come back)．
She wants to learn English well，yet she doesn’t know how (she can learn it well)．
(2) 在I’m afraid，I think，I believe，I hope，I guess 等作答句中，
后面跟“so，’与"not'分别等于肯定或否定，宾语从句可省去。例如：
---Do you think it will rain
---I hope not (that it will not rain).
---Do you believe our team will win
---I guess so．
能力升华Developing skills
[知能演练]
用括号把下列句子当中可以省略的部分括起来，或者把句子当中已被省略的部分
补写出来。
1. He is as tall as you are if he is not taller than you.
2. A: Would you like to go with me
B: I'd like to go with you, but I'm busy now.
3. A: I will not go on with the plan.
B: Why will you not go on with the plan
4. You may ask him questions if you have any question to ask.
5. Li Ming is a League member, but I am not a League member.
6. Pardon
7. A: Will you go to visit Dr Baker
B: Yes, but not until tomorrow.
8. What a cold day !
9. A: May I take the computer away
B: What for
10. A. Does Lily come from Australia
B. Oh, I don't know.
[拓展训练]
1.--Will you go to Paris next summer
--I'm still hoping
A. it B. that C. this D. to
2. Don't stop to look up the words in the
dictionary while
A. read B. reading
C. to be read D. being read
3. "Your heart isn't made of blood and
flesh, but iron and steel." she said to him.
A. of B. from C. by D, with
4. --Shall I go to play
--
A, You can't B. Don't you
C. Dare you D. If you like
5. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the
street, but his mother told him
A. not to B. not to do
C. not do it D. do not to
单元检测
Test
一、单项选择（共15小题，每题1分，计15分）
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填人空白处的最佳选项。
1. What you bought me ，_______《Harry Porter》，are my favorite books.
A. included B. including C. to include D. being included
2. One bird _______ is better than two birds in bush.
A. on hand B. in hand C. at hand D. by hand
3. Being hurt in an accident he stays in hospital now, still ________ .
A. awake B. awoken C. wake D. woken
4. --- What’s the matter with John
--- He didn’t pass the exam but he still _________ .
A. hopes it B. hopes so C. hopes that D. hopes to
5. If ______ successfully, the plan will completely change the traffic conditions in the city.
A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out
6. I was sleeping soundly when, _____ ,the earthquake took place.
A. all of sudden B. all of the sudden C. all of a sudden D. all suddenly
7. Unless _____ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
8. --- Do you like a house with no garden
--- _____. But anyhow, it’s better to have one than none.
A. Not a bit B. Not a little C. Not really D. Not especially
9. I was much ______ when I heard the strange noise.
A. frightening B. being frightened C. to be frightening D. frightened
10. As a teacher, he never _____ his students to study from morning till evening.
A. let B. have C. make D. urge
11. One of the doors was painted green, ____________ .
A. the other one was white B. and the others white
B. and the other one was white D. the other one white
12. While playing in the garden, _________ .
A. a snake bites her B. a snake bit her
C. she was bit by a snake D. she was bitten by a snake
13. The old gentleman was speaking to the poor little girl kindly, ______ to his own granddaughter.
A. as if B. so as C. in order D. like
14. _______ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.
A. Had it not been B. if they were not C. Were it not D. If it is not
15. The piano in the other shop will be _____, but ______ .
A. cheaper, not as better B. more cheaper, not as better
C. cheaper, not as good D. more cheap, not as good.
1、
2、 完型填空 （共20小题，每小题1.5分，计30分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填人空白处的最佳选项。
American medical researchers have just reported the first scientific proof that even a small amount of exercise will help us 16 longer. The 17 was
carried out by scientists at Harvard and Standford universities, which were very famous in America. It involved(涉及)about 17,000 students who 18 Harvard between 1916 and 1950.
The scientists 19 their research in 1960.They collected a lot of facts and studied the medical 20 of every one in the study group 21 living and
dead. Members of the study group 22 how much they walked, how many 23 they climbed, what kind of sports they 24 in for and many other things they 25 each week. The scientists checked information about height, weight, 26 pressure and family records of heart disease. Their research showed exercise helped 27 the chance of death from a number of diseases. They also concluded that sports
and games 28 people's bodies and prevented them from putting on weight.
They found that two thirds of people who had heart 29 never exercised. 30 of the scientists said the most important 31 was that people who do not exercise have more heart diseases, but they 32 realize the importance of sports until they get the disease. He also said that it might be 33 now to get him to exercise when their doctors 34 them to. They 35 the doctors' advice very seriously and they want to keep healthy and have a longer life.
16. A. learn B. remember C. live D. work
17. A. exercise B. report C. search D. study
18. A. attended B. passed C. entered D. visited
19. A. began B. finished C. stopped D. discovered
20. A. care B. research C. practice D. history
21. A. between B. either C. both D. all
22. A. reported B. counted C. tested D. studied
23. A. paces B. steps C. races D. blackboards
24. A. left B. took C. went D. devoted
25. A. could B. should C. used D. did
26. A. air B. water C. blood D. strength
27. A. reduce B. slow C. lose D. miss
28. A. increased B. kept C. built D. harmed
29. A. beat B. strike C. attack D. break
30. A. One B. Most C. All D. Few
31. A. invention B. discovery C. subject D. plan
32. A. will B. won't C. did D. didn't
33. A. important B. necessary C. harder D. easier
34. A. advise B. agree C. hope D. lead
3、 35. A. ask B. refuse C. take D. give
4、 阅读理解（共10小题，每小题2分，计20分）
A
My Aunt Edith was a widow (寡妇) of 50, working as a secretary, when doctors discovered what was then thought to be a very serious heart illness.
Aunt Edith doesn’t accept defeat easily. She began studying medical reports in the library and found an article in a magazine about a well-known heart doctor, Dr Michael Debakey, of Houston, Texas. He had saved the life of someone with the same illness. The article said Dr Debakey's fees were very high; Aunt Edith couldn't possibly pay them. But could he tell her of someone whose fee she could pay
So Aunt Edith wrote to him. She simply listed her reasons for wanting to live: her three children, who would be on their own in three or four more years and among them a little girl who always dreamed of traveling and seeing the world. There wasn't word of self pity, only warmth and humor and the joy of living. She mailed the letter, not really expecting an answer.
A few days later, my doorbell rang. Aunt Edith didn't wait to come in; she stood in the hall and read aloud:
Your beautiful letter moved me very deeply. If you can come to Houston, there will be no charge for either the hospital or the operation.
Signed: Michael Debakey
That was seven years ago. Since then, Aunt Edith has been around the world. Her three children are happily married. For her age, she is one of the youngest, most alive people I know.
36. "Aunt Edith doesn't accept defeat easily." means that
A. she is very beautiful B. she is very strong
C. she is very brave D. she is very warm-hearted
37. Aunt Edith wrote to Dr Debakey because __
A. she had no time to visit him B. she didn't know the way to Houston
C. she didn't believe in him D. she wanted to get some help from him
38. In fact, Aunt Edith' s letter to Dr Dehakey was full of .
A. courage B. illness C. pity D. sadness
39. After reading Dr Debakey' s letter, Aunt Edith felt .
A. discouraged B. frightened C. disappointed D. encouraged
40. The reason why Aunt Edith remains young is that
A. she had an operation by a famous doctor
B. she has been light-hearted all the time
C. her three children take good care of her
D. she has lost her heart to live on
B
Great honors were heaped(堆积) upon Albert Einstein on November 7, 1919, when British astronomers (天文学家) declared they had found the first confirmation
(证据) of Einstein's general relative theory. Einstein had already become known in scientific fields, because of his two astonishing theories: the special theory of
relativity, published in 1905 when he was only twenty-six, and the general theory of relativity, declared between 1913 and 1915. He was considered so excellent by other scientists that in 1914 he was invited to join the famous Royal (皇家的) Prussian (普鲁士 )Academy（学会） of Sciences and became head of" the research branch at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. He accepted the offer and moved to Berlin.
41. The reason why Einstein became famous on November 7, 1919 was that .
A. he declared his general relativity theory
B. he received the Nobel Prize
C. scientists were astonished by his theories
D. scientists had confirmed Einstein' s general theory of relativity
42. Einstein's special relativity theory was declared in .
A. 1905 B. 1913
C. 1915 D. 1919
43. Einstein's chief of the research branch at the Kaiser Wilhelm
institute in .
A. 1913 B. 1915 C. 1914 D. 1905
44. By the end of the year 1919 Einstein was well- known .
A. in Germany B. in Berlin C. throughout Europe D. through the world
45. The passage says that Einstein was .
A. praised by the British astronomers B. invited to work in Berlin
C. forced to leave Berlin D. considered excellent by other officials
5、
6、 短文改错：（共10小题，计10分）
When passing the bus station on my way to home, I
1.
found the little girl alone in the corner, crying. Probably
2.
she was lost and couldn't find her mother. I went up to
3.
see what was the matter. When asked where his mother
4.
was, but she only shook her head and kept crying. So I
5.
brought her to the station broadcasting room for help.
6.
"Anyone lost a child, please come to the broadcasting
7.
room…" was quickly heard again and again round the
station. 8.
Minutes later, the worrying mother hurried in. The
9.
little girl runs to her, smiling happily with tears still on
10.
7、 her face.
8、 书面表达（计25分）
提示:Susan Jones, a girl student in Washington State,
USA. She wrote to you saying that she wanted to be your
pen-friend. Please write a reply to her and tell that you are
willing to be her close friend. Your letter of Dec. should at
least include the following information.
1. Name: Li Mei
2. Date of birth
3. Place of birth:
4.School name: No.2 Middle School of Xi'an
5. The number of teachers and students
6. Main subjects: five or more
7. Your favorite subject: English, why
8. Your family members
参考答案：知能演练答案：
1. (are) (he is) (than you)
2. (go with you)
3. (will you) (go on with the plan)
4. (you have) (question to ask)
5. (a League member)
6. I beg your pardon
7. but I will not do that until tomorrow.
8. What a cold day it is!
9. What do you take it away for
10. I don't know whether she does or not.
拓展训练答案：1-5 DBADA
单元检测答案：1-5 BCBBA 6-10 CACDD 11-15 BDAAC
完型填空答案及解析：
16. C 文章的中心是“锻炼与人的寿命关系 ”，所以锻炼可以使人活的时间长。
17．D
18. A attend school “上学”
19．B 第一段末句说明这项研究的对象涉及了1916年到1950年在哈佛大学上学的学生。
20． A medical care 医疗护理
21． C both A and B A和B两个都……
22．A
23. B
24. C go in for 参加
25. D
26. C blood pressure 血压
27．A reduce the chance of death 减少死亡的机会
28．C build bodies 健身 而 keep fit 保持健康
29． C heart attack 心脏病发作
30．A 据下文 He also said … 知。
31．B discovery 发现
32．B not … until 连用且从句用了一般现在时结构表示将来，因此主句应使用一般将来时。
33． D 由最后一句可知。
34． A advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事。
35． C take one’s advice 采纳某人的建议。
阅读理解答案：36-40 CDADB 41-45 DACCB
短文改错答案与解析：
1．词性错误。将to去掉。home在这里是副词。又如：go
home，arrive home，come home，on one’s way home这
类表达中home都是副词。
2．冠词错误。将the改为a。“小女孩”这一对象在文中
是首次出现。
3．此题没错。
4．代词错误。将his改为her,指代the gir’s.
5．连词错误。将but去掉。she only shook her head and
kept crying是主句部分，When asked where her mother
删是它的状语部分，二者之间不需连词。
6．用词混淆。将brought改为took。take意思是“带走
(离开说话人所在的地方)”，bring意思是“带来(到说
话人所在的地方)”。
7．句子结构错误。在lost之前加who。who引导定语从
句，且在此句中作主语(作主语时不能省略)。
8．用词混淆。将quick改为soon。soon表示“没多久”“不
久以后”，而quickly侧重动词本身快。
9．非谓语动词错误。将worrying改为worried。文中要
表达的是“感到焦急的母亲”，不是“令人焦急的母亲”。
10．时态错误。将runs改为ran。与全文时态一致。
书面表达答案：
Dec. 1,2002
Dear Susan:
I have been very pleased to receive your letter. And I'
d like very much to be your pen-friend. I was born in Xi'an
on November, 15. I' m now studying at No. 2 Middle School.
There are about 150 teachers and 1900 students in our school.
We study Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and some other
subjects. I like English best, because it's widely used in the world.
There are three people in my family. They are my father,
my mother and I. My parents felt happy when I told them something
about you and encouraged me to write to you to make penfriends with you.
I'm looking forward to your next letter.
Yours
Li Mei
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