语法：构词法[下学期]
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文档简介
Grammar --- word formation
语言的基本要素之一是词汇，在语言发展的最初阶段，人们使用的是少量而简单的词汇，这些词表示日常简单的事物和概念，这些词是语言中最基本的词，在语言学上称之为原生词（primitives）, 也叫基本词或根词。英语里的原生词大都是单音节的。随着社会的发展与进步，语言的扩充与融合使 语言变得复杂，原有的有限的原生词已不够用，人们便创造了一些新词来表示新的事物与概念。按照语言一定的规律创造新词的方法，称之为构词法（word-formation or word-building）
英语构词法主要有以下几种：
（1）转化法（conversion）
不添加任何成份，不改变词形，把一个单词由一种词类转化为另一种词类的方法。（名词→动词，形容词→动词，动词→名词，副词→名词）如：
button（纽扣）→to button （扣纽扣） correct（正确的） →to correct（改正） to feed（喂）→feed（一顿，一餐） native（本地的）→native（本地人）
up（在上） →to up（举起，抬高）
（2）合成法（compounding）
把两个或两个以上的词组成一个新词叫合成法。
方式：1.直接写在一起。2.用连字符(-)连接。3.由两个分开的词构成。
合成形容词
构成方式 例词
形容词＋形容词 red-hot
形容词＋名词 first-class, full-time, part-time
形容词＋现在分词 good-looking, free-thinking,
形容词＋过去分词 ready-made
形容词＋名词-ed good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded
名词＋名词-ed iron-willed
名词＋形容词 world-famous, day-long
名词＋现在分词 beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting, time-saving
名词＋过去分词 man-made, water-covered,
副词＋形容词 ever-green
副词＋现在分词 hard-working, far-seeing
副词＋过去分词 well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known
数词＋名词 five-year
数词＋名词+形容词 five-year-old
数词＋名词-ed four-legged, six-storied
合成动词
构成方式 例词
名词＋动词 day-dream
副词＋动词 overcome, upturn翻起
形容词＋动词 white-wash
合成名词
构成方式 例词
名词＋名词 horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone,
形容词＋名词 back-yard, forehead,
动名词＋名词 hiding place, reading-room
动词＋副词 get-off, break in,
副词＋动词 output, overflow
合成副词：however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever
合成代词：whoever,, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything, nothing
（3）缩略法（shorting）
把一个词缩短，不增减意义，也不改变意义。
①略去后部，保留前部
approx(approximately 大约)，exam(examination 考试) ,Fri(Friday 星期五)
②略去前部，保留后部 plane(aeroplane飞机), phone(telephone电话)
③略去两头，保留中部 flu(influenza流感), tec(detective侦探)
④略去中部，保留两头字母 ft(foot, feet英尺),St(Saint圣), hr(hour小时)
⑤保留某些字母，加以合并 Lfd(limited有限的),gove(government政府)
⑥保留开头一个字母 P(page页),UN(United Nations联合国),VOA(Voice of America美国之音), NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization北大西洋公约组织，北约)
（4）词缀法/缀合法(affixation) 或派生法（derivation）
由词根附加前缀或后缀构成新词的方法。由缀合法产生的新词称之为派词(derivations)，缀合法产生的词汇是英语词汇的主体。
常用的词缀有：
前缀
前缀 含义 例词
a- 处在…… arise, aside, alone
en- 使可能 enrich, enable, enslave
dis- 不，否定 dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder,
un- 不做相反动作 unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover, untie
in-im-ir-il- 不，非 inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impracticalirregular, irresponsibleillogical,
non- 不，非 non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stop
de- 向相反方向发展 Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）
anti- 反（对） anti-freeze, anti-fascist
mis- 错误的，坏的 misdoings, misunderstand, misfortune
re 重复，再 rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle,
co- 共同 co-exist, co-operate, co-education
ex 以前的 Ex-husband, ex-president
tele 远程 telephone, telegraph, telescope
super- 在上面，超级 supermarket, superpower,
under- 在……之下 underline, underestimate, underground,
inter- 相互，之间 international, interact, inter-change
sub- 下，次 subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent,
trans- 过，穿过，变 transformation(变形), translate
vice- 副 vice-premier, vice-president
semi- 半 semifinal, semicircle, semi-automatic
bi 两个 bicycle, biennial两年一次的
tri 三个 triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎
mul- 多，多种 multiply, multi-national, multi-coloured
kilo- 千 kilometre, kilogramme
后缀
后 缀 例 词
名词 -er farmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater
-ess actress, waitress, princess, hostess
-or conductor, sailor, transistor, operator,
-ar beggar scholar, liar, pedlar/peddler (沿街叫卖的小贩，货郎)
-ese Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese
-ian musician, Egyptian, physician
-ist scientist, dentist, communist, socialist,
-ent/-ant assistant merchant, agent, servant, student
-ment argument, judgment, government
-ness happiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness
-tion dictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention
-ing building, wedding, painting
-ship leadership, friendship, hardship
-age shortage, marriage, leakage
-ty loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty
-th truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth
-ance acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance
-ence dependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence
-ful mouthful, handful, plateful,
-al refusal, denial, arrival survival
-y difficulty, possibility,
-dom freedom, wisdom, kingdom
-ism socialism, materialism
注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。
-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。
后 缀 例 词
形容词 -al central, industrial, national, natural
-an European, American, Australian
-ern eastern, northern, southern
-able reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible
-ful careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful,
-ish childish, Swedish, selfish
-ive destructive, collective, active, creative, effective
-y thirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny
-less careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless
-en golden, wooden, woolen
-ous courageous, famous, continuous, serious, various
-ary imaginary, revolutionary, secondary
-ic realistic, historic, poetic
-some troublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome
-like childlike, womanlike, manlike
-ant ignorant, significant, observant, important
-ent diligent, silent, excellent, frequent
-ly lively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly
-ish childish, foolish
后 缀 例 词
动词 -ize realize, modernize, mechanize, criticize,
-en widen, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen
-fy Simplify, beautify, terrify,
后 缀 例 词
副词 -ward(s) forward, northward, backward, downward
-ly slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly
1.Match the right words from the right column with the words on the left.
( ) 1. enrich A. trying to find jobs
( ) 2. semicircle B. remove, get rid of ice, frost
( ) 3. troublesome C. of, having, using imagination
( ) 4. sharpen D. make or become sharp
( ) 5. job-hunting E. half a circle
( ) 6. limitless F. causing trouble
( ) 7. imaginative G. make rich, improve in quality, flavour, etc.
( ) 8. defrost H. without limit
2.Use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks.
1. The mother didn’t know why her daughter was crying _______. (noise)
2. He was one of the best _______ in yesterday’s football match. (play)
3. Look! How ______ Kate is laughing! (happy)
4. It snowed ____ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy)
5. Edison was a great ______. During his life he had many ______. (invent)
6. More and more _____ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign）
7. We want _________ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)
8. Please give me some reference work. It will ______ my task. (simple)
9. The boy had the _______ of being half starved. (appear)
10. The police have _______ a plot against the President. (cover)
11. The doctor said that Mary’s mother needed an _______.(operate)
12. She hoped that her son would become a _______. (music)
13. Few ______ words made us excited. (speak)
14. The days on the moon get hotter than ______ water. (boil)
15. Thank you for your _________. (kind)
16. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _____. (expensive)
17. Most international ______ letters are written in English, too. (busy)
18. The boy noticed an ______ mistake on his paper, but he decided not to say anything about it. (correct)
19. When in Rome, do as the _____ do. (Rome)
20. The teacher was pleased with her _______. (honest)
3.根据上下文语境和提示的首字母，在划线处写出一个合适的词。
A. Rafting
Rafting is an exciting adventure. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams. Rafting is a good way to experience n________. If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few f______ trees or rocks. If you are looking for more e_______, you may want to try whitewater rafting. Whitewater rafting is more a_________ and difficult than normal rafting. It is done on rivers and streams where the water moves q_______. You have to be c________ not to hit rocks, trees and other dangers. The name “W________” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.
B. Are we endangered
Steve Jones is an environmental expert who tries to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered. If we know more about what causes e________, we may be able to take m_______ before it is too late. A species can become e_______ for different reasons. Animals and plants must have a habitat or home, which is c_______ and clean, and where there is enough food and other resources. They are all used to their environment; that is, they have learnt how to live s_______ in their habitat.
Keys: 1. G 2. E 3. F 4. D 5. A 6. H 7. C 8. B
2.1. noisily 2. players 3. happily 4. heavily 5. inventor; inventions 6. foreigners 7. satisfactory 8. simplify 9. appearance 10. uncovered 11. operation12. musician 13. spoken 14. boiling 15. kindness 16. expenses 17. business 18. uncorrected 19. Romans 20. honesty
3. A篇nature, fallen, excitement, adventurous, quickly, careful, Whitewater
B. 篇endangerment, measures, endangered, comfortable, successfully
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语言的基本要素之一是词汇，在语言发展的最初阶段，人们使用的是少量而简单的词汇，这些词表示日常简单的事物和概念，这些词是语言中最基本的词，在语言学上称之为原生词（primitives）, 也叫基本词或根词。英语里的原生词大都是单音节的。随着社会的发展与进步，语言的扩充与融合使 语言变得复杂，原有的有限的原生词已不够用，人们便创造了一些新词来表示新的事物与概念。按照语言一定的规律创造新词的方法，称之为构词法（word-formation or word-building）
英语构词法主要有以下几种：
（1）转化法（conversion）
不添加任何成份，不改变词形，把一个单词由一种词类转化为另一种词类的方法。（名词→动词，形容词→动词，动词→名词，副词→名词）如：
button（纽扣）→to button （扣纽扣） correct（正确的） →to correct（改正） to feed（喂）→feed（一顿，一餐） native（本地的）→native（本地人）
up（在上） →to up（举起，抬高）
（2）合成法（compounding）
把两个或两个以上的词组成一个新词叫合成法。
方式：1.直接写在一起。2.用连字符(-)连接。3.由两个分开的词构成。
合成形容词
构成方式 例词
形容词＋形容词 red-hot
形容词＋名词 first-class, full-time, part-time
形容词＋现在分词 good-looking, free-thinking,
形容词＋过去分词 ready-made
形容词＋名词-ed good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded
名词＋名词-ed iron-willed
名词＋形容词 world-famous, day-long
名词＋现在分词 beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting, time-saving
名词＋过去分词 man-made, water-covered,
副词＋形容词 ever-green
副词＋现在分词 hard-working, far-seeing
副词＋过去分词 well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known
数词＋名词 five-year
数词＋名词+形容词 five-year-old
数词＋名词-ed four-legged, six-storied
合成动词
构成方式 例词
名词＋动词 day-dream
副词＋动词 overcome, upturn翻起
形容词＋动词 white-wash
合成名词
构成方式 例词
名词＋名词 horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone,
形容词＋名词 back-yard, forehead,
动名词＋名词 hiding place, reading-room
动词＋副词 get-off, break in,
副词＋动词 output, overflow
合成副词：however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever
合成代词：whoever,, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything, nothing
（3）缩略法（shorting）
把一个词缩短，不增减意义，也不改变意义。
①略去后部，保留前部
approx(approximately 大约)，exam(examination 考试) ,Fri(Friday 星期五)
②略去前部，保留后部 plane(aeroplane飞机), phone(telephone电话)
③略去两头，保留中部 flu(influenza流感), tec(detective侦探)
④略去中部，保留两头字母 ft(foot, feet英尺),St(Saint圣), hr(hour小时)
⑤保留某些字母，加以合并 Lfd(limited有限的),gove(government政府)
⑥保留开头一个字母 P(page页),UN(United Nations联合国),VOA(Voice of America美国之音), NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization北大西洋公约组织，北约)
（4）词缀法/缀合法(affixation) 或派生法（derivation）
由词根附加前缀或后缀构成新词的方法。由缀合法产生的新词称之为派词(derivations)，缀合法产生的词汇是英语词汇的主体。
常用的词缀有：
前缀
前缀 含义 例词
a- 处在…… arise, aside, alone
en- 使可能 enrich, enable, enslave
dis- 不，否定 dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder,
un- 不做相反动作 unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover, untie
in-im-ir-il- 不，非 inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impracticalirregular, irresponsibleillogical,
non- 不，非 non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stop
de- 向相反方向发展 Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）
anti- 反（对） anti-freeze, anti-fascist
mis- 错误的，坏的 misdoings, misunderstand, misfortune
re 重复，再 rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle,
co- 共同 co-exist, co-operate, co-education
ex 以前的 Ex-husband, ex-president
tele 远程 telephone, telegraph, telescope
super- 在上面，超级 supermarket, superpower,
under- 在……之下 underline, underestimate, underground,
inter- 相互，之间 international, interact, inter-change
sub- 下，次 subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent,
trans- 过，穿过，变 transformation(变形), translate
vice- 副 vice-premier, vice-president
semi- 半 semifinal, semicircle, semi-automatic
bi 两个 bicycle, biennial两年一次的
tri 三个 triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎
mul- 多，多种 multiply, multi-national, multi-coloured
kilo- 千 kilometre, kilogramme
后缀
后 缀 例 词
名词 -er farmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater
-ess actress, waitress, princess, hostess
-or conductor, sailor, transistor, operator,
-ar beggar scholar, liar, pedlar/peddler (沿街叫卖的小贩，货郎)
-ese Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese
-ian musician, Egyptian, physician
-ist scientist, dentist, communist, socialist,
-ent/-ant assistant merchant, agent, servant, student
-ment argument, judgment, government
-ness happiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness
-tion dictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention
-ing building, wedding, painting
-ship leadership, friendship, hardship
-age shortage, marriage, leakage
-ty loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty
-th truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth
-ance acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance
-ence dependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence
-ful mouthful, handful, plateful,
-al refusal, denial, arrival survival
-y difficulty, possibility,
-dom freedom, wisdom, kingdom
-ism socialism, materialism
注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。
-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。
后 缀 例 词
形容词 -al central, industrial, national, natural
-an European, American, Australian
-ern eastern, northern, southern
-able reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible
-ful careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful,
-ish childish, Swedish, selfish
-ive destructive, collective, active, creative, effective
-y thirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny
-less careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless
-en golden, wooden, woolen
-ous courageous, famous, continuous, serious, various
-ary imaginary, revolutionary, secondary
-ic realistic, historic, poetic
-some troublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome
-like childlike, womanlike, manlike
-ant ignorant, significant, observant, important
-ent diligent, silent, excellent, frequent
-ly lively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly
-ish childish, foolish
后 缀 例 词
动词 -ize realize, modernize, mechanize, criticize,
-en widen, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen
-fy Simplify, beautify, terrify,
后 缀 例 词
副词 -ward(s) forward, northward, backward, downward
-ly slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly
1.Match the right words from the right column with the words on the left.
( ) 1. enrich A. trying to find jobs
( ) 2. semicircle B. remove, get rid of ice, frost
( ) 3. troublesome C. of, having, using imagination
( ) 4. sharpen D. make or become sharp
( ) 5. job-hunting E. half a circle
( ) 6. limitless F. causing trouble
( ) 7. imaginative G. make rich, improve in quality, flavour, etc.
( ) 8. defrost H. without limit
2.Use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks.
1. The mother didn’t know why her daughter was crying _______. (noise)
2. He was one of the best _______ in yesterday’s football match. (play)
3. Look! How ______ Kate is laughing! (happy)
4. It snowed ____ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy)
5. Edison was a great ______. During his life he had many ______. (invent)
6. More and more _____ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign）
7. We want _________ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)
8. Please give me some reference work. It will ______ my task. (simple)
9. The boy had the _______ of being half starved. (appear)
10. The police have _______ a plot against the President. (cover)
11. The doctor said that Mary’s mother needed an _______.(operate)
12. She hoped that her son would become a _______. (music)
13. Few ______ words made us excited. (speak)
14. The days on the moon get hotter than ______ water. (boil)
15. Thank you for your _________. (kind)
16. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _____. (expensive)
17. Most international ______ letters are written in English, too. (busy)
18. The boy noticed an ______ mistake on his paper, but he decided not to say anything about it. (correct)
19. When in Rome, do as the _____ do. (Rome)
20. The teacher was pleased with her _______. (honest)
3.根据上下文语境和提示的首字母，在划线处写出一个合适的词。
A. Rafting
Rafting is an exciting adventure. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams. Rafting is a good way to experience n________. If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few f______ trees or rocks. If you are looking for more e_______, you may want to try whitewater rafting. Whitewater rafting is more a_________ and difficult than normal rafting. It is done on rivers and streams where the water moves q_______. You have to be c________ not to hit rocks, trees and other dangers. The name “W________” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.
B. Are we endangered
Steve Jones is an environmental expert who tries to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered. If we know more about what causes e________, we may be able to take m_______ before it is too late. A species can become e_______ for different reasons. Animals and plants must have a habitat or home, which is c_______ and clean, and where there is enough food and other resources. They are all used to their environment; that is, they have learnt how to live s_______ in their habitat.
Keys: 1. G 2. E 3. F 4. D 5. A 6. H 7. C 8. B
2.1. noisily 2. players 3. happily 4. heavily 5. inventor; inventions 6. foreigners 7. satisfactory 8. simplify 9. appearance 10. uncovered 11. operation12. musician 13. spoken 14. boiling 15. kindness 16. expenses 17. business 18. uncorrected 19. Romans 20. honesty
3. A篇nature, fallen, excitement, adventurous, quickly, careful, Whitewater
B. 篇endangerment, measures, endangered, comfortable, successfully
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