新高二Unit 10 Frightening nature 要点综述
Unit 10 Frightening nature
I. Listening & Speaking
1 scare/frighten sb. 使某人害怕 be scared/ frightened/ afraid of sb./ sth. 害怕某人/某物
a scared/ frightened face/ look/ eyes充满恐惧的脸/神色/眼神（此人感到害怕）
a scaring/ frightening face/look/ eyes吓人的脸/神色/眼神（令别人害怕） be scared/ frightened to death吓得要死
2 be a threat/ danger to 对…构成威胁/危险，对…而言是构成威胁/危险的人或事物 3 stand on end直立，竖着
4 be terrified at/ with/ by被...吓了一跳 be terrified of对...感到恐怖 terrify sb into doing 威胁某人做某事
II. Reading
1 attract/ draw sb’s attention 引起某人的注意 attract/ draw sb’s attention to将某人的注意力吸引到…上去
pay attention to/ give one’s attention to注意… call sb’s attention to叫某人注意… bring sth. to sb’s attention使某人注意…
2 rise vi. rose risen
1)（太阳、月亮、星星等）升起，出现 The sun has risen
2) (水位，价格,声音等)升高, 上升, 上涨，提高 ， 增长/强 The flood has risen two feet.洪水上涨两英尺。
Our confidence rises.我们的信心增强。
3）起立/床 rise from table(餐毕)起立离桌
4）（河流）发源于 The river rises in the mountains.这河发源于群山之中。
raise vt. raised, raised
1）抬高；举起；使升起 raise one’s arms 抬起手臂 raise one's head抬起头 raise the flag 升旗
2）使升高/上升/上涨/增加/增长；提高 raise salaries提高工资raise the rent提高租金raise one’s voice提高声音
3）饲养; 养育; 栽培raise a family供养一家人raise chickens and corn养鸡和种植玉蜀黍
4）提出 raise a question to sb向某人提一个问题
5）筹集(款)；召集; 征集,)raise funds 筹集资金raise an army召集军队
比较下面的句子：He raised his voice他提高了嗓音。 His voice rose in excitement.他激动得声音提高了。
They raised the prices他们提高了价格。The prices rose 价格上涨/增长。
sit vi 坐下 seat vt 使…就坐/安排…坐下 seat sb. seat oneself
记住：及物动词必须有宾语，如后面无宾语肯定用过去分词表被动，不及物动词不可接宾语也就不可用被动语态
Sitting/ Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. I found the boy seated/ sitting on his mother’s knee.
We got them to raise the prices. We got the prices raised. The prices keep rising.
3 sight 1)景象，景物, 场景, 景观 a beautiful sight美丽的景象 a sad sight悲惨的场景
2) 风景，名胜（人工造的景色, 常用复数） see the sights游览名胜see the sights of the West Lake.观赏西湖风景
3)视觉，视力 lose one's sight 失明 have long/far sight远视 have short/near sight近视
have good/poor sight视力好/差 have one’s sight tested视力检查
4) 看，观望；观览at first sight 一见就..., 初次看见时at the sight of一看见…就... catch /have/ gain/ get sight of突然瞥见
5) 视野，眼界 be in sight可看得见的，在视线内out of sight看不见的，在视线之外 be/ go /get out of sight看不见了lose sight of 看不见...了
scene 1）自然景色，风景The scene is a perfect dream when you see the sun rising slowly in the east.
2）眼前的情景，景象（包括人及活动在内）The scene after the earthquake was horrible.地震后的场景十分可怕。
There is a happy scene of children playing in the garden.孩子们在花园里玩耍，好一派欢乐的景象。
3）现场，出事地点a crowd at the scene of the accident在出事地点的人群
4）场所，地点What's new on the film scene 电影院演什么新片？
5）（戏剧）场景，布景
view 1）常指从某处可以看到的自然景色 It's a room with a view. You'll like it. There is a lovely view from this window
2）a point of view观点
scenery指某地总的自然风景或景色，尤指美丽的乡间景色。不可数 。
4 awake vt.(awoke, awaked) 唤起,叫醒；提醒,启发；激起,激发 awake sb.'s sympathy唤起某人的同情心
adj. [用作表语,补语] 醒着的;意识到 be broad /wide awake完全醒着;完全知道, 充分觉察到 (be sound asleep酣睡)
awake to 明白, 认识或意识到
5 at hand在手边；在跟前 keep sth. at hand把某物放在手边 have sth. at hand手头上有某物
give sb. a hand with sth.在某方面帮某人 be made by hand手工制作的
6 way out（克服困难的）办法，出路 find a way out找到出路 help sb. out （of）帮助某人摆脱（…）麻烦
7 escape 指“脱离或避开即将来临或近在眼前的伤害、危险、灾祸等事物”常作借喻用 escape death幸免一死
escape punishment/ being punished避免/逃脱惩罚 escape from the burning house从燃烧的房子里逃出来
flee含有所做的逃避动作迅速，仓促而情况紧迫之意 flee( from) the burning house从燃烧的房子里逃出来
flee/ escape to sp逃到某地
avoid 强调“有意识地躲避不愉快的或可能发生危险的事物或情况”I cannot avoid meeting her.我怎么也避不开她。
avoid being killed避免被杀
run away着重动作快速敏捷，不强调情况紧急，较口语化，有时可用get away代替，但get away有时含有“挣脱”之意
She hit the boy and he ran away. She tried to catch a butterfly, but it got away from her.
8 urge doing sth. 极力主张做某事 urge against极力反对
urge sb. to do sth.= urge sb. into doing sth =urge that sb. (should) do sth. 极力劝/主张/催促/怂恿某人做某事
9 the other way 另一个方向 ；相反 just the other way正相反
10 on/ upon arrival一到就 on/ upon one’s arrival at/ in sp= on/ upon arriving at/ in sp 某人一到某地就
on/ upon doing sth.在做某事时，当某事发生时，一做某事就
11 calm down平静/镇定下来 calm sb. down使某人平静/镇定下来
12 形容词作状语表示伴随的状态 lie awake 躺着没睡着 lie/ sit/ stand still 躺/坐/站着不动
（也有人认为lie/ sit/ stand在此是系动词 ）
13 more…than与其说是……不如说是…… 14 It is one thing to do…, another to do…. “……是一回事，……是另一回事”
15 the public 公众 in public公开地
III. Integrating skills
1 get on board上（公共交通工具如火车/轮船/公交车/飞机等 ） board a train/ ship/ bus/ plane上火车/轮船/公交车/飞机
on board在公共交通工具上
2 knock about/ around（口语）漫游；闲逛
knock vt. 指用拳头或其他硬的东西敲打并伴有响声 ；相撞; 碰撞（常接头、球、墙壁等物作宾语。）
knock sb. on the head打某人的头knock one's head against the door把头撞到门上
vi. 敲, 击, 打(at, on) knock at the door敲门
n. 敲; 打击; 一击 a knock at the door敲门声 a knock on the head头上挨的一击
knock down打/撞倒; 驳倒； 拆除, 拆开；[口]使降价knock into把(某种知识)灌输给... ；与...相撞 ；[口]偶然碰到(某人)
knock off 敲掉; 击倒；下班休息; 罢工 knock over 弄翻, 打倒
beat 1）用力连续不断的（敲）打 beat the child hard痛打孩子 be beaten to death 被打死 beat a drum敲鼓
2）打败，打赢beat/ defeat后接某人，win 后接游戏、竞赛或战争。 3）（心脏）跳动
hit 1）有力地“打击”或“敲打”，强调结果，即“打中”，“敲中” One of the stones hit the window.有一块石头打中了窗户。
hit sb on the head打中某人的头 /砸在某人的头上
2）(自然灾害，疾病)袭击 A terrible disease hit the potato crop．一场可怕的病害使地里种的土豆遭受了袭击。
An earthquake hit the district. 地区受到地震的袭击。 The great storm hit the area．那场暴雨袭击了那个地区
strike 1)突然或一次性的击打或敲击。Strike iron while it is hot．趁热打铁。（谚语）
2) 为...所触动/ 感动 /打动; 使突然充满(一种强烈的感情)感动; 给以印象, 使……着迷
be struck with(by) 为... 迷住 It strikes me that我觉得...; 我的印象是...
3) 某种想法突然闪现在脑海里 An idea suddenly struck me.我忽然想到一个主意
4) 袭击, （蛇、兽）抓，咬; ( 疾病)侵袭;
be struck dead by lightning.被雷电打死 be struck with fever发烧, The plague struck Europe.瘟疫袭击欧洲。
5) 擦出（火）strike a match擦火柴
6) （钟）敲响，敲钟报时 The clock is striking 12. 钟在敲12点。The clock strikes the hours.这钟每小时报时一次。
7) be on strike（strike在此是名词） 举行罢工
3 be up发生；出事 What's up怎么了, 发生什么啦 What's up to sb. 某人怎么了, 发生什么啦
up to （数目）到…之多 up to 100 men可达一百人 up to直到 up to now/ then知道现在/那时
be up to胜任, 适于 be up to one’s work胜任某人的工作
be up to从事于，忙于，做（坏事）What in the world are you up to 你到底在搞什么鬼？
It’s up to sb. to do sth.该由/轮到某人做某事，做某事取决于某人
4 sweep over风靡, 袭击, 将...一扫而光sweep up打扫干净, 收拾干净The plane sweeps across the sky.飞机掠过空中。
sweep away /off rubbish扫去垃圾 sweep aside放/堆到一边, 不予理会
5 all of a sudden，all at once突然 6 be done for完蛋了， 不行了，累死了
7 live through the night 活过这个夜晚= survive the night
live by doing sth.， make/ earn a/ one’s living by doing sth. 靠做某事谋生/生活 live on靠吃…为生，以…为主食
8 whisper to sb. that低声对某人说 It is whispered that传言说….
speak in a whisper低声讲话 talk in a whisper低声交谈 hear a whisper that听到一个谣传说….
9 see可用物作主语，表示拟人手法“目睹，经历，遭遇”Last century saw two world wars.上世纪经历过两次世界大战。This old house has seen better days.这座老屋曾有过风光的日子。
find也可这样用。 National Day found people singing and dancing happily in a street parade.
国庆节时人们在大街上的游行队伍里高兴地唱啊跳啊。Unit 1 Making a Difference
核心知识
1．词汇
(1)undertake sth．从事…
(2)go by (时间)经过；(某人)过去
(3)be／get engaged to sb 与某人订婚
(4)on the other hand 另一方面
(5)turn out to be 结果是
(6)be similar to 与……相似
(7)work on 继续工作
(8)go on with 继续某种行为
(9)dream of 梦想，梦到
(10)be satisfied with 对……表示满意或满足
(11)be curious about sth． 对……好奇的
(12)take a look at 看…
(13)what if…… 倘使…将会怎样；即使…又有什么要紧
(14)the other way around 相反地，从相反方向
(15)be patient with sth. 对…有耐心
2．日常交际用语(描述人和辩论)
(1)That's correct．
(2)There is no doubt that．．
(3)That's true．
(4)It's clear that．．
(5)It's hard to say．．
(6)What's your idea
(7)Well，maybe，but…
(8)Have you thought about…
3．句型
(1)There is no doubt that… 毫无疑问…
(2)Do you doubt that… 你怀疑…
(3)There's no point in doing sth．做某事没有作用或没有意义。
4．语法
学习动词不定式的用法
重难点解析
1．It takes a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis of the obvious．
分析明显存在的事物需要非凡的头脑。
(1)undertake(undertook，undertaken)
vt．承担(工作，责任等)，承办+名词
例：He undertook the difficult task willingly．
他欣然承担那项困难的工作。
1 will undertake the responsibility for you．
我会为你负起责任。
vt.着手，进行，企图+名词
例：He undertook a new experiment．
他着手一项新的实验。
(2)analysis复数形式analyses．analyses vt．
A chemical analysis化学分析
We made a careful analysis of the problem．
我们仔细分析了那个问题。
(3)obvious adj. (more obvious，most obvious)
明显的，明白的，显而易见的
obviously adv．
例：He told her an obvious lie．
他对她扯了一个明显的谎言。
It is obvious that…．…是显然的。
例：It is quite obvious that he didn't do it himself．
显然他没有亲自去做。
It seemed obvious that he suffered from a bad cold．
显然他得了重感冒。
2．There is no doubt that． 毫无疑问 ．．
例：There is no doubt that our team will win．
我队获胜是毫无疑问的。
I don't doubt that we will win the game．(否定句用that)
我不怀疑我们将会赢得这场比赛。
Do you doubt that he has passed the final examination (疑问句用that)
你怀疑他已通过期末考试了吗
I doubt whether he is the best man for the job．(肯定句用whether)
我怀疑他是否是担任那项工作的最适当人选。
3．There didn't seem much point in working on my PhD—I didn't expec to survive that long·
取得博士学位对我来说没有什么意义，我没有期望活那么久。
PhD(Doctor of Philosophy ) 指“博士学位”
There is no point in doing sth．表示“做某事没有作用或没有意义”。
例：There is no point in arguing further．
继续争执下去没有意义了。
There is no point in protesting．It won’t help much．
抗议没有什么用处，于事无补。
that在此处为副词，意为“那么”，可以修饰形容词。this也有此用法。
例：I didn't expect he was that rude．
我没料到他会那么粗鲁。
I have never been out this late before．
我从未在外面呆到这么晚过。
Please cut my hair about this much．
请把我的头发剪掉这么长。
4．Yet two years had gone by and I was not that much worse．
但两年过去了，我的情况却没那么糟糕。
Go by意思是“(时间)过去”。
例：Time went by so quickly．We are already at the end of our summer holiday．
时间过得真快，转眼我们已经要结束暑假了。
Thirty years went by and her hair was beginning to turn gray．
三十年过去了，她的头发开始变白了。
5．In fact，things were going rather well for me and I had gotten engaged to a very nice girl，Jan Wilde．
事实上，事情发展得还挺顺利。我和一位非常好的女孩简·怀尔得订婚了。
get／be engaged to sb．“与某人订婚”
例：Did you hear they have got engaged last month
你有没有听说他们上个月订婚的消息
Tom got engaged to Mary，whom he had met on the train．
汤姆和玛丽订婚了，他们在火车上认识的。
Be engaged in(on)+n．／doing sth．从事(工作)的，忙于……的
例：She was engaged in protecting wild birds．
她从事保护野生鸟类的工作。
Right now I’m engaged．
我现在正忙着。
be engaged (电话等)通话中的，占线中的，相当于美国英语的busy．
例：The line／number is engaged。线路被占用。
engagement n．订婚(to)
例：announce one's engagement to…宣布与…订婚
break off one's engagement解除婚约，解约
engagement ring订婚戒指(戴在左手无名指上)
6．Scientists，on the other hand，Hawking writes，know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong．
霍金写到，从另一个方面说，科学家知道他们的工作是永无止境的，即使是最完美的理论，也可能是错误的。
Turn out to be“结果是”“最后的情况是”+副／+形／+to do／+that．．
例：The weatherman said it was going to rain this afternoon but it turned out to be very lovely．
天气预报说今天下午有雨，其实今天天气非常好。
The lecture turned out to be very dull．
讲座结果很无聊。
Everything turned out well．一切顺遂。
The rumor turned out (to be) true．那谣言后来证明是真的。
It turned out (that) two travelers had been killed
后来证实(查明)有两位旅客丧生。
turn out vi. (为集会等)外出，去。
turn out vt.．(可分开用) 关 (熄灭) (煤气，电灯油灯等)
turn out vt. (可分开用 ) 生产 (产品)，出产
例：The factory can turn out l000cars a day．
这家工厂一天能生产1000辆汽车。
7．Everyone has his or her special skills and interests，and only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference．
每个人都有自己的专长和兴趣，只有发现自己的专长，我们才能期望达到自己的目标，真正与众不同。
only修饰介词短语或从句时，要求倒装。
例：Only at that time did I realize its importance．
直到那时我才意识到它的重要性。
Only in this way can you make progress in your English study．
只有这样你才能在英语学习上取得进步。
Only when you finish your homework can you go out to play football．
只有当你完成作业你才能出去踢球。
only修饰主语时，通常置于主语之前。
例：Only you understand me．只有你了解我。
only修饰主语以外时，通常置于动词之前(有be动词、助动词时，则置于其后)
例：She only eats vegetables．她只吃蔬菜。
I only lent you the money．那笔钱我只是借给你(不是给你)。
He only works when he's got homework．
他只在有家庭作业时才做功课。
I've only seen him once．
我只见过他一次。
8．Imagine this：you are twenty-one years old and a promising graduate student at one of the top universities in the world．
想象一下这种情况：你二十一岁是世界最有名大学里的一个有希望的毕业生。
imagine+名词
例：Can you imagine life with out electricity
你能想像没有电的生活吗
The gir1 tried to imagine the gentleman as her father．
这女孩试着把这位绅土想像成自己的父亲。
imagine doing想像做·”
例：I didn't imagine becoming a writer in my childhood．
在孩提时代，我并未想像成为一名作家。
imagine+名(人)+doing想像(某人)做…
例：I can't imagine her marrying him．
我无法想像她和他结婚。
imagine+(that)…／wh—想像…；想…，推测 (不可用进行时)
例：Imagine you are a bird．
想像你是一只鸟。
Can you imagine how much 1 was surprised to see it
你能想像我看见它后感到多么惊讶吗
I imagine (that) I have met you somewhere before．
我想以前曾在哪里见过你。
Can you imagine what he is doing
你能猜测他在做什么吗
(Just) imagine (it) ! 想想看!
Imagination (名) imaginative (形)
promising (形) 有希望的，有前途的，前途光明的
例：a promising actress有前途的女演员
9．Since then，Hawking has continued to seek answers to questions about the nature of the universe．
从那时起，霍金就继续寻求关于宇宙特征的问题的答案。
seek+(for after)+名词 搜寻，寻找；寻求，探求；追求
例：They sought shelter from the rain．
他们找寻避雨的地方。
He found it worthless to seek fame．
他发现追求名声是不值得的。
We must seek (for) a solution to the problem
我们必须寻求解决问题的方法。
seek+名 征求，请求 ，
He sought his doctor's advice．
他向医生请教(征求医生的意见)。
语法点拨
动词不定式
不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do“，不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。
不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。
1．不定式的用法：
(1)作主语
不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用It作形式主语。例如：
To see is to believe．眼见为实。
It is right to give up smoking. 戒烟是对的。
(2)作宾语
不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。例如：
He wanted to go．他想走。
I find it interesting to work with him．
我发现和他一起工作有趣。
(3)作宾语补足语。例如：
He asked me to do the work with him．
他叫我跟他一起做这个工作。
注意：在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，1et，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但是这些句中如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。例：
I often hear him sing the song．He is often heard to sing the song·
我常听到他唱这首歌。他经常被听到唱这首歌。
注意：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。
例如：
She could do nothing but cry．她只会哭了。
What do you like to do besides swim
除游泳外你还喜欢什么
I have no choice but to go．我不得不走。
(4)作定语。例如：
I have some books for you to read.
我有几本书供给你读。
注①：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：
He is looking for a room to live in ．
他在找一个房间住。
There is nothing to worry about．
无什么可担心的。
Please give me a knife to cut with．
请给我把刀子来切东西。
但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。例如：
He had no money and no place to live．他没钱没地方住。
注②：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其意义有所不同。试比较：
A)Have you anything to send 你有什么东西要寄吗 (不定式to send的动作执行者是you)
B)Have you anything to be sent 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗 (不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else)
(5)作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。例
I came here to see you．(目的)
We were very excited to hear the news．(原因)
He hurried to the school to find nobody there . (结果)
To look at him，you would like him．(条件)
要是看见他，就总会喜欢他的。
目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示。例如：
In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard．
为了考试及格，他学习很刻苦。
We ran all the way so as not to be late．
为了别迟到我们一路上跑来的。
不定式也可以在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。例如：
I am very glad to hear it 听见这事我很高兴。
The question is difficult to answer．这个问题难回答。
“too+形容词或副词+不定式”也作状语。例：
He is too old to do that．
他太老不能做这事了。
另外句子中有enough这个词时，常用不定式作状语。例如：
The room is big enough to hold us．
这间屋子够大能盛得下我们。
(6) 作表语。例如：
My job is to help the patient 我的工作是帮助病人。
(7)作独立成分。例如：
To tell the truth，I don't agree with you．
说实话，我不同意你的观点。
(8)不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where ,how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语表语、宾语等。例：
He didn't know what to say. (宾语)
他不知道说什么。
How to solve the problem is very important （主语）
如何解决这个问题很重要。
My question is when to start．(表语)
我的问题是什么时候开始。
注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。例：
Why not have a rest
(9)不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式，多数情况下是容易判别的，但有时的确比较复杂，请注意以下几点：
A)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。
Have you got a key to unlock the door
你有开门的钥匙吗
(A key unlocks the door．)
B)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。
I have got a letter to write．(I write a letter．)
我有封信要写。
He needs a room to live in．(He lives in a room．)
他需要间屋子住。
C)不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for one或for people．例如：
He is hard to talk to．很难跟他交谈。
The book is difficult to understand．这本书很难懂。
但如果强调句中的受事者时，亦可用不定式被动句。例如：
The handwriting is very difficult to be read．
这字太难认读了。
The box is to heavy to be lifted．
这箱子太重举不起来。
D)在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式，如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。
There is a lot of work to do． (Somebody has to do the work．)
There isa lot of work to be done．(The work has to be done．)
请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：
There is nothing to do．意为无事可做，感到十分乏味。
There is nothing to be done．意为某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。
2．不定式的时态
(1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生。例如：
I saw him go out．我看见他出去了。
(2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。
例如：
I am very glad to be working with you．很高兴和你一起工作。
(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。例如：
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting．对不起让你久等了。
3．不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。例如：
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside．
他要求被派往农村工作。
经典赏析
【例1】 (全国高考题)Robert is said——abroad，but l don't know what country he studied in．
A．to have studied
B．to study
C. to be studying
D．to have been studying
[解析] 本题前一句意思为“据说罗伯特以前在国外学习过”，句型为“sb．Is said to do sth．因在国外学习”这一动作发生在be said之前。
[答案] A
[例2] (全国高考题)The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，——it more difficult．
A．not make B．not to make
C. not making D．don't make
[解析] 根据句子的含义及结构来判断，很显然，考查的是动词不定式作表语，而此处前后两个动词不定式呈对比关系，to不能省略。
[答案] B
[例3] (全国高考题) I've worked with children before，so I know what——in my new job.
A．expected B．to expect
C．to be expecting D．expects
[解析] 从后半句可知考查疑问词+不定式用法。expect的宾语是what。
[答案] B
[例4] (全国高考题) Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple，but
——whether they will enjoy it.
A．to see B．to be seen
C. seeing D．see
[解析] remain to be seen拭目以待，根据句意应选B。
[答案] B
[例5] (全国高考题)It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows——.
A．it what to do with B．what to do with it
C．what to do it with D．to do what with it
[解析] 该题考查疑问词+to do用法。根据句意what to do with it如何处理它。
[答案] B
[例6] (全国高考题)The mother didn't know——to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out .
A who B when C how D why
[解析] 根据句意“妈妈不知道责怪谁，因为打破杯子这件事发生在她不在家的时候
[答案] A
即学即用
1．Last summer I took a course on——.
A．how to make dresses
B．how dresses be made
C．how to be made dresses
D．how dresses to be made
[答案] A
2．Let Harry play with your toys as well，Clare you must learn to——.
A．support B care
C．spare D share
[答案] D
3．There are five pairs——, but I’m at a loss which to buy．
A．to be chosen B to choose from
C . to choose D for choosing
[答案] B
4．Paul doesn't have to be made——.He always works hard．
A．1earn B. to learn
C．1earned D．1earning
[答案] B
5．We agreed ——here but so far she hasn't turned up yet．
A．having met B. meeting
C． to meet D． to have met
[答案] C
6．The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，
but his mother told him—— ．
A．not to B . not to do
C．not do it D . do not to
[答案1 A
7．The patient was warned——only food after the operation．
A．to eat not B . eating not
C．not to eat D . not eating
[答案] C
8．I would love——to the party last night，but l had to work extra hours to finish a report．
A .to go B．to have gone
C . going D．having gone
[答案] B
9．Mr Smith warned her daughter——after drinking．
A。never to drive B . to never drive
C．never driving D . never drive
[答案] A
10．—The light in the office is still on．
—0h，I forgot——.
A．turning it off B .turn it off
C．to turn it off D . having turned it off
[答案] C
11．Little Jim should love——to the theatre this evening．
A．to be taken B．to take
C . being taken D．taking
[答案] A
12．Charles Babbage is generally considered——is the first computer．
A．to invent B . inventing
C . to have invented D . having invented
[答案] C
13·——down the radio·——the baby's asleep in the next room．
A．Turning B . To turn
C．Turned D . Turn
[答案] D
14．Mother——us stories when we were young .
A .was used to tell B . is used to telling
C . used to tell D . used to telling
[答案] C
15. She pretended——me when I passed by .
A .not to see . B . not seeing
C . to not see D .having not seen.
[答案] A新高二Unit 9 Saving the earth要点综述
Unit 9 Saving the earth
I. Listening & Speaking
1join, join in, take part in , attend 的异同
①join+ 组织/人（成为其中的一个成员）
join the Party 入党 join the League 入团 join the army参军 join a club加入俱乐部 join us加入我们
（与in, for连用）伴；随同；与…一起 join sb. in doing sth.和某人一起做某事
join sb. in the discussion参加某些人的讨论 join sb in a walk和某人一起散步
join sb for coffee/dinner和某人一起喝咖啡/吃晚饭
② join in & take part in参加(某活动) （有时可换用）
join in多指参加小规模的活动如“球赛、游戏”等，常用于日常口语。
take part in 主要指参加会议或群众性活动等，着重说明句子主语参加该项活动并在活动中发挥作用
take part in的part前一般不用冠词，但part前有形容词修饰时，要用不定冠词。 take an active part in 积极参加
join in the ball game参加球赛 join in thetalk参加座谈 take part in a parade 参加游行
The school sports meeting was held last week. Did you join in/ take part
Did you join in/ take part in the school sports meeting held last week
③ attend (to be present at)出席，参加：出席某场合（句子的主语只是去听，去看，自己不一定起积极作用）
attend class上课 attend school 上学 attend a lecture 听讲课 attend church 去教堂
attend a meeting参加会议 attend a wedding参加婚礼 attend a funeral 参加丧礼 attend the party:出席宴会
2 to summarise, in summary概括地说
3 expect vt．预料，期待，期望，指望，料想，以为
expect sb./ sth.盼望/期待/等待某人或某物 He is expecting her letter. Don't expect too much of him
expect to do sth. 预料/期待/期望做某事 I hardly expected to find you still here.
expect+sb.to do sth. 预料/期待/期望某人做某事 He expects you to finish the work in time.
expect that clause预料/期待/期望..... I expected that he would come one day.
注: expect常用过去完成时表达过去未曾实现的期望We had expected everything to be better.我们曾经希望事事顺利。
（expect指一种心理状态，等的同时还做别的事，wait强调“等”的动作，专门等待，不做别的事）
Mum is busy cooking, expecting the visitors. The children are holding flowers, waiting for the visitors.
4 make an outline of为...拟出提纲draw an outline of. 画…的轮廓/略图give an outline of概要说明; 描绘...的轮廓
draw up the outline of a plan /draw up an outline plan拟定计划概要
II. Reading
1 content n. 内容；目录；容量 teaching content 教学内容 form and content 形式与内容
adj.满足的；满意的 be content with…对…感到满足/满意 be content to do sth.对作某事感到满足;甘愿做某事
vt. 使满足/满意 content sb./ oneself with使某人/自己对…满足/满意.
a contented expression/ smile心满意足的表情/微笑
2 a representative of a company 公司的一个代表be representative of the people 代表人民a representative body 代表团
3 have access to sp.有权进入某地 have access to sth.有办法得到某物the only access to sp去某地的唯一途径
give sb. access to给某人探望/接近…的权利 easy of access 易于接近
4 lay /place/ put stress on把重点放在...上; 在...上用力 under the stress of poverty在贫困的压力下
under the stress of/ driven by the stress of为...所迫; 为...所驱使; 处境紧张/困难
5 need用法见Unit 5 The British Isles I. Speaking
6 take responsibility for / be responsible for对...负责
7 do what sb. can to do sth. = do all /everything/ anything/ (that) sb. can to do sth.尽某人所能做某事
do whatever one can语气比 do what one can强
8 so+ be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语 “……也是这样”
You have lost the address (地址)，and he has lost the address, too. = and so has he.
You have a pen. He has a pen, too.= So does he.
①此结构只能表示肯定意义，若是否定意义将so改为nor或neither，若用否定的派生词则 仍用so
He never plays football, and I never play football, either.=and nor/neither do I.
I don’t like coffee. Nor/ Neither does she. I dislike coffee. So does she.
注：nor，neither区别 ①如前句是从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。 If you don't do it，neither should I.
②如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。 He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate.
②若前面句中既有be动词又有行为动词或其他或既有肯定又有否定，用So it is with…或It’s the same with…
I’m a student and I like English. So it is with Jane.
I like playing the piano, but I can’t play it well. It’s the same with Jane.
比较：so+主语+be动词/助动词/情态动词“……确实是这样” You say he works hard. So he does and so do you.
9 take action/ do something采取行动 take steps / take measures采取措施
10注意 " not ... until " 强调句型的变化。比较下列三个句子：
She didn't remember her appointment with the doctor until she had arrived home.
It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor.
Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor.
强调句型It was not until…that…直到……才（强调的是not… until引导的时间状语从句）
容易与下面的句型混淆：It was not long after…that……之后没多久就
It has been/ It is some time since…自从…以来已经有一段时间了
It was not long before… 没多久就…… It won’t be long before…用不了多久就……
It was/ took… before… 过了……才…… It will be /will take… before… 要过……才……
11 spread v.展开, 扩大, 伸展, (时间)延长；传开, 蔓延开, 传染开, (水等)渗开
spread from mouth to mouth众口流传 The rumor quickly spread through the village.谣言很快在村子里传开了。
spread like wildfire象野火一样迅速蔓延/传播 Coloured banners spread in the wind.彩旗迎风招展。
The fire spread from the factory to the houses nearby.大火从工厂延烧到附近的房子。
12 He believed, as/ so did his family, that you were telling the truth. （此处as 用法与so相同）
13 in harmony with与…和谐/协调/一致；与…和睦相处 反义词组out of harmony with
14 put an end to结束，制止 bring sth. to an end 结束某事 come to an end结束
15 wipe out消灭；去除；擦洗…的内部
16 There is a chance that… 有可能…There’s a good chance that…很可能… Chances/The chances are that…很可能…
by chance/ accident 偶然, 意外地take the chances.冒险take a/ one's chance, take chances冒一冒险, 碰碰运气, 利用一下机会
17 其他短语make a change 做点儿更动/改变draw a conclusion得出结论 pay a visit to拜访；参观give an answer to回答
III. Integrating skills
1 give/ make a speech演讲，发言
2 defend oneself自卫 defend against保卫; 抵抗defend from保护, 保卫(使不受伤害)
defend指“保卫”、“防御”, 应用范围很广, 对象可以是具体的, 也可以是抽象的
defend oneself against enemy 防御敌人
guard 指“注意观察、戒备, 以免受可能的攻击或伤害”guard a coastline守卫海岸线。
protect 指“保护...以免遭受危险或伤害等”protect the children from harm保护儿童免受伤害。
3 effect n. have some effect on对…有些影响/效果 have no effect on对…没有效果/不起作用
have little effect on 对…几乎没有效果/不起作用have a good/ bad effect on对… 有好/坏的影响/作用/效果
affect vt.①影响(常指对身体/思想/情绪带来不良影响)，对...起作用②感动, 触动=move③感染/侵袭(一般指感染疾病)
be affected at seeing 看到……深受感动 Smoking affects health.吸烟影响健康 be affected by heat /cold中暑/着凉
be deeply affected by the news深深被这消息所感动be deeply affected by the news of his death对某人去世的消息深感悲痛
affect 指“产生的影响之大足以引起反应”,着重“影响”的动作, 有时含有“对...产生不利影响”的意思
This article will affect my thinking.这篇文章将会影响我的思想。
influence 指“通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的,潜移默化的影响”
Influenced by a high-school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine.在一位中学生物教师的影响下,他从事医学研究。
4 recommend/ advise/ suggest doing sth. 建议做某事
recommend/ advise/ suggest sb’s/ sb(宾格) doing sth. = recommend/ advise/ suggest that sb. （主格）(should) do sth.
=recommend/ advise sb. (宾格)to do sth. （suggest不可用此结构）新高二Unit 6 Life in the future 要点综述
I. Reading
1 What life will be like in the future (将来的生活会是什么样) is difficult to predict(主动形式表被动).
in future= from now on=从今往后，从现在开始
2 make predictions/ forecasts about对…进行预测 make a weather forecast for tomorrow预报明天的天气
3 catch/ get/ have a (brief)glimpse很快地看一眼，匆匆一瞥 catch/ get/ have a sight of看到
4 be contemporary with与…属于同一时代 contemporary events当代事件contemporary styles现代风格
5 energy-saving节约能源的 paper-making造纸的 English- speaking说英语的 meat-eating食肉的
6 at speed很快地, 高速地 at a safe speed以安全的速度 at a speed of forty miles an hour 以每小时40英里的速度
at full/ top speed以全/高速 with all speed以全/高速 with… speed更强调速度之快 speed up（使）加速
7 ensure sb. from/ against danger保护某人免受危险
8 reform oneself 改过自新 a reform in teaching methods教法改革
9 (不可与一段时间连用) get in/ into touch with与…取得联系 lose touch with与…失去联系
(可与一段时间连用) be in touch with与…有联系be out of touch with与…无联系keep in touch with与…保持联系
10 the crowd 人群 crowd into涌入，挤入 be crowded with充满/挤满了
11 remain 1）保持不变，仍是（连系动词，相当于stay/ be still，后面可接形容词，名词，分词，介词短语）
remain/ stay/ keep open/ closed仍然开/关着 remain/ stay a problem仍是个问题 remain/ stay the same 保持不变
remain/ stay sitting仍然坐着 remain/ stay unfinished 仍然没完成 remain/ stay in great poverty仍然很穷
2）剩下（不及物动词，不可用被动）Few houses remained/ were left after the earthquake.
Much work remained to be done.还有许多工作要做 remain to be seen（留待）以后才知晓
3）（人）逗留 remain/ stay at home remain/ stay in hospital
12 deal with 1）对付，处理（常与 how连用，do with与 what连用）
How shall we deal with the problem？What shall we do with the problem？
What is the best way of dealing with the problem
2）论述，涉及The book deals with Asian problems．这书本论述了亚洲问题。
3）与……打交道We have dealt with the company for 10 years．我们同这家公司打了十年的交道。
13 with随着with the development of with age 随年龄
14 on the air广播中/ 放映（的），被广播/ 放映（的） speak on the air在广播中/电视上讲话
in the air 1) =in the sky在空中/天上2)（口语）（谣言等）在流传中/传播中3）（口语）（计划等）为决定的
by air= by plane
15 way方法 ,其前的介词in常可省略。I think you are putting it together( in) the wrong way.我认为你把它装错了。
当way后面跟有定语从句时，常用that代替 in which，而且that也可省略
The way ___________ I worked out the problem was not the one _____________ my teacher told me.
I worked out the problem in the way ___________ he taught me.
that的特殊用法还有This is the last/ first time (that) I’ll give you a lesson.
16 come true（不可用被动）/ turn into reality/ be realized实现，成为现实
17 in store贮藏着；准备着；就要来到 have/ hold/ keep sth. in store贮藏/准备着某物
18 cure sb. of治好某人的…病; 改掉某人的…恶习 a cure for…的一种治疗方法
19 We saw a light in the distance在远处 （我们看到远处有盏灯） The picture looks better at a distance.从远处
20 require/ need/ want doing 需要被 The wall requires/ needs/ wants repairing.
require sb. to do sth. / require (that) sb. (should) do sth.要求某人做某事
II．Integrating skills
1 be different from 与/和……不同
His thought（n.想法）was different from yours.
do sth. differently from sb.做某事与/和某人不同 He thought（vi.想、思考）differently from you.
tell the difference in… between A and B说出/辨别 A和B在……方面的区别/差异
tell the difference between three words 说出/辨别这三个单词的区别/差异
2 keep sb company与某人做伴
3 have someone to talk to有人可以交谈（不定式短语作后置定语）
have(使役动词) someone talk叫某人谈谈 have(使役动词) someone talk to him叫某人与他交谈 have sb. do sth.
4连系动词不能用进行时态(feel “感觉”可用进行时态, “摸起来”不能用进行时态)和被动语态。
（1）感官系动词，表示感官，知觉 look, smell, sound, taste, feel, seem, appear
（2）持续系动词，表示保持某种状态 keep, remain, stay, rest, lie, stand
（3）变化系动词，表示由一种状态转为另一种状态 become, grow, get, go, turn, fall ,come, run.
（4）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be一词
（5）像系动词，用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look,
（6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，
连系动词常用形容词作表语，有些可用名词作表语，有些可用介词短语作表语。
The story sounds true/ interesting. The story sounds (like) a true one.
有些词既是连系动词也是实义动词如 smell (闻起来，闻) taste(尝起来，品尝)
He looked(看起来) angry/ sad/ happy. He looked（看着）angrily/ sadly/ happily at me.
5 after all 1)毕竟,终究（用于句末,表后来情况有变化）
2) 别忘了（用于句首或句末,解释或强调自己前面的观点）
She said she wasn’t going to come, but she turned up(露面，到来) after all.
Don’t be too hard on her. After all, she is only a child.
above all最重要的是 first of all首先（first的强调形式） in all总计，总共
at all ①.用于否定句 not…at all“根本不，一点儿也不 ”（注意有时not隐藏在no中。no= not a/ any）
If not, they would have no wood at all. = If not, they would not have any wood at all.
He has no friend at all. = He doesn’t have a friend at all.
There was nothing to worry about at all.= There was not anything to worry about at all.
We were not tired at all.= We were not a bit tired.
That’s OK=That’s all right=You’re welcome= It’s a/my pleasure= Don’t mention it= Not at all.不用谢
②用于肯定句译成“竟然，到底”。这类肯定句往往带有不肯定的意味, 表说话人的某种情绪，可起强调作用
I am surprised that you came at all.我很奇怪你竟然会来。 It took him quite some time to find the lost child at all.
③用于疑问句译成“究竟”。加强语气。 Did you speak at all
④用于条件句译成“既然，如果真的” Do it well if you do it at all. He’ll come before dinner if he comes at all.
6 tell 辨别；断定；清楚地知道,常与 can，be able to连用
I can't tell which is which.我分不清哪个是哪个。 Who can tell what will happen 谁能预知会发生什么事情呢
tell A from B把A和B区分开来 Can you tell her from her twin sister 你能区分她和她的孪生姐姐吗？
tell red from green tell right from wrong
tell the difference in… between A and B说出/辨别 A和B在……方面的区别/差异
撒谎tell lies 讲真话tell the truth 讲/说笑话 tell jokes 讲故事tell stories
7 clean up打扫，清理 clear up整理，收拾；（情形）好转（如天气转晴，病情好转，关系好转或和解）
8 some day有一天（将来） one day有一天（过去或将来）新高二Unit 8 First aid 要点综述
Unit 8. First Aid
I. Listening & Speaking
1 do/ give/ offer first aid to sb.对某人进行急救
go to sb’s aid援救某人
2 drown vi. & vt The man drowned in the river. The man drowned himself in the river.
The great flood drowned many houses. drown one’s sorrows借酒浇愁
get/ be drowned被淹没/溺死 a drowning boy落水的男孩 a drowned boy溺死 的男孩
3 be on fire失火/着火/在燃烧（表状态,可与一段时间连用）catch fire失火/着火（表动作, 不可与一段时间连用）
The house is on fire. When and how did it catch fire set … on fire使…燃烧/着火 set fire to 放火烧…
4 reach v./ n.伸手够 within sb’s reach / within the reach of sb 在某人够的着的范围之内
out of sb’s reach/ out of the reach of sb. 在某人够的着的范围之外，某人够不着
5 make sure that/ make certain that 1弄清楚，弄肯定，确保 2一定/务必/千万/保证做到
Make sure that the doors are locked before you leave tomorrow.（宾语从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时）
make sure of/ make certain of弄清楚，查明
be sure that/ be certain that确信…, 对…有把握 be sure of/ be certain of确信…, 对…有把握
be sure to do sth./ be certain to do sth.一定/肯定会做某事 It is certain that一定/肯定会（不可用sure）
He is sure / certain that he will succeed.= He is sure/ certain of his success.他相信自己会成功。
He is sure / certain to succeed. =It is certain that he will succeed.他一定会成功。（说话人而不是他对此有信心）
= I’m sure / certain that he will succeed.= I’m sure/ certain of his success
II. Reading
1upside down （1）颠倒turn sth. upside down.使 某物倒装过来 (2) 混乱的，骚乱的
2 witness vt., vi. 亲眼看见，目睹；表示，表明 n. (=eyewitness)目击者; 证人; 证据
witness the accident亲眼看见那个事故witness to seeing/ having seen作证说看见…
His tears witnessed the shame he felt. 他的眼泪说明他感到羞愧。
These facts are a witness to his carelessness.这些事实证明了他的粗心。
a witness to the accident事故的目击者 a witness to the murder case谋杀案的证据
3 count( be valuable/ important)重要，有价值 It is not quantity but quality that counts.重要的不是数量而是质量
What counts is how much you have remembered. 重要的(事情)是你记住了多少 Every minute counts.每分钟都很重要
4 keep/ bear in mind记住 Please keep these rules in mind. Keep in mind that the petrol can only last 2 hours.
5 calm adj.平静的；镇定的 It was a calm, cloudless day. keep/ stay/ remain calm保持平静
v.(使)平静；.(使)镇定 Please go to calm the patient.
6 panic v.(使)惊慌 In case of fire, don’t panic. The thunder panicked the horse. 响雷使马惊慌。
n. 惊慌； 恐慌 be/get in a panic 陷入恐慌 cause (a) panic引起恐慌 in panic惊慌地
7 respond vi.回答；答覆; 反应 He didn’t respond to my question.
response n. make/gave no response to对…不作回答/反映
Her cries for help met with no response. 她的叫喊没有得到回应。I've had no response to my letter.我还没有回信。
Was there any response to the advertisement 对那则广告没有任何反应吗？
in response to 回答…..;回应He opened the door in response to a knock.
8 be on the way即将到来 be on the way to success 即将成功 be on the way to recovery/ getting well逐渐康复
9 check that= check to see that/ if 检查是否within/ in five minutes在五分钟之内make things worse使情况/形势更糟
10 be conscious of 或be conscious that知道/ 意识到/ 感到…
You should be conscious of your shortcomings.(缺点) He was conscious that he must do all this.
III. Grammar & integrating skills
1 in honor of为了纪念/尊敬 in memory of为了纪念in praise of为了歌颂/赞美 in need of需要in search of寻找
2 find oneself in a situation发现自己不知不觉处于某种状态
find oneself in sp.发现自己在某地/己不知不觉来到某地 find oneself doing sth.发现自己不知不觉在做某事
3 in any case无论如何，总之：不管已经或将要发生什么
in case如果发生；如果; 以防万一(后面从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时)
in case of如果发生; 以防万一发生(后面接名词（词组），不接动名词) 如in case of fire
Take along an umbrella in case it rains./ in case of rain. Take along an umbrella, just in case.
4 wear out磨坏，穿坏；使精疲力竭；忍耐已到尽头 be worn out磨坏，穿坏；精疲力竭；忍耐已到尽头
5 spit out吐出 throw up呕吐Unit 7 Living with diseases
1、 词汇
1. persuade v. cause (sb) by reasoning (to do sth)
persuade 的意思时“说服”，否则与try 连用
e.g. (1). We persuaded him to stop smoking.
(2). We tried to persuade him, but he wouldn’t listen to us.
persuade sb 说服某人
e.g. He has persuaded his friend.
persuade sb to do sth 说服某人做某事
e.g. I’ll persuade her to go with you.
persuade sb into （doing） sth: cause sb to do sth
e.g. Tom couldn’t persuade Tommy into accepting his terms. 汤姆没能说服汤米接受他的条件。
persuade sb out of （doing）sth：cause sb to stop doing sth
e.g. I persuaded him out of the idea of dropping the experiment. 我劝他打消了中断实验的念头。
2. lack n. (常与of连用)want, need, shortage
e.g. There is no lack of vegetables.
It was lack of current capital that defeated their business. 由于缺少流动资本，他们的企业宣告失败。
vt. & vi. not have; have less than enough of
e.g. He lacks courage.
These photographs lack definition. You’d better have them taken again. 这些照片不够清晰，你最好重拍。
be lacking in sth: not have enough of it
e.g. He is lacking in courage. = He lacks courage.
be lacking: be in short supply
e.g. Money was lacking for the plan. = There was no money for the plan.
3. contrary adj. opposite ( in nature or tendency)
e.g. The boy was swimming in a direction contrary to the current. 那个男孩逆流游去。
adv. (常与to连用) against
e.g. He passed the examination, contrary to what I expected. 他考试及格了，和我预料的情况相反。
n. (前面与the连用) opposite
e.g. ---You must be tired. 你一定很累了。
---On the contrary, I feel wide awake. 相反，我觉得很清醒。
4. infect vt. give disease, feelings, ideas, to a person, his body or mind
e.g. One of the boys in the class had a fever and he soon infected other children.
She infected the whole class with her laughter 她的笑声感染了全班同学。
5. available adj. ①. (of objects) able to be used
②. (of persons) able to be present
e.g. I’m sorry, those overcoats are not available in your colour and size. 对不起，这种外套没有你要的颜色和尺码。
Attention, please. These tickets are available on (the) day of issue only. 请注意，这种车票仅在发售当天有效。
The lawyer is not available now. 律师现在没空。
Are you available for a meeting tomorrow morning 你明天上午能出席会议吗？
6. limit n. line or point that may not or can not be passed; greatest or smallest amount, degree, etc of what is possible
e.g. There is a limit to the amount of money I can afford. 我能付得起的钱数是有限的。
The speed limit is the fastest speed you are allowed to drive a car at. 限速是允许驾车的最快速度。
vt. (与to连用) put a limit or limits to; be the limit of
e.g. My mother limits the amount of food that I eat. 我妈妈限制我的饭量。
二. 重难点解析
Reading:
1. AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body’s immune system and leaves a person defenseless against infections and illnesses.
break down 毁掉; 制服; 压倒; 停顿; 倒塌; 中止; 垮掉; 分解
e.g Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances.
人体中的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。
The robbers broke the door down. 强盗们把门砸开了
The peace talks are said to have broken down. 据说和谈破裂了。
Our truck broke down outside town. 我们的卡车在城镇外坏了.
The car broke down halfway to the camp. 我们的车在去营地的半路上抛锚了。
常用搭配：
break away 逃走；逃脱
e.g. The robbery suspect broke away from the lockup. 抢劫嫌疑犯从拘留所逃脱了。
break in 闯入；强行进入；打断；插嘴
e.g. It’s her usual habit to break in with some ideas of her own. 她常常打断别人的话来发表自己的观点。
The telephone ring broke in on/upon my thought. 电话铃声打断了我的思路。
break into 闯入
e.g. The thieves broke into the office and stole some money. 小偷闯入办公室，偷了一些钱。
break out 爆发
e.g. The fire broke out in the kitchen. 厨房突然发生了火灾。
World War II broke out in 1939. 1939年爆发了第二次世界大战。
break through 突破
e.g. After the storm the sun broke through the clouds. 风暴过后太阳冲破了云层。
break up 分裂；结束；解散
e.g. The crowd started to break up when the night fell. 天快黑时人群开始散开了。
The ice will break up when the warm weather comes. 天气转暖，冰层就会破裂。
The police broke up the fighting crowd. 警察驱散了打架的人群。
2. As with most diseases and disaster, the young suffer the most. 正如大多数疾病和灾难一样，遭受最多痛苦的往往是年轻的患者。
with: 对于；关于；就……来说
e.g. They are friendly with us.
We are pleased with the house.
It is day with us while it is night with them. 对于我们此时是白天，而对于他们则是夜晚。
3. The drugs that are available are much too expensive and difficult to find. 有效的药物价格极其昂贵，而且很难买到。
much too 与 too much 的区别
e.g. Americans eat too much meat in my opinion.
She is afraid the trip will be too much for me.
Too much was happening all at once. 同时发生的事情太多了。
You are much too kind to me.
It’s much too cold.
You are driving much too fast.
4. She also goes to visit other AIDS patients in hospitals across the country to support them and cheer them up.
(1) across the country = throughout the country ; all over the country
(2) cheer up 使振奋，感到振奋；（用话）鼓舞（某人）
5. The disease is not the only thing that AIDS patients have to suffer from.
(1) the only 修饰先行词时，后面只能用引导词that, 不用 which.
if only 若是……那该多好啊； 真希望……；只要， 只要……就好
(2) suffer from vt. & vi. 患……病；受……苦; 受苦； 受难
e.g. She’s suffering from a headache.
Many people suffer from a great dread of heights. 许多人非常畏高。
6. “I wish people would find out the facts,” she says, “and not act as if I were a bad or dangerous person.”
(1) as if = as though
e.g. She spoke to me as if she knew me.
It looked as if she were made of ice.
It seemed as if the meeting would never end.
(2) find out vt. & vi. 找出；发现；查明（真相）；认识到；想出；揭发
e.g. We must find out the truth of the matter.
I’ll find out where they live.
I’ll find out from my wife what dates we have ahead.
They have to find out how to bring about improvement
I had found out from him that he knew the subject thoroughly.
I don’t know how the car works, but I’ll soon find out.
Mary was angry when Jane found out her secrets.
You may get away with dishonesty for a while, but you’ll be found out sooner or later.
Integrating skills
7. I remember having an empty feeling in my stomach and thinking that my life was going to end. 我记得当时脑子里一片空白，以为我的生命就要结束了。
remember to do sth
remember doing sth
remember … for 因为……而记住
remember … as 作为……而记住
remember me to … 代我向……问好
8. Cells either divide too fast or at the wrong time, making it difficult for the body to function properly. 细胞要么分离太快，要么就是时候不当，这使身体功能难以协调起作用。
making it difficult for … 作结果状语。此外还可以表时间、原因、方式或伴随情况。
9. They helped me find the strength I needed to recover and they kept me from feeling sad and lonely. 他们帮助我找到了我需要恢复的力量，让我不再感觉到悲伤和孤独。
(1) recover vt. & vi. 恢复；收回；取回
e.g. I recovered the money I had lost. 我找回了丢失的钱。
She soon recovered herself and stopped crying. 她很快就恢复了常态，不哭了。
(2) keep … from doing sth prevent sb from doing sth stop sb from doing sth
e.g. You can’t stop us (from) going if we want to. →We can’t be stopped from going if we want to.
Nobody can prevent us (from) getting married.→We can’t be prevented from getting married.
The church bells keep me from sleeping.
常用搭配
keep away 使离开；扣下；留下
keep back 阻止，阻挡；隐瞒，保留
e.g. He can keep nothing back from his friends. 他向朋友什么也瞒不住。
The boss keeps back $50 a month towards my uniform. 老板每月扣我50美元服装费。
keep in touch with
keep off 避开；不接近
e.g. Keep off the grass!
My doctor has warned me to keep off sugar. 医生劝我别吃糖。
keep on 继续；保持
e.g. He just kept on writing.
注意区分：He kept standing at the school gate for half an hour without moving..
keep out 关在门外；不准入内
keep out of 躲开； 置身于……之外
e.g. Do you try to keep out of trouble! 你得躲开这麻烦。
Keep out of the sun.
keep to 坚持；保持；不离开
e.g. He always keeps to his promise. 他总是说话算数的。
We kept to the roads we knew. 我们不离开我们认识的路。
keep to oneself 对……守口如瓶
e.g. He kept his conclusions to himself. 他对他的结论守口如瓶。
keep up 继续；坚持；保持；维持
e.g. The high cost of materials keeps up prices. 材料的昂贵费用使价格居高不下。
keep up with
keep … adj.
e.g. For some, medicine can help keep them alive, but the treatment is expensive and does not cure them.
Please keep the classroom clean all day long.
10. The cancer in my body has been defeated for the moment, but I know that never be completely free from it.
for the moment 暂时，目前
at any moment 随时；在任何时候；马上
at moments 时刻，常常
at the last (critical) moment 在最后关头
at the moment 此刻；（正当）那时
every moment 时时刻刻
for a moment 片刻
in a moment 一会儿，不久；立即，马上
the (very) moment (that …) = as soon as
the moment 立刻，马上；刚才
11. Living with cancer has made me realize how precious life is and how important it is for us to take every chance to live life to the fullest.
take a chance / take one’s chance / take chances 冒险，碰碰运气，利用一下机会
take no chance 不冒险，力求万全
by chance = by incident 偶然，意外地Unit 3 art and architecture 要点综述
I. Warming up & Listening
1 have a preference for偏爱 in preference to喜爱甚于
He drinks coffee in preference to tea.
2 常考的不可数名词：news新闻 advice 建议information信息 furniture 家具 equipment 设备
baggage/ luggage行李 practice练习，实践 jewelry珠宝（用a piece of 表示 “一……”）
make rapid/great/good/much progress 取得……进步 have no knowledge of 对……一无所知
have a/ some knowledge of 对……有所了解 have a good knowledge of对……非常了解/精通
3 taste of有……的味道/风味 make a choice/ decision作出选择/决定
works of art艺术作品 (可数) a kitchen table made of wood木制餐桌
II. Speaking
1 style 风格；式样；作风；文体 the style of living生活方式 live in the Western style过西式生活
in a friendly style用友好的方式/态度 in style/ fashion流行的 out of style/ fashion不流行的，过时的
2 can’t stand doing sth.不能容忍做某事 can’t stand sb./ sb’s doing sth.不能容忍某人做某事
3 would rather do sth. 宁愿做某事 would rather not do sth. 宁愿不做某事 (见Unit 2 reading)
would/ had rather sb. did sth. 宁愿某人（将来）做某事would rather sb. had done sth. 宁愿某人（过去）做了某事
“宁愿某人做某事”还可用：
(would/ should) prefer sb. to do sth.=(would/ should) prefer sb. did sth.= (would/ should) prefer that sb. (should) do sth
III. Reading
1 go against违反/违背 a way to do sth. / a way of doing sth. 做某事的方法 be covered with被…覆盖
act as充当，扮演，担当 work as当，从事……的工作 work as a teacher当老师
2 When 1）引导的时间从句中的动词既可是延续性动词（可用as 或 while）也可是非延续性动词（可用as）
When/ While/ As we were having(延续性动词) a party, the light went off/ out.
Just as / Just when / When I stopped(非延续性动词) my car, a man came up to me.
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when= after 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。
When/ After you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3）be (just)about to do sth. when正要做某事突然/这时 be doing sth. when正要/正在做某事突然/这时，
had just done sth. when刚刚做了某事这时 固定搭配不可用as 或 while。
While 1）引导的时间从句中的动词必须是延续性动词. （可用as 或 when, 见上面例句）
2）可表示对照（不可用as 或 when） Mother is busy doing the housework while Father is watching TV.
as 1) 引导的时间从句中的动词可是延续性动词，可用while或 when，
但as侧重表示从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生“一边…一边…” I read the letter as I walked along the river.
也可是非延续性动词，可用when，但as侧重表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生
Just as I I came in, a boy rushed out.
2) 表示"随时间推移, 随着"，不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse.日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
3 impress sb. (deply)给某人留下（深刻）印象 be deeply impressed by/ at/ with对…有深刻印象
impress on/ upon sb. sth= impress sth. on/ upon sb. ; impress sb.with 使某人对某事有深刻印象，使某人铭记某事
make/ leave/ create a good impression on/ upon sb. 给某人留个好印象
4 In spite of/ Despite the heavy rain, he came on time. Though/ Although it rained hard, he came on time.
5 Seen from space(=When it is seen from space), the earth looks blue.
Seeing from space(=When they see from space), people find the earth looks blue.
Seen from the top of the mountain, the people below look like ants.
Seeing from the top of the mountain, we find the people below look like ants.
6 fill (up)…with用……填满/装满 be filled (up) with充满/装满…… be full of充满/装满……
This basket is full of/ is filled with flowers. This is a basket (which is) filled with/ full of flowers.(定语)
The bird’s nest is made of tree branches. This is a nest (which is) made of tree branches. (定语)
7 belong to属于（不可用进行时态，被动语态）
The car belonging to Tom(定语，不是进行时态=which belonged to Tom) was destroyed in the fire.
8 succeed in doing sth.成功地做了某事 fail to do sth. 未能做成某事 succeed ab. as继任某人当
success 1成功的人或事（前面常有a） He was a great success. The concert was a great success
2成功；成就（不可数） We are sure of success.
9 撒谎 lie lied lied lying规则的撒谎
躺，位于 lie lay lain lying不规则的躺
下蛋，放，搁，铺设lay laid laid laying躺过就下蛋，下蛋不规则
用lie, lay的适当形式填空。
1 please_____ him on the bed carefully.
2 I had _____ the table in the corner.
3 He asked me to ____ the table while he ____ on bed, did nothing.
4 He told me that he had____ the two eggs in the box but he_____.
5The hen ____ only two eggs last week.
VI. Integrating skills
1 leave sb./ sth. +adj./ adv/prep让某人/某事一直处于某种状态 stand+ adj./ adv/ prep.处于…的状态/立场
Leave the door open. Leave him outside. Leave him in peace The door stood open.门开者 stand empty空着
2 pull down 拉倒，拆除 ；推翻
3 with sb’s help在某人的帮助下 with the help of 在…的帮助下
4 decorate sth. with用 …装饰某物 被动be decorated with
5 remind sb. of/ about sth.提醒某人某事，使某人想起 remind sb. that使某人想起…/提醒某人…
remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事
6 set aside 把…置于一边；留出；拨出
7 halls and workshops of different sizes 大小不一的厅堂和厂房
of+表示年龄,种类,颜色,尺寸,形状大小的名词 放在名词后作定语
of different ages/ kinds/ colors/ sizes/ shapes/ weights/ heights/ lengths ……不一 /不等
of a /an/ the same ( age/ kind/ color/ size/ shape/ weight/ height/ length) 属于同一……; ……相同
8 used to do sth.过去常做某事（现在已不这样做 ） used to be过去是 there used to be过去有
be used to do sth. = be used for doing sth.被用来做某事
be used to sth./ doing sth.习惯于某事（物）/习惯于做某事
He used to work in a big city, so he isn’t used to living in the country. The house was used to keep books ten years ago. 注：说明从不习惯到习惯时，常用get或become代替be。这种现象尤其常见于将来时态和完成时态中
You will soon get used to the weather here. I’ve quite become used to working here.
9“such…that如此…·以致于” 与“so…that如此…·以致于”
such +(adj.) + n. such +a/ an +(adj.)+n 比较 so little少的water & such little小的girls
so + adj./adv. so +adj. + a/an + n. so + many/ much/ few/ little (+n.)
I got up early so that/ in order that（为了、以便）I could catch the early bus.（目的状语从句）
I got up early so as to/ in order to/ to（为了、以便）catch the early bus. （目的状语）
I got up early（，）so that（因此）I caught the early bus.（结果状语从句）
I got up so early that I caught the early bus.（结果状语从句）
10 Men of this kind are not reliable. This kind of men is not reliable
11with+ n./pron.+ doing/ done/ to do（不可用被动） （with+复合宾语称为with的复合结构）
+形容词 It’s not polite to talk with your mouth full.（做方式状语，表示伴随的状态）
+介词短语 He saw a woman with a baby on her back.（做后置定语）
With the spring coming , the trees turn green.
With the homework done , I went to bed. （done表示前面的事情被做）
With a lot of homework to do, I’ll have to stay up（熬夜）（to do表示有某事要做还未做）Unit 2 News Media 要点综述
I. Warming up and listening
1 面对，面向face sb./ sp. face to/ toward/ on sp. 面临（困难，危险）face difficulty/ difficulties/ danger
面临be faced with a problem （对自己的行为结果）负责任；接受批评face the music
2 have difficulty/ trouble（in）doing sth.做某事有困难 此结构可延伸，如：
have difficulty/ trouble/ problems/ fun（in）doing sth. 做某事有困难/问题/乐趣
=there be difficulty/ trouble/ problems/ fun（in）doing sth. (否定用have/ there be no…( in) doing sth.)
difficulty/ trouble/ fun为不可数名词，前可有much/ little 等词修饰，difficulty用复数时表具体困难
have/ there be difficulty/ trouble/ problems/ fun with sth. 在某方面有困难/问题/乐趣
find也有这些结构, 如 find no difficulty (in) doing sth.
be in difficulty处在困难中 with/ without difficulty困难地/轻易地
3 Who(作主语) do you think will teach us English next term (去掉do you think原句意思完整)
Who/ Whom(作宾语) do you think they are talking about (去掉do you think原句意思完整)
4 compare pare A with B(作谓语)把A和B做比较 compare A to B (作谓语) A比喻成/比作B
pare with和……相比（作谓语，常用于否定句） Few writers can compare with him.
compared with/ to和……相比（插入语，与主句之间有逗号，此时with和to没有区别）
Compared with/ to him, you are lucky. （compared不可用原形或ing形式等）
It was a small place then, compared with/ to what it is now.
作谓语的compare根据需要，可有多种形式，而作插入语只用compared,没有其他形式，比较：
Compared to/ with（插入语） my stamps, yours are more beautiful.
Compare（祈使句的谓语，主语you被省略了） my stamps with yours , and you will find yours are more beautiful.
Comparing（分词结构作时间状语） my stamps with yours, I found yours are more beautiful.
= When I compared（把主语和连词补上，则其作谓语，时态与后面主句一致） my stamps with yours, I found ….
II. Speaking
1 for…reason 由于……的原因/缘故 ﹠ the reason for ……的原因
for this/that/ the same reason The reason for sth./doing sth. is that…
for many reasons The reason why+句子is that…
The reason for his being late/ why he was late was that he missed the early bus. 他迟到的原因是他错过了早班车。
The reason（that/which）he told/gave me for his being late/ why he late was that he missed the early bus.
他告诉我他迟到的原因是他错过了早班车。
That’s the reason why = That’s why那就是……的原因 （That’s because那是因为）
2 reduce/ fall/ drop/ go down by 减少了，降低了 reduce/ fall/ drop/ go down to减少到，降低到
increase/ grow/ rise/ go up by 增加了， 增涨了 increase/ grow/ rise/ go up to增加到，增涨到
3 burn down（使）烧为平地；烧毁 rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人的某物
4 injure sb’s health/ feelings/ pride伤害某人的健康/感情/自尊
be/ get badly injured受重伤 the injured受伤者 an injured look受到伤害的样子
III. Reading
1 more than不只是/不仅仅是=not just/only (+n.) Yao Ming has more than just size.
多于/超过=over= above (+num.) 对应词组 less than=below= under少于/不到
非常=very (+adj./ adv.) She is more than kind to us all.
not more than=not over/ above不多于= at (the) most至多 not less than=not below/ under 不少于= at (the) least至少
no more than=only仅仅（强调数量之少） no less than= as many/ much as=up to多达（强调数量之多）
2 an experienced teacher= a teacher of much/ great experience一位有经验（不可数）的教师
be / become experienced at/ in sth./ doing sth. 对某事/做某事有经验。 experience（经历，可数）
3 inform sb. of sth通知某人某事 be informed of sth. 被告之某事 keep sb. informed of sth.随时告诉某人某事
4 relate to 1)同情或理解2）与…有关，涉及be related to与…有关 relate… to把…与…联系起来
5 agree on sth. 对……意见一致，一致同意……
agree with sb. / what sb. said 同意某人的意见/某人讲的话
agree with sb’s opinion/ decision/ idea 同意某人的观点/决定/意见
agree with还有“与……一致”“（气候、食物等）适合”之意。agree with the food/ climate
⑴ His words do not agree with his actions. ⑵ Too much meat doesn’t agree with her.
agree to sb’s plan/ suggestion同意某人的计划/建议（to是介词）
agree to do sth .同意做某事（to是不定式标志） 无agree sb. to do sth.结构
agree sb. to do sth.(错) agree that sb. should do sth.（对）
6 for once就/仅一次 by 作 “以……方法”, “用……手段”解 (by means of) + - ing 形式.
His mother made a living by selling apples. You should learn spoken English by practising speaking.
7 rather than是……而不是……；倒不如说；表示选择，常用于“平行结构”，前后的结构必须相同。
I would prefer to start in August father than in July. (介词短语) Shall we go far a walk rather than watch TV (动词)
Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price.（可将rather than提前）
would rather A than B = prefer A to B = like A better than B喜欢A甚过B
would rather do A than do B = prefer to do A (rather) than do B = prefer doing A to doing B宁愿......而不.....
8 make efforts/ an effort to do sth. 努力做某事make every effort/ great efforts to do sth.尽一切努力做某事
9 even if/ even though尽管/即使adapt to适应（to是介词） addict oneself to/ be addicted to沉溺于（to是介词）
on all sides/ on every side在各方面，四面八方tolerate doing sth.容忍做某事 tolerate sb/ sb’s doing sth. 容忍某人做某事
10 It/ This is/ was the first / second time that…结构中的从句部分，用现在/过去完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.
This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
11 suffer vi. 因…而受苦 He suffered greatly from lack of rest. 患…病 suffer from cancer
vt.受痛苦，受损害 suffer pain/hunger/ punishment suffer great losses suffer fever suffer cold
12 draw attention to/ pay attention to（介词）注意 pay no attention to没/不注意 pay special attention to特别注意
Special attention should be paid to doing the work like that.做那样的工作要特别注意。
13 lead to 1) 导致,造成(某种结果)相当于cause : Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness.
result in My efforts resulted in nothing. 我的努力毫无结果。
lead sb to do sth相当于cause sb. to do sth. What led you to take up acting as a career
2) 通向 All roads lead to Rome. Do you know the road leading to the village= which/ that leads to the village
lead sb to sp.领某人去某地
14 change one’s mind改变注意 make up one’s mind to do sth.下定决心做某事concern oneself with/ be concerned with关心
IV. Integrating skills
1 be responsible for对…负责arm sb with用…武装某人 take up arms拿起武器
2 two score/ hundred/ thousand /million/ billion/ people. (构成具体数字不能加S) two dozen eggs
scores/ hundreds/ thousands /millions/ billions of people. (表示笼统的数字加S且加of) dozens of eggs
3struggle/ fight against为反对……而斗争 struggle/ fight for为了争取……而斗争
“与……争斗（搏斗）”也可接介词with。struggle with/against all kinds of difficulties与各种各样的困难作斗争
The boy struggled furiously with the man twice his size.那男孩与那个子比他大一倍的人拼命搏斗。
4 连词 the moment/ minute/ instant…的时候；一…就 each /every/ any time每次/任何…的时候
the day/ week /year…的那天/周/年 next time下次…的时候the first /second/last time…第一/二/上次…的时候
比较The first time(连词) I saw her, I felt her hard to get on with.
I saw her in the park on June 1 for the first time.（状语，相当于副词）
5 lead to 1) 导致,造成(某种结果)相当于cause : Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness.
result in My efforts resulted in nothing. 我的努力毫无结果。
lead sb to do sth相当于cause sb. to do sth. What led you to take up acting as a career
2) 通向 All roads lead to Rome. Do you know the road leading to the village= which/ that leads to the village
lead sb to sp.领某人去某地
6 an experienced teacher= a teacher of much/ great experience一位有经验（不可数）的教师
be / become experienced at/ in sth./ doing sth. 对某事/做某事有经验。 experience（经历，可数）
点击高考
1. Before I decide what I'm to write, I have to discuss the article with my editor.
要点透视：before可以作介词、连词和副词使用。它的用法较多，因此译法要随实际情况而变化，翻译时要看上下文和内容，并用逻辑判断来选择合适的译法，通常可以译作：1） 在……之前 2）……以后……才 3） 还没有……就 4）趁……。在本句是连词，意思是“在……之前”。
考题点击：He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation ______ it got worse.
A. until B. when C. before D. as
点拨：句意是“虽然他出错了，但在情况还没有进一步恶化之前，他就扭转了形势”，从关键词but的转折意义可知选C，此处before的意思是“还没有……就”。
2. After the interview, the reporter must present the material in an organised way and make sure that the article reflects events and opinions truthfully.
要点透视：reflect可以作及物或不及物动词，意思是：1）反射，如：If you want to reflect a picture of you, you need a mirror.（如果你想映出你的形象，你需要一面镜子。） 2）（常与that, how连用）表达；反映，如：Does this article reflect how you really think of your society （这篇文章是否表达了你对你们社会真实的看法？） 3）仔细考虑，如：He reflected before answering my question. （他在回答我的问题之前仔细考虑了一下。）名词形式是reflection，意思是“反映；反射；倒影；沉思”。
考题点击：Usually a child's behaviour is a _____ of his family environment.
A. recognition B. reflection C. return D. record
点拨：句意是“通常孩子的举止行为是其家庭环境的反映”，故选B。recognition的意思是“识别;承认;赞誉”； return的意思是“返回” ；record的意思是“报告;唱片”。
3. The media can often help solve problems and draw attention to situations where help is needed.
要点透视：关系副词where引导定语从句时，其本身在从句中作状语，先行词多是指地点的名词，同时也可以表示“某种情况或位置”，先行词可以是situation（情形；境遇）, case（情形；场合）等。
考题点击： He's got himself into a dangerous situation ______ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why
点拨：根据题意可以看出是定语从句，而从句不缺少主语或宾语，排除关系代词which，再根据先行词situation可以得出A正确。再如：
I can think of many cases ______ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay.
A. why B. which C. as D. where
Key: D新高二Unit 5 The British Isles 要点综述
Unit 5 The British Isles
I. Speaking
1 need,dare作为情态动词常用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。肯定句用实意动词表示。实义动词可用于各种句式
He need to buy a new bike. 错 He doesn’t need buy a new bike.错 He need a new bike. 错
He needs to buy a new bike. 对 He doesn’t need to buy/needn’t buy对 He needs a new bike. 对
情态动词need后不能有to, 否定直接+not, 疑问句need提前。
need作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to可被省略,否定和疑问使用助动词do.
实义动词： need（需要, 要求） need + n. / to do sth
need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth后面接doing表示被动：need doing = need to be done
名词：We in great need of help. There is no need for money.
2 consist of= be made up of由…组成/构成（后面接成分，成员） consist in在于，存在于
make up组成/构成；编造，捏造，虚构；弥补，把…补上；和解，和好；化装，打扮
3 be made of由…制成（后面接看得出的原材料） 主动语态 make…of用…制成…
be made from由…制成（后面接看不出的原材料） 主动语态 make…from用…制成…
be made into被制成… (后面接成品) 主动语态 make…into将…制成…
be made out of由…制成 （后面接原材料） 主动语态 make… out of用…制成…
be made in在某地被制造 be made by被某人或某厂制造
make use of利用，使用 make good/ better/ best use of好好使用/更好地使用/最大限度地使用
make full/ right/ proper/ poor/ little use of充分使用/正确地使用/适当地使用/没怎么使用
make the most/ best of充分利用/展示
4 have/ gain/ win an advantage over sb. have the advantage of sb.比某人有优势,胜过/优于某人
take advantage of利用/ 欺骗
5 have a chance to do sth. have a chance of doing sth.有机会做某事
II. Reading
1 lie/ be off the west coast of Europe位于欧洲西海岸附近/近海
2 a lot, a great/ good deal ①可起名词作用作主语，宾语 ②可起副词作用修饰动词作状语 ③可修饰比较级
主要用于肯定句，否定句用much I have a lot/ a great/ good deal to tell you. I don’t have much to tell you.
It snowed a lot/ a great/ good deal last year. She is a lot/ a great/ good deal better today
3 as much as多达，后面接不可数名词和表示度量衡等的复数名词。as many as多达，后面接可数名词
4 start/ begin with以/用…开始 end (up) with以/用…结束/告终 end up还有“有某种结局＂的意思
5注意 " not ... until " 强调句型的变化。见Unit1 Integrating skills
6 as well副词短语“也，还”用于肯定句，相当于too,一般放在句末。
as well as 既…又; 和…一样也; 不但......而且......(as well as 侧重前项，not only…but also…侧重后项)
He knows French, and he knows English as well. He gave me money as well as advice(建议).
Lily as well as the boys is from America. (as well as连接两个主语时，谓语动词跟前一个主语一致)
= The boys are from America. Lily is from America as well/ too.
= The boys are from America. Lily is also from America. 或. So is Lily.
= Not only The boys but also Lily is from America (not only…but also…采取就近原则)
The boys aren’t from America. Lily isn’t from America, either. 或 Neither/ nor is Lily.
7 of + 抽象名词=形容词 of importance = important of value= valuable of interest= interesting
of + great/much + 抽象名词 = very + 形容词 of great/ much help = be very helpful
of + no + 抽象名词 = not + 形容词 或-less It is of no use . = It is useless.
8 Don’t judge a person only on the basis of first impression.
Judging from/ by从…来判断 his accent, he must be from the South.
其他短语：stand for代表 as it is事实上, 实际上, 实际情况是, 按原来的/现在的样子 hold together 使结合在一起；使团结 in general一般地，大体地 generally speaking一般说来 have (an) influence on/ upon/ over对…有影响
throughtout the year=all through the year= all the year round一整年，一年到头 in modern/ ancient times在现/古代
base… on 将……建立在的……基础上 be based on以…为基础 on a… basis / on the basis of以…为基础
consider doing sth.=think about/ ofdoing sth.考虑做某事 consider… (as/ to be)…认为…是 ，被动be considered to…
go on/ make/ take a four-week trip进行一次为期四周的旅行 go on/ pay a two- day visit to进行二日游
make a travel plan制定旅游计划pass the exam考试及格/通过考试 fail (in) the exam考试不及格
III. Integrating skills
1定语从句与状语从句。关系副词where引导的定语从句有先行词， 地点状语从句前面没有。
Where引导的地点状语从句可以换成in/ at/ to the place+ where引导的定语从句。
I will go where I am most needed by my motherland.(地点状语从句) 我要去祖国最需要我的地方。
I will go to the place where I am most needed by my motherland.( 定语从句) 我要去祖国最需要我的地方。
Leave the book where it is. (地点状语从句) 把书留在它所在的地方。（别动那本书）
Leave the book at the place where it is. ( 定语从句) 把书留在它所在的地方。（别动那本书）
Put the book where it was. ( 地点状从) 把书放在它原来的地方。Put the book at the place where it was. ( 定从)
Where引导的名词性从句可以换成 the place+ where引导的定语从句
He lives ten miles from where I live.（宾语从句）他住的地方离我住的地方有十英里。
= He lives ten miles from the place where I live. ( 定语从句)
This is where he lives.(表语从句) 这就是他的住处。= This is the place where he lives.( 定语从句)
The station is a long way ____we are. A. in which B. from that C. from where D. from there
Plants of this kind grow best____ it is neither hot nor cold. A in which B where C in places D which
Where there is work, there is success.那里有汗水，哪里就有成果。Where在…的地方
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。
Where there is smoke, there is fire. 那里有烟，那里就有火。（无风不起浪）
He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.(as 引导定语从句)
He is such a good teacher that we all like him.(that引导结果状语从句,such…that… “如此…以致…”
2 如状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致(或从句的主语是it)，而且从句谓语中又包含be，主语和be动词可省略。
He looked around the room as if (he was) looking for something. Don’t talk while (you are) eating.
When (he was) asked how he gained first place, he suddenly became cheerful.
(You) Don’t come in unless/ until (you are) asked to( come in). 改错I saw the accident when waited for the bus.
(You) Don’t speak unless/ until (you are) spoken to. （主动 (You) Don’t speak unless/ until others speak to you.）whenever (it is) possible. 如果可能 if (it is) necessary如有必要whenever (it is) possible一有可能就
(类似的有: 现在分词或过去分词短语作定语，可以理解为是定语从句中将关系代词作的主语和be动词省略)
Do you know the man (who is) sitting under the tree. Is there anything (that has been) planned for tonight
3在时间，条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时, 现在完成时代替将来完成时
(宾语从句该用将来时仍用将来时)
时间状语的引导词有when, while, after, before, as soon as, not…until, once, by；条件状语的引导词有if, unless
I don’t know if/ when he will come back. If/ when he comes back, I’ll tell him. 我不知道他是否/什么时候回来
I will go to bed as soon as the work has been finished. 如果/当他回来的时候，我会告诉他。
）1 We will go to the park____ tomorrow. A if it not rains B if it won’t rain C unless it rains D unless it will rain
）2 What will you do while your parents____ for the holiday A. will be away B. are away C. leave D. will leave
4修饰可数名词的量词few及a few , only/just a few (= very few) not/ quite a few (=many), many, a great/ good many
a number of及 a small/ large/huge/ big/ vast/great/good number of，large/huge/ big/ vast/great/good numbers of
修饰不可数名词的量词little及a little, only/ just (=very little) , not/ quite a little(=much), much, a great/ good deal of
a small/ large/huge/ big/ vast/great/good amount of，large/huge/ big/ vast/great/ good amounts of
既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的量词有：some, any, lots of, a lot of, plenty of,
a small/ large/huge/ big/ vast/great/ good quantity of，large/huge/ big/ vast/great/ good quantities of
a great/ good many of them
5 feed vi. The sheep are feeding（吃东西） in the fields. feed/ live on以…为主食
vt. feed sb. on/upon/ with sth.= feed sth. to sb.用某物喂（养） 某人
其他短语：raise/keep sheep养羊 without doubt毫无疑问can’t bear doing/ to do sth.不能忍受做某事
employ oneself in/ be employed in/ engage (oneself) in/ be engaged in从事，忙于
be easy to approach(vt.), be easy of approach(n.)（地方）容易到达，（人）容易接近
He is easy to approach.他平易近人 approach sb. on/ about sth.为某事同某人打交道
the approach to通往…的途径; …的方法 think… to be= think of…as认为…是Unit 4 A garden of poems要点综述
Unit 4 A garden of poems Reading
1 play with和…玩；玩耍，玩弄；和…开玩笑
2 That make poetry difficult to write, but very interesting to read.（见Unit 1 Grammar 不定式主动形式表被动意思）
4 v.+adv.构成的短语，后面宾语是代词，代词必须放中间，宾语是名词（短语），可放中间也可放后面。
call up给…打电话；使回忆起(物作主语)；征召入伍；汇集 call back回电话；召回，叫回
call in召来，召集，把…叫来 （如警察，医生） call off取消
v.+prep..构成的短语，宾语必须放后面。call on拜访（人）call at拜访（地方）
call for需要；去拿某物，去接某人
call for help呼救 call forth 唤起，使产生 call on sb. to do sth.请求/要求某人做某事
5 have a long history of 5,000 years有着5000年的悠久历史
have a large population of 1.3 billion有着13亿的众多人口
6 among others， and others， and so on等等
7 stand out突出，显眼，引人注意
8 share sth. with sb.与某人分享/合用/共有某物;把某事告诉某人share happiness and sorrow with sb.与某人同甘共苦
share sth.( out ) between sb. 给两人平均分配某物 share sth.( out ) among sb.在某些人当中平均分配某物
9 in/ during sb’s absence from在某人不在/没来…期间 be absent from school/ class/ the meeting没来上学/上课/开会
absence of mind心不在焉 absence-minded心不在焉的
10 follow the customs遵循习俗 follow the rules遵守规则 follow Chinese table manners遵循中国人的餐桌礼仪
follow sb’s advice/ suggestions/ instructions听从某人的劝告/建议/指示
follow sb’s example学习某人的榜样 follow sb.跟着某人;跟某人学
follow还有①“跟随”②“顺着……走，沿着……前进”③“理解，领会，听清楚”之意。
①The doctor came in, followed by several nurses. / Several nurses came in, following the doctor.
②Follow this road to the bridge. ③Do you follow me You are reading too fast for me to follow.
11 The ninth lesson/ Lesson Nine is a most/ very (非常)interesting lesson, but it isn’t the most (最)interesting one.
the third time第三次 a third time又一次，再一次（同时也是第三次）
12 admire sb. for钦佩/羡慕某人的…; 因为…而钦佩/羡慕某人 be admired for因为…被人钦佩/羡慕
be admired as作为…样的人被人钦佩/羡慕 be admired by被…钦佩/羡慕
13 A number of students are in the room. The number of the students is 48.
14 at the age of在…岁时 by the age of到…岁为止die at a very young age年纪轻轻死去 live to the age of活到…岁
15 translate/ put/ change…into把翻译成/变成
16 连词词组no matter what =连接代词whatever 连词词组和连接副词只能引导让步状语从句
连词词组no matter which =连接代词whichever 连接代词可引导让步状语从句，主语从句和宾语从句
连词词组no matter who =连接代词whoever Whatever/ No matter what you say(让步状语从句), I won’t believe you.
连词词组no matter whom =连接代词whomever 无论你说什么我都不相信
连词词组no matter when =连接副词whenever Whatever you say(主语从句) is of no use (=useless) now
连词词组no matter where =连接副词wherever Take whatever(=anything that) you want.(宾语从句)
连词词组no matter how =连接副词however 连接代词和连接副词中的ever翻译成“无论；不管”
___________ breaks the rule will be punished. ___________ breaks the rule, he or she will be punished.
___________ break the rule will be punished.
A Who B No matter who C Whoever D Anyone E Anyone who F Those G Those who
_______happens will be told to her . _______happens, it will do no harm to her now.
_______he does will be told to her . A Whatever B No matter what C Anything D Anything that
17 as conj.像、如同、按照（引导方式状语从句） We must study as Zhou Enlai did.我们必须像周恩来那样学习。
Do in Rome as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。 You must do everything as I do.你们必须按照我做的去做。
You should do as the teacher tells you to. 你们应按照老师讲的那样去做. the same as和…一样 just as正如、恰似
18 light up点燃，点亮照亮，打开路灯；变亮；面露喜色；满面春风
19 come into being出现，形成，产生
20 follow sb’s example学习某人的榜样 give/ set sb. an example给某人树立榜样
take an example举个例子 take… as an example/ for example以…为例
21 refer to提到；涉及到；指的是；查阅，参考
refer to …as把…称之为
22 in charge of 负责；主管；看管
in/ under sb’s charge= in/ under the charge of sb在某人的负责/主管/看管下；归某人负责/主管/看管
Integrating skills
1 可修饰比较级的词
1）a little, a bit, a little bit …一点儿, rather, much, a lot, lots, a great deal, far, by far, many …的多,
still, even 更, any稍…; …些, no(=not any)并不，毫不，一点儿也不
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
4）如果后接名词时， much more +不可数名词 many more +可数名词复数
注：more+多音节形容词/副词和部分双音节形容词/副词是构成比较级而不是修饰比较级。
2 avoid doing sth.避免做某事 The bird avoided being killed.
3 look up words in a dictionary 在字典中查阅单词 look up information/ telephone numbers查找信息/电话号码
look up to sb. as把某人尊称为
look up at the stars抬头看星星
4 start/ begin with以/用…开始 end (up) with以/用…结束/告终 end (up) in “有某种结局＂
He started/ ended his speech with a famous poem. If you drive your car like that, you’ll end up in hospital.
If you go on doing that kind of thing, you’ll end up in prison.
5 by the light of a candle借助烛光 by the moonlight借助月光
6 contribute to有助于；促进；向…捐助；为…作贡献；为…撰稿
7 recommend推荐/介绍 recommend A to B把A推荐给/介绍给 B recommend sb. as推荐某人当
建议/劝告 (用法相当于advise)
recommend doing sth. recommend sb. to do sth. recommend that sb. (should) do sth.
