英语语法大全(三)[下学期]

英语语法大全
(三)
●动词的时态 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1100.htm" \t "context )
▲一般现在时的用法 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1101.htm" \t "context )　▲一般过去时的用法 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1102.htm" \t "context )　▲used to/be used to ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1103.htm" \t "context )
▲一般将来时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1104.htm" \t "context )　▲be going to/will ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1105.htm" \t "context )　▲be to和be going to ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1106.htm" \t "context )
▲一般现在时表将来 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1107.htm" \t "context )　▲用现在进行时表示将来 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1108.htm" \t "context )　▲现在完成时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1109.htm" \t "context )
▲比较过去时与现在完成时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1110.htm" \t "context )　▲用于现在完成时的句型 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1111.htm" \t "context )　▲比较since和for ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1112.htm" \t "context )
▲since的四种用法 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1113.htm" \t "context )　▲延续动词与瞬间动词 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1114.htm" \t "context )　▲过去完成时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1115.htm" \t "context )
▲用一般过去时代替完成时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1116.htm" \t "context )　▲将来完成时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1117.htm" \t "context )　▲现在进行时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1118.htm" \t "context )
▲不用进行时的动词 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1119.htm" \t "context )　▲过去进行时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1120.htm" \t "context )　▲将来进行时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1121.htm" \t "context )
▲一般现在时代替将来时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1122.htm" \t "context )　▲一般现在时代替过去时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1123.htm" \t "context )　▲一般现在时代替完成时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1124.htm" \t "context )
▲一般现在时代替进行时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1125.htm" \t "context )　▲现在进行时代替将来时 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1126.htm" \t "context )　▲时态一致 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1127.htm" \t "context )
▲时态与时间状语 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1128.htm" \t "context )
●动词的语态
▲let 的用法 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1201.htm" \t "context )　▲短语动词的被动语态 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1202.htm" \t "context )　▲表示"据说"或"相信"的词组 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1203.htm" \t "context )
▲不用被动语态的情况 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1204.htm" \t "context )　▲主动形式表示被动意义 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1205.htm" \t "context )
▲被动形式表示主动意义 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1206.htm" \t "context )　▲need/want/require/worth ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1207.htm" \t "context )
●句子的种类 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1300.htm" \t "context )
▲句子的种类 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1301.htm" \t "context )　▲感叹句结构 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1302.htm" \t "context )　▲强调句结构 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1303.htm" \t "context )
▲用助动词进行强调 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1304.htm" \t "context )　▲反意疑问句 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1305.htm" \t "context )
●倒装 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1400.htm" \t "context )
▲倒装句之全部倒装 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1401.htm" \t "context )　▲倒装句之部分倒装 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1402.htm" \t "context )　▲以否定词开头作部分倒装 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1403.htm" \t "context )
▲so,either,nor作部分倒装 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1404.htm" \t "context )　▲only在句首要倒装的情况 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1405.htm" \t "context )
▲as,though引导的倒装句 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1406.htm" \t "context )　▲其他部分倒装 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1407.htm" \t "context )
●主谓一致 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1500.htm" \t "context )
▲并列结构作主语谓语用复数 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1501.htm" \t "context )　▲主谓一致中的靠近原则 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1502.htm" \t "context )
▲谓语动词与前面的主语一致 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1503.htm" \t "context )　▲谓语需用单数 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1504.htm" \t "context )
▲指代意义决定谓语的单复数 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1505.htm" \t "context )　▲与后接名词或代词保持一致 ( mk:@MSITStore:E:\\phonetic\\grammar.chm:: / 1506.htm" \t "context )
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
　 时间状语： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday
　 I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
　 The earth moves around the sun.
　 Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
　 Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。
　 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
　 I don't want so much.
　 Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
　　　I am doing my homework now.
　　第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
　 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
　 Where did you go just now
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
　 When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
　 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.　
3）句型：
　 It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……时间了"　 "该……了"
　 It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"　 "早该……了"
　 It is time for you to go to bed.　 你该睡觉了。
　 It is time you went to bed.　　　你早该睡觉了。
　 would (had) rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'
　 I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
　I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：
　　一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
　Christine was an invalid all her life.　 　 (含义：她已不在人间。)
　Christine has been an invalid all her life.　　 (含义：她现在还活着)
　Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
　Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
　( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)　　
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
　　　Did you want anything else
　　　I wondered if you could help me.
2）情态动词 could, would.
　　　Could you lend me your bike
11.3 used to / be used to
　　used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
　　Mother used not to be so forgetful.　　
　　Scarf used to take a walk.　 (过去常常散步)
be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
　　He is used to a vegetarian diet.　　
　　Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)
典型例题　　　
---- Your phone number again I ___ quite catch it.---- It's 69568442.　　　　　　
A. didn't　　B. couldn't　C. don't　D. can't
　　答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
11.4 一般将来时
1)　shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
　　will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
　　Which paragraph shall I read first.
　　Will you be at home at seven this evening
2)　be going to +不定式，表示将来。
　 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
　　　What are you going to do tomorrow
　 b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
　　 The play is going to be produced next month。
　 c. 有迹象要发生的事
　　 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3)　 be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
　　 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4)　be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
　　He is about to leave for Beijing.
　 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
11.5 be going to / will
用于条件句时， be going to　表将来　　　　　　　 will　表意愿
　　If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
　　Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
　　 be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
　　 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
　I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　 (客观安排)
　I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
　　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
　　　When does the bus star It stars in ten minutes.
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
　　　 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
　　　 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在时间或条件句中。
　　　 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
　　　 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
　　　 I hope they have a nice time next week.
　　　 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
　 I'm leaving tomorrow.
　 Are you staying here till next week
11.9 现在完成时
　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状　态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去　但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或　状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。
11.10 比较过去时与现在完成时
　 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 　
　 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:　
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately　
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,　　　till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语　
　 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
　举例：
　 I saw this film yesterday.　　（强调看的动作发生过了。）
　 I have seen this film. 　　（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）　
　 Why did you get up so early 　　（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
　 Who hasn't handed in his paper 　　　（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
　 She has returned from Paris.　　　 她已从巴黎回来了。
　 She returned yesterday. 　　 她是昨天回来了。
　 He has been in the League for three years.　　(在团内的状态可延续)
　 He has been a League member for three years.　　(是团员的状态可持续)
　 He joined the League three years ago.　 　　( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
　 I have finished my homework now.　 　
　 ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White
　 ---He's already been sent for.　
　 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
　 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
　 （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
　 It is the first time that I have visited the city.
　 It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
　 This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
　　　 这是我看过的最好的电影。
　 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all 　
　 ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming
　 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before
　 ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come
　 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
　 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比较since和for
　　Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
　　I have lived here for more than twenty years.
　　I have lived here since I was born..
　　My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.　
　　Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
　　I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.　
　　My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.　
　　I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
　　注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
　　 I worked here for more than twenty years.
　　　(我现在已不在这里工作。)
　　 I have worked here for many years.　　　
　　　(现在我仍在这里工作。)
　　小窍门：　当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
　　1)　(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
　　　 = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
　　2)　(错) Harry has got married for six years.
　　　 = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
　　显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四种用法
　 1) since +过去一个时间点　(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
　 I have been here since 1989.　
　 2) since +一段时间+ ago
　 I have been here since five months ago.
　 3) since +从句　
　 Great changes have taken place since you left.
　 Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
　 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
　 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
　　延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
　　 He has completed the work.　　他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
　　 I've known him since then.　　 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2)　用于till / until从句的差异
　　 延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
　　 He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
　　　　他到10 点才回来。
　　 He slept until ten o'clock.　　　　　
　　　　他一直睡到10点。　
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.　
A. had met　B. have met　 C. met　D. meet
　 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
　---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been　 B. had been　 C. was　D. will be
　 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前　 那时　现在　　　　　　
2） 用法
　a.　在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
　b. 状语从句
　　 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
　　 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
　c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3)　过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
　 He said that he had learned some English before.
　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
典型例题　
　 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　
A. had written, left　 B. were writing, has left　
C. had written, had left　 D. were writing, had left
　 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。
注意：　had no … when　　　　　还没等…… 就……
　　　　had no sooner… than　　刚…… 就……
　 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
11.16 用一般过去时代替完成时
1)　两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。
　　 When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
　　 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
　　 When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3)　叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
　　 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 将来完成时
　1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
　2) 概念　
　　a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
　　b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
　　　They will have been married for 20 years by then.
　　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
11.18 现在进行时
　现在进行时的基本用法：
　a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
　　 We are waiting for you.
　b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
　　 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　
　　　(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
　　 She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
　c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
　　 The leaves are turning red.
　　 It's getting warmer and warmer.
　d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
　　 You are always changing your mind.
典型例题
　 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.　
　 A. has lost, don't find　　 B. is missing, don't find　
C. has lost, haven't found　 D. is missing, haven't found.　　
　 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
11.19 不用进行时的动词
　1) 事实状态的动词
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
　　I have two brothers.
　　This house belongs to my sister.
　2) 心理状态的动词
know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
　　I need your help.
　　He loves her very much.
　3 ) 瞬间动词
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
　　I accept your advice.
　4) 系动词
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
　　You seem a little tired.
11.20 过去进行时
1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
　　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　
　　 It was raining when they left the station.
　　 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.　
A. made　 B. is making　 C. was making　 D. makes
　 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同　时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
read； was falling　B. was reading； fell　C. was reading； was falling　D. read；fell
　 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
11.21 将来进行时
1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
　　　She'll be coming soon.
　　　I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的时间状语
Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
　　 By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.
11.22 一般现在时代替将来时
时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
典型例题
(1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
　A. had not given; had not succeeded　　B. would not give; succeed
　C. will not give; succeed　　　　　　 D. would not give; will succeed.
　 答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
(2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。
　 The museum opens at ten tomorrow.　博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)
11.23 一般现在时代替过去时
1 )"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。
　 The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
　 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2) 叙述往事，使其生动。
　 Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins
11.24 一般现在时代替完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,　remember.
　I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
　I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met
11.25 一般现在时代替进行时
1) 句型：Here comes… ； There goes…
　 Look, here comes Mr. Li.
11.26 现在进行时代替将来时
1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。
　　Are you staying with us this weekend 这周和我们一起度周末吗
　　We are leaving soon.　 我们马上就走。
2) 渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。
　　He is dying.
11.27 时态一致
　 1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。
　At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
　He told me last week that he is eighteen.
　 2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。
　He thought that I need not tell you the truth.
11.28 时态与时间状语
　　　　　　　　　时间状语
一般现在时　　every …, sometimes,　at …, on Sunday,
一般过去时　　yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般将来时　　next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
现在完成时　　for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
过去完成时　　before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
过去进行时　　this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时　　soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
12. 动词的语态
　　语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
　　主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
　1）若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态　时，该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词。
feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch
　　The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
　　We saw him play football on the playground.
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
　2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。
　　 Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.
12.1 let 的用法
　1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。
　　 They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.　
　2） 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。
　　The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
　　----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
12.2 短语动词的被动语态
　短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
　　This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown.
　　My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.　　
　　Such a thing has never been heard of before
12.3 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组
　　believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that…　　 据说　　
It is reported that… 据报道　　　
It is believed that…　大家相信　　　　　
It is hoped that…　大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知　　
It is thought that…　大家认为
It is suggested that…　据建议　　　　　
It is taken granted that…　 被视为当然　
It has been decided that… 大家决定　　
It must be remember that…务必记住的是
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.
12.4 不用被动语态的情况
　1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
　After the fire, very little remained of my house.
　比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。　　
　(错) The price has been risen.
　(对) The price has risen.
　(错) The accident was happened last week.　　　
　(对) The accident happened last week.
　(错) The price has raised.　　　　　　　　　　
　(对) The price has been raised.
　(错) Please seat.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　(对) Please be seated.
　　要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
　 2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
　This key just fits the lock.
　Your story agrees with what had already been heard.　
　 3) 系动词无被动语态：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
　　 It sounds good.　
　 4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：
die, death, dream, live, life
　　She dreamed a bad dream last night.　
　 5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
　　 (对) She likes to swim.
　　 (错) To swim is liked by her.
12.5 主动形式表示被动意义
　1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
　　The book sells well.　　这本书销路好。
　　This knife cuts easily.　 这刀子很好用。
　2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
　　I was to blame for the accident.
　　Much work remains.
　3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
　　The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
　　This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
　　This book is worth reading.　这本书值得一读。
　4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。
12.6 被动形式表示主动意义
be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries
　　He is graduated from a famous university.
　　他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
　　He married a rich girl.
　　He got married to a rich girl.
12.7 need/want/require/worth
　　注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。
　　　Your hair wants cutting.　你的头发该理了。
　　　The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
　　　The book is worth reading.　这本书值得一读。
典型例题
　　The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.　
A. cleaning　 B. be cleaned　 C. clean　 D. being cleaned
　　答案A. need (实意) +n /to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be clean 则也为正确答案。
典：done，"不可能已经"。must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时)。
13. 句子的种类
（一）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1） 陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。
　 Light travels faster than sound.　光比声速度快。　　（说明事实）
　The film is rather boring.　这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
2） 疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：
　 a.　一般疑问句（General Questions）：
　　　 Can you finish the work in time 　　　　 你能按时完成工作吗？
　 b.　特殊疑问句（W Questions; H Questions）：
　　　 Where do you live 　你住那儿？
　　　 How do you know that 你怎么知道那件事？
　 c.　选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
　　　 Do you want tea or coffee 　　　　 你是要茶还是要咖啡？
　 d.　反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
　　　 He doesn't know her, does he 　　　　　 他不认识她，对不对？
3） 祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：
　　　Sit down, please.　请坐。
　　　Don't be nervous!　别紧张！
4） 感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：
　　 What good news it is!　多好的消息啊！
（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：
1） 简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps.　 她喜欢集邮。
(主)　 (谓)
2） 并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，例如：
　 The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。
　(主)　　 (谓)　　　　　 (主)(谓)　
3） 复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导，例如：
　The film had begun when we got to the cinema.
　　　　　　主句　　　　　　 从句
　我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。
（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
1）主 + 动（SV）例如：
　　I work.　我工作。
2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如：
　　John is busy.　约翰忙。
3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如：
　　She studies English.　她学英语。
4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：
　　Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：
　　My mother made me a new dress.　我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
13.1 祈使句结构
　 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。
1） 祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。
　　　 Take this seat.
　　　 Do be careful.
　否定结构：
　　　Don't move.
　　　Don't be late.
2） 第二种祈使句以let开头。
　　Let 的反意疑问句
　a. Let's 包括说话者　
　　 Let's have another try，shall we / shan't we
　 = Shall we have another try
　b.　Let us 不包括说话者
　　 Let us have another try，will you / won't you
　 = Will you please let us have another try
否定结构：
　Let's not talk of that matter.
　Let us not talk of that matter.
13.2 感叹句结构
　　感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。
　　what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：
　　掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。
How +形容词+ a +名词+　　　　　　　陈述语序　　　
How+形容词或副词+　　　　　　　　　陈述语序
What +名词+　　　　　　　　　　　　陈述语序
What+a+形容词+名词+　　　　　　　　陈述语序
What+ 形容词+复数名词+　　　　　　 陈述语序
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+　　　　　 陈述语序
How clever a boy he is!
How lovely the baby is!
What noise they are making!
What a clever boy he is!
What wonderful ideas (we have)!
What cold weather it is!
感叹句的省略形式为：
What a clever boy (he is)!
典型例题
1）___ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice　　B. What a nice　　C. How nice　 D. What nice
　答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)
2）___terrible weather we've been having these days!　
A. What　 B. What a　　C. How　 D. How a　
　答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。
3) --- _____ I had!
　　--- You really suffered a lot.
A. What a time　　B. What time　　 C. How a time　　 D. how time
　答案A.　感叹句分两类：
　　　　　1：What + n.+主谓部分
　　　　　2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。
13.3 强调句结构
　 常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。
　 It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。
　 此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。
　　　It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
　　　It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.
典型例题
1） It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A.　the time　B.　when　 C.　that　　D.　which
　 答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。　强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用that。
　原句：　My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
　强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
　强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
　强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)
　强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that　B. when　 C. since　 D. as
　 答案C. 考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It　 be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
　 It is /was +时间+ since…　其中is<---> has been　 was <---> had been.
13.4 用助动词进行强调
　　强调句还有一种类型，就是用助动词do (did，does) 强调谓语。
　She does like this horse.　她的确喜欢这匹马。
　Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。
13.5 反意疑问句
1)　陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I.
　　I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I
2)　陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。
　　I wish to have a word with you, may I
3)　陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。
　　The Swede made no answer, did he / she
　　Some plants never blown (开花), do they
4)　含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
　　He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he / shouldn't he
5)　陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。
　　We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we
6)　陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
　　He used to take pictures there, didn't he / usedn't he
7)　陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you
　　You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you
8)　陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
　　He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he
9)　陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
　　You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
　　He must be a doctor, isn't he
　　You must have studied English for three years, haven't you / didn't you
　　He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he
11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。
　　What colours, aren't they
　　What a smell, isn't it
12)　陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we
13)　陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
　　Everything is ready, isn't it
14)　 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
　a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
　　Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he
　b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
　　He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he
　　He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he
　c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
　　I don't think he is bright, is he
　　We believe she can do it better, can't she
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。
　　Everyone knows the answer, don't they 　(does he )
　　Nobody knows about it, do they (does he )
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
　　We need not do it again, need we
　　He dare not say so, dare you
　 当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
　　She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she
17)　省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
　　Don't do that again, will you
　　Go with me, will you / won't you
注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we
　　Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you
　　Let's go and listen to the music, shall we
　　Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you
18)　陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
　　There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there
　　There will not be any trouble, will there
19)　否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
　　It is impossible, isn't it
　　He is not unkind to his classmates, is he
20)　must在表"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。
　 He must be there now, isn't he
　 It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it
　　　　　　　 快速记忆表
陈述部分的谓语　　　　　 疑问部分　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　 I　　　　　　　　　 aren't I　　　　　　　　
　　　 Wish　　　　　　　　　may +主语　　　　 　　　　　
no,nothing,nobody,never,　　
few, seldom, hardly,　　　　 肯定含义
rarely, little等否定
含义的词　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　
ought to（肯定的）　　　 shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语 　
have to+v.(had to+v.)　　don't +主语(didn't +主语) 　
used to　　　　　　　 didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语 　
had better + v.　　　　　hadn't you　　　　　　　　　
would rather + v.　　　　wouldn't +主语　　　　　　　
you'd like to + v.　　　 wouldn't +主语　　　　　　　
must　　　　　　　　　　 根据实际情况而定　　　　　　
感叹句中　　　　　　　　 be +主语　　　　　　　　　　
Neither…nor,
either…or 连接的根　　 据其实际逻辑意义而定
并列主语　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　
指示代词或不定代词
everything,that,　　　　　　主语用it
nothing,this　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　
并列复合句　　　　　　　谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定 　
定语从句,宾语从句的
主从复合句　　　　　　　根据主句的谓语而定　　　　 　
think,believe,expect,
suppose,imagine等引导　 与宾语从句相对应的从句　 　　
everybody,anyone,
somebody,nobody,no one　　复数they, 单数he　　　　 　
情态动词dare或need　　　 need (dare ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词　　　　 do +主语　　　　　　 　
省去主语的祈使句　　　　 will you？
Let's 开头的祈使句　　　 Shall we
Let us 开头的祈使句　　　Will you 　　　　　　　　 　
there be　　　相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词）　　
否定前缀不能视为否定词　　　 仍用否定形式　　　　　　
must表"推测"　　　根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句 　
14. 倒装
14.1 倒装句之全部倒装
　全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和　一般过去时。常见的结构有：
　1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
　　There goes the bell.
　　Then came the chairman.
　　Here is your letter.
　2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
　　Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
　　Ahead sat an old woman.
　注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
　　 Here he comes.　　　　Away they went.
14.2 倒装句之部分倒装
　 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
　1)　句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
　　Never have I seen such a performance.
　　Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
　　Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
　当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
　　 I have never seen such a performance.
　　 The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题　　
1)　Why can't I smoke here
　　At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted　　B.　smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted　D.　does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
　　A. man did know　 B. man know　 C. didn't man know　 D. did man know
　答案D.　 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
　改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
14.3 以否定词开头作部分倒装
　 如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
　 Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
　 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
　 No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began　　　　　 B.　has the game begun
C. did the game begin　　　 D.　had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when　等等。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
　 Not only you but also I am fond of music.
14.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒装
　 表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。　　　　
　　Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
　　If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例题
　---Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother
　---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care　　B. nor do I care　　C. I don't care neither　　D. I don't care also
答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
　 注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
　 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
　 ---It's raining hard.　　　---So it is.
14.5 only在句首要倒装的情况
　 Only in this way, can you learn English well.
　 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
　 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
　 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
14.6 as, though 引导的倒装句
　 as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意：
　　　 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　　　 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,　 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
　　让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
14.7 其他部分倒装
1)　 so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
　　 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2)　在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
　　May you all be happy.
3)　在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
　 Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例题：
1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is　　
A. man did know　 B. man knew　 C. didn't man know　 D. did man know
答案为D.　否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.　
A. didn't I realize　　B. did I realize　　C. I didn't realize　D. I realize
　答案为B。
3)　Do you know Tom bought a new car
　I don't know, ___.
　A. nor don't I care　 B. nor do I care　 　C. I don't care neither　D. I don't care also
　解析：答案为B.　句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
15. 主谓一致
　 主谓一致是指：
1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
　　一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
　 There is much water in the thermos.
　　但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
　 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
15.1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
　 Reading and writing are very important.
　注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
　The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
典型例题
　The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is　　B. was　 C. are　 D. were
答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。
15.2 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
　There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
　There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，　连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
　Either you or she is to go.
　Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
15.3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
　 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
　 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
　 He as well as I wants to go boating.
15.4 谓语需用单数
1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
　 Each of us has a tape-recorder.
　 There is something wrong with my watch.
2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
　 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
　 <<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。
3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
　 Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
　 Ten yuan is enough.
15.5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1） 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
　　 All is right.　　　 (一切顺利。)
　　 All are present.　　(所有人都到齐了。)
2） 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
　　 His family isn't very large.　　他家不是一个大家庭。
　　 His family are music lovers.　他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
　 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
　　Are there any police around
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
　A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
　The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
　A number of books have lent out.
　The majority of the students like English.
15.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致
1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
　Most of his money is spent on books.
　Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
　 Many a person has read the novel.　许多人都读过这本书。
　 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。
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