高一下册知识要点[下学期]
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Unit13
Healthy eating
· 英语小窍门 ·
句型与句子结构(句型层次表)
第一层 第二层 例句
简单句 主 谓 I am coming.
主 谓 宾 I like cats.
主 谓 宾 宾 I bought you a book. I bought a book for you.
主 谓 宾 补 I seldom see him do morning exercises.
主 谓 表 I am a teacher. He is very tall.
并列句 主谓 + 主谓 (and, or, but, for) I phoned him but there was no answer.
复合句 主语从句 名词性从句 What he told me yesterday is true.
宾语从句 I know that he is an American.
表语从句 This is how he broke the door.
同位语从句 His suggestion that we set off now has been accepted.
定语从句 This is the room where he was born.
状语从句 Before he came here, he had learnt Chinese for years.
· 重点词汇解析 ·
1. stomach n. 肚子，胃，复数为stomachs。肚子疼：stomachache构成短语有：
have a pain in the stomach 胃(腹)疼
lie on one’s stomach 俯卧
have the stomach for… 对……有兴趣
turn one’s stomach 使……恶心
on an empty/a full stomach 空着肚子/吃饱
2. bar n.
(1)条状物；棒
a bar of soap 一条肥皂 a bar of chocolate 一条巧克力 a bar of gold一根金条
(2)酒吧 a coffee bar
(3)固定短语：behind bars 在狱中
3. diet n.
(1)正常饮食 a balanced diet 均衡的饮食 a diet of potatoes 土豆食品
(2)饮食限制 go on a diet=be on a diet 节食, 节食
No sugar in my coffee; I’m dieting.
4. disease n. 疾病 a serious disease of the liver 严重的肝病
diseased adj. 有病的 a diseased plant病态的植物
辨析：illness, disease
illness：很少指具体疾病，只表示抽象的疾病和生病的状态。
disease: 指可以染上和传染他人的疾病。
e. g. Several children are away from school because of illness.几个孩子因为生病没上学。
He has a rare heart disease.他得了一种罕见的心脏病。
5. probably 与 possibly比较
(1)probably 极有可能, 有几分根据的猜测; 比possibly所指的可能性大些。
e. g. He is working hard and clever as well many people can help him. He will probably win.
他工作努力，人也聪明；很多人愿意帮助他。他极有可能取胜。
(2)possibly 可能地。表示客观上潜在的可能性，可能性比probably小，经常与情态动词can 或may 连用。
e. g. She may possibly be the greatest writer of her generation.
她或许是她那一代人中最伟大的作家。
6. promise v. &n. 允诺；答应
动词用法：后接名词或代词、不定式、that 从句
(1)They promised an immediate reply. 他们答应立刻回复。
(2)He promised me to be here at six o’clock.=He promised me that he would be here at six o’clock.
他答应我他将在六点在这里等我。
(3)I promised you not to say that. 我答应你不说那件事。
(4)It promises to be warm this afternoon. 今天下午有望转暖。
(5)He is a promising boy. 他是一个有前途的男孩。
名词用法：
make a promise 许下诺言 give a promise 许下诺言
keep a promise 信守诺言 carry out a promise 履行诺言
break a promise违背诺言
7. brain n.
(1)用作不可数名词，大脑
The brain is the centre of higher nervous activity.大脑是高等神经活动的中枢。
(2)用作可数名词brains，智力，头脑
She has a good brain. =She has good brains.她很聪明。
8. advise, suggest用法
(1)advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事 advise doing sth. 建议做某事。
advise that…(should) + 动词原形
I advise you to leave now. 我建议你现在就离开。
I advise waiting till the proper time. 我建议等到适当时机(才行动)。
We advise that steps (should) be taken at once. 我们建议立即采取措施。
(2)suggest建议，其句型为
suggest doing sth. 建议做某事
suggest one’s doing sth. =suggest sb. doing建议某人去做某事
suggest that…(should) + 动词原形
We suggested that the old museum(should)be rebuilt as soon as possible.
我们建议那座旧博物馆应该尽早重修。
9．diet与food的区别：
diet指的是习惯的食物或规定的食物，特指维持健康的定量或定质的食物。
food指能吃喝的具有营养的东西。例如：
The doctor has ordered me a special diet.医生给我安排了特殊的饮食。
I like a simple diet best.我最喜欢粗茶淡饭。
We must have food to eat and clothes to wear.我们必须有食物吃，有衣服穿。
The patient must not go without food, but he must have a diet without sugar.
这个病人不可不吃东西，但要吃不含糖的饮食。
· 重点词组解析 ·
1. plenty of充分的，大量的，既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词，只用于陈述句，
在疑问句中一般用enough，在否定句中用many 或much。
注意：plenty of前面没有冠词a, 不可误记成a plenty of。
Make sure there is plenty of food for everyone. We have plenty of chairs here.
in plenty 充足地
There is food in plenty. =There is plenty of food.
2．be careful用法归纳
(1)be careful 单独使用，当心
Be careful！The pan is hot! 当心！锅很热。
(2)be careful about…对……谨慎
I hope you’ll be careful in future about the things you say.我希望你将来对所说的事情谨慎。
(3)be careful of…留神……
We have to be careful of what they are doing.我们得留神他们做的什么。
(4)be careful with…注意……
You must be more careful with your work.你们需注意你们的工作。
有时be careful表示吝啬。
He’s too careful with his money; he never buys a drink for anyone.
他太吝啬了，他从不给别人买杯水。
(5)be careful not to do sth. 小心不要做……
We want to be careful not to break anything.我们要小心不要打破任何东西。
(6)be careful+从句 加以小心
Be careful what you do. 小心你做的一切。
3．keep up with 跟上（防止落后）
keep up with the class 跟上班级（不掉队）
keep up with the development of society 适应社会的发展
keep up with the going on 跟上时尚
注意：catch up with （已经落后）赶上
4．Be +adj +to短语
(1)be harmful to…对……有害
be +adj. +to sb. /sth. 指对某人或某物有……影响或态度如何。
be good to…=be kind to…对……态度好
be friendly to…对……友好
be cruel to…对……凶残
be bad to…对……态度不好
be polite/impolite to…对……有礼貌/无礼貌
be rude to…对……粗鲁
5．cut短语总结：
(1)cut into…把……切成
Vegetables should be cut into small pieces and dropped into the boiling water.
蔬菜应切成小碎块放进开水里。
(2)cut up 切碎
Mom is cutting up the meat to make dumplings.妈妈正剁肉准备包饺子。
(3)cut down 砍倒；削减
If you cut down the trees, you will ruin the land.如果你砍伐树木，就会毁坏土地。
I have decided to cut down my smoking. 我决定戒烟。
(4)cut off 切断，停掉
Our water supply has been cut off again. 我们的供水再次中断。
6．Short短语
(1)be short of 缺少
I’m short of money this week, can you lend me some？这个星期我缺钱，你能借给我一点吗？
(2)run short 几乎用光
We’ve run short of oil. 我们已经用光油了。
The supply of oil is running short. 供应的油快要用光了。
· 重点句型解析 ·
1．It was a bit green. 它还有点生。
1)句中的green意为“没有成熟的”，是ripe的反义词。例如：
We dont like to eat green fruit./ The apples are still too green to pick.
2)a bit作程度副词，与a little同义。例如：
Im a bit/ a little tired. / Could you drive a bit/ a little slower
3)但是，not a bit＝ not at all,而not a little＝very/ much. 例如：
Im not a bit tired. 我一点不累 Im not a little tired.我很累。
2．While you are at school, or walking home, your body is burning up 100 calories an hour.你在学校上课或步行回家时，你体内每小时消耗100卡。
1)burn up意为“烧掉”、“烧毁”，在本句中意为“消耗掉”。例如：
He burned up all the old letters. 他把过去的全部信件都烧掉了。
The house burned up before they got there.他们到达那儿之前，房子已经烧毁了。
2)up与一些动词构成短语时，有“完结”、“终结”的意思。如eat up 吃光，drink up喝光， tear up 撕碎，use up 用完，lock up锁好。
3. Eating habits become part of who we are.饮食习惯变成我们自身的一部分。
who we are 为介词of 的宾语从句。
eating habits 为动名词短语作句子的主语。动名词或不定式(短语)作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实part of… ……的一部分
Part of the building was destroyed in the fire.大楼的一部分被火烧毁了。
a part of 指不足一半，意为“一小部分”。
We spent a part of our holiday in France.我们的一部分假期是在法国度过的。
4．The Chinese eat less sugar than many other countries in the world.中国人吃的糖比世界上其它许多国家的人都少。
1)the Chinese 指（全体）中国人。以－ese结尾的表示国籍的词与定冠词连用时，表示整个国家的人。例如：the Japanese(全体)日本人，the Vietnamese(全体)越南人。但指该国单个的人时，则是a Chinese, a Japanese, a Vietnamese.
5．They eat a lot of sugar in the form of cakes, soft drinks,sweets and so on.他们吃蛋糕、软饮料、糖果等，其中含有大量的糖。
1)in the form of 意为“以……的形式”。例如：He made the suggestion in the form of a question. 他以提问题的形式提出建议。
He expressed his feelings in the form of letters.他用写信来表达自己的感情。
He wrote a novel in the form of a diary.他以日记的形式写了一本小说。
6．In some parts of Britain, one person in ten, by the age of thirty, has no teeth left! 在英国有些地方，十分之一的人年方三十，牙齿就都脱光了！
1)one person in ten 是“十个中有一个”的意思，也可说成one person out of ten。
例如：One in every four children had bad teeth./ Nine in ten people agreed with us./
2)by the age of意为“……岁之前”、“到……岁时”，at the age of 意为“在……岁时
She had learned to play the piano by the age of ten.十岁之前，他就学会了弹钢琴。
He died at the age of 90.他九十岁去世。
7．Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening.开张后的头几天，许多人到那家餐馆去吃饭。
1)score作“二十”解，和数字连用时，不可加s，如a score of eggs(20个蛋)，four score and seven years ago(87年前)。但scores of则为固定词组，意为“许多”。例如：
A score or more attended the meeting.20多人出席会议。
I have been there scores of times.我到那儿去过多次了。
2)first后面跟复数名词时，意为“头几个”、“头一批”。例如：
For the first few weeks, they didnt talk to each other.头几个星期，他们彼此不曾讲过话。He was one of the first people to discover America.他是首批发现美洲的人之一。
· 语法精讲 ·
情态动词had better, should及 ought to的用法
(1)had better 最好
①加动词原形
You’d better get some sleep. 你最好睡一会儿。
I’d better not disturb him. 我最好不打扰他了。
②后接be doing sth. 表示最好立即做某事
I think I’d better be going.我想我最好立刻走。
③祈使句中had省略
Better not wait for them. 最好不等他们。
④反义疑问句用had
You’d better put away your socks, hadn’t you 你最好把你的袜子收拾好，难道不行吗？
You had better not follow her, had you？你最好不要跟她，不是吗？
(2)should 与ought to 应该
①ought to 的口气比should 稍重一些，更侧重于某件事责任、义务上该做的事情。should表示某件事宜于做。下列句子两个词不宜换用：
You are his father. You ought to take care of him.你是他的父亲，就应该照顾他。
We should not use too many big words in our everyday speech.
我们不应该说太多的大话在我们的日常讲话中。
②ought to 的句式变化
否定句：You ought not =(oughtn’t) to write so carelessly.你不该写得这样粗心。
疑问句：Ought we to give him a chance to try？我们该给他机会试一试
③与完成时连用
should/ought to have done sth.本应该做……(而实际没做)
We ought to have finished our homework on time.我们本应该按时完成作业。
shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have done sth.本不应该做……(而实际做了)
They oughtn’t to have come back so late.他们本不该回来这样晚。
· 同步练习 ·
1．Four______ of students took part in the sports meeting.
A .hundred B .hurdreds C .score D .scores
2．He made the suggestion ________ the form of a question.
A .with B .by C .on D .in
3．——Your English is very good.——__________
A .Thank you. Im glad you think so.
B .No, my English is very poor.
C .Is that true
D .Dont you think so
4．Our home is always _______ love and understanding.
A .rich for B .rich in C .high with D .high by
5．I hope youll forget all the unhappiness I have _____you.
A .caused B .given C .offered D .handed
6．——Why dont we go and play football ——___________.
A .Yes, I think so B.I can play football
C .Its a good game D .Thats a good idea
7．What is the matter_______ the tape－recorder
A .about B .for C .from D .with
8．You_____ better________the thing to be done.
A .had; not to cause B .had; not cause
C .hadnt; cause D .hadnt; causing
9．The doctor advises that the patient_______more exercise.
A .take B .takes C .will take D .to take
10．Do about nine children_____ ten like eating sweets
A .from B .in C .among D .between
11．She was too excited to fall______last night.
A .sleep B .asleep C .sleepy D .sleeping
12．——Im not feeling well. ——Im not_____. I advise you_______.
A .surprising; to lose weight B .surprised; will lose weight
C .surprised; to lose weight D .surprising; losing weight
13．In winter we see water fall______of snow.
A .instead B .in the form C .in front D .in drops
14．He was lucky enough not to be hurt______ in the accident.
A .a bit B .a little C .any D .very
15．The reason_____he is absent from school is _____ he was badly hurt while riding.
A .that; why B .why; that C .why; because D .which; as
参考答案
1.C 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.B
11.B 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.B
· 课外阅读 ·
The Wolf and the Lamb
WOLF, meeting with a Lamb astray from the fold, resolved not to lay violent hands on him, but to find some plea to justify to the Lamb the Wolf's right to eat him. He thus addressed him:"Sirrah, last year you grossly insulted me." "Indeed," bleated the Lamb in a mournful tone of voice, "I was not then born." Then said the Wolf , "You feed in my pasture." "No, good sir," replied the Lamb, "I have not yet tasted grass." Again said the Wolf, "You drink of my well." "No," exclaimed the Lamb, "I never yet drank water, for as yet my mother's milk is both food and drink to me." Upon which the Wolf seized him and ate him up, saying, "Well! I won't remain supperless, even though you refute every one of my imputations."
The tyrant will always find a pretext for his tyranny.
狼与小羊
一只小羊在河边喝水，狼见到后，便想找一个名正言顺的借口吃掉他。于是他跑到上 游，恶狠狠地说小羊把河水搅浑浊了，使他喝不到清水。小羊回答说，他仅仅站在河边喝 水，并且又在下游，根本不可能把上游的水搅浑。狼见此计不成，又说道：“我父亲去年被 你骂过。”小羊说，那时他还没有出生。狼对他说：“不管你怎样辩解，反正我不会放
过 你。”
这说明，对恶人做任何正当的辩解也是无效的。
The Bat and the Weasels
A BAT who fell upon the ground and was caught by a Weasel pleaded to be spared his life. The Weasel refused, saying that he was by nature the enemy of all birds. The Bat assured him that he was not a bird, but a mouse, and thus was set free. Shortly afterwards the Bat again fell to the ground and was caught by another Weasel, whom he likewise entreated not to eat him. The Weasel said that he had a special hostility to mice. The Bat assured him that he was not a mouse, but a bat, and thus a second time escaped.
It is wise to turn circumstances to good account.
蝙蝠与黄鼠狼
蝙蝠掉落在地上，被黄鼠狼叼去，他请求饶命。黄鼠狼说绝不会放过他，自己生来痛恨 鸟类。蝙蝠说他是老鼠，不是鸟，便被放了。后来蝙蝠又掉落了下来，被另一只黄鼠狼叼 住，他再三请求不要吃他。这只黄鼠狼说他恨一切鼠类。蝙蝠改口说自己是鸟类，并非老 鼠，又被放了。这样，蝙蝠两次改变了自己的名字，终于死里逃生。
这故事说明，我们遇事要随机应变方能避免危险。
Unit14
Festivals
· 英语小窍门 ·
十二条经典英语谚语
1. Pain past is pleasure. (过去的痛苦就是快乐。)
2. Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand. (脑中有知识，胜过手中有金钱。)
3. Nothing is impossible for a willing heart. (心之所愿，无所不成。)
4. All things are difficult before they are easy. (凡事必先难后易。)
5. Great hopes make great man. (伟大的理想造就伟大的人。)
6. God helps those who help themselves. (天助自助者。)
7. Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little, bit more. (四个简短的词汇概括了成功的秘诀：多一点点！) [比别人多一点努力、多一点自律、多一点决心、多一点反省、多一点学习、多一点实践、多一点疯狂，多一点点就能创造奇迹！]
8. In doing we learn. (实践长才干。)
9. East or west, home is best. (东好西好，还是家里最好。)
10. Two heads are better than one. (三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。)
11. Good company on the road is the shortest cut. (行路有良伴就是捷径。)
12. Constant dropping wears the stone. (滴水穿石)
· 重点词汇解析 ·
1. hono(u)r vt.
(1)尊敬
e. g. Children should honour their father and mother. 孩子应该尊敬父母。
(2)对……表示敬意
e. g. Flowers were placed there to honour his memory.鲜花摆放在那里为了纪念他
(3)使感到荣幸
e. g. You honour us by being with us today.今天你和我们在一起这是我们的荣幸。
I am honoured to be asked to speak here. 被邀请在此讲话是我的荣幸。
honour n.
(1)荣誉，光荣(不可数名词)
e. g. They fight for the honour of their country. 他们为祖国的荣誉而战。
(2)(高尚)人格，信誉(不可数名词)
A man of honour would not behave in so cowardly way.
一个高尚的人行为处事不会这么懦弱。
(3)尊敬，敬重(不可数)
e. g. One must show honour to one’s parents. 一个人必须尊敬父母。
(4)使感到光荣的人或事，荣幸(可数，多作单数)
e. g. It’s an honour to meet you. 见到你十分荣幸。
比较：in honour of 为了(纪念或表示敬意而举行某活动)
e. g. It is only a dance in honour of her birthday. 这只是纪念她生日的一个舞会。
A memorial meeting was held in his honour. 为了纪念他而举行纪念会。
have the honour (of)有幸……, 荣幸地
e. g. May I have the honour of your company at dinner？我能有幸与您共进晚餐吗？
2. determine vt.
(1)决定
e. g. His future has not been determined, but he may study medicine.
他还没决定好未来，但他可能学医。
Can we now determine the date for our party 我们现在能决定派对的日期吗？
(2)决心，决意，决定(作某事)，(用过去分词)决心，下定决心
determine+不定式to do
e. g. She determined to go that very afternoon. 她决心就在那个下午走。
determine+从句
He had been determined that no one should know.他决意不让任何人知道。
determined 过去分词作定语或表语，果断，坚定，坚决
e. g.His voice was determined, and his eyes were flashing.
他的声音很坚决，他的眼睛闪闪发亮。
determination n.
(1)决心(不可数)
e. g. He came with the determination of staying/to stay one week.他决心呆一周。
(2)决定(不可数，间或加不定冠词)
e. g. The boy came to a determination to run away from school. 男孩决定逃学。
self-determination n. 自主，自我决定
3. purpose n. 目的，意图，目标
e. g. What is your purpose in doing this 你做这件事的目的是什么？
比较：for…purpose为了……目的on purpose 有意地，故意地，特意
e. g. If I go there in future, it will be for the purpose of seeing you.
如果我今后去那儿的话，就是为了见你。
I’ve come on purpose to speak to you. 我来是特意要与你谈谈。
She did it on purpose. 她是故意那样做。
4. reminder n. 提醒的人(物)，暗示
e. g. Please give me a reminder this afternoon to phone him.请下午提醒我给他打电话。
remind v. 使……想起，提醒
(1)+ of短语 e. g. That story you have just told reminds me of an experience I once had.
你刚刚讲的故事使我想起了我曾经有过的经历。
(2)+ sb. to do e. g. Please remind me to write that letter. 请提醒我写信。
(3)+从句 e. g. The sight of the clock reminded me that I was late.
看见时钟使我想起我迟到了。
5.compare v.
(1)compare … with…比较，指同类事物的具体比较
e. g. Compare these two languages, and we can see there are differences as well as similarities.
比较这两种语言，可以发现它们有同有异。
Parents like to compare their own children with other children.
父母们总喜欢把自己的孩子与别的孩子进行比较。
(2) compare … to … 比作， 指非同类事物的抽象比较
e. g. Shakespeare compared the world to a stage. 莎士比亚把人世比作舞台。
People often compare girls to flowers. 人们经常把女孩子比作花朵。
(3) compared to/ with…与……比起来，常在句中作状语，可位于句首或句尾，to和with可通用。
It was a small place then compared to/ with what it is now.
和现在比起来，那时它还是个小地方。
6. 表示穿着的动词
(1)put on 表示穿上的动作
e. g. He put on his coat and went out hurriedly.他穿上外衣匆匆忙忙地出去了。
(2) wear表示穿着状态，意义最广，可用于衣服、鞋、帽、袜、手套、眼镜、手表、徽章、首饰，还可表示头发、胡须的式样，带有某种表情或样子。
e. g. He was a short man wearing thick glasses.他是一个带着厚厚的眼镜的矮小的人。
(3) dress既可表示动作也可表示状态，作及物动词时，后面宾语是人，即dress sb. / oneself (in sth. )或be dressed in sth.
e. g. She dressed the baby in red. 她给孩子穿上了红色的衣服。
(4) have on表示穿着状态，无进行时。
e. g. She had a red dress on. 她穿了一件红裙子。
(5)be in sth. 表示状态
e. g. He’s in plain clothes. 他身着便装。
What colour is your child in 你的孩子穿着什么颜色的衣服？
7. light的用法
(1)adj. 明亮的(=bright)，浅色的(=pale)
e. g. His room is light and airy. 他的房间又亮又通风。
It gets light at about six o’clock. 六点左右天亮。
She has a light green dress. 她有一条淡绿色的裙子。
(2)n.①光线，亮光(不可数)，但如表示一种光线时，尤其是被形容词修饰时，前可加不定冠词。e. g. The test-tube was glowing with a faint blue light.试管里发出微弱的蓝光。
②灯，灯光，发光物，引火物(可数)
e. g. There were no lights on in any office room. 没有一个办公室里有灯光。
(3) v. (light, lit, lit)和(light, lighted, lighted)
①点燃(生炉子)e. g. When it was dark we lit the candles. 天黑时我们点上了蜡烛。
②照亮e. g. Our streets are lit by electricity. 街道被灯光照亮。
③(使)变得亮起来，开朗起来
e. g. Her face lighted when she saw who it was.当她看清是谁时，她的脸亮了起来。
Suddenly a smile lit (up) her face. 突然微笑使她的脸亮了起来。
(4)light up动词短语
①照亮，点亮e. g. The burning building lit up the whole street.燃烧的建筑物照亮了整条街道。
②(使)容光焕发，春风满面 (指人的面部表情)
e. g. Her face lit up when she heard the good news.当她听到好消息时，脸上露出喜色。
注意：light的过去分词有两种: lighted, lit当作定语修饰名词时，用lighted。
e. g. a lighted candle 一支点着的蜡烛。
mon用法及common, usual, ordinary, general区别
(1)common
①共同的，共有的e. g. English is their common language. 英语是他们的共同语言。
②普通的，一般的，平常的 Nothing is commoner than that. 没有比此更普通的。
③常见的，到处可见的e. g. Is this word in common use 这个字常用吗？
④ in common (with sb. )共同的e. g. We have many things in common. 我们有许多共同之处。
(2) common, general, ordinary, usual区别
common侧重“普通”，表示“时时发生，人所共有”，并含有“并不高贵，地位低下”之意，指符合或具有全体共有的特征，其反义词为rare。
e. g. a common saying 俗语 a common wish 一个共同的愿望
common sense 常识common knowledge 普通知识
This is a grammatical mistake common among beginners in English.
这是个初学英语的人易犯的错误。
general 侧重“普遍”，表示在大多数人或事物中流行并受到关注，不含有“地位低下”之意，其反义词为specific。e. g. general readers 一般读者a general idea 一个普通的观点
ordinary与common基本同义，侧重“外表平凡的，普通的”，表示“随时可以碰到，不值得惊奇”，其反义词为superior。
e. g. an ordinary event一件极平常的事an ordinary person一个普通的人
My teacher is an ordinary-looking man.我的老师是个相貌平常的人。
usual用来指事物，强调习惯性，一贯如此，意为“通常的，惯常的”, 含有“随集体风俗或个人习惯而常常发生”之意，其反义词为unusual。
e. g. as usual和往常一样 It’s a usual thing with him. 这对他来说是平常事。
9. believe与believe in
believe相信 = think …true, 后接表示人或事物的名词或代词，也可接what/ that从句
e. g. I believe you. = I believe what you said. 我相信你说的话。
I could hardly believe my ears/eyes.我简直不敢相信我所听到的/看到的。
比较：believe sb. 相信某人所说的话
believe in sb. 信任某人，指人的品格、作风、为人等方面的情况。
e. g. We usually believe in him, but this doesn’t mean we always believe him.
我们通常是信任他的，但这并不意味着我们总是相信他的话。
10. gather与collect区别
gather作“收集”“聚集”讲时用法广泛，可指把人集中起来，也可指把分散的东西或抽象的东西(如信息、力量)聚集起来。
collect作“收集”“采集”讲时，着重于计划性和选择性的含义。
e. g. Up to now, he has collected 500 foreign stamps.至今为止，他已收集了五百张外国邮票。
Gather round, and I’ll tell you a story. 大家围过来，我给你们讲个故事。
When the accident happened, a lot of people quickly gathered round.
事故发生后，很快周围聚集了很多人。
How long did it take you to collect these ancient coins
你用了多长时间才收集到这些古代硬币？
注意：gather一般不与together连用，因其自身就是bring together / come together之意。
· 重点词组解析 ·
1. give短语总结
(1)give away
①分发，送给人e. g. He gave away all his pictures. 他把所有的画都送人了。
②泄漏(机密)，暴露(自己的情况) Please don’t give my secret away. 请不要泄漏我的秘密。
(2)give back
①还给e. g. I must call at the library to give back this book. 我必须去图书馆还书。
②恢复(健康等)e. g. Living here has given me back my health. 住在这里我的健康恢复了。
(3)give in
①交上来e. g. Give in your exercise books. 请交上练习本。
② give in (to sb. )让步，妥协，投降，认输，向……让步
e. g. The enemy is surrounded and must soon give in. 敌人被包围了必须马上投降。
He is always giving in to other people. 他总是向别人让步。
(4) give off 散发出e. g. The flowers give off a sweet fragrance. 花散发出甜美的香气。
(5)give out
①散发，颁发e. g. The teacher gave out the examination papers. 老师分发试卷。
②宣布e. g. He gave out that he was going to England. 他宣布他将去英国。
③被用完，耗尽，没有了
e. g. You can’t have a hot bath—the water will give out.你不能洗热水澡，水快没了。
④(机器等)失灵，(人)体力不支. The chair gave out under the fat man. 人太胖了，椅子垮了。
⑤发出e. g. The radio is giving out a strange signal. 无线电发出奇怪的信号。
(6)give up放弃，不再做(某事)He has given up playing football. 他不再踢球了。
2 as well as
(1)意为“除……外”“同”“和”“并”“也”，后接动词时用动名词。
e. g. He gave me money as well as advice. 他不但给我建议还给我钱。
Alice has an English-Chinese dictionary as well as a Chinese-English dictionary.
爱丽丝不但有一本汉英词典还有一本英汉词典。
The little girl is clever as well as beautiful. 这个女孩不但漂亮，而且聪明。
(2) A as well as B部分作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与A一致
e. g. The teacher as well as his students was praised.不仅学生而且老师也受到了表扬。
比较：
1)与as well as 用法相同的还有 (along/ together) with, including, but/except/ besides, in addition to, rather than, like/ such as …
e. g. It is you rather than I who are to speak at the meeting.是你而不是我将在会上讲话。
Besides him, three more men have been invited.除了他，还有三个人被邀请了。
2)有一些短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由与它靠近的词来决定，这些短语有：or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…, There be…
e. g. He or I am to go to the meeting. 他或者我去开会。
Either you or she is wrong. 不是你就是她错了。
(3) as well as 相当于 not only… but also…, 但表示“不但……而且”时，A as well as B侧重A, 而not only A but also B侧重B
e. g. You as well as I are wrong. = Not only I but also you are wrong.
(4) as well as后接从句，是副词的同级比较。
e. g. She sings as well as she plays. 她弹得好，唱得也好。
He shoots as well as he rides. 他马骑得好，枪打得也好。
(5) as well用在句末时，与also/too相近，as well与too常用于句末。
e. g. She is not only good at maths, she is good as English as well.她不但数学好，英语也好。
Mary’s sister teaches English, too. 玛丽的姐姐也教英语。
too除了放在句末外，也可接在主语之后，这时比较正式。
e. g. I, too, know how to work out the maths problem.我也知道怎样解这道数学题。
also不如too/ as well用得多，不用于句末，通常与动词连用。
e. g. I’ve also read some of Shakespeare’s plays.我也读过一些莎士比亚的剧本。
also, as well, too一般不用于否定句，否定句中可用not…either, neither…nor…
I like the novel as well. 我也喜欢这部小说I don’t like the novel either.我也不喜欢这部小说。
She is here, too. 她也在这里。 She isn’t here, either. 她也不在这里。
3. care about
(1) 关心
e. g. He used to care only about his own family, but has greatly changed now.
他曾经只关心他自己家，但是现在变了很多。
(2)喜欢，对……有兴趣e. g. He cares about music. 他对音乐感兴趣。
比较：care for
(1) 照顾，照料The mother cared for the sick child night and day.
妈妈日日夜夜照料生病的孩子。
(2)喜欢，对……有兴趣e. g. They do not care very greatly for art. 他们对艺术不是很感兴趣。
care v. 在乎，在意(多用于否定结构)
(1) +从句e. g. I’ll go. I don’t care what happens. 我要走，我不在乎发生什么了。
(2)后不接内容I don’t care, so long as she let me be with her.我不在乎，只要她让我和她在一起。
(1)注意，当心(不可数)
take care＋从句e. g. Take care (that) you don’t break it. 小心别打碎它。
take care of sth. e. g. Take care of what you are doing. 注意你在干什么。
with care 作状语，仔细地，认真地，当心 e. g. Cross the road with care. 过马路时要当心。
(2)照顾，照管(不可数)
under (one’s/ the) care e. g. I must leave him under your care. 我必须让你来照顾他。
in one’s care e. g. Mary was left in her sister’s care. 玛丽被留下来由姐姐照顾。
to one’s care e. g. I’ll leave this to your care. 我将把这个留给你来照顾。
take care of e. g. It was I who was taking care of him. 是我在照顾他。
(3)忧烦，烦恼(不可数) e. g. Care had made him look ten years older. 烦恼使他看起来老十岁。
(4)烦人的事(可数) e. g. He seemed to be a little man without a care.他似乎是一个没有烦事的小人物。
· 重点句型解析 ·
1. The Spring Festival, …and festivals help us understand who we are, remember where we come from, and share our hopes for a happy future.
春节，……和节日帮助我们了解我们是谁，记住我们从哪里来，并共同分享对美好未来的期望。
share v.
(1)共同具有，合用e. g. Three doctors share the office. 三个医生共用这个办公室。
(2)分享，分担e. g. They would share the joys and sorrows. 他们将同甘苦，共患难。
(3)share in分享，分担，共同努力
e. g. We all shared in his happiness when he won the scholarship.
当她获得奖学金时，我们都替他高兴。
(4) share with与……合用
e. g. Would you mind sharing a bedroom with another guest
你介意和另一位客人共用一个房间吗？
比较： spare
(1)留出(时间作某事)，挤出(时间)
e. g. Can you spare the time to help me 你能挤出时间帮助我吗？
(2)不用，匀出(给别人用)
e. g. Father couldn’t spare the car, so John had to walk.爸爸要用车，因此约翰只得步行。
(3)放过，饶(命)，不杀
e. g. The king spared the lives of the women and children.国王放过了妇女和儿童。
save v.
(1)挽救，拯救e. g. They fought bravely and saved the country. 他们勇敢战斗拯救祖国。
(2)节省，省去，省着用，保护
e. g. If we buy plenty of food now, it will save shopping again this week.
如果我们现在买了足够的食物，这周就省了再上街购物了。
Save your eyes by reading in good light.在光线足的地方读书可保护你的眼睛。
(3)节约，存钱，省钱，储蓄
e. g. He’s saving to buy a bicycle. 他省钱来买自行车。
(4)留下，保留，保住，留作他用
Save your strength for the hardwork, you’ll have to do later.
留着点儿劲，你一会儿还得干活儿呢。
(5)save …for…留供……用
e. g. He is saving himself / his strength for the heavy work.他节省力量来干重活。
2. There seems to be no other choice. 似乎别无选择。
seem v.
(1)似乎，好像
① +不定式：
seem to do表示一般状况。
e. g. I don’t seem to lack anything. 我好像不缺什么。
seem to have done表示该动作是在谓语动词发生之前就已经完成。
I seem to have caught a cold. 我好像感冒了。
He seemed not to have grasped what she really meant.他好像没有把握她的意思。
seem to be doing表示在过去的某段时间里正在进行的动作，强调该动作在过去持续了一段时间。e. g. She seemed to be sleeping. 她好像在睡觉。
seem (to be)+表语(adj. 或n. 或prep. )
e. g. You seem to be in a great hurry. 你似乎很着急。
② It seems(ed) (that)从句可以和“主语+seems/seemed+动词不定式”互相转换，意思不变。注意句型转换：
e. g. It seemed that he had failed the exam.= He seemed to have failed in the exam.
他似乎没通过考试。
It seems that nobody knew what had happened. 看来没人知道发生了什么事。
It seems(ed) as if从句
e. g. It seems as if there will be an election soon. 好像很快就要选举了。
③ There seems(ed) (to be)好像有，似乎有
e. g. There seems to be something/the matter with her. 她好像有什么事。
(2)看来，似乎是(什么样子) link v. (系动词)
① +形容词e. g. He seemed to me quite normal. 对于我来说，他很正常。
② +分词e. g. She always seemed well pleased. 她好像总是很高兴。
③ +名词e. g. It seems not a bad idea. 那个主意好像不错。
④ +介词短语 e. g. You seem in high spirits. 你好像情绪很高涨。
3. …or, in other words, the first day of spring. 或者，换句话说，春天的第一天。
(1)in other words换句话说
e. g. In other words, we can complete the project on time only in this way.
换句话说，只有这样我们才能按时完成工程。
In other words, if you break the rule, you will be punished.
换言之，如果你违反了规则，你将受到惩罚。
(2)in a word 总之，简言之
e. g. In a word, I don’t trust him. 总之，我不信任他。
(3)in words 用言语
e. g. Though the boy is only two, he can express his meaning clearly in words.
尽管这男孩只有两岁，他能清楚地用语言来表达他的意思。
4. It is not a sad day, but rather a time to celebrate the cycle of life. 这不是悲伤的一天，而是庆祝生命轮回的时刻。
rather 副词
(1)“相当，颇，甚”
e. g. We all were rather tired after our long walk. 走了那么远，我们都相当累了。
I rather expected that we would win. 我很希望我们能赢。
(2)比较 fairly, rather, quite, pretty
①表示程度
fairly与rather表示“相当地”时，fairly含有积极肯定的意思，rather含有消极否定的意思。
e. g. The question is fairly difficult. 这个问题很难——但适当。
The question is rather difficult. 这个问题很难——有点过难，不适当。
fairly是程度最轻的，例如：某人的英语说得fairly well, 言外之意是他只能应付一些日常用语。说某本书fairly good，是说这本书还可以看一看，但没有赞扬之意。
e. g. He’s just written a new book. It’s fairly interesting, but certainly not his best.
他刚出了一本新书，这本书还算有意思，但肯定不是他的最佳作品。
He studies fairly hard. 他学习还算用功。
quite比fairly程度强一点，如果你认为某本书quite good, 就是在推荐给别人看，虽算不上最佳小说，但还是值得一看。
e. g. They study English quite hard. 他们学习英语还保留用功。
He was quite polite, but he wasn’t ready to help me.他相当有礼貌，但他并不愿意帮助我。
rather程度上比quite又强，相当于more than expected/more than you want。如说某人的外语rather well, 那此人肯定是个内行，就电影而言，rather good是说胜过多数影片。
e. g. She speaks English rather well. 她的英语讲得真不错。
pretty表示程度时，和rather差不多，多用于非正式文体。
e. g. Twenty-five is pretty old to take up ballet dancing.二十五岁才学芭蕾舞年龄太大了。
The situation seems pretty hopeless. 情形似乎没有太大希望了。
②用法
rather和quite可置于不定冠词前或后
e. g. That is quite / rather a surprising result. 那是一个相当惊人的结果。= That is a rather / quite surprising result.
rather可与比较级和too +形容词/副词连用，quite只能与better连用。
e. g. This book is rather too difficult for the juniors.这本书对低年级的学生来说太难了。
Today I feel quite better. 今天我感到好多了。
This room is rather larger than we want.这个房间比我们需要的大了不少。
quite同没有程度差别的形容词连用时，一般作“完全地”“绝对地”。
e. g. She was quite alone. 她非常孤单。It’ s quite impossible. 这绝不可能。
4. Whatever the trick is, if a person is taken in, he or she is called “April Fool”! 不管是什么把戏，如果一个人上当了，他或她就被称作“四月傻子”。
(1) whatever
①= no matter what 无论是什么，不管什么，在句中作状语。
e. g. Whatever happens, we will not change our plan.无论发生什么事，我们都不会改变计划。
No matter what you want to do, above all, you should obey the law.
不管你想干什么，首先，你必须守法。
② = anything that任何事/东西，在句中起名词作用，引导名词性从句。
e. g. You can take whatever you like.= You can take anything that you like.
你可以拿走你喜欢的任何东西。
(2)take in
①欺骗，哄骗，使上当
e. g. We were completely taken in by his story. 我们完全被他的故事骗了。
②理解，领会，明白
e. g. The lesson was too difficult for the class to take in.课太难了，学生难以领会。
③接受(房客，客人等)，让……在家居住(食宿)，收留
e. g. The farmer took in the lost travelers for the night.农夫让迷路的旅行者在家过夜。
④包括，涉及e. g. The study of physics takes in many different subjects.物理学涉及许多学科。
(3)take up
①开始学习，开始做(某项工作)
e. g. What is your son taking up in college 你儿子在大学学习什么？
②从事某项活动，发展某种爱好
e. g. At the age of sixty he took up the study of Russian.六十岁时他开始学俄语。
③占用，占掉(时间，空间)e. g. The meeting took up the whole morning. 会议占了整个上午。
④接受e. g. Do you intend to take up his offer of a job 你想接受他提供的工作吗？
⑤吸起(墨水，灰尘等)e. g. Plants take up water. 植物吸水。
· 语法精讲 ·
must用法
1. must表示主观上的“必须”。
e. g. You must do what you want to. 你必须做你想做的事。注意对其问句的回答方式：
e. g. —Must I go now 我必须现在走吗？—Yes, you must. 是的，你必须。
—No, you needn’t. / you don’t have to. 不，你不必。
You needn’t do what you don’t want to. 你不必做你不愿意的事。
其否定形式mustn’t表示“绝对不可”“不许”，无肯定句和疑问句。
e. g. You mustn’t smoke in this part of the hospital.你绝对不可以在医院的这部分吸烟。
区别：have to表示客观上的“不得不”，其否定式don’t have to相当于needn’t, 表示“不必”。
e. g. We can’t travel through the forest by car, because there aren’t any roads. So we have to travel by air or boat.我们不能坐车穿过森林，因为没有路。所以我们只能乘飞机或乘船。
You don’t have to do what you don’t want to.你不一定非得做你不愿意做的事情。
have got to相当于have to, 多用于美式英语中。
也可以用 haven’t got to或 be not obliged to来代替not have to。
· 同步练习 ·
1. --____ --I’ve got a bad cough.
A. How do you do. B. What do you feel like C. What does it matter D. What’s the matter
2. I’ve got ____work to do on a____cold day.
A. much too; much too B. too much; too much C. too much; much too D. much too; too much
3. Swan Lake is a famous ballet in for acts ____ on a German fairy tale.
A. basing B. based C. bases D. to base
4. When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon. They ____ be ready by12:00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
5. I advised you____drink water that isn’t____any more.
A. not; boiled B. not to; boiling C. not; boiling D. not to; boiled
6. –What did Mary have____breakfast this morning
--She was late for school and hurried off____breakfast.
A. for; without B. at; without C. for; after D. at; after
7. After I had been in bed for two days, Mother ____ going to see a doctor art once.
A. stopped B. agreed C. suggested D. made
8. On National Day, people sing and dance to____ the birth of our country.
A. congratulate B. celebrate C. greet D. salute
9. I have neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. That’s why I ____ wait until the rain stops.
A. must B. should C. ought to D. have to
10. Do you know when the ____ song of the Beijing Olymp9ics will be chosen
A. subject B. title C. topic D. theme
11. Sometimes I really wonder how I could make friends with a man who has little____with me.
A. in ordinary B. in common C. the same D. in similar
12. Don’t let yourself be taken ____ by these politicians.They are always lying.
A. up B. over C. away D. in
13. We expected him to do a little research work____ make a lot of experiments.
A. as much as B. as long as C. as well as D. as far as
14. ____ seems to be a possibility that we shall be able to afford the car we need.
A. It B. There C. That D. This
15. The boys are always playing ____ Carl. They hide his hat, steal his books, etc.
A. a joke in B. a role on C. games with D. tricks on
参考答案
1-5 DCBBD 6-10 ACBDD 11-15 BDCBD
· 课外阅读 ·
英国的酒吧文化
Visitors to Britain may find the best place to sample local culture is in a traditional pub. But these friendly hostelries can be minefields of potential gaffes for the uninitiated.
An anthropologist and a team of researchers have unveiled some of the arcane rituals of British pubs--starting with the difficulty of getting a drink. Most pubs have no waiters--you have to go to the bar to buy drinks. A group of Italian youths waiting 45 minutes before they realized they would have to fetch their own. This may sound inconvenient, but there is a hidden purpose.
Pub culture is designed to promote sociability in a society known for its reserve. Standing at the bar for service allows you to chat with others waiting to be served. The bar counter is possibly the only site in the British Isles in which friendly conversation with strangers is considered entirely appropriate and rea1ly quite normal behaviour. "If you haven't been to a pub, you haven't been to Britain." This tip can be found in a booklet, Passport to the Pub: The Tourists' Guide to Pub Etiquette, a customers' code of conduct for those wanting to sample "a central part of British life and culture". The trouble is that if you do not follow the local rules, the experience may fall flat. For example, if you are in a big group, it is best if only one or two people go to buy the drinks. Nothing irritates the regular customers and bar staff more than a gang of strangers blocking all access to the bar while they chat and dither about what to order.
British Pub Culture
访问英国的人会发现传统英国酒吧是最能领略当地文化的地方。但对于初来乍到的异国人来说，这些友善的酒吧却犹如潜藏着有惹事危险的"地雷区"。
一位人类学家和一组研究人员揭示了某些鲜为人知的英国酒吧文化。人们首先遇到的困难是从买酒开始的。大多数英国酒吧都没有酒保，你得到吧台去买酒。一伙意大利年轻人等了三刻钟才明白他们得自己去买。这听上去似乎让人觉得不方便，可却有它深刻的内涵。
在因其冷漠而出名的英国社会里，酒吧文化的形成是为了促进社会交往。排队的时候可以和其他等待买酒的人交谈。在英伦诸岛上，和陌生人亲切地交谈被认为是完全适宜的正常行为的唯一场所可能就是吧台了 你如果没去过酒吧，那就等于没有到过英国。"这个忠告可在名为《酒吧护照：旅游者酒吧仪俗指南》的小册子中找到，它对那些想要领略"英国生活和文化核心部分"的人是一种行为准则。问题是如果你不入乡随俗的话，你将一无所获。譬如说，你们若是团体前往，那最好是一个或两个人前去买酒。酒吧常客和酒保最腻味的就是一大伙人一边聊着一边又优柔寡断不知喝什么酒好，把通往吧台的路给堵住。
Unit15
The necklace
· 英语小窍门 ·
· 重点词汇解析 ·
1. recognize v.
(1)识别，认出 = know and remember sb. or sth. one has seen before, 强调从外表上辨认出，指一时性的动作。know是状态性动词，表示知道有这个人并认识他, 在一定程度上还对他有所了解，指长久性的一种情况。
e. g. I recognized his voice over the phone.我在电话里听出他的声音了。
注意: 不能说I recognized him ten years ago. 或I knew him ten years ago.而要说I got to know him ten years ago. 我是十年前开始认识他的。
(2)承认，认可 = accept as being lawful, real, or having value
e. g. They recognized the new government. 他们承认了那个新政府。
That’s a recognized method of teaching English.那是一种得到认可的英语教学法。
(3)意识到，自认 = be ready/ prepared to admit，后接that从句。
e. g. After the accident, he recognized that he was not fit for the work.
事故发生后，他认识到不能胜任这项工作。
2. jewelry n. 珠宝，珠宝类，集合名词，不可数，作主语时谓语动词用单数。
jewel n. 珠宝，首饰，可数
e. g. a piece of jewelry一件珠宝 some jewels几件珠宝
We buy jewelry from a jeweller’s shop. 我们在珠宝店买珠宝。
3. continue v. 继续
(1) continue to do sth. /continue doing sth.
e. gThey continued to walk/walking until they reached the town.他们不停地走，一直走到镇上。
How long will you continue working/to work 你将继续工作多久？
(2)continue with sth. = go on with sth.
e. g. He continued with his story. 他继续讲故事。
(3)作不及物动词
e. g. The hot weather continued for a month. 炎热的天气持续了一个月。
(4)作系动词，相当于remain
e. g. The whole class continued silent. 全班继续保持沉默。
4. marry v. 与……结婚，娶，嫁
(1)作不及物动词
e. g. The scientist didn’t marry until forty. 那位科学家到四十岁才结婚。
He married young. 他早婚。
(2) 作及物动词，需要宾语
e. g. Alice married a Frenchman. 爱丽丝嫁给了一个法国人。
(3) marry和get married都是非延续性动词，强调动作，因此不能与表示一段时间的状语连用；表示结婚已有一段时间应该用be married强调状态。
e. g. Is Jack married 杰克结婚了吗？He got married to Mary last year. 他去年和玛丽结婚。
5. worth adj. 值得，值(多少钱)
(1) (be) worth + n. /doing sth.
e. g. The necklace is worth 300 dollars. 这条项链值300美元。
His suggestion is worth consideration/ considering. 他的建议值得考虑。
注意：表示“很值得”时前面加well修饰。
e. g. The article is well worth reading. 那篇文章很值得一读。
(2)worthless = valueless 毫无价值
invaluable = priceless非常贵重，无价之宝
比较：worthy adj. 值得， (be) worthy of + n. / do/ being done, (be) worthy to/be done。
e. g. The museum is worthy of being visited/ to be visited.
His suggestion is worthy of being considered/ to be considered.
6. on的用法
(1) …it looked wonderful on you. (项链)戴在你身上真是太好看了。
on介词，“附着在……上”
e. g. She had a red hat on her head. 她的头上戴着一顶红帽子。
Have you got a match on you 你身边带火柴了吗？
(2) There’s a light on in Dr. Baker’s office. 贝克医生的办公室里亮着灯。
on在发生(或活动着)，起着作用
e. g. What’s on at that theatre 剧场上演着什么戏？
The battle against drought was on. 抗旱斗争在继续。
Is there anything on tomorrow 明天有什么事吗？
· 重点词组解析 ·
1. at (the) most最多，至多，反义词是 at (the) least至少，最少
e. g. I can pay only 20 pounds at the most. 我最多只能付20英镑。
The repairs will cost at least 100 dollars. 修理费至少要100美元。
2. come up with 提出
e. g. For years he kept coming up with new and good ideas.
几年来他不断地提出新的、好的想法。
比较：come up to达到(愿望，标准等)，赶(比)得上
e. g. Your work didn’t come up to what I expected of you.你的工作没有达到我的期望。
His work didn’t come up to that of his brother. 他的工作赶不上他哥哥的。
come up for参加(竞选)
e. g. Mayor Jones comes up for election this fall. 琼斯市长参加今年秋天的竞选。
come up against遭到(困难，反对等)，和……相抵触
e. g. Not for the first time she will come up against her husband’s opinions.
她将不止一次遭到丈夫的反对。
3.in all总共
e. g. How many people were there in all at the party 出席聚会的共有多少人？
at all用于否定句，“根本不”，加强语气。e. g. He wasn’t at all tired. 他根本不累。
above all首先，最重要的e. g. A teacher, above all, should know how to deal with the problems taking place in class correctly.一个教师首先应知道怎样处理课堂上发生的问题。
4.try on试穿
Try on the dress, and you will know if it fits you.试穿一下这条裙子，你就会知道它合不合适。
Never buy shoes without trying them on first. 鞋子不先试穿就不要买。
比较：put on穿上
e. g. She put on the skirt and looked more beautiful in it.她穿上裙子，显得更漂亮了。
pull on匆匆忙忙地穿上
e. g. He pulled on his overcoat and it seemed just to cover him like a blanket.
他匆匆穿上大衣，就好像一条毯子只是把他身体遮住。
辨析：
1. besides, beside, except, except for区别
(1) besides
①介词，除了(指同一类事物，后者包括在内)，一般文中有more, other, another, else等词。
e. g. He had other people to take care of besides me. 除了我他还得要照顾别的人。
What else has he done besides reading the paper 除了读报纸他还干了什么？
②副词，此外，除此之外
e. g. Her intentions were good, besides, it was pleasant to be with her.
她的意图是好的，此外，跟她在一起很快乐。
(2)beside介词，在……旁边
e. g. He was sitting beside her. 他坐在她旁边。
(3)except介词，除去，除掉(指同一类事物，后者不包括在内)
① +名词/代词
e. g. We go there every day except Sunday. 除了周日，我们每天都去那里。
② +介词短语
e. g. I can take my holidays at any time except in August.除了八月，我可以随时度假。
③ +不定式
e. g. The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes in the morning.
除了在早晨通风几分钟外，窗户从来不开。
④ +从句
e. g. He is a good student except that he is occasionally careless.
他是个好学生除了偶尔有点马虎。
(4) except for除了有……之外(不同类，前后两者是整体和局部的关系，含有肯定一方否定一方之意)
e. g. Your picture is good except for some of the colours.除了几点颜色之外，你的画很不错。
Now the wood is silent except for the leaves.现在整个树林很静除了树叶的沙沙声。
2. true与real区别
(1) true真的，符合实际的，可作定语或表语
e. g. Is it true that he has left for London 他已离开去伦敦的消息确实吗？
This is a story of a true man. 这是一个根据真人所编的故事。
(2) real真的，真正的而不是想象的，表示实际存在的意义，如实情、实况、实例、实物等，一般只作定语。
e. g. This is a true story of real life.这是一个从现实(而不是想象的)生活中取材的真实故事。
3. accept与receive区别
(1) accept和receive都可表示收取所给予、提供或送到的东西，但receive只指客观上收到，接到，accept是主观上接受，领受。
e. g. I received a present from Jack, but as I wouldn’t accept it. I returned it to the sender.
我收到了杰克送来的一份礼物，但由于我不愿接受，所以我退给了送来的那个人。
(2) accept还可用来表示主观上“吸收”某人，“承认”或“赞同”某一看法或理论。
e. g. I can’t accept (=take) you as my secretary. 我不能聘任你为我的秘书。
I can’t accept (=recognize) my defeat. 我不能承认我失败了。
He had to accept our explanation. 他只好接受了我们的解释。
The young man was accepted/ received (=admitted) into the organization.
这位男青年被吸收加入这个组织。
(3)receive可用来表示一种自然的“获得”(=get)，也可用来表示“接待”(=welcome)和“遭受”(=suffer)。
e. g. He received (=got) a good education. 他受到过良好的教育。
She received (=got) a doctor’s degree at the age of twenty- eight.她在二十八岁时获得博士学位。
You will receive (=got) a warm welcome when you get here.你到时会受到热烈欢迎。
He received (=welcome) his guests with a smile. 他向来宾微笑表示欢迎。
The soldier received (= suffered) a bad wound in the head.那士兵头部受伤严重。
4. if与whether区别
(1)表示“如果”，引导条件状语从句，只能用if。
e. g. If you finish your work, you can go out. 如果你完成了工作，你可以出去。
(2)表示“是否”
①if和whether都可引导宾语从句，可互换，常用在know, wonder, ask等一类动词之后。
e. g. I don’t know if/ whether I should tell you.我不知道我是否应该告诉你。
②只能用whether的情况
a. 引导主语从句e. g. Whether he is coming is still a question. 他是否能来还是个问题。
b. 引导表语从句e. g.The question is whether he has enough money.问题是他是否有足够的钱。
c. 引导同位语从句e. g. The question whether he will accept our gift worries us.
他是否接受我们的礼物这个问题始终使我们忧虑不安。
d. 与or not连用e. g. I don’t know whether or not he will go. 我不知道他是否会去。
e. 在介词后面e. g. It depends on whether he can solve the problem.这取决于他是否能解决这个问题。
f. 引导不定式e. g. He can’t decide whether to meet her (or not).他决定不了是否该去见她。
g. 在句首时e. g. Whether he can borrow some money from the bank, we don’t know.
我们不知道他是否能从银行借些钱。
5. cost, take, pay, spend区别
(1) cost指花费金钱、时间、劳力等, 主语是表示事物的名词或代词，没有被动语态。作名词时表示“成本”“价钱”“费用”。
e. g. How much did the radio cost you 这台收音机花了你多少钱？
What’s the cost of the car 那辆车得花多少钱？
living costs生活费用 the cost of a book一本书的成本
(2)take主要指花费时间，主语是表示事物的名词或代词。
e. g. It took them over two years to build the bridge.修建这座桥花了他们两年多时间。
(3)spend表示花费金钱或时间，主语是表示有生命的名词或代词(一般是人)， spend …on sth. , spend …(in) doing。
e. g. I spent 600 yuan on the camera. 买这只照相机，我花了600元。
(4)pay付钱，主语必须是人，其宾语可以是人，也可是物。
e. g. I haven’t paid the doctor. 我还没付医生的诊费。
He paid 400 000 yuan for the house. 他花了40万元买房子。
6. a bit与a little用法
(1)肯定句中，同义，表示“一点儿”“一些”。
e. g. I’m a bit/ a little hungry. 我有点饿了。
You’d better drive a bit/ a little slowlier. 你最好开慢点。
(2)否定句中，not a bit = not at all/ not in the least “一点也不”, not a little= very/much/very much, “非常”。
e. g. I was not a bit tired after the training . 训练后我一点也不累。
· 重点句型解析 ·
1.…but I don't think I know you. 但是，我想我不认识你。
But I don't think we can go. 但是，我想我们不能去。
注意：这两句话的英语表达方式与汉语不同。汉语主句中的动词“想”用肯定式，而宾语从句中的动词用否定式。英语则相反。一般来说，在英语中，假如主句动词是 think, suppose 这类的动词，后接从句要表达否定，其否定形式应该前移到主句。
e.g. ① I don't think you are right. 我认为你不对。
② I don't suppose I shall be back until 8 o'clock. 我想八点以前我回不来。
③ I don't think he will come. 我认为他不会来。
2 .But, just this once. After all, this ball is very important. 不过，就只这么一次。这次舞会毕竟很重要。
（1） just this once 是一个单成分句（one-member sentence），其本身是一个相对完整的语言单位，不需要增补其它的句子成分，意思是承接上文而来 —— 虽然要花一大笔钱，但是要花就花这一次吧。在第一场里也有类似的单成分句： Years of hard work, very little food, only a small cold room to live in and never a moment's rest. 这个单成分句是由四个名词词组构成的。
（2） after all“毕竟”、“终究”、“到底”，它有两个含意：
①“要知道……”、“别忘了……”，表示说话人对别人的态度，用来说服或提醒对方，引出听话人似乎忘记了的某个重要的论点或理由。在表示这个意思时，一般把 after all 放在句首。课文的句子就有这层含意。又如：
Why is he not allowed to stay here After all, it's his home.
为什么不让他呆在这儿呢？（要知道）这毕竟是他的家。
It's not surprising you're tired. After all, you were up until eleven last night!
难怪你感到疲倦。别忘了，你昨天晚上 11 点才睡觉呢。
②“虽然有前面说过的话”或“和预期的情况相反”，表示说话人意思的转折，有“虽然……，但毕竟……”的含意。在表示这层意思时， after all 一般放在句末。例如：
Mathilde thought it was a diamond necklace, but it wasn't real one after all.
玛蒂尔德原以为那是一条钻石项链，但那终归不是真的钻石项链。
3.Pierre and I did have a very good time at the ball. 我和比尔在舞会上的确玩得很痛快。
（1）注意本句中的 Pierre and I, 一般不说 I and Pierre. 英语中习惯把别人放在前面，而把自己放在后面，以示谦逊，如 he and I, my brother and I, Mr. White and I, 而汉语通常说“我和他”、“我和弟弟”、“我和怀特先生”。例如：
Mr. White and I were invited to the ball. 我和怀特先生受到邀请参加舞会。
My brother and I worked day and night to keep the family.
我和我兄弟为了养家糊口而日夜操劳。
但在承认错误的时候，英语往往是把 I 放在其他人的前面，以示勇于认错。例如：
I and Mr. White are to blame. 我和怀特先生都应当负责。
I and my brother made the mistake. 我和我兄弟犯了这个错误。
（2）Pierre and I did have a good time… 中的 did 是助动词，用在肯定句中，起强调作用，带有感彩，可译成“真的”、“的确”等词语。其后的动词要用原形。又如：
You do look nice today. 你今天看来真是漂亮。 He does speak well. 他的确会说话。
We did need help those days. 在那些日子里我们的确需要帮助。
4.Years of hard work, very little food, only a small cold room to live in, and never a moment's rest. 数年辛劳，食不果腹，屈居寒舍，片刻也不得休息。
这是个单成分句，由四个名词词组组成。这种句子是一个相对完整的语言单位，不需要增补其他的成分。这句话可理解为：
We had ten years of hard work but we had little food to eat. We had only a small room to live in and we never had a moment's rest. 句中的 to live in 是动词不定式短语作定语，修饰 room. 动词不定式作定语有两种情况。
① 与所修饰的词有动宾关系（若动词不定式是不及物动词，必须加上适当的介词）。例如：
I have a lot of work to do today. 他今天有许多工作要做。
He is a nice man to work with. 他是一个能与之一起好好工作的人。
② 与所修饰的词有主谓关系，即被修饰的词是动词不定式的逻辑主语。
例如： He is always the last one to leave the office. 他总是最后一个离开办公室。
· 语法精讲 ·
1. 情态动词must, can/ could, may/ might表示推测的用法
(1)must表示“肯定”推测，只用于肯定句。
e. g. You must be Dr. Wang. 你肯定是王医生。
(2)can表示“肯定不能”“能……吗？”，用于表示语气很重的推测，只用于否定句，疑问句，不用于肯定句。
e. g. You can’t be Dr. Wang. 你肯定不是王医生。
Can you be Dr. Wang 你是王医生吗？
(3)could是can的过去式，表示“可能”，用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句中。
e. g. He said he could come. 他说他可能来。
(4)may表示“或许”，表推测的可能性是50%，只是一个猜测, 用于肯定句、否定句中。注意may的否定形式是may not, 无mayn’t形式。
e. g. He may come or may not. 他可能来也可能不来。
(5)might是may的过去式，用于推测时，表示更没把握，可用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句中。
(6)推测语气由弱到强的排列为：might— may— could— must
e. g. —Look, someone is coming. What can it be 看，有人来了。那能是谁呢？
—It may be the headmaster. 可能是校长。
—It can’t be him. He has gone to Guangzhou. 肯定不是他，他去广州了。
(7)表示推测的词后跟三种形式来表示句子的时间概念，以must为例：
must be adj. /n. 表示对现在的推测(动词为状态词)；
must be doing表示对现在的推测(动词为行为动词)；
must have done表示对过去或已经完成动作的推测。
在对这些表推测的句子进行反意疑问时，要用真实情况来进行反意疑问。
e. g. He must be in the next room, isn’t he 他肯定在隔壁房间，不是吗？(对现在的推测)
It must have rained last night, haven’t it 昨天夜里肯定下雨了，不是吗？(对过去的推测)
He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he
他肯定是完成作业了，不是吗？(对已经完成动作的推测)
(8)can(could) have done否定式表示对过去事情真实性表示不相信，用could have done显得语气更婉转，用于疑问句中表示惊奇和怀疑。
e. g. He can’t have gone home because I saw him on the playground just now.
他不可能回家了，因为我在操场上刚刚见过他。
He could have arrived earlier. 他本可以早一点到的。
(9)may(might) have done表示对过去的事情可能性的推测，might比may表示的可能性更小，或与实际情况相反，常有批评的意味，意为“本应该……”
e. g. Tom is playing in the garden. He may have finished his homework.
汤姆在花园里玩，他可能已经完成了作业。
You might have told him earlier. He is angry now. 你本应该早点告诉他，现在他生气了。
2．疑问句的直接引语和间接引语
直接引语 间接引语
一般疑问句 1.He asked her,“Do you need to wear any jewellery ”2.She asked him,“Is the ball held every year ”3.He asked,“Do you think it was stolen by a thief ” 1.He asked her if she needed to wear any jewellery.2.She asked him if the ball was held every year.3.He asked me if I thought it had been stolen by a thief.
特殊疑问句 4.He asked me,“Where have you been all these years ”5.He askd her,“How much does a new dress cost ”6.The man asked her,“What are you looking for ” 4.He asked me where I had been all these years.5.He asked her how much a new dress cost.6.The man asked her what she was looking for.
将上表中直接引语和间接引语相比较后可以看到，在间接引语中:
1)没有引号，句末用句号；
2)直接引语为一般疑问句（Yes/No－questions）时，用连词if引导间接引语（例①②③）；
3)直接引语为特殊疑问句（Wh－questions） 时，用原来的疑问词引导间接引语（④⑤⑥）；
4)间接引语中的人称、地点及时间状语等要作相应的更动.如:④中的you改I,①中的you改she;
5)间接引语中的主语置谓语之前，为陈述语序;
6)间接引语中的时态改为相应的过去时，如一般现在时改为一般过去时（例①、②、⑤），现在完成时改过去完成时（④），现在进行时改过去进行时（⑥），一般过去时改过去完成时（③）
· 同步练习 ·
16.He got very angry______you had said.
A.because B.because of C.because what D.because of what
17.Where______for the last few months
A.have you gone B.have you been C.did you go D.are you
18.I promised to______all the money borrowed from the bank within one year.
A.pay for B.pay back C.pay D.give
19.Whom do you think Alice is going to______
A.get married B.marry to C.be married with D.marry
20.My parents had to use______they had to buy the house which we are now living in.
A.all what B.that C.what D.which
21.Bob thought be couldn’t go to the party because he had too much homework,but he went______.
A.after all B.at all C.at last D.too
22.——How much is this painting______ ——I______10,000 francs on it.
A.cost,spent B.worth,spent C.cost,gave D.worth,paid
23.Ann’s pronunciation is much better than______in her class.
A.anyone’s B.anyone’s else C.anyone else’s D.anyone else
24.Mathilde went to the palace ball,_____a beautiful necklace around her neck.
A.put on B.dressed C.taking D.wearing
25.Do you think the novel well worth______
A.reading B.to read C.being read D.to be read
26.There are______books that it’s hard______.
A.too much,to choose B.such many,to pick out
C.so much,to be chosen D.so many,to choose
27.The cloth______this evening dress is made is produced in our town.
A.with which B.form which C.of which D.for which
28.Why not______shopping this afternoon and what about______a film after that
A.going,seeing B.go,seeing C.go,to see D.to go,see
29.He was the only one of the villagers who______killed in the fire that broke out yesterday.
A.was B.were C.had been D.is
30.Dogs______people by their smell.
A.know B.remember C.recognize D.understand
参考答案
1－5 D B B D C 6－10 A B C D A 11－15 D C B A C
Unit16
Scientists at work
· 英语小窍门 ·
精彩广告词
1. Good to the last drop. 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。(麦斯威尔咖啡)
2. Obey your thirst. 服从你的渴望。(雪碧)
3. The new digital era. 数码新时代。(索尼影碟机)
4. We lead. Others copy. 我们领先，他人仿效。(理光复印机)
5. Impossible made possible. 使不可能变为可能。(佳能打印机)
6. Take time to indulge. 尽情享受吧!(雀巢冰激凌)
7. The relentless pursuit of perfection. 不懈追求完美。(凌志轿车)
8. Poetry in motion, dancing close to me. 动态的诗，向我舞近。(丰田汽车)
9. Come to where the flavor is---Marlboro Country. 光临风韵之境—万宝路世界。(万宝路香烟)
10. To me, the past is black and white, but the future is always color. 对我而言，过去平淡无奇；而未来，却是绚烂缤纷。(轩尼诗酒)
11. Just do it. 只管去做。(耐克运动鞋)
12. Askformore. 渴望无限。(百事流行鞋)
13. The taste is great. 味道好极了。(雀巢咖啡)
14. Feel the new space. 感受新境界。(三星电子)
15. Intelligence every where. 智慧演绎，无处不在。(摩托罗拉手机)
16. The choice of a new generation. 新一代的选择。(百事可乐)
17. We integrate, you communicate. 我们集大成，您超越自我。(三菱电工)
18. Take TOSHIBA, take the world. 拥有东芝，拥有世界。(东芝电子)
· 重点词汇解析 ·
1. experiment
(1) n. 实验; 试验
“做实验”为：make/ do/ perform/ carry out an experiment
某方面的实验: an experiment in chemistry/physics…
(2) v. 进行实验，实验，接宾语时用 with/on
experiment with new methods/ materials试验新方法/新材料
experiment on animals = make experiments on animals用动物做实验。
2. conduct v. 引导，领导，管理，指挥，行为, 传导
e. g. A girl conducted the visitors around the museum.一位姑娘领着游客在博物馆中参观。
Who is conducting the band this evening 今晚谁指挥乐队？
He conducts himself well. 他行为端正。
3. deal
(1) n. 分量(表示数量)
e. g. He has given me a great deal of help. 他给我大量的帮助。
I have heard a great deal about you. 我听了很多关于你的事。
(2) v. deal with
a. 处理
e. g. I have a lot of letters to deal with today. 今天我有很多信件要处理。
How did you deal with matters of this sort 你是怎么处理这类事情的？
b. 对付，和……打交道
e. g. That man is impossible to deal with. 那人是无法相处的。
A teacher should deal fairly with his students.老师应公正地对待学生。
c. 论述，涉及
e. g.The subject isn’t very well dealt with in his book.
这个问题在他的书里没有得到很好的论述。
4. prove
(1) vt. 证明，证实，后接名词、代词、从句和复合结构
e. g. We have proved our courage in battle.我们在战斗中证实了自己的勇气。
They will prove that we are telling the truth.他们可以证明我们讲的是事实。
Time will prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
(2)link v. 证明，结果是，后接形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式to be
e. g. The instrument has proved useful. 这种仪器证明是有用的。
He proved an honest friend. 事实证明他是个诚实的朋友。
It will prove of little use. 结果会证明它没有什么用。
5. tear v. 撕(破)，扯，被撕(挂)破
e. g. He tore the photograph into pieces. 他把照片撕碎了。
Mary fell down in the street and tore her dress.玛丽在街上摔倒了，裙子挂破了。
This material tears easily. 这种料很容易破。
6. test vt.
(1)测验，考
e. g. The teacher tested the students’ knowledge of grammar.老师测验学生的语法知识。
The students were tested on their English. 学生在考英语。
(2)检验，试用，检查
e. g. They tested the new plane. 他们在检验新飞机。
(3)考查，考验
e. g. Now I had the opportunity to test myself.现在我有机会来考验我自己了。
(4) test on 在……(身上)做试验
e. g. Scientists decided to test the drug on animals.科学家决定用动物做实验来检验药品。
(5) test out考验出，检验完
e. g. He would not be able to test out his theories. 他将无法检验他的理论。
7. doubt
(1) vt. 怀疑，不相信，后接名词、代词、从句
e. g. I doubt his honesty. 我怀疑他的诚实。
I’m sorry that I doubted you before. 对不起我曾经怀疑过你。
I don’t doubt that you are honest. 我相信你是诚实的。
(2) n. 怀疑
e. g. He had no doubt on that point. 在那一点上他毫不怀疑。
There is some doubt whether John will come on time.不知道约翰能否按时到。
注意：在否定句和疑问句中，doubt后的从句用that引导，在肯定句中 doubt后的从句用whether / if引导(doubt是名词时，只能用whether)。
(3) beyond doubt毫无疑问 without (a) doubt毫无疑问，一定地in doubt怀疑，犹疑，不肯定
8. mean v.
(1) mean to do意欲，打算做
e. g. Do you mean to start an argument 你是想辩论吗？
(2) mean doing意思是，意味着
e. g. What he said meant hiring more workers. 他的意思是再雇一些工人。
(3)mean sb. to do sth. 要某人做某事
e. g. The teacher didn’t mean you to come so early. 老师并不是要你来这么早。
注意：means n. 手段，方法，单复数相同
e. g. Every means has been tried.= All of the means have been tried.
所有的/每个方法都尝试了。
9. fix v.
(1)安排，确定
e. g. Shall we fix the price now 我们要不要把价钱定下来？
The meeting was fixed for nine o’clock that morning.会议定于早上九点开始。
(2)修理，修补
e. g. You’d better get somebody to fix the broken machine.你最好请人把这台破机器修一下。
注意：表示“安装”时，常用fix up
e. g. fix up the light装灯 fix up the machine安装机器
(3)注视，专心于fix one’s eyes (attention/ mind) on/ upon
e. g. She fixed her eyes on the clock on the wall. 她眼睛盯着墙上的那只钟。
(4)固定e. g. He fixed the mirror on the wall. 他把镜子安在墙上。
10. protect v.
(1)保护，警戒protect…from…
e. g. He raised his arm to protect his face from the blow.他举起手臂护住脸，以免被一拳打中。
Young plants should be well protected from the cold.幼苗必须很好地保护以免受冻。
(2)防御袭击protect…against…
e. g. The hen protected its young against being attacked by the cat.
母鸡保护小鸡使其免遭猫的袭击。
11. appear, seem, look
(1) appear看起来，似乎，显得，是视觉给人的一种直觉和看法，往往有与实际不符之意。
e. g. The house appeared in good condition. 这房子好像保护得不错。
He appears (to be ) an honest man. 他看起来像个诚实的人。
(2)seem似乎，对某事物的判断虽不肯定或有怀疑之意，但还是有一定的根据，真实的可能性比appear要大。
e. g. We seemed to have heard the name. 我们似乎听过那个名字。
It seems as if there is going to be a heavy snow. 似乎将有一场大雪。
(3)look看起来，好像, 比appear含有较多真实性，侧重外观。
e. g. She looked a bit nervous. 她好像有点紧张。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 好像要下雨。
· 重点词组解析 ·
1. 表示数
Healthy eating
· 英语小窍门 ·
句型与句子结构(句型层次表)
第一层 第二层 例句
简单句 主 谓 I am coming.
主 谓 宾 I like cats.
主 谓 宾 宾 I bought you a book. I bought a book for you.
主 谓 宾 补 I seldom see him do morning exercises.
主 谓 表 I am a teacher. He is very tall.
并列句 主谓 + 主谓 (and, or, but, for) I phoned him but there was no answer.
复合句 主语从句 名词性从句 What he told me yesterday is true.
宾语从句 I know that he is an American.
表语从句 This is how he broke the door.
同位语从句 His suggestion that we set off now has been accepted.
定语从句 This is the room where he was born.
状语从句 Before he came here, he had learnt Chinese for years.
· 重点词汇解析 ·
1. stomach n. 肚子，胃，复数为stomachs。肚子疼：stomachache构成短语有：
have a pain in the stomach 胃(腹)疼
lie on one’s stomach 俯卧
have the stomach for… 对……有兴趣
turn one’s stomach 使……恶心
on an empty/a full stomach 空着肚子/吃饱
2. bar n.
(1)条状物；棒
a bar of soap 一条肥皂 a bar of chocolate 一条巧克力 a bar of gold一根金条
(2)酒吧 a coffee bar
(3)固定短语：behind bars 在狱中
3. diet n.
(1)正常饮食 a balanced diet 均衡的饮食 a diet of potatoes 土豆食品
(2)饮食限制 go on a diet=be on a diet 节食, 节食
No sugar in my coffee; I’m dieting.
4. disease n. 疾病 a serious disease of the liver 严重的肝病
diseased adj. 有病的 a diseased plant病态的植物
辨析：illness, disease
illness：很少指具体疾病，只表示抽象的疾病和生病的状态。
disease: 指可以染上和传染他人的疾病。
e. g. Several children are away from school because of illness.几个孩子因为生病没上学。
He has a rare heart disease.他得了一种罕见的心脏病。
5. probably 与 possibly比较
(1)probably 极有可能, 有几分根据的猜测; 比possibly所指的可能性大些。
e. g. He is working hard and clever as well many people can help him. He will probably win.
他工作努力，人也聪明；很多人愿意帮助他。他极有可能取胜。
(2)possibly 可能地。表示客观上潜在的可能性，可能性比probably小，经常与情态动词can 或may 连用。
e. g. She may possibly be the greatest writer of her generation.
她或许是她那一代人中最伟大的作家。
6. promise v. &n. 允诺；答应
动词用法：后接名词或代词、不定式、that 从句
(1)They promised an immediate reply. 他们答应立刻回复。
(2)He promised me to be here at six o’clock.=He promised me that he would be here at six o’clock.
他答应我他将在六点在这里等我。
(3)I promised you not to say that. 我答应你不说那件事。
(4)It promises to be warm this afternoon. 今天下午有望转暖。
(5)He is a promising boy. 他是一个有前途的男孩。
名词用法：
make a promise 许下诺言 give a promise 许下诺言
keep a promise 信守诺言 carry out a promise 履行诺言
break a promise违背诺言
7. brain n.
(1)用作不可数名词，大脑
The brain is the centre of higher nervous activity.大脑是高等神经活动的中枢。
(2)用作可数名词brains，智力，头脑
She has a good brain. =She has good brains.她很聪明。
8. advise, suggest用法
(1)advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事 advise doing sth. 建议做某事。
advise that…(should) + 动词原形
I advise you to leave now. 我建议你现在就离开。
I advise waiting till the proper time. 我建议等到适当时机(才行动)。
We advise that steps (should) be taken at once. 我们建议立即采取措施。
(2)suggest建议，其句型为
suggest doing sth. 建议做某事
suggest one’s doing sth. =suggest sb. doing建议某人去做某事
suggest that…(should) + 动词原形
We suggested that the old museum(should)be rebuilt as soon as possible.
我们建议那座旧博物馆应该尽早重修。
9．diet与food的区别：
diet指的是习惯的食物或规定的食物，特指维持健康的定量或定质的食物。
food指能吃喝的具有营养的东西。例如：
The doctor has ordered me a special diet.医生给我安排了特殊的饮食。
I like a simple diet best.我最喜欢粗茶淡饭。
We must have food to eat and clothes to wear.我们必须有食物吃，有衣服穿。
The patient must not go without food, but he must have a diet without sugar.
这个病人不可不吃东西，但要吃不含糖的饮食。
· 重点词组解析 ·
1. plenty of充分的，大量的，既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词，只用于陈述句，
在疑问句中一般用enough，在否定句中用many 或much。
注意：plenty of前面没有冠词a, 不可误记成a plenty of。
Make sure there is plenty of food for everyone. We have plenty of chairs here.
in plenty 充足地
There is food in plenty. =There is plenty of food.
2．be careful用法归纳
(1)be careful 单独使用，当心
Be careful！The pan is hot! 当心！锅很热。
(2)be careful about…对……谨慎
I hope you’ll be careful in future about the things you say.我希望你将来对所说的事情谨慎。
(3)be careful of…留神……
We have to be careful of what they are doing.我们得留神他们做的什么。
(4)be careful with…注意……
You must be more careful with your work.你们需注意你们的工作。
有时be careful表示吝啬。
He’s too careful with his money; he never buys a drink for anyone.
他太吝啬了，他从不给别人买杯水。
(5)be careful not to do sth. 小心不要做……
We want to be careful not to break anything.我们要小心不要打破任何东西。
(6)be careful+从句 加以小心
Be careful what you do. 小心你做的一切。
3．keep up with 跟上（防止落后）
keep up with the class 跟上班级（不掉队）
keep up with the development of society 适应社会的发展
keep up with the going on 跟上时尚
注意：catch up with （已经落后）赶上
4．Be +adj +to短语
(1)be harmful to…对……有害
be +adj. +to sb. /sth. 指对某人或某物有……影响或态度如何。
be good to…=be kind to…对……态度好
be friendly to…对……友好
be cruel to…对……凶残
be bad to…对……态度不好
be polite/impolite to…对……有礼貌/无礼貌
be rude to…对……粗鲁
5．cut短语总结：
(1)cut into…把……切成
Vegetables should be cut into small pieces and dropped into the boiling water.
蔬菜应切成小碎块放进开水里。
(2)cut up 切碎
Mom is cutting up the meat to make dumplings.妈妈正剁肉准备包饺子。
(3)cut down 砍倒；削减
If you cut down the trees, you will ruin the land.如果你砍伐树木，就会毁坏土地。
I have decided to cut down my smoking. 我决定戒烟。
(4)cut off 切断，停掉
Our water supply has been cut off again. 我们的供水再次中断。
6．Short短语
(1)be short of 缺少
I’m short of money this week, can you lend me some？这个星期我缺钱，你能借给我一点吗？
(2)run short 几乎用光
We’ve run short of oil. 我们已经用光油了。
The supply of oil is running short. 供应的油快要用光了。
· 重点句型解析 ·
1．It was a bit green. 它还有点生。
1)句中的green意为“没有成熟的”，是ripe的反义词。例如：
We dont like to eat green fruit./ The apples are still too green to pick.
2)a bit作程度副词，与a little同义。例如：
Im a bit/ a little tired. / Could you drive a bit/ a little slower
3)但是，not a bit＝ not at all,而not a little＝very/ much. 例如：
Im not a bit tired. 我一点不累 Im not a little tired.我很累。
2．While you are at school, or walking home, your body is burning up 100 calories an hour.你在学校上课或步行回家时，你体内每小时消耗100卡。
1)burn up意为“烧掉”、“烧毁”，在本句中意为“消耗掉”。例如：
He burned up all the old letters. 他把过去的全部信件都烧掉了。
The house burned up before they got there.他们到达那儿之前，房子已经烧毁了。
2)up与一些动词构成短语时，有“完结”、“终结”的意思。如eat up 吃光，drink up喝光， tear up 撕碎，use up 用完，lock up锁好。
3. Eating habits become part of who we are.饮食习惯变成我们自身的一部分。
who we are 为介词of 的宾语从句。
eating habits 为动名词短语作句子的主语。动名词或不定式(短语)作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实part of… ……的一部分
Part of the building was destroyed in the fire.大楼的一部分被火烧毁了。
a part of 指不足一半，意为“一小部分”。
We spent a part of our holiday in France.我们的一部分假期是在法国度过的。
4．The Chinese eat less sugar than many other countries in the world.中国人吃的糖比世界上其它许多国家的人都少。
1)the Chinese 指（全体）中国人。以－ese结尾的表示国籍的词与定冠词连用时，表示整个国家的人。例如：the Japanese(全体)日本人，the Vietnamese(全体)越南人。但指该国单个的人时，则是a Chinese, a Japanese, a Vietnamese.
5．They eat a lot of sugar in the form of cakes, soft drinks,sweets and so on.他们吃蛋糕、软饮料、糖果等，其中含有大量的糖。
1)in the form of 意为“以……的形式”。例如：He made the suggestion in the form of a question. 他以提问题的形式提出建议。
He expressed his feelings in the form of letters.他用写信来表达自己的感情。
He wrote a novel in the form of a diary.他以日记的形式写了一本小说。
6．In some parts of Britain, one person in ten, by the age of thirty, has no teeth left! 在英国有些地方，十分之一的人年方三十，牙齿就都脱光了！
1)one person in ten 是“十个中有一个”的意思，也可说成one person out of ten。
例如：One in every four children had bad teeth./ Nine in ten people agreed with us./
2)by the age of意为“……岁之前”、“到……岁时”，at the age of 意为“在……岁时
She had learned to play the piano by the age of ten.十岁之前，他就学会了弹钢琴。
He died at the age of 90.他九十岁去世。
7．Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening.开张后的头几天，许多人到那家餐馆去吃饭。
1)score作“二十”解，和数字连用时，不可加s，如a score of eggs(20个蛋)，four score and seven years ago(87年前)。但scores of则为固定词组，意为“许多”。例如：
A score or more attended the meeting.20多人出席会议。
I have been there scores of times.我到那儿去过多次了。
2)first后面跟复数名词时，意为“头几个”、“头一批”。例如：
For the first few weeks, they didnt talk to each other.头几个星期，他们彼此不曾讲过话。He was one of the first people to discover America.他是首批发现美洲的人之一。
· 语法精讲 ·
情态动词had better, should及 ought to的用法
(1)had better 最好
①加动词原形
You’d better get some sleep. 你最好睡一会儿。
I’d better not disturb him. 我最好不打扰他了。
②后接be doing sth. 表示最好立即做某事
I think I’d better be going.我想我最好立刻走。
③祈使句中had省略
Better not wait for them. 最好不等他们。
④反义疑问句用had
You’d better put away your socks, hadn’t you 你最好把你的袜子收拾好，难道不行吗？
You had better not follow her, had you？你最好不要跟她，不是吗？
(2)should 与ought to 应该
①ought to 的口气比should 稍重一些，更侧重于某件事责任、义务上该做的事情。should表示某件事宜于做。下列句子两个词不宜换用：
You are his father. You ought to take care of him.你是他的父亲，就应该照顾他。
We should not use too many big words in our everyday speech.
我们不应该说太多的大话在我们的日常讲话中。
②ought to 的句式变化
否定句：You ought not =(oughtn’t) to write so carelessly.你不该写得这样粗心。
疑问句：Ought we to give him a chance to try？我们该给他机会试一试
③与完成时连用
should/ought to have done sth.本应该做……(而实际没做)
We ought to have finished our homework on time.我们本应该按时完成作业。
shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have done sth.本不应该做……(而实际做了)
They oughtn’t to have come back so late.他们本不该回来这样晚。
· 同步练习 ·
1．Four______ of students took part in the sports meeting.
A .hundred B .hurdreds C .score D .scores
2．He made the suggestion ________ the form of a question.
A .with B .by C .on D .in
3．——Your English is very good.——__________
A .Thank you. Im glad you think so.
B .No, my English is very poor.
C .Is that true
D .Dont you think so
4．Our home is always _______ love and understanding.
A .rich for B .rich in C .high with D .high by
5．I hope youll forget all the unhappiness I have _____you.
A .caused B .given C .offered D .handed
6．——Why dont we go and play football ——___________.
A .Yes, I think so B.I can play football
C .Its a good game D .Thats a good idea
7．What is the matter_______ the tape－recorder
A .about B .for C .from D .with
8．You_____ better________the thing to be done.
A .had; not to cause B .had; not cause
C .hadnt; cause D .hadnt; causing
9．The doctor advises that the patient_______more exercise.
A .take B .takes C .will take D .to take
10．Do about nine children_____ ten like eating sweets
A .from B .in C .among D .between
11．She was too excited to fall______last night.
A .sleep B .asleep C .sleepy D .sleeping
12．——Im not feeling well. ——Im not_____. I advise you_______.
A .surprising; to lose weight B .surprised; will lose weight
C .surprised; to lose weight D .surprising; losing weight
13．In winter we see water fall______of snow.
A .instead B .in the form C .in front D .in drops
14．He was lucky enough not to be hurt______ in the accident.
A .a bit B .a little C .any D .very
15．The reason_____he is absent from school is _____ he was badly hurt while riding.
A .that; why B .why; that C .why; because D .which; as
参考答案
1.C 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.B
11.B 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.B
· 课外阅读 ·
The Wolf and the Lamb
WOLF, meeting with a Lamb astray from the fold, resolved not to lay violent hands on him, but to find some plea to justify to the Lamb the Wolf's right to eat him. He thus addressed him:"Sirrah, last year you grossly insulted me." "Indeed," bleated the Lamb in a mournful tone of voice, "I was not then born." Then said the Wolf , "You feed in my pasture." "No, good sir," replied the Lamb, "I have not yet tasted grass." Again said the Wolf, "You drink of my well." "No," exclaimed the Lamb, "I never yet drank water, for as yet my mother's milk is both food and drink to me." Upon which the Wolf seized him and ate him up, saying, "Well! I won't remain supperless, even though you refute every one of my imputations."
The tyrant will always find a pretext for his tyranny.
狼与小羊
一只小羊在河边喝水，狼见到后，便想找一个名正言顺的借口吃掉他。于是他跑到上 游，恶狠狠地说小羊把河水搅浑浊了，使他喝不到清水。小羊回答说，他仅仅站在河边喝 水，并且又在下游，根本不可能把上游的水搅浑。狼见此计不成，又说道：“我父亲去年被 你骂过。”小羊说，那时他还没有出生。狼对他说：“不管你怎样辩解，反正我不会放
过 你。”
这说明，对恶人做任何正当的辩解也是无效的。
The Bat and the Weasels
A BAT who fell upon the ground and was caught by a Weasel pleaded to be spared his life. The Weasel refused, saying that he was by nature the enemy of all birds. The Bat assured him that he was not a bird, but a mouse, and thus was set free. Shortly afterwards the Bat again fell to the ground and was caught by another Weasel, whom he likewise entreated not to eat him. The Weasel said that he had a special hostility to mice. The Bat assured him that he was not a mouse, but a bat, and thus a second time escaped.
It is wise to turn circumstances to good account.
蝙蝠与黄鼠狼
蝙蝠掉落在地上，被黄鼠狼叼去，他请求饶命。黄鼠狼说绝不会放过他，自己生来痛恨 鸟类。蝙蝠说他是老鼠，不是鸟，便被放了。后来蝙蝠又掉落了下来，被另一只黄鼠狼叼 住，他再三请求不要吃他。这只黄鼠狼说他恨一切鼠类。蝙蝠改口说自己是鸟类，并非老 鼠，又被放了。这样，蝙蝠两次改变了自己的名字，终于死里逃生。
这故事说明，我们遇事要随机应变方能避免危险。
Unit14
Festivals
· 英语小窍门 ·
十二条经典英语谚语
1. Pain past is pleasure. (过去的痛苦就是快乐。)
2. Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand. (脑中有知识，胜过手中有金钱。)
3. Nothing is impossible for a willing heart. (心之所愿，无所不成。)
4. All things are difficult before they are easy. (凡事必先难后易。)
5. Great hopes make great man. (伟大的理想造就伟大的人。)
6. God helps those who help themselves. (天助自助者。)
7. Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little, bit more. (四个简短的词汇概括了成功的秘诀：多一点点！) [比别人多一点努力、多一点自律、多一点决心、多一点反省、多一点学习、多一点实践、多一点疯狂，多一点点就能创造奇迹！]
8. In doing we learn. (实践长才干。)
9. East or west, home is best. (东好西好，还是家里最好。)
10. Two heads are better than one. (三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。)
11. Good company on the road is the shortest cut. (行路有良伴就是捷径。)
12. Constant dropping wears the stone. (滴水穿石)
· 重点词汇解析 ·
1. hono(u)r vt.
(1)尊敬
e. g. Children should honour their father and mother. 孩子应该尊敬父母。
(2)对……表示敬意
e. g. Flowers were placed there to honour his memory.鲜花摆放在那里为了纪念他
(3)使感到荣幸
e. g. You honour us by being with us today.今天你和我们在一起这是我们的荣幸。
I am honoured to be asked to speak here. 被邀请在此讲话是我的荣幸。
honour n.
(1)荣誉，光荣(不可数名词)
e. g. They fight for the honour of their country. 他们为祖国的荣誉而战。
(2)(高尚)人格，信誉(不可数名词)
A man of honour would not behave in so cowardly way.
一个高尚的人行为处事不会这么懦弱。
(3)尊敬，敬重(不可数)
e. g. One must show honour to one’s parents. 一个人必须尊敬父母。
(4)使感到光荣的人或事，荣幸(可数，多作单数)
e. g. It’s an honour to meet you. 见到你十分荣幸。
比较：in honour of 为了(纪念或表示敬意而举行某活动)
e. g. It is only a dance in honour of her birthday. 这只是纪念她生日的一个舞会。
A memorial meeting was held in his honour. 为了纪念他而举行纪念会。
have the honour (of)有幸……, 荣幸地
e. g. May I have the honour of your company at dinner？我能有幸与您共进晚餐吗？
2. determine vt.
(1)决定
e. g. His future has not been determined, but he may study medicine.
他还没决定好未来，但他可能学医。
Can we now determine the date for our party 我们现在能决定派对的日期吗？
(2)决心，决意，决定(作某事)，(用过去分词)决心，下定决心
determine+不定式to do
e. g. She determined to go that very afternoon. 她决心就在那个下午走。
determine+从句
He had been determined that no one should know.他决意不让任何人知道。
determined 过去分词作定语或表语，果断，坚定，坚决
e. g.His voice was determined, and his eyes were flashing.
他的声音很坚决，他的眼睛闪闪发亮。
determination n.
(1)决心(不可数)
e. g. He came with the determination of staying/to stay one week.他决心呆一周。
(2)决定(不可数，间或加不定冠词)
e. g. The boy came to a determination to run away from school. 男孩决定逃学。
self-determination n. 自主，自我决定
3. purpose n. 目的，意图，目标
e. g. What is your purpose in doing this 你做这件事的目的是什么？
比较：for…purpose为了……目的on purpose 有意地，故意地，特意
e. g. If I go there in future, it will be for the purpose of seeing you.
如果我今后去那儿的话，就是为了见你。
I’ve come on purpose to speak to you. 我来是特意要与你谈谈。
She did it on purpose. 她是故意那样做。
4. reminder n. 提醒的人(物)，暗示
e. g. Please give me a reminder this afternoon to phone him.请下午提醒我给他打电话。
remind v. 使……想起，提醒
(1)+ of短语 e. g. That story you have just told reminds me of an experience I once had.
你刚刚讲的故事使我想起了我曾经有过的经历。
(2)+ sb. to do e. g. Please remind me to write that letter. 请提醒我写信。
(3)+从句 e. g. The sight of the clock reminded me that I was late.
看见时钟使我想起我迟到了。
5.compare v.
(1)compare … with…比较，指同类事物的具体比较
e. g. Compare these two languages, and we can see there are differences as well as similarities.
比较这两种语言，可以发现它们有同有异。
Parents like to compare their own children with other children.
父母们总喜欢把自己的孩子与别的孩子进行比较。
(2) compare … to … 比作， 指非同类事物的抽象比较
e. g. Shakespeare compared the world to a stage. 莎士比亚把人世比作舞台。
People often compare girls to flowers. 人们经常把女孩子比作花朵。
(3) compared to/ with…与……比起来，常在句中作状语，可位于句首或句尾，to和with可通用。
It was a small place then compared to/ with what it is now.
和现在比起来，那时它还是个小地方。
6. 表示穿着的动词
(1)put on 表示穿上的动作
e. g. He put on his coat and went out hurriedly.他穿上外衣匆匆忙忙地出去了。
(2) wear表示穿着状态，意义最广，可用于衣服、鞋、帽、袜、手套、眼镜、手表、徽章、首饰，还可表示头发、胡须的式样，带有某种表情或样子。
e. g. He was a short man wearing thick glasses.他是一个带着厚厚的眼镜的矮小的人。
(3) dress既可表示动作也可表示状态，作及物动词时，后面宾语是人，即dress sb. / oneself (in sth. )或be dressed in sth.
e. g. She dressed the baby in red. 她给孩子穿上了红色的衣服。
(4) have on表示穿着状态，无进行时。
e. g. She had a red dress on. 她穿了一件红裙子。
(5)be in sth. 表示状态
e. g. He’s in plain clothes. 他身着便装。
What colour is your child in 你的孩子穿着什么颜色的衣服？
7. light的用法
(1)adj. 明亮的(=bright)，浅色的(=pale)
e. g. His room is light and airy. 他的房间又亮又通风。
It gets light at about six o’clock. 六点左右天亮。
She has a light green dress. 她有一条淡绿色的裙子。
(2)n.①光线，亮光(不可数)，但如表示一种光线时，尤其是被形容词修饰时，前可加不定冠词。e. g. The test-tube was glowing with a faint blue light.试管里发出微弱的蓝光。
②灯，灯光，发光物，引火物(可数)
e. g. There were no lights on in any office room. 没有一个办公室里有灯光。
(3) v. (light, lit, lit)和(light, lighted, lighted)
①点燃(生炉子)e. g. When it was dark we lit the candles. 天黑时我们点上了蜡烛。
②照亮e. g. Our streets are lit by electricity. 街道被灯光照亮。
③(使)变得亮起来，开朗起来
e. g. Her face lighted when she saw who it was.当她看清是谁时，她的脸亮了起来。
Suddenly a smile lit (up) her face. 突然微笑使她的脸亮了起来。
(4)light up动词短语
①照亮，点亮e. g. The burning building lit up the whole street.燃烧的建筑物照亮了整条街道。
②(使)容光焕发，春风满面 (指人的面部表情)
e. g. Her face lit up when she heard the good news.当她听到好消息时，脸上露出喜色。
注意：light的过去分词有两种: lighted, lit当作定语修饰名词时，用lighted。
e. g. a lighted candle 一支点着的蜡烛。
mon用法及common, usual, ordinary, general区别
(1)common
①共同的，共有的e. g. English is their common language. 英语是他们的共同语言。
②普通的，一般的，平常的 Nothing is commoner than that. 没有比此更普通的。
③常见的，到处可见的e. g. Is this word in common use 这个字常用吗？
④ in common (with sb. )共同的e. g. We have many things in common. 我们有许多共同之处。
(2) common, general, ordinary, usual区别
common侧重“普通”，表示“时时发生，人所共有”，并含有“并不高贵，地位低下”之意，指符合或具有全体共有的特征，其反义词为rare。
e. g. a common saying 俗语 a common wish 一个共同的愿望
common sense 常识common knowledge 普通知识
This is a grammatical mistake common among beginners in English.
这是个初学英语的人易犯的错误。
general 侧重“普遍”，表示在大多数人或事物中流行并受到关注，不含有“地位低下”之意，其反义词为specific。e. g. general readers 一般读者a general idea 一个普通的观点
ordinary与common基本同义，侧重“外表平凡的，普通的”，表示“随时可以碰到，不值得惊奇”，其反义词为superior。
e. g. an ordinary event一件极平常的事an ordinary person一个普通的人
My teacher is an ordinary-looking man.我的老师是个相貌平常的人。
usual用来指事物，强调习惯性，一贯如此，意为“通常的，惯常的”, 含有“随集体风俗或个人习惯而常常发生”之意，其反义词为unusual。
e. g. as usual和往常一样 It’s a usual thing with him. 这对他来说是平常事。
9. believe与believe in
believe相信 = think …true, 后接表示人或事物的名词或代词，也可接what/ that从句
e. g. I believe you. = I believe what you said. 我相信你说的话。
I could hardly believe my ears/eyes.我简直不敢相信我所听到的/看到的。
比较：believe sb. 相信某人所说的话
believe in sb. 信任某人，指人的品格、作风、为人等方面的情况。
e. g. We usually believe in him, but this doesn’t mean we always believe him.
我们通常是信任他的，但这并不意味着我们总是相信他的话。
10. gather与collect区别
gather作“收集”“聚集”讲时用法广泛，可指把人集中起来，也可指把分散的东西或抽象的东西(如信息、力量)聚集起来。
collect作“收集”“采集”讲时，着重于计划性和选择性的含义。
e. g. Up to now, he has collected 500 foreign stamps.至今为止，他已收集了五百张外国邮票。
Gather round, and I’ll tell you a story. 大家围过来，我给你们讲个故事。
When the accident happened, a lot of people quickly gathered round.
事故发生后，很快周围聚集了很多人。
How long did it take you to collect these ancient coins
你用了多长时间才收集到这些古代硬币？
注意：gather一般不与together连用，因其自身就是bring together / come together之意。
· 重点词组解析 ·
1. give短语总结
(1)give away
①分发，送给人e. g. He gave away all his pictures. 他把所有的画都送人了。
②泄漏(机密)，暴露(自己的情况) Please don’t give my secret away. 请不要泄漏我的秘密。
(2)give back
①还给e. g. I must call at the library to give back this book. 我必须去图书馆还书。
②恢复(健康等)e. g. Living here has given me back my health. 住在这里我的健康恢复了。
(3)give in
①交上来e. g. Give in your exercise books. 请交上练习本。
② give in (to sb. )让步，妥协，投降，认输，向……让步
e. g. The enemy is surrounded and must soon give in. 敌人被包围了必须马上投降。
He is always giving in to other people. 他总是向别人让步。
(4) give off 散发出e. g. The flowers give off a sweet fragrance. 花散发出甜美的香气。
(5)give out
①散发，颁发e. g. The teacher gave out the examination papers. 老师分发试卷。
②宣布e. g. He gave out that he was going to England. 他宣布他将去英国。
③被用完，耗尽，没有了
e. g. You can’t have a hot bath—the water will give out.你不能洗热水澡，水快没了。
④(机器等)失灵，(人)体力不支. The chair gave out under the fat man. 人太胖了，椅子垮了。
⑤发出e. g. The radio is giving out a strange signal. 无线电发出奇怪的信号。
(6)give up放弃，不再做(某事)He has given up playing football. 他不再踢球了。
2 as well as
(1)意为“除……外”“同”“和”“并”“也”，后接动词时用动名词。
e. g. He gave me money as well as advice. 他不但给我建议还给我钱。
Alice has an English-Chinese dictionary as well as a Chinese-English dictionary.
爱丽丝不但有一本汉英词典还有一本英汉词典。
The little girl is clever as well as beautiful. 这个女孩不但漂亮，而且聪明。
(2) A as well as B部分作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与A一致
e. g. The teacher as well as his students was praised.不仅学生而且老师也受到了表扬。
比较：
1)与as well as 用法相同的还有 (along/ together) with, including, but/except/ besides, in addition to, rather than, like/ such as …
e. g. It is you rather than I who are to speak at the meeting.是你而不是我将在会上讲话。
Besides him, three more men have been invited.除了他，还有三个人被邀请了。
2)有一些短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由与它靠近的词来决定，这些短语有：or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…, There be…
e. g. He or I am to go to the meeting. 他或者我去开会。
Either you or she is wrong. 不是你就是她错了。
(3) as well as 相当于 not only… but also…, 但表示“不但……而且”时，A as well as B侧重A, 而not only A but also B侧重B
e. g. You as well as I are wrong. = Not only I but also you are wrong.
(4) as well as后接从句，是副词的同级比较。
e. g. She sings as well as she plays. 她弹得好，唱得也好。
He shoots as well as he rides. 他马骑得好，枪打得也好。
(5) as well用在句末时，与also/too相近，as well与too常用于句末。
e. g. She is not only good at maths, she is good as English as well.她不但数学好，英语也好。
Mary’s sister teaches English, too. 玛丽的姐姐也教英语。
too除了放在句末外，也可接在主语之后，这时比较正式。
e. g. I, too, know how to work out the maths problem.我也知道怎样解这道数学题。
also不如too/ as well用得多，不用于句末，通常与动词连用。
e. g. I’ve also read some of Shakespeare’s plays.我也读过一些莎士比亚的剧本。
also, as well, too一般不用于否定句，否定句中可用not…either, neither…nor…
I like the novel as well. 我也喜欢这部小说I don’t like the novel either.我也不喜欢这部小说。
She is here, too. 她也在这里。 She isn’t here, either. 她也不在这里。
3. care about
(1) 关心
e. g. He used to care only about his own family, but has greatly changed now.
他曾经只关心他自己家，但是现在变了很多。
(2)喜欢，对……有兴趣e. g. He cares about music. 他对音乐感兴趣。
比较：care for
(1) 照顾，照料The mother cared for the sick child night and day.
妈妈日日夜夜照料生病的孩子。
(2)喜欢，对……有兴趣e. g. They do not care very greatly for art. 他们对艺术不是很感兴趣。
care v. 在乎，在意(多用于否定结构)
(1) +从句e. g. I’ll go. I don’t care what happens. 我要走，我不在乎发生什么了。
(2)后不接内容I don’t care, so long as she let me be with her.我不在乎，只要她让我和她在一起。
(1)注意，当心(不可数)
take care＋从句e. g. Take care (that) you don’t break it. 小心别打碎它。
take care of sth. e. g. Take care of what you are doing. 注意你在干什么。
with care 作状语，仔细地，认真地，当心 e. g. Cross the road with care. 过马路时要当心。
(2)照顾，照管(不可数)
under (one’s/ the) care e. g. I must leave him under your care. 我必须让你来照顾他。
in one’s care e. g. Mary was left in her sister’s care. 玛丽被留下来由姐姐照顾。
to one’s care e. g. I’ll leave this to your care. 我将把这个留给你来照顾。
take care of e. g. It was I who was taking care of him. 是我在照顾他。
(3)忧烦，烦恼(不可数) e. g. Care had made him look ten years older. 烦恼使他看起来老十岁。
(4)烦人的事(可数) e. g. He seemed to be a little man without a care.他似乎是一个没有烦事的小人物。
· 重点句型解析 ·
1. The Spring Festival, …and festivals help us understand who we are, remember where we come from, and share our hopes for a happy future.
春节，……和节日帮助我们了解我们是谁，记住我们从哪里来，并共同分享对美好未来的期望。
share v.
(1)共同具有，合用e. g. Three doctors share the office. 三个医生共用这个办公室。
(2)分享，分担e. g. They would share the joys and sorrows. 他们将同甘苦，共患难。
(3)share in分享，分担，共同努力
e. g. We all shared in his happiness when he won the scholarship.
当她获得奖学金时，我们都替他高兴。
(4) share with与……合用
e. g. Would you mind sharing a bedroom with another guest
你介意和另一位客人共用一个房间吗？
比较： spare
(1)留出(时间作某事)，挤出(时间)
e. g. Can you spare the time to help me 你能挤出时间帮助我吗？
(2)不用，匀出(给别人用)
e. g. Father couldn’t spare the car, so John had to walk.爸爸要用车，因此约翰只得步行。
(3)放过，饶(命)，不杀
e. g. The king spared the lives of the women and children.国王放过了妇女和儿童。
save v.
(1)挽救，拯救e. g. They fought bravely and saved the country. 他们勇敢战斗拯救祖国。
(2)节省，省去，省着用，保护
e. g. If we buy plenty of food now, it will save shopping again this week.
如果我们现在买了足够的食物，这周就省了再上街购物了。
Save your eyes by reading in good light.在光线足的地方读书可保护你的眼睛。
(3)节约，存钱，省钱，储蓄
e. g. He’s saving to buy a bicycle. 他省钱来买自行车。
(4)留下，保留，保住，留作他用
Save your strength for the hardwork, you’ll have to do later.
留着点儿劲，你一会儿还得干活儿呢。
(5)save …for…留供……用
e. g. He is saving himself / his strength for the heavy work.他节省力量来干重活。
2. There seems to be no other choice. 似乎别无选择。
seem v.
(1)似乎，好像
① +不定式：
seem to do表示一般状况。
e. g. I don’t seem to lack anything. 我好像不缺什么。
seem to have done表示该动作是在谓语动词发生之前就已经完成。
I seem to have caught a cold. 我好像感冒了。
He seemed not to have grasped what she really meant.他好像没有把握她的意思。
seem to be doing表示在过去的某段时间里正在进行的动作，强调该动作在过去持续了一段时间。e. g. She seemed to be sleeping. 她好像在睡觉。
seem (to be)+表语(adj. 或n. 或prep. )
e. g. You seem to be in a great hurry. 你似乎很着急。
② It seems(ed) (that)从句可以和“主语+seems/seemed+动词不定式”互相转换，意思不变。注意句型转换：
e. g. It seemed that he had failed the exam.= He seemed to have failed in the exam.
他似乎没通过考试。
It seems that nobody knew what had happened. 看来没人知道发生了什么事。
It seems(ed) as if从句
e. g. It seems as if there will be an election soon. 好像很快就要选举了。
③ There seems(ed) (to be)好像有，似乎有
e. g. There seems to be something/the matter with her. 她好像有什么事。
(2)看来，似乎是(什么样子) link v. (系动词)
① +形容词e. g. He seemed to me quite normal. 对于我来说，他很正常。
② +分词e. g. She always seemed well pleased. 她好像总是很高兴。
③ +名词e. g. It seems not a bad idea. 那个主意好像不错。
④ +介词短语 e. g. You seem in high spirits. 你好像情绪很高涨。
3. …or, in other words, the first day of spring. 或者，换句话说，春天的第一天。
(1)in other words换句话说
e. g. In other words, we can complete the project on time only in this way.
换句话说，只有这样我们才能按时完成工程。
In other words, if you break the rule, you will be punished.
换言之，如果你违反了规则，你将受到惩罚。
(2)in a word 总之，简言之
e. g. In a word, I don’t trust him. 总之，我不信任他。
(3)in words 用言语
e. g. Though the boy is only two, he can express his meaning clearly in words.
尽管这男孩只有两岁，他能清楚地用语言来表达他的意思。
4. It is not a sad day, but rather a time to celebrate the cycle of life. 这不是悲伤的一天，而是庆祝生命轮回的时刻。
rather 副词
(1)“相当，颇，甚”
e. g. We all were rather tired after our long walk. 走了那么远，我们都相当累了。
I rather expected that we would win. 我很希望我们能赢。
(2)比较 fairly, rather, quite, pretty
①表示程度
fairly与rather表示“相当地”时，fairly含有积极肯定的意思，rather含有消极否定的意思。
e. g. The question is fairly difficult. 这个问题很难——但适当。
The question is rather difficult. 这个问题很难——有点过难，不适当。
fairly是程度最轻的，例如：某人的英语说得fairly well, 言外之意是他只能应付一些日常用语。说某本书fairly good，是说这本书还可以看一看，但没有赞扬之意。
e. g. He’s just written a new book. It’s fairly interesting, but certainly not his best.
他刚出了一本新书，这本书还算有意思，但肯定不是他的最佳作品。
He studies fairly hard. 他学习还算用功。
quite比fairly程度强一点，如果你认为某本书quite good, 就是在推荐给别人看，虽算不上最佳小说，但还是值得一看。
e. g. They study English quite hard. 他们学习英语还保留用功。
He was quite polite, but he wasn’t ready to help me.他相当有礼貌，但他并不愿意帮助我。
rather程度上比quite又强，相当于more than expected/more than you want。如说某人的外语rather well, 那此人肯定是个内行，就电影而言，rather good是说胜过多数影片。
e. g. She speaks English rather well. 她的英语讲得真不错。
pretty表示程度时，和rather差不多，多用于非正式文体。
e. g. Twenty-five is pretty old to take up ballet dancing.二十五岁才学芭蕾舞年龄太大了。
The situation seems pretty hopeless. 情形似乎没有太大希望了。
②用法
rather和quite可置于不定冠词前或后
e. g. That is quite / rather a surprising result. 那是一个相当惊人的结果。= That is a rather / quite surprising result.
rather可与比较级和too +形容词/副词连用，quite只能与better连用。
e. g. This book is rather too difficult for the juniors.这本书对低年级的学生来说太难了。
Today I feel quite better. 今天我感到好多了。
This room is rather larger than we want.这个房间比我们需要的大了不少。
quite同没有程度差别的形容词连用时，一般作“完全地”“绝对地”。
e. g. She was quite alone. 她非常孤单。It’ s quite impossible. 这绝不可能。
4. Whatever the trick is, if a person is taken in, he or she is called “April Fool”! 不管是什么把戏，如果一个人上当了，他或她就被称作“四月傻子”。
(1) whatever
①= no matter what 无论是什么，不管什么，在句中作状语。
e. g. Whatever happens, we will not change our plan.无论发生什么事，我们都不会改变计划。
No matter what you want to do, above all, you should obey the law.
不管你想干什么，首先，你必须守法。
② = anything that任何事/东西，在句中起名词作用，引导名词性从句。
e. g. You can take whatever you like.= You can take anything that you like.
你可以拿走你喜欢的任何东西。
(2)take in
①欺骗，哄骗，使上当
e. g. We were completely taken in by his story. 我们完全被他的故事骗了。
②理解，领会，明白
e. g. The lesson was too difficult for the class to take in.课太难了，学生难以领会。
③接受(房客，客人等)，让……在家居住(食宿)，收留
e. g. The farmer took in the lost travelers for the night.农夫让迷路的旅行者在家过夜。
④包括，涉及e. g. The study of physics takes in many different subjects.物理学涉及许多学科。
(3)take up
①开始学习，开始做(某项工作)
e. g. What is your son taking up in college 你儿子在大学学习什么？
②从事某项活动，发展某种爱好
e. g. At the age of sixty he took up the study of Russian.六十岁时他开始学俄语。
③占用，占掉(时间，空间)e. g. The meeting took up the whole morning. 会议占了整个上午。
④接受e. g. Do you intend to take up his offer of a job 你想接受他提供的工作吗？
⑤吸起(墨水，灰尘等)e. g. Plants take up water. 植物吸水。
· 语法精讲 ·
must用法
1. must表示主观上的“必须”。
e. g. You must do what you want to. 你必须做你想做的事。注意对其问句的回答方式：
e. g. —Must I go now 我必须现在走吗？—Yes, you must. 是的，你必须。
—No, you needn’t. / you don’t have to. 不，你不必。
You needn’t do what you don’t want to. 你不必做你不愿意的事。
其否定形式mustn’t表示“绝对不可”“不许”，无肯定句和疑问句。
e. g. You mustn’t smoke in this part of the hospital.你绝对不可以在医院的这部分吸烟。
区别：have to表示客观上的“不得不”，其否定式don’t have to相当于needn’t, 表示“不必”。
e. g. We can’t travel through the forest by car, because there aren’t any roads. So we have to travel by air or boat.我们不能坐车穿过森林，因为没有路。所以我们只能乘飞机或乘船。
You don’t have to do what you don’t want to.你不一定非得做你不愿意做的事情。
have got to相当于have to, 多用于美式英语中。
也可以用 haven’t got to或 be not obliged to来代替not have to。
· 同步练习 ·
1. --____ --I’ve got a bad cough.
A. How do you do. B. What do you feel like C. What does it matter D. What’s the matter
2. I’ve got ____work to do on a____cold day.
A. much too; much too B. too much; too much C. too much; much too D. much too; too much
3. Swan Lake is a famous ballet in for acts ____ on a German fairy tale.
A. basing B. based C. bases D. to base
4. When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon. They ____ be ready by12:00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
5. I advised you____drink water that isn’t____any more.
A. not; boiled B. not to; boiling C. not; boiling D. not to; boiled
6. –What did Mary have____breakfast this morning
--She was late for school and hurried off____breakfast.
A. for; without B. at; without C. for; after D. at; after
7. After I had been in bed for two days, Mother ____ going to see a doctor art once.
A. stopped B. agreed C. suggested D. made
8. On National Day, people sing and dance to____ the birth of our country.
A. congratulate B. celebrate C. greet D. salute
9. I have neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. That’s why I ____ wait until the rain stops.
A. must B. should C. ought to D. have to
10. Do you know when the ____ song of the Beijing Olymp9ics will be chosen
A. subject B. title C. topic D. theme
11. Sometimes I really wonder how I could make friends with a man who has little____with me.
A. in ordinary B. in common C. the same D. in similar
12. Don’t let yourself be taken ____ by these politicians.They are always lying.
A. up B. over C. away D. in
13. We expected him to do a little research work____ make a lot of experiments.
A. as much as B. as long as C. as well as D. as far as
14. ____ seems to be a possibility that we shall be able to afford the car we need.
A. It B. There C. That D. This
15. The boys are always playing ____ Carl. They hide his hat, steal his books, etc.
A. a joke in B. a role on C. games with D. tricks on
参考答案
1-5 DCBBD 6-10 ACBDD 11-15 BDCBD
· 课外阅读 ·
英国的酒吧文化
Visitors to Britain may find the best place to sample local culture is in a traditional pub. But these friendly hostelries can be minefields of potential gaffes for the uninitiated.
An anthropologist and a team of researchers have unveiled some of the arcane rituals of British pubs--starting with the difficulty of getting a drink. Most pubs have no waiters--you have to go to the bar to buy drinks. A group of Italian youths waiting 45 minutes before they realized they would have to fetch their own. This may sound inconvenient, but there is a hidden purpose.
Pub culture is designed to promote sociability in a society known for its reserve. Standing at the bar for service allows you to chat with others waiting to be served. The bar counter is possibly the only site in the British Isles in which friendly conversation with strangers is considered entirely appropriate and rea1ly quite normal behaviour. "If you haven't been to a pub, you haven't been to Britain." This tip can be found in a booklet, Passport to the Pub: The Tourists' Guide to Pub Etiquette, a customers' code of conduct for those wanting to sample "a central part of British life and culture". The trouble is that if you do not follow the local rules, the experience may fall flat. For example, if you are in a big group, it is best if only one or two people go to buy the drinks. Nothing irritates the regular customers and bar staff more than a gang of strangers blocking all access to the bar while they chat and dither about what to order.
British Pub Culture
访问英国的人会发现传统英国酒吧是最能领略当地文化的地方。但对于初来乍到的异国人来说，这些友善的酒吧却犹如潜藏着有惹事危险的"地雷区"。
一位人类学家和一组研究人员揭示了某些鲜为人知的英国酒吧文化。人们首先遇到的困难是从买酒开始的。大多数英国酒吧都没有酒保，你得到吧台去买酒。一伙意大利年轻人等了三刻钟才明白他们得自己去买。这听上去似乎让人觉得不方便，可却有它深刻的内涵。
在因其冷漠而出名的英国社会里，酒吧文化的形成是为了促进社会交往。排队的时候可以和其他等待买酒的人交谈。在英伦诸岛上，和陌生人亲切地交谈被认为是完全适宜的正常行为的唯一场所可能就是吧台了 你如果没去过酒吧，那就等于没有到过英国。"这个忠告可在名为《酒吧护照：旅游者酒吧仪俗指南》的小册子中找到，它对那些想要领略"英国生活和文化核心部分"的人是一种行为准则。问题是如果你不入乡随俗的话，你将一无所获。譬如说，你们若是团体前往，那最好是一个或两个人前去买酒。酒吧常客和酒保最腻味的就是一大伙人一边聊着一边又优柔寡断不知喝什么酒好，把通往吧台的路给堵住。
Unit15
The necklace
· 英语小窍门 ·
· 重点词汇解析 ·
1. recognize v.
(1)识别，认出 = know and remember sb. or sth. one has seen before, 强调从外表上辨认出，指一时性的动作。know是状态性动词，表示知道有这个人并认识他, 在一定程度上还对他有所了解，指长久性的一种情况。
e. g. I recognized his voice over the phone.我在电话里听出他的声音了。
注意: 不能说I recognized him ten years ago. 或I knew him ten years ago.而要说I got to know him ten years ago. 我是十年前开始认识他的。
(2)承认，认可 = accept as being lawful, real, or having value
e. g. They recognized the new government. 他们承认了那个新政府。
That’s a recognized method of teaching English.那是一种得到认可的英语教学法。
(3)意识到，自认 = be ready/ prepared to admit，后接that从句。
e. g. After the accident, he recognized that he was not fit for the work.
事故发生后，他认识到不能胜任这项工作。
2. jewelry n. 珠宝，珠宝类，集合名词，不可数，作主语时谓语动词用单数。
jewel n. 珠宝，首饰，可数
e. g. a piece of jewelry一件珠宝 some jewels几件珠宝
We buy jewelry from a jeweller’s shop. 我们在珠宝店买珠宝。
3. continue v. 继续
(1) continue to do sth. /continue doing sth.
e. gThey continued to walk/walking until they reached the town.他们不停地走，一直走到镇上。
How long will you continue working/to work 你将继续工作多久？
(2)continue with sth. = go on with sth.
e. g. He continued with his story. 他继续讲故事。
(3)作不及物动词
e. g. The hot weather continued for a month. 炎热的天气持续了一个月。
(4)作系动词，相当于remain
e. g. The whole class continued silent. 全班继续保持沉默。
4. marry v. 与……结婚，娶，嫁
(1)作不及物动词
e. g. The scientist didn’t marry until forty. 那位科学家到四十岁才结婚。
He married young. 他早婚。
(2) 作及物动词，需要宾语
e. g. Alice married a Frenchman. 爱丽丝嫁给了一个法国人。
(3) marry和get married都是非延续性动词，强调动作，因此不能与表示一段时间的状语连用；表示结婚已有一段时间应该用be married强调状态。
e. g. Is Jack married 杰克结婚了吗？He got married to Mary last year. 他去年和玛丽结婚。
5. worth adj. 值得，值(多少钱)
(1) (be) worth + n. /doing sth.
e. g. The necklace is worth 300 dollars. 这条项链值300美元。
His suggestion is worth consideration/ considering. 他的建议值得考虑。
注意：表示“很值得”时前面加well修饰。
e. g. The article is well worth reading. 那篇文章很值得一读。
(2)worthless = valueless 毫无价值
invaluable = priceless非常贵重，无价之宝
比较：worthy adj. 值得， (be) worthy of + n. / do/ being done, (be) worthy to/be done。
e. g. The museum is worthy of being visited/ to be visited.
His suggestion is worthy of being considered/ to be considered.
6. on的用法
(1) …it looked wonderful on you. (项链)戴在你身上真是太好看了。
on介词，“附着在……上”
e. g. She had a red hat on her head. 她的头上戴着一顶红帽子。
Have you got a match on you 你身边带火柴了吗？
(2) There’s a light on in Dr. Baker’s office. 贝克医生的办公室里亮着灯。
on在发生(或活动着)，起着作用
e. g. What’s on at that theatre 剧场上演着什么戏？
The battle against drought was on. 抗旱斗争在继续。
Is there anything on tomorrow 明天有什么事吗？
· 重点词组解析 ·
1. at (the) most最多，至多，反义词是 at (the) least至少，最少
e. g. I can pay only 20 pounds at the most. 我最多只能付20英镑。
The repairs will cost at least 100 dollars. 修理费至少要100美元。
2. come up with 提出
e. g. For years he kept coming up with new and good ideas.
几年来他不断地提出新的、好的想法。
比较：come up to达到(愿望，标准等)，赶(比)得上
e. g. Your work didn’t come up to what I expected of you.你的工作没有达到我的期望。
His work didn’t come up to that of his brother. 他的工作赶不上他哥哥的。
come up for参加(竞选)
e. g. Mayor Jones comes up for election this fall. 琼斯市长参加今年秋天的竞选。
come up against遭到(困难，反对等)，和……相抵触
e. g. Not for the first time she will come up against her husband’s opinions.
她将不止一次遭到丈夫的反对。
3.in all总共
e. g. How many people were there in all at the party 出席聚会的共有多少人？
at all用于否定句，“根本不”，加强语气。e. g. He wasn’t at all tired. 他根本不累。
above all首先，最重要的e. g. A teacher, above all, should know how to deal with the problems taking place in class correctly.一个教师首先应知道怎样处理课堂上发生的问题。
4.try on试穿
Try on the dress, and you will know if it fits you.试穿一下这条裙子，你就会知道它合不合适。
Never buy shoes without trying them on first. 鞋子不先试穿就不要买。
比较：put on穿上
e. g. She put on the skirt and looked more beautiful in it.她穿上裙子，显得更漂亮了。
pull on匆匆忙忙地穿上
e. g. He pulled on his overcoat and it seemed just to cover him like a blanket.
他匆匆穿上大衣，就好像一条毯子只是把他身体遮住。
辨析：
1. besides, beside, except, except for区别
(1) besides
①介词，除了(指同一类事物，后者包括在内)，一般文中有more, other, another, else等词。
e. g. He had other people to take care of besides me. 除了我他还得要照顾别的人。
What else has he done besides reading the paper 除了读报纸他还干了什么？
②副词，此外，除此之外
e. g. Her intentions were good, besides, it was pleasant to be with her.
她的意图是好的，此外，跟她在一起很快乐。
(2)beside介词，在……旁边
e. g. He was sitting beside her. 他坐在她旁边。
(3)except介词，除去，除掉(指同一类事物，后者不包括在内)
① +名词/代词
e. g. We go there every day except Sunday. 除了周日，我们每天都去那里。
② +介词短语
e. g. I can take my holidays at any time except in August.除了八月，我可以随时度假。
③ +不定式
e. g. The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes in the morning.
除了在早晨通风几分钟外，窗户从来不开。
④ +从句
e. g. He is a good student except that he is occasionally careless.
他是个好学生除了偶尔有点马虎。
(4) except for除了有……之外(不同类，前后两者是整体和局部的关系，含有肯定一方否定一方之意)
e. g. Your picture is good except for some of the colours.除了几点颜色之外，你的画很不错。
Now the wood is silent except for the leaves.现在整个树林很静除了树叶的沙沙声。
2. true与real区别
(1) true真的，符合实际的，可作定语或表语
e. g. Is it true that he has left for London 他已离开去伦敦的消息确实吗？
This is a story of a true man. 这是一个根据真人所编的故事。
(2) real真的，真正的而不是想象的，表示实际存在的意义，如实情、实况、实例、实物等，一般只作定语。
e. g. This is a true story of real life.这是一个从现实(而不是想象的)生活中取材的真实故事。
3. accept与receive区别
(1) accept和receive都可表示收取所给予、提供或送到的东西，但receive只指客观上收到，接到，accept是主观上接受，领受。
e. g. I received a present from Jack, but as I wouldn’t accept it. I returned it to the sender.
我收到了杰克送来的一份礼物，但由于我不愿接受，所以我退给了送来的那个人。
(2) accept还可用来表示主观上“吸收”某人，“承认”或“赞同”某一看法或理论。
e. g. I can’t accept (=take) you as my secretary. 我不能聘任你为我的秘书。
I can’t accept (=recognize) my defeat. 我不能承认我失败了。
He had to accept our explanation. 他只好接受了我们的解释。
The young man was accepted/ received (=admitted) into the organization.
这位男青年被吸收加入这个组织。
(3)receive可用来表示一种自然的“获得”(=get)，也可用来表示“接待”(=welcome)和“遭受”(=suffer)。
e. g. He received (=got) a good education. 他受到过良好的教育。
She received (=got) a doctor’s degree at the age of twenty- eight.她在二十八岁时获得博士学位。
You will receive (=got) a warm welcome when you get here.你到时会受到热烈欢迎。
He received (=welcome) his guests with a smile. 他向来宾微笑表示欢迎。
The soldier received (= suffered) a bad wound in the head.那士兵头部受伤严重。
4. if与whether区别
(1)表示“如果”，引导条件状语从句，只能用if。
e. g. If you finish your work, you can go out. 如果你完成了工作，你可以出去。
(2)表示“是否”
①if和whether都可引导宾语从句，可互换，常用在know, wonder, ask等一类动词之后。
e. g. I don’t know if/ whether I should tell you.我不知道我是否应该告诉你。
②只能用whether的情况
a. 引导主语从句e. g. Whether he is coming is still a question. 他是否能来还是个问题。
b. 引导表语从句e. g.The question is whether he has enough money.问题是他是否有足够的钱。
c. 引导同位语从句e. g. The question whether he will accept our gift worries us.
他是否接受我们的礼物这个问题始终使我们忧虑不安。
d. 与or not连用e. g. I don’t know whether or not he will go. 我不知道他是否会去。
e. 在介词后面e. g. It depends on whether he can solve the problem.这取决于他是否能解决这个问题。
f. 引导不定式e. g. He can’t decide whether to meet her (or not).他决定不了是否该去见她。
g. 在句首时e. g. Whether he can borrow some money from the bank, we don’t know.
我们不知道他是否能从银行借些钱。
5. cost, take, pay, spend区别
(1) cost指花费金钱、时间、劳力等, 主语是表示事物的名词或代词，没有被动语态。作名词时表示“成本”“价钱”“费用”。
e. g. How much did the radio cost you 这台收音机花了你多少钱？
What’s the cost of the car 那辆车得花多少钱？
living costs生活费用 the cost of a book一本书的成本
(2)take主要指花费时间，主语是表示事物的名词或代词。
e. g. It took them over two years to build the bridge.修建这座桥花了他们两年多时间。
(3)spend表示花费金钱或时间，主语是表示有生命的名词或代词(一般是人)， spend …on sth. , spend …(in) doing。
e. g. I spent 600 yuan on the camera. 买这只照相机，我花了600元。
(4)pay付钱，主语必须是人，其宾语可以是人，也可是物。
e. g. I haven’t paid the doctor. 我还没付医生的诊费。
He paid 400 000 yuan for the house. 他花了40万元买房子。
6. a bit与a little用法
(1)肯定句中，同义，表示“一点儿”“一些”。
e. g. I’m a bit/ a little hungry. 我有点饿了。
You’d better drive a bit/ a little slowlier. 你最好开慢点。
(2)否定句中，not a bit = not at all/ not in the least “一点也不”, not a little= very/much/very much, “非常”。
e. g. I was not a bit tired after the training . 训练后我一点也不累。
· 重点句型解析 ·
1.…but I don't think I know you. 但是，我想我不认识你。
But I don't think we can go. 但是，我想我们不能去。
注意：这两句话的英语表达方式与汉语不同。汉语主句中的动词“想”用肯定式，而宾语从句中的动词用否定式。英语则相反。一般来说，在英语中，假如主句动词是 think, suppose 这类的动词，后接从句要表达否定，其否定形式应该前移到主句。
e.g. ① I don't think you are right. 我认为你不对。
② I don't suppose I shall be back until 8 o'clock. 我想八点以前我回不来。
③ I don't think he will come. 我认为他不会来。
2 .But, just this once. After all, this ball is very important. 不过，就只这么一次。这次舞会毕竟很重要。
（1） just this once 是一个单成分句（one-member sentence），其本身是一个相对完整的语言单位，不需要增补其它的句子成分，意思是承接上文而来 —— 虽然要花一大笔钱，但是要花就花这一次吧。在第一场里也有类似的单成分句： Years of hard work, very little food, only a small cold room to live in and never a moment's rest. 这个单成分句是由四个名词词组构成的。
（2） after all“毕竟”、“终究”、“到底”，它有两个含意：
①“要知道……”、“别忘了……”，表示说话人对别人的态度，用来说服或提醒对方，引出听话人似乎忘记了的某个重要的论点或理由。在表示这个意思时，一般把 after all 放在句首。课文的句子就有这层含意。又如：
Why is he not allowed to stay here After all, it's his home.
为什么不让他呆在这儿呢？（要知道）这毕竟是他的家。
It's not surprising you're tired. After all, you were up until eleven last night!
难怪你感到疲倦。别忘了，你昨天晚上 11 点才睡觉呢。
②“虽然有前面说过的话”或“和预期的情况相反”，表示说话人意思的转折，有“虽然……，但毕竟……”的含意。在表示这层意思时， after all 一般放在句末。例如：
Mathilde thought it was a diamond necklace, but it wasn't real one after all.
玛蒂尔德原以为那是一条钻石项链，但那终归不是真的钻石项链。
3.Pierre and I did have a very good time at the ball. 我和比尔在舞会上的确玩得很痛快。
（1）注意本句中的 Pierre and I, 一般不说 I and Pierre. 英语中习惯把别人放在前面，而把自己放在后面，以示谦逊，如 he and I, my brother and I, Mr. White and I, 而汉语通常说“我和他”、“我和弟弟”、“我和怀特先生”。例如：
Mr. White and I were invited to the ball. 我和怀特先生受到邀请参加舞会。
My brother and I worked day and night to keep the family.
我和我兄弟为了养家糊口而日夜操劳。
但在承认错误的时候，英语往往是把 I 放在其他人的前面，以示勇于认错。例如：
I and Mr. White are to blame. 我和怀特先生都应当负责。
I and my brother made the mistake. 我和我兄弟犯了这个错误。
（2）Pierre and I did have a good time… 中的 did 是助动词，用在肯定句中，起强调作用，带有感彩，可译成“真的”、“的确”等词语。其后的动词要用原形。又如：
You do look nice today. 你今天看来真是漂亮。 He does speak well. 他的确会说话。
We did need help those days. 在那些日子里我们的确需要帮助。
4.Years of hard work, very little food, only a small cold room to live in, and never a moment's rest. 数年辛劳，食不果腹，屈居寒舍，片刻也不得休息。
这是个单成分句，由四个名词词组组成。这种句子是一个相对完整的语言单位，不需要增补其他的成分。这句话可理解为：
We had ten years of hard work but we had little food to eat. We had only a small room to live in and we never had a moment's rest. 句中的 to live in 是动词不定式短语作定语，修饰 room. 动词不定式作定语有两种情况。
① 与所修饰的词有动宾关系（若动词不定式是不及物动词，必须加上适当的介词）。例如：
I have a lot of work to do today. 他今天有许多工作要做。
He is a nice man to work with. 他是一个能与之一起好好工作的人。
② 与所修饰的词有主谓关系，即被修饰的词是动词不定式的逻辑主语。
例如： He is always the last one to leave the office. 他总是最后一个离开办公室。
· 语法精讲 ·
1. 情态动词must, can/ could, may/ might表示推测的用法
(1)must表示“肯定”推测，只用于肯定句。
e. g. You must be Dr. Wang. 你肯定是王医生。
(2)can表示“肯定不能”“能……吗？”，用于表示语气很重的推测，只用于否定句，疑问句，不用于肯定句。
e. g. You can’t be Dr. Wang. 你肯定不是王医生。
Can you be Dr. Wang 你是王医生吗？
(3)could是can的过去式，表示“可能”，用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句中。
e. g. He said he could come. 他说他可能来。
(4)may表示“或许”，表推测的可能性是50%，只是一个猜测, 用于肯定句、否定句中。注意may的否定形式是may not, 无mayn’t形式。
e. g. He may come or may not. 他可能来也可能不来。
(5)might是may的过去式，用于推测时，表示更没把握，可用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句中。
(6)推测语气由弱到强的排列为：might— may— could— must
e. g. —Look, someone is coming. What can it be 看，有人来了。那能是谁呢？
—It may be the headmaster. 可能是校长。
—It can’t be him. He has gone to Guangzhou. 肯定不是他，他去广州了。
(7)表示推测的词后跟三种形式来表示句子的时间概念，以must为例：
must be adj. /n. 表示对现在的推测(动词为状态词)；
must be doing表示对现在的推测(动词为行为动词)；
must have done表示对过去或已经完成动作的推测。
在对这些表推测的句子进行反意疑问时，要用真实情况来进行反意疑问。
e. g. He must be in the next room, isn’t he 他肯定在隔壁房间，不是吗？(对现在的推测)
It must have rained last night, haven’t it 昨天夜里肯定下雨了，不是吗？(对过去的推测)
He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he
他肯定是完成作业了，不是吗？(对已经完成动作的推测)
(8)can(could) have done否定式表示对过去事情真实性表示不相信，用could have done显得语气更婉转，用于疑问句中表示惊奇和怀疑。
e. g. He can’t have gone home because I saw him on the playground just now.
他不可能回家了，因为我在操场上刚刚见过他。
He could have arrived earlier. 他本可以早一点到的。
(9)may(might) have done表示对过去的事情可能性的推测，might比may表示的可能性更小，或与实际情况相反，常有批评的意味，意为“本应该……”
e. g. Tom is playing in the garden. He may have finished his homework.
汤姆在花园里玩，他可能已经完成了作业。
You might have told him earlier. He is angry now. 你本应该早点告诉他，现在他生气了。
2．疑问句的直接引语和间接引语
直接引语 间接引语
一般疑问句 1.He asked her,“Do you need to wear any jewellery ”2.She asked him,“Is the ball held every year ”3.He asked,“Do you think it was stolen by a thief ” 1.He asked her if she needed to wear any jewellery.2.She asked him if the ball was held every year.3.He asked me if I thought it had been stolen by a thief.
特殊疑问句 4.He asked me,“Where have you been all these years ”5.He askd her,“How much does a new dress cost ”6.The man asked her,“What are you looking for ” 4.He asked me where I had been all these years.5.He asked her how much a new dress cost.6.The man asked her what she was looking for.
将上表中直接引语和间接引语相比较后可以看到，在间接引语中:
1)没有引号，句末用句号；
2)直接引语为一般疑问句（Yes/No－questions）时，用连词if引导间接引语（例①②③）；
3)直接引语为特殊疑问句（Wh－questions） 时，用原来的疑问词引导间接引语（④⑤⑥）；
4)间接引语中的人称、地点及时间状语等要作相应的更动.如:④中的you改I,①中的you改she;
5)间接引语中的主语置谓语之前，为陈述语序;
6)间接引语中的时态改为相应的过去时，如一般现在时改为一般过去时（例①、②、⑤），现在完成时改过去完成时（④），现在进行时改过去进行时（⑥），一般过去时改过去完成时（③）
· 同步练习 ·
16.He got very angry______you had said.
A.because B.because of C.because what D.because of what
17.Where______for the last few months
A.have you gone B.have you been C.did you go D.are you
18.I promised to______all the money borrowed from the bank within one year.
A.pay for B.pay back C.pay D.give
19.Whom do you think Alice is going to______
A.get married B.marry to C.be married with D.marry
20.My parents had to use______they had to buy the house which we are now living in.
A.all what B.that C.what D.which
21.Bob thought be couldn’t go to the party because he had too much homework,but he went______.
A.after all B.at all C.at last D.too
22.——How much is this painting______ ——I______10,000 francs on it.
A.cost,spent B.worth,spent C.cost,gave D.worth,paid
23.Ann’s pronunciation is much better than______in her class.
A.anyone’s B.anyone’s else C.anyone else’s D.anyone else
24.Mathilde went to the palace ball,_____a beautiful necklace around her neck.
A.put on B.dressed C.taking D.wearing
25.Do you think the novel well worth______
A.reading B.to read C.being read D.to be read
26.There are______books that it’s hard______.
A.too much,to choose B.such many,to pick out
C.so much,to be chosen D.so many,to choose
27.The cloth______this evening dress is made is produced in our town.
A.with which B.form which C.of which D.for which
28.Why not______shopping this afternoon and what about______a film after that
A.going,seeing B.go,seeing C.go,to see D.to go,see
29.He was the only one of the villagers who______killed in the fire that broke out yesterday.
A.was B.were C.had been D.is
30.Dogs______people by their smell.
A.know B.remember C.recognize D.understand
参考答案
1－5 D B B D C 6－10 A B C D A 11－15 D C B A C
Unit16
Scientists at work
· 英语小窍门 ·
精彩广告词
1. Good to the last drop. 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。(麦斯威尔咖啡)
2. Obey your thirst. 服从你的渴望。(雪碧)
3. The new digital era. 数码新时代。(索尼影碟机)
4. We lead. Others copy. 我们领先，他人仿效。(理光复印机)
5. Impossible made possible. 使不可能变为可能。(佳能打印机)
6. Take time to indulge. 尽情享受吧!(雀巢冰激凌)
7. The relentless pursuit of perfection. 不懈追求完美。(凌志轿车)
8. Poetry in motion, dancing close to me. 动态的诗，向我舞近。(丰田汽车)
9. Come to where the flavor is---Marlboro Country. 光临风韵之境—万宝路世界。(万宝路香烟)
10. To me, the past is black and white, but the future is always color. 对我而言，过去平淡无奇；而未来，却是绚烂缤纷。(轩尼诗酒)
11. Just do it. 只管去做。(耐克运动鞋)
12. Askformore. 渴望无限。(百事流行鞋)
13. The taste is great. 味道好极了。(雀巢咖啡)
14. Feel the new space. 感受新境界。(三星电子)
15. Intelligence every where. 智慧演绎，无处不在。(摩托罗拉手机)
16. The choice of a new generation. 新一代的选择。(百事可乐)
17. We integrate, you communicate. 我们集大成，您超越自我。(三菱电工)
18. Take TOSHIBA, take the world. 拥有东芝，拥有世界。(东芝电子)
· 重点词汇解析 ·
1. experiment
(1) n. 实验; 试验
“做实验”为：make/ do/ perform/ carry out an experiment
某方面的实验: an experiment in chemistry/physics…
(2) v. 进行实验，实验，接宾语时用 with/on
experiment with new methods/ materials试验新方法/新材料
experiment on animals = make experiments on animals用动物做实验。
2. conduct v. 引导，领导，管理，指挥，行为, 传导
e. g. A girl conducted the visitors around the museum.一位姑娘领着游客在博物馆中参观。
Who is conducting the band this evening 今晚谁指挥乐队？
He conducts himself well. 他行为端正。
3. deal
(1) n. 分量(表示数量)
e. g. He has given me a great deal of help. 他给我大量的帮助。
I have heard a great deal about you. 我听了很多关于你的事。
(2) v. deal with
a. 处理
e. g. I have a lot of letters to deal with today. 今天我有很多信件要处理。
How did you deal with matters of this sort 你是怎么处理这类事情的？
b. 对付，和……打交道
e. g. That man is impossible to deal with. 那人是无法相处的。
A teacher should deal fairly with his students.老师应公正地对待学生。
c. 论述，涉及
e. g.The subject isn’t very well dealt with in his book.
这个问题在他的书里没有得到很好的论述。
4. prove
(1) vt. 证明，证实，后接名词、代词、从句和复合结构
e. g. We have proved our courage in battle.我们在战斗中证实了自己的勇气。
They will prove that we are telling the truth.他们可以证明我们讲的是事实。
Time will prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
(2)link v. 证明，结果是，后接形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式to be
e. g. The instrument has proved useful. 这种仪器证明是有用的。
He proved an honest friend. 事实证明他是个诚实的朋友。
It will prove of little use. 结果会证明它没有什么用。
5. tear v. 撕(破)，扯，被撕(挂)破
e. g. He tore the photograph into pieces. 他把照片撕碎了。
Mary fell down in the street and tore her dress.玛丽在街上摔倒了，裙子挂破了。
This material tears easily. 这种料很容易破。
6. test vt.
(1)测验，考
e. g. The teacher tested the students’ knowledge of grammar.老师测验学生的语法知识。
The students were tested on their English. 学生在考英语。
(2)检验，试用，检查
e. g. They tested the new plane. 他们在检验新飞机。
(3)考查，考验
e. g. Now I had the opportunity to test myself.现在我有机会来考验我自己了。
(4) test on 在……(身上)做试验
e. g. Scientists decided to test the drug on animals.科学家决定用动物做实验来检验药品。
(5) test out考验出，检验完
e. g. He would not be able to test out his theories. 他将无法检验他的理论。
7. doubt
(1) vt. 怀疑，不相信，后接名词、代词、从句
e. g. I doubt his honesty. 我怀疑他的诚实。
I’m sorry that I doubted you before. 对不起我曾经怀疑过你。
I don’t doubt that you are honest. 我相信你是诚实的。
(2) n. 怀疑
e. g. He had no doubt on that point. 在那一点上他毫不怀疑。
There is some doubt whether John will come on time.不知道约翰能否按时到。
注意：在否定句和疑问句中，doubt后的从句用that引导，在肯定句中 doubt后的从句用whether / if引导(doubt是名词时，只能用whether)。
(3) beyond doubt毫无疑问 without (a) doubt毫无疑问，一定地in doubt怀疑，犹疑，不肯定
8. mean v.
(1) mean to do意欲，打算做
e. g. Do you mean to start an argument 你是想辩论吗？
(2) mean doing意思是，意味着
e. g. What he said meant hiring more workers. 他的意思是再雇一些工人。
(3)mean sb. to do sth. 要某人做某事
e. g. The teacher didn’t mean you to come so early. 老师并不是要你来这么早。
注意：means n. 手段，方法，单复数相同
e. g. Every means has been tried.= All of the means have been tried.
所有的/每个方法都尝试了。
9. fix v.
(1)安排，确定
e. g. Shall we fix the price now 我们要不要把价钱定下来？
The meeting was fixed for nine o’clock that morning.会议定于早上九点开始。
(2)修理，修补
e. g. You’d better get somebody to fix the broken machine.你最好请人把这台破机器修一下。
注意：表示“安装”时，常用fix up
e. g. fix up the light装灯 fix up the machine安装机器
(3)注视，专心于fix one’s eyes (attention/ mind) on/ upon
e. g. She fixed her eyes on the clock on the wall. 她眼睛盯着墙上的那只钟。
(4)固定e. g. He fixed the mirror on the wall. 他把镜子安在墙上。
10. protect v.
(1)保护，警戒protect…from…
e. g. He raised his arm to protect his face from the blow.他举起手臂护住脸，以免被一拳打中。
Young plants should be well protected from the cold.幼苗必须很好地保护以免受冻。
(2)防御袭击protect…against…
e. g. The hen protected its young against being attacked by the cat.
母鸡保护小鸡使其免遭猫的袭击。
11. appear, seem, look
(1) appear看起来，似乎，显得，是视觉给人的一种直觉和看法，往往有与实际不符之意。
e. g. The house appeared in good condition. 这房子好像保护得不错。
He appears (to be ) an honest man. 他看起来像个诚实的人。
(2)seem似乎，对某事物的判断虽不肯定或有怀疑之意，但还是有一定的根据，真实的可能性比appear要大。
e. g. We seemed to have heard the name. 我们似乎听过那个名字。
It seems as if there is going to be a heavy snow. 似乎将有一场大雪。
(3)look看起来，好像, 比appear含有较多真实性，侧重外观。
e. g. She looked a bit nervous. 她好像有点紧张。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 好像要下雨。
· 重点词组解析 ·
1. 表示数