名词的用法[上学期]
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语法专题一 名词
[考点解析]
一、名词的数
1. 不可数名词
不可数名词没有单复数之分, 它包括抽象名词,物质名词和专有名词. 例如: health, advice, glass, wood. English, America 等.
2. 可数名词规则的复数形式
可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词, 有单, 复数形式. 名词复数构成方法如下:
(1) 一般情况在名词后加-s, 如: desks, students, pens.
(2) 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词(以[s][z][t∫][∫]等读音结尾时) 后加-es, 如: buses, boxes, watches, brushes. 故stomach的复数形式为stomachs..
(3) 以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后加-es, 如: heroes, potatoes; 以 “元音字母+o”结尾的名词只加-s, 如:bamboos, zoos, radios. 但不少以-o结尾的外来词变为复数时只加-s, 如: radios, photos, pianos; 有些以-o结尾的名词有两种复数形式, 如: zeros/zeroes, volcanos/volcanoes.
注: ①有人亦作如下归纳,“以o结尾的英语单词, 表示‘有生命’的事物, 往往加-es, ‘无生命’的往往加s.”② 只要记住顺口溜: “黑人Negro和英雄hero喜欢吃西红柿tomato和马铃薯potato”, 你就可以牢记中学教材中出现的以o结尾, 后加-es构成复数的单词了.
(4) 以 “辅音+y”结尾的名词, 把y改为i, 再加-es, 如: factories, countries.
(5) 以 “元音+y”结尾的名词, 或以y结尾的专有名词, 直接在词尾加-s, 如: boys, toys, Germanys, Henrys.
(6) 以-f或-fe结尾的名词的复数形式有以下三种情况:
① 多数把f或fe改为v然后再加-es,如:leaves, lives, shelves.
② 有的直接加-s. 如:roofs, chiefs, gulfs.
③ 有的名词以上两种形式都可以. 如:handkerchieves/handkerchiefs, scarves/scarfs.
3. 可数名词不规则的复数形式
不规则名词的复数形式没有规律可循, 是要单个记忆的. 例如:man→men, woman →women, child→children, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice等
4. 复合名词的复数形式
(1) 由若干部分组成并含有一个中心词(指人)的, 将复合名称的中心词变为复数. 如:daughters-in-law, passersby, film-goers, shoe-makers, lookers-on, grandchildren.
(2) 以man或woman作词首, 复合名词前后两个词都是中心词时, 前后两部分都变为复数. 如:men singers, women servants.
(3) 复合名词中没有中心名词时, 在最后一个词后加-s.如:forget-me-nots, grown-ups, go-betweens.
二 名词的所有格
名词的所有格表示名词的所有关系, 其用法相当于一个形容词, 有两种基本形式, 其一是有生命的人或物,多用名词后加’s构成, 如:my parents’ bedroom; 其二是无生命的东西(包括植物), 多用介词of加名词构成,如:leaves of the tree. 另外要注意, 有时名词可以直接作定语, 而不用其所有格形式, 如:a shoe factory (一家鞋厂)等.
注意双重属格： a friend of mine; a former classmate of my father’s.
三 抽象名词具体化
抽象名词在有些情况下会出现 “抽象名词具体化”. 在这种情况下, 抽象名词指的不是它所要表达的概念的整体, 而是一个个具体的例子, 指一种, 一场, 一阵或者是表达某种心情. 例如:
The play we saw last night was a success.
我们昨晚看的那场戏很成功.
What a great surprise you gave us!
你真是让我们大吃一惊.
It’s a pleasure to talk with you.
和你谈话真令人高兴
The concert was a failure because few people came to watch it.
音乐会并不成功, 因为没有什么人来观看.
[高考示例]
【例一】2005安徽高考
My ______of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends.
A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought
提示:侧重对某事的 “意见; 看法”, mind指想法; 感觉;思维”,thought指 “思考;观念;想法”,idea指 “计划;主意;念头;想法”.
答案: A
【例二】2005 辽宁高考
The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has ______all over the country.
A. companies B. branches
C. organizations D. businesses
提示:题意为:这家银行的总部设在北京, 但它在全国有很多分支机构. 与总部相对的应该是 “分支机构”branches.
答案: B
【例三】2005 浙江高考
I am sure David will be able to find the library--he has a pretty good ______of direction.
A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense
提示: sense of direction指 “方向感”, 符合题意.have a good idea of意为 “对……非常了解”, feeling指 “感情”, experience指 “经验; 经历”.
答案:D
【例四】
The ______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.
A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shop D. bicycles’ shop
提示: 本题句意为:自行车商店就在拐角处, 你不会错过它. 此题考查名词作定语, 应用其单数形式. bicycle为无生命的词, 一般不用其所有格形式, 故排除A项. bicycle在此句中起限制作用, 表示买什么东西的商店, shop不用其复数形式.
答案:B
[触类旁通]
1. For years scientists have been worried about the ______of air pollution on the earth’s natural conditions.
A. effect B. result C. account D. cause
2. The lion is considered to be the king of the forest as it is a (an) ______of courage.
A. sign B. mark C. example D. symbol
3. Now an increasing number of middle school students go abroad for further study at their own ______, trying hard to realize their dreams.
A. price B. cost C. expenses D. pay
4. The news that his sick fellow student was getting well and strong brought great ______to Mr. Smith.
A. courage B. friendship C. comfort D. happy
5. --Is there any ______to the time that I can stay here
--Yes, you must leave here before he comes back.
A. number B. length C. limit D. matter
6. It is the ______in Britain that young people often do not shake hands when they meet someone for the first time.
A. custom B. habit C. hobby D. favour
7. What did Thomas mean His letter was so confused that I could hardly make any ______of it at all.
A. interpretation B. meaning
C. message D. sense
8. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
A. room’s number B. room number
C. room’s numbers D. room numbers
9. –-Excuse me, where are ______offices
--Over there.
A. teacher’s B. teachers’
C. the teacher’s D. the teacher’s
10. We’ll have a ______holiday. What about going to the West Lake
A. two days B. two-day C. two-days D. two day’s
答案: 1.A 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.D 9.D 10.B
[考点解析]
一、名词的数
1. 不可数名词
不可数名词没有单复数之分, 它包括抽象名词,物质名词和专有名词. 例如: health, advice, glass, wood. English, America 等.
2. 可数名词规则的复数形式
可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词, 有单, 复数形式. 名词复数构成方法如下:
(1) 一般情况在名词后加-s, 如: desks, students, pens.
(2) 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词(以[s][z][t∫][∫]等读音结尾时) 后加-es, 如: buses, boxes, watches, brushes. 故stomach的复数形式为stomachs..
(3) 以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后加-es, 如: heroes, potatoes; 以 “元音字母+o”结尾的名词只加-s, 如:bamboos, zoos, radios. 但不少以-o结尾的外来词变为复数时只加-s, 如: radios, photos, pianos; 有些以-o结尾的名词有两种复数形式, 如: zeros/zeroes, volcanos/volcanoes.
注: ①有人亦作如下归纳,“以o结尾的英语单词, 表示‘有生命’的事物, 往往加-es, ‘无生命’的往往加s.”② 只要记住顺口溜: “黑人Negro和英雄hero喜欢吃西红柿tomato和马铃薯potato”, 你就可以牢记中学教材中出现的以o结尾, 后加-es构成复数的单词了.
(4) 以 “辅音+y”结尾的名词, 把y改为i, 再加-es, 如: factories, countries.
(5) 以 “元音+y”结尾的名词, 或以y结尾的专有名词, 直接在词尾加-s, 如: boys, toys, Germanys, Henrys.
(6) 以-f或-fe结尾的名词的复数形式有以下三种情况:
① 多数把f或fe改为v然后再加-es,如:leaves, lives, shelves.
② 有的直接加-s. 如:roofs, chiefs, gulfs.
③ 有的名词以上两种形式都可以. 如:handkerchieves/handkerchiefs, scarves/scarfs.
3. 可数名词不规则的复数形式
不规则名词的复数形式没有规律可循, 是要单个记忆的. 例如:man→men, woman →women, child→children, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice等
4. 复合名词的复数形式
(1) 由若干部分组成并含有一个中心词(指人)的, 将复合名称的中心词变为复数. 如:daughters-in-law, passersby, film-goers, shoe-makers, lookers-on, grandchildren.
(2) 以man或woman作词首, 复合名词前后两个词都是中心词时, 前后两部分都变为复数. 如:men singers, women servants.
(3) 复合名词中没有中心名词时, 在最后一个词后加-s.如:forget-me-nots, grown-ups, go-betweens.
二 名词的所有格
名词的所有格表示名词的所有关系, 其用法相当于一个形容词, 有两种基本形式, 其一是有生命的人或物,多用名词后加’s构成, 如:my parents’ bedroom; 其二是无生命的东西(包括植物), 多用介词of加名词构成,如:leaves of the tree. 另外要注意, 有时名词可以直接作定语, 而不用其所有格形式, 如:a shoe factory (一家鞋厂)等.
注意双重属格： a friend of mine; a former classmate of my father’s.
三 抽象名词具体化
抽象名词在有些情况下会出现 “抽象名词具体化”. 在这种情况下, 抽象名词指的不是它所要表达的概念的整体, 而是一个个具体的例子, 指一种, 一场, 一阵或者是表达某种心情. 例如:
The play we saw last night was a success.
我们昨晚看的那场戏很成功.
What a great surprise you gave us!
你真是让我们大吃一惊.
It’s a pleasure to talk with you.
和你谈话真令人高兴
The concert was a failure because few people came to watch it.
音乐会并不成功, 因为没有什么人来观看.
[高考示例]
【例一】2005安徽高考
My ______of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends.
A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought
提示:侧重对某事的 “意见; 看法”, mind指想法; 感觉;思维”,thought指 “思考;观念;想法”,idea指 “计划;主意;念头;想法”.
答案: A
【例二】2005 辽宁高考
The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has ______all over the country.
A. companies B. branches
C. organizations D. businesses
提示:题意为:这家银行的总部设在北京, 但它在全国有很多分支机构. 与总部相对的应该是 “分支机构”branches.
答案: B
【例三】2005 浙江高考
I am sure David will be able to find the library--he has a pretty good ______of direction.
A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense
提示: sense of direction指 “方向感”, 符合题意.have a good idea of意为 “对……非常了解”, feeling指 “感情”, experience指 “经验; 经历”.
答案:D
【例四】
The ______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.
A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shop D. bicycles’ shop
提示: 本题句意为:自行车商店就在拐角处, 你不会错过它. 此题考查名词作定语, 应用其单数形式. bicycle为无生命的词, 一般不用其所有格形式, 故排除A项. bicycle在此句中起限制作用, 表示买什么东西的商店, shop不用其复数形式.
答案:B
[触类旁通]
1. For years scientists have been worried about the ______of air pollution on the earth’s natural conditions.
A. effect B. result C. account D. cause
2. The lion is considered to be the king of the forest as it is a (an) ______of courage.
A. sign B. mark C. example D. symbol
3. Now an increasing number of middle school students go abroad for further study at their own ______, trying hard to realize their dreams.
A. price B. cost C. expenses D. pay
4. The news that his sick fellow student was getting well and strong brought great ______to Mr. Smith.
A. courage B. friendship C. comfort D. happy
5. --Is there any ______to the time that I can stay here
--Yes, you must leave here before he comes back.
A. number B. length C. limit D. matter
6. It is the ______in Britain that young people often do not shake hands when they meet someone for the first time.
A. custom B. habit C. hobby D. favour
7. What did Thomas mean His letter was so confused that I could hardly make any ______of it at all.
A. interpretation B. meaning
C. message D. sense
8. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
A. room’s number B. room number
C. room’s numbers D. room numbers
9. –-Excuse me, where are ______offices
--Over there.
A. teacher’s B. teachers’
C. the teacher’s D. the teacher’s
10. We’ll have a ______holiday. What about going to the West Lake
A. two days B. two-day C. two-days D. two day’s
答案: 1.A 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.D 9.D 10.B