units 13-22 全册教案[下学期]

UNIT 13 Unhealthy Eating
Teaching goals: Talk about eating habits and health
Practice seeing the doctor
Practice giving advice and making suggestions
Use modal verbs had better, should, ought to
Learn some useful cooking terms
Read and write recipes
Teaching points:
healthy, habit, stomach, cough, traditional, product, function, supplement, lose
weight, develop, now and then, equipment
Grammar:
modals(1)
had better，should，ought to
Language points:
1．healthy
用作形容词，意思是“健康的，健壮的，卫生的”，它的比较级和最高级分别是healthier，healthiest，反义词是unhealthy，它的名词形式是health。
e．g．Tom is healthier than Peter．汤姆比彼得健壮些。
Her mother is in good health．她母亲身体健康。
[辨析]healthy，healthful
①healthy意思是“健康的”，通常指人。
e．g．He is very healthy．他很健康。
②healthful意思是“有益于健康的”，通常指物。
e．g．Green vegetables are a healthful food．绿色蔬菜是有益健康的食物。
2．habit
(1)在单元里，该词的意思是“习惯”。
e．g．The boy formed the habit of reading．
那个男孩养成阅读的习惯。
(2)由habit构成的常见短语：
be in the habit of有……的习惯
get into the habit of染上……的习惯
get sb．into the habit of使某人养成……的习惯
get out of a habit戒除一种习惯
[辨析]habit，hobby，custom，practice
这四个词都可表示“习惯，习俗”的含义，但有一定的差异。
①habit常指个人的习惯，习性。
②hobby通常指业余的爱好。
③custom通常指社会、国家、宗教等长时间形成的习惯、风俗或习俗。
④practice通常指习俗或惯例，通常与custom同义，但常常表示贬义。
3．stomach
(1)用作名词，意思是“胃”，“腹部”，通常用作可数名词，它的复数形式为stomachs。
e．g．He has a pain in his stomach．他胃疼痛。
The baby was lying on its stomach．那婴儿俯卧着。
(2)用作不可数名词，意思是“胃口，爱好”。
e．g．She has stomach for basketball．她想打篮球。
4．cough
(1)用作名词，意思是“咳嗽”，通常用作可数名词。
e．g．The teacher had a bad cough yesterday．老师昨天咳嗽得很厉害。
(2)用作动词，意思是“咳嗽”。
e．g．The patient coughed all the time．那个病人咳个不停。
5．traditional
用作形容词，意思是“传统的”，“惯例的”。
e．g．The traditional friendship between the two countries has a long history．
两国的传统友谊有着悠久的历史。
The doctor said．"The traditional Chinese medicine does good to the patient．"
大夫说：“中药对病人有好处。”
6．product
通常用作可数名词，意思是“产物，产品”。
e．g．The country is famous for its industrial and agricultural products．
这个国家以它的工农业产品而出名。
7．function
(1)用作名词，意思是“功能”，“作用”。
e．g．The professor performed an important function in the experiment．
那位教授在实验中起着重大作用。
The function of his heart goes well．他的心脏功能正常。
(2)用作动词，意思是“(器官的)活动”，“(机器的)运行”。
e．g．The machine does not function properly．
这台机器有点毛病。
The telephone was not functioning．这台电话坏了。
8．supplement
(1)用作名词，意思是“增补，补充”，“(书刊等的)副刊，增刊”。
e．g．This is a supplement to a dictionary．这是词典的补编。
(2)用作动词，意思是“增补，补充”。
e．g．The farmers often supplement natural fertilizer with chemical fertilizer．
农民常用化肥来补充天然肥料。
9．lose weight
lose weight的意思是“减肥”，“体重减轻”，而put on weight的意思是“长胖”，“发福”，“体重增加”。
e．g．The big man often does morning exercises to lose weight．
那个大块头的人常常晨练为的是减肥。
10．develop
(1)用作及物动词，意思是“发展”，“启发”，“开发”，“冲洗”。
e．g．Those countries should develop the heavy industries．
那些国家应该发展重工业。
The photos have been developed．照片已冲洗出来了。
(2)用作不及物动词，意思是“发展”，“生长”，“产生”。
e．g．The seeds have developed into plants． 种子已长成植物。
Things developed smoothly． 事情发展顺利。
11．now and then
(1)now and then的意思是“时而”，“有时”。
e．g．He went to see his parents now and then．
他偶尔去看看他的双亲。
(2)在英语中，表示“时而”的短语常见的有：
now and then有时，偶尔; a little now and a little then时断时续
now and again时而，有时; from time to time有时，不时
at times有时，不时; once in a while偶尔，间或
12．equipment
用作名词，意思是“设备”，“设置”，“装备”，“装置”，通常用作不可数名词。
e．g．The equipment of this laboratory took much time and money．
这个实验室的装备花费了很多时间和金钱。
This is a machinery equipment plant． 这是一个机械装备厂。
Our school is speeding up the equipment of the laboratory．
我们学校正在加速配备实验室。
13．I think that vegetables are good food because they contain lots of vitamins．
我认为蔬菜是好的食品，因为它们含有大量维生素。
(1)句中that引导一个宾语从句，从句中又含有because引导的原因状语从句。
(2)because是连词，意思是“因为”，通常用来叙述原因。
e．g．He couldn't come to the party because his wife was ill．
因为他妻子生病，所以他不能来参加聚会。
(3)lots of相当于a lot of，意思是“许多”，通常用于肯定句，在否定句或疑问句中则 多半 用many或much。
e．g．There are lots of eggs in the basket． 篮子里有许多鸡蛋。
There is a lot of milk in the glass． 杯子里有许多牛奶。
[注意] a lot of或lots of既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。
14．Does Mike have a fever 迈克发烧吗
fever的意思是“发烧，发热”，通常用作不可数名词。
e．g．He has a high fever．他在发高烧。
15.．Take this medicine three times a day．You'll be all right soon．
每天吃三次这种药。你会马上康复的。
(1)three times a day意思是“每天三次”。
e．g．He often goes shopping with his wife three times a week．
他常常每周三次陪他妻子购物。
(2)time可以表示“次数”，用作可数名词。
e．g．I've read the poem five times． 这首诗我已读了五遍。
[注意]说“一次”，通常用once，而不用a time或one time，“两次”通常用twice，而 不用 two times。如果要说“一两次”，可以用once or twice，说“两三次”，常用two or three times，也可用twice or thrice。
(3)all right在此句意思是“(健康状况)良好”。
(4)all right还可以起加强语气作用，意思是“确实”。
e．g．You have read the book all right，but the point is that you haven't studied it critically． 不错，这本书你是读过了，但问题是没有用批判的眼光去分析。
16．Traditional diets often have too much fat and too many calories for the 21st century person．
传统的食物对21世纪的人来说含有太多的脂肪和太多的热量。
(1)diet用作名词，意思是“饮食”，“食物”。
e．g．The doctor put the patient on a special diet． 大夫给这个病人规定特别饮食。
(2)diet还可用作动词，意思是“给……指定饮食”。
e．g．The doctor has dieted the patient strictly． 大夫严格规定病人的饮食。
17．If we want to keep up with the high pace of modern life，we had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat．
如果我们想跟上现代生活的节奏，我们最好学会对吃什么和如何吃做出正确的选择。
(1)keep up with意思是“跟上”。
e．g．Wei Fang worked hard in order to keep up with her classmates．
魏芳努力学习是为了跟上她的同学。
(2)if引导条件状语从句，从句一般不能用将来时态，而应用一般现在时代替一般将来时， 一般过去时代替过去将来时。
e．g．If I have time，I'll visit you． 如果我有时间，我就来看望你们。
18．Some nutrients help build our body and make it stronger．
有些营养食品有助于增强我们的体质而且使身体更加强壮。
(1)build one's body在这里的意思是“增强某人的体质”，其中build可用build up来代 替，意思是“使增强”，“使强壮”，body有单复数变化形式。
e．g．He went to live in the countryside and soon built up his body．
他到农村去住，身体很快就强壮起来了。
Taking exercises can build our bodies． 运动能使我们身体强壮。
(2)句中it代替our body。
19．Calcium，which is found in eggs，milk and other dairy products，is good for our bones and teeth．
钙对我们的骨骼和牙齿是有好处的，钙存在于鸡蛋、牛奶和其他日常食品里。
(1)句中which is found in eggs，milk and other dairy products是非限制性定语从句，修饰先 行词calcium。非限制性定语从句对于它所修饰的那个先行词，通常只是一个附加说明，如 果省略掉，主句的意思依然完整。一般不能用关系代词that来引导非限制性定语从句。
e．g．Jack London，who was one of the famous American writers，lived in a very adventurous life． 杰克·伦敦过着非常冒险的生活，他是著名的美国作家之一。
上句中，如果去掉who was one of the famous American writers，其意义仍然完整。
(2)be good for意思是“对……有益”，后面接表示人或事物的名词。
e．g．Practice is good for health． 锻炼有益于健康。
20.be good for，be good at，be good to
①be good for意思是“对……有益(有利，有用)”；后面通常接表示人或事物的名词。
e．g．Green food is good for us． 绿色食品对我们有益。
②be good at意思是“擅长，善于”，后面通常接名词、代词或动名词。
e．g．He is good at drawing． 他擅长绘画。
③be good to意思是“对……友好”，后面通常接表示人的或人格化的名词。
e．g．He is often good to me． 他常对我好。
21．People become vegetarians either because they believe it is healthier not to
eat meat or because they do not think we should kill animals for food．
人们成为素食主义者要么是因为他们认为不吃肉会更健康，要么是因为他们认为我们不应 该捕杀动物作为食物。
句中either．．．or．．．是并列连词，意思是“要么……要么……”，“是……，还是……”， “不是……，就是……”，通常引导并列成分或并列分句。
e．g． Either you or he has to go there．
或者是你或者是他得去那儿。(并列主语)
[注意]either．．．or．．．引导并列主语，谓语动词的数一般和最近的主语一致。
Do you speak either French or English
你是讲法语还是英语。(并列宾语)
You either go or don't go． 你要么去要么不去。(并列谓语)
Either you come early or you stay here．要么你来早点，要么你呆在这儿。(并列分句)
22．Organic vegetables are vegetables that are grown without chemicals that
can be harmful to human beings and the environment．
有机蔬菜就是不用化学药品种植的蔬菜，化学药品对人类和环境是有害的。
(1)句子that are grown without chemicals是定语从句，修饰先行词vegetables，that can be harmful to human beings and the enviroment也是定语从句，修饰先行词 chemicals。
(2)be harmful to意思是“对……有害的”。
e．g．This medicine is harmful to our health． 这种药品是对我们健康有害的。
23．Instead of eating expensive diet foods or going on unhealthy diets，we can
simply try to eat less fat and sugar and exercise more．
我们只能尽量少吃脂肪和糖，并且多锻炼，而不吃昂贵的食物或依靠不健康的节食。
(1)instead of是短语介词，意思是“代替”，“而不是”。它后面一般跟名词，代词，动词 -ing或介词短语作它的宾语。
e．g．Shall we have fish instead of meat today 我们今天吃鱼不吃肉，好吗
If I had not got a cold，I'd be working instead of lying here in bed．
如果我没感冒，我就干活了，而不是在这里躺在床上。
We'll have tea in the garden instead of in the house．
我们将在花园里，而不是在房子里喝茶。
(2)instead单独使用时，与instead of不同，instead是副词，意思是“代替”，“而是”。
e．g．Last summer I went to Qingdao．This summer I'm going to Dalian instead．
去年夏天我去了青岛。今年夏天我将去大连。
Instead of going to Qingdao，I'm going to Dalian this year．
今年夏天我将去大连，而不去青岛。
以上两句意思一样，但是用instead这个副词时，句子中的动作是被“取”的，即要去做 的，而用instead of时，of后面的动作是被“舍”的，即不去做的。
(3)go on在此句中意思是“依靠”。
e．g．The poor went on welfare in those days． 穷人们在过去靠救济生活。
24．If our body is short of any of its kind，we'll become sick．
如果我们身体缺少某种东西，我们就会生病。
be short of意思是“缺少，缺乏”。
e．g．He is often short of money．他总是缺钱用。
25．It can keep us from feeling cold and it often helps make food taste better．
这能防止我们感到寒冷，而且常使食物味道更好。
(1)keep．．．from．．．意思是“使……不做……”，“隐瞒”。
e．g．Nothing can keep us from changing the plan． 什么也不能使我们改变计划。
He kept the secret from us． 他隐瞒那个秘密，没有告诉我们。
(2)taste在此句中用作名词，意思是“味道”，“滋味”。
e．g．Sugar has a sweet taste．糖有甜味。
(3)taste还可用作及物动词，意思是“品尝”，用作不及物动词，意思是“有……的味道”， “尝起来”，后面通常接表语。
e．g．Can you taste anything strange in the soup 你尝得出这汤里有什么怪味道吗
This food tastes sweet． 这食品吃起来很甜。
26．They also give us vitamins，such as vitamin C and vitamin A，and fibre．
他们也给我们提供了像维生素C和维生素A这样的维生素和纤维素。
such as意思是“像……样的”。
e．g．I like drinks such as tea and soda． 我喜欢诸如茶和汽水之类的饮料。
I like people such as my uncle． 我喜欢我叔父那样的人。
27．Other snacks take a bit longer to prepare，but they can give us a chance to practise our cooking skills．
其他的小吃要花更长时间去准备，但他们给我们提供了训练我们烹饪技术的机会。
(1)bit用作名词，意思是“一点”，“一些”。
e．g．Give him a bit of water．给他一点水。
(2)a bit放在形容词、副词前，用作状语，也可作宾语，表语，a bit of放在名词前，用作 定语。
e．g．Your article is a bit long． 你的文章有点儿长。
He has a bit of money． 他有点钱。
[注意]not a bit相当于not at all，意思是“毫不”，“根本不”，not a little相当于 very，意思 是“非常”。
e．g．He is not a bit tired． 他一点儿也不累。
He is not a little tired． 他非常累。
28．What's wrong with Mike 迈克怎么啦
29.What's the matter 怎么啦
以上两个句型，通常用于询问别人出了什么毛病。
e．g．What's the matter with Wang Fei 王飞怎么啦
He has a pain in his back． 他背部有点疼痛。
What is wrong with the watch 手表怎么啦
It doesn't work． 它不走了。
30．It's nothing serious． 没关系。
这个句型通常用于说话人认为没什么要紧时。
e．g．I think that may be a problem．But it's nothing serious．
我认为这可能是一个问题。但这是不要紧的。
31．And I advise you not to eat fruit that isn't ripe in the future．
我劝你今后不要吃还没成熟的水果。
这是一个劝告他人做或不做某事的句型。
e．g．I advise you to think it over before you give her an answer．
我劝你考虑一下再答复她。
He advised me not to read in bed． 他劝我别躺在床上看书。
情态动词(I)
had better，should，ought to
1．had better
had better的意思是“最好”，后面接动词原形，表示说话人希望对方做什么。had better not则表示说话人希望对方最好不要做什么。
e．g．You had better see a doctor．
你最好找大夫看看。
You had better not go home now．
你现在最好不要回家。
2．should
should通常表示劝告，建议，意思是“应该”。
e．g．You should keep your promise．
你应该履行诺言。
You should invite him to the party．
你应该邀请他参加舞会。
3．ought to
(1)ought to常用来表示因为有责任、义务，而应该做某事，通常与should意思相近。
e．g．The students ought to obey the school rules． 学生们应遵守校规。
Oughtn't we to give him a chance to try
我们难道不应该给他一个尝试的机会吗
(2)ought to也常用来表示劝告或建议，意思是“应当”，“宜于”。
e．g．There ought to be more buses during the rush hours．
在上下班乘客拥挤的时刻，公共汽车应当多一点。
(3)ought to还可表示猜测，意思是“理应”，“总应该”。
e．g．If he started at seven，he ought to be here now．
要是他七点钟出发，这会儿总应该到了。
Unit14 Festivals
Goals：Talk about festivals and customs
Practice expressing and supporting an opinion
Use the model verbs must, have to, have got to
Write an invitation for a festival
Background information:
Kwanzaa: 宽扎文化节是非洲裔美国人的节日，1966年由黑人学者Maulana Karenga创立，目的是创建一种完全建立在非裔美国人自己文化遗产上的传统。宽扎节历时七天（从12月26日到1月1日），与宗教庆祝仪式无关。“宽扎”在斯里西瓦语中意思是“庆祝水果大丰收”。
移民带来的文化冲击：移民持续稳步地涌入美国，对美国人的性格产生了深远影响。离开家园，前往新的国家，需要有勇气和灵活性。美国人以喜爱冒险和猎奇，以其独立性和乐观精神而著称。如果其家庭已在这里生活了较长时间的美国人不把物质享受和政治自由当作一回事，那身边的移民就会使他们想到这些特权有多么的重移民还带来了他们本国文化的方方面面，从而使美国社会变得丰富多彩。许多美国黑人现在既过圣诞节，也过来源于非洲仪式的宽扎节。说西班牙语的美国人则在5月5日通过街头集市和其他活动来庆祝自己的传统。少数民族开的餐馆在美国许多城市随处可见。约翰·F·肯尼迪总统本人是爱尔兰移民的孙子，他对新与旧的融合作了总结，称美国为“一个移民的社会，每个移民都在同一起点上开始了新的生活。这就是美国的秘密：这个国家的人民既清楚地记得过去的传统，又敢于去探索新的领域……”
Chinese holidays Western holidays
New Year’s Day New Year’s Day
Spring Festival Valentine’s Day
Lantern Day Easter 3月21或此日后月圆的首个周日
Women’s Day All Fool’s Day
Pure brightness Day 清明节 Mother’s Day 5月第2个星期日
Labor Day Father’s Day 6月第3个星期日
Youth Day Labor Day
Children’s Day All Saints’ Day 11月1日
Dragon Boat Festival Thanksgiving Day 11月第4个星期四
Party’s Day Christmas Day
Army’s Day
Teacher’s Day
Mid-autumn Festival
National Day
Grammar：
Model verbs: must ; have to; have got to
1.must强调主观上认为”必须”, have to客观上”必须”，have got to非正式用语，相当于have to
2.must否定形式是mustn’t, 意思是”禁止”, have to否定形式是don’t have to 意思是”没有必要”
3.must无时态和人称变化, have to的将来时为will have to，过去时为had to
4.must作”必须”讲时,可用于一般疑问句,否定形式是needn’t或don’t have to
5.must也可表”推测”, 用于肯定句,否定形式是can’t, 而不用mustn’t
6.must表”推测”用于反意疑问句时,`其后反问部分取决于must后的动词
He must be Mr. Zhang, isn’t he
He must have read the book last night, didn’t he
You must have made a lot of friends, haven’t you
7.must+have done表对过去情况的猜测,意思是”肯定已经”, 否定形式是can’t have done,疑问 形式是can---have done
---Where is the teacher
---She isn’t here. I think she must have gone home.
I didn’t see her at the meeting room. She ____________at te meeting. (D)
A. mustn’t have spoken B. shouldn’t have spoken
C. needn’t have spoken D. can’t have spoken
篇章分析
the date of Kwanzaa
the description of Kwanzaa ①the source of Kwanzaa
②the meaning of the word “Kwanzaa”
③the characteristics of African first-fruit festivals
the seven principles of Kwanzaa ①Unity
②Self-determination
③Living together
④Working together
⑤Purpose
⑥Creativity
⑦Faith
the way people celebrate it : light a candle each day
the effects festivals have on us
Language points:
1. compare…with/to …比较---和---
compare…to 把---比作
Compared with/ to many women, she was indeed very lucky.
We often compare children to flowers.
2. in common
have sth. in common 有共同之处
They have a lot in common.
I don’t have a thing in common with my father.
out of common 异乎寻常
Except for some crazy ideas, there is nothing out of the common in his book.
3. as well as “和，还有， 不但—而且—”
Einstein was a violinist as well as a physicist.
We shall travel by night as well as by day.
The manager as well as the workers wishes for an outing.
注意：1）as well as连接两个名词或代词做主语时，后面部分可视为插入语，因此，谓语动词应和前一句词和代词保持人称和数的一致。上句可改为：
The manager, as well as the worker, wishes for an outing.
The manager wishes for an outing as well as the workers.
The workers wish for an outing, and the manager wishes as well.
2）as well as连接两个动词时，后面的动词用-形式
He hurt his arm as well as breaking his leg.
as well as还可用于比较，表“和---一样好”
He plays as well as, if not better than, that man.
4. do as much as we can
a. do as much as we can (do)= do as much as possible=do everything we can= do all we can 尽可能多地工作/做事
as—as I can/ could= as—as possible 尽最大可能
as soon/often/hard as possible
Tom bought as many books as he could with the money he had.
b. as far as 远至， 就—而言
as long as= so long as 只要
As far as I know, he has already finished reading the novel.
As long as you keep quite, you can be seated here.
注：as much as /as many as 前者和不可数搭配；后者和可数搭配
e.g.: as much as 150 yuan 由省略的 money决定
5. seem 系v.
a. seem like b. seem+a. c. seem + to do d. It seems that e.It seems as if—
He seems like an honest man.
This seems complicated, but actually it is simple.
I seem to have seen him before.
It seems that everything is going well.
It seems as if it going to rain.
Analyze sentences:
1． Kwanzaa is a seven-day festival celebrating the culture and history of African Americans.（现在分词作后置定语，表示名词中心词与分词是主动关系。）
Kwanzaa is a seven-day festival created to celebrate the culture and history of African Americans.（过去分词作后置定语，表示名词中心词与分词是被动关系。）
e.g.那只跟着王老师进来的狗是我家的狗。
The dog following Mr. Wang into the room is my dog.
被一群学生跟在后面的那个男人是我们的王老师。
The man followed by a group of students is our teacher, Mr. Wang.
2． The week following Christmas Day, many African-American families get together to greet the new year and think about the past.
get together: 聚会
e.g. On New Year’s Eve we Chinese get together for a family reunion dinner
get somebody together:把…聚集起来
e.g. Every Monday morning, our school leaders get all the students together to have a meeting.
get-together n.聚集
e.g. Every year my classmates in junior middle school have a get-together.
Unit 15　The necklace
Teaching Goals:Talk about drama and theatre.
Use the modal verbs:must,can/could,may/might
(1)ask for permission;(2)ask about possibilities
Write and act a simple play.
Background Information：
About the Author
Guy de Maupassant,the well-known French shortstory writer and novelist,was born on August 5,1850.When he was young,he had a great interest in literature.He practised writing literary works under the guidance of the famous novelist Flaubert.And Balzac was another teacher of his.So he wrote in the tradition of 19th century French realism,and became one of the most famous French critical realists of the late 19th century.
Maupassant's stories were built around the everyday life of the simple humble people.He had a fine use of irony.His style was direct and simple,with attention to realistic details.He saw clearly the toil,sufferings and the bitterly ironic happenings in human lives.At his best,he was able to put into a few pages a life story which would take other writers a whole volume to describe.
Most of Maupassant's works are about the peasant life in Normandy,the France-Prussian War and the life of the petty bourgeoisie.As he had held a number of government positions in Parice since 1871,he became familiar with the life of the government workers.And this experience helped him create his best short story“The Diamond Necklace”,from which our present text is adapted.Almost a hundred years after its first publication the story still touches the readers deeply to their hearts.
Maupassant suffered a great deal from illness in his late life.Yet he struggled to continue writing with tremendous will power.He had but a short life,and died at the age of 43(on July 6,1893).
Language points:
(一)I don't think that…
在含宾语从句的复合句中，按原句意思应放在从句中的否定词有时转移到主句
的谓语中，这种现象叫做否定转移(Transferred Negation)。主句中的谓语动词是 think,believe,feel,suppose,guess,appear,seem,expect,imagine等表示“看法”“感觉”的动词时， 常用否定转移。
e.g.I don't think(that)you need worry.
(I think you needn't worry.)
我认为你无须着急。
I don't believe(that)you two have met,have you
(I believe you two haven't met.) 我相信你们俩还未见过面，是吗？
使用否定转移时，还须注意以下几点：
1.并不是所有表示“看法……感觉”的动词都能用于否定转移，如hope,trust,be afraid,fear 等动词就不能用于这种形式。
2.下列情况，上述用于否定转移的动词也不宜用否定转移结构。
(1)上述动词意义发生变化时：
e.g.Let us suppose A doesn't equal B. 咱们假定A不等于B。
(2)当主句谓语有do,does等强调词时：
e.g.I do think you shouldn't go there. 我实在认为你不应该去那里。
(3)当主句中有情态动词或副词修饰时：
e.g.I can't believe that they are married. 我不相信他们结婚了。
I often think that I'm not fit for the job. 我常想我不适合这个工作。
(4)当句子以疑问句形式出现时：
Do you think that it is true 你认为这不对吗？
(5)当主句谓语动词与另一个动词并列时：
e.g.I should not only think but also be sure that it won't rain tonight.
我不仅该认为而且该肯定今晚天不会下雨。
(6)当宾语从句中是not/never…too…(越……越好，无论怎样……也不过分)结构时，不能 用否定转移结构，因为这时整个句子不是否定的，而是肯定的。
e.g.I think he can not do the work too well. 我想他干得越出色越好。
(7)当从句中含有every,all,both,each,many等词时：
e.g.I suppose both answers are not right.
I don't suppose both answers are right. 我不是认为两个答案都对。
3.从句中除not以外的否定词(如never,no,hardly,little,few,seldom,scarcely等)不能直接转移 到主句中去。
e.g.I thought he had never come here. I never thought he had come here.
本句意是：I didn't think he had ever come here.
4.否定转移的句子构成反意疑问句时，如果主句的主语是第一人称，附加问句部分要与宾 语从句取得一致。
e.g.I don't think that you can get there in time,can you
我认为你不能及时到达那里，你能不能呢？
I think that they are coming tomorrow aren't they 我认为他们明天来，对吗？
(二)cost的用法
1.vt.价值(多少钱)，需要(多少钱)；花费金钱，花费时间
e.g.How much does the book cost 这本书需要多少钱？
My hat cost twenty dollars. 我的帽子价值二十美元。
The journey cost me more than 50 dollars/more than ten hours.
这次旅行花了我五十美元/十多个小时。
2.cost还可表示“使付出(代价)，使……失去……”。
e.g.It cost me a lot of work. 它使我付出了很多劳动。
Careless driving cost him his life. 开车不小心使他丧生。
The battle cost the king 2000 men. 这次战斗使国王损失了二千人。
3.cost作名词，“费用，成本，价钱”。
e.g.She just had to pay for the cost of food. 他只需付饭钱。
It was sold under cost price. 那个东西赔本卖掉了。
What's the cost of the car 那辆汽车得花多少钱？
(三)情态动词表推测的用法归纳：
情态动词中的must,can,could,should,ought to,may,might等都表示推测。其中must的推测 性 最大；can/could(should/ought to)次之；may/might最小。must表推测时只用于肯定句中； can/could用于否定句、疑问句中；may/might用于肯定句、否定句中.下面就它们的具体用 法进行讲解。
1.must的用法
(1)must可以对现在、现在进行的情况进行推测。
e.g.Judging by his accent,he must be from the south.听他的口音，他一定是南方人。
此句的反意疑问句为：isn't it (因must后是系动词be)
Tom bought a lot of apples.He must like eating apples.汤姆买了很多苹果，他一定喜欢吃苹果。
此句的反意疑问句为：doesn't he (因must后是实义动词like)
It is eleven o'clock at night and the lights are off.They must be sleeping now.
现在已经是深夜十一点且灯都关了，他们一定是睡觉了。
反意疑问句为：aren't they (must后接的是be sleeping，是对现正在进行的情况的推 测)
(2)must还可以对过去的情况进行推测，用must have done。
e.g.The ground is very wet.It must have rained last night. 地面很湿，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
must have done的反意疑问句有三种情况：
①若句中含有过去的时间状语，用一般过去时完成反意疑问句。如例句的反意疑问句 为：didn't it
②若句中含有过去完成时的时间状语，用过去完成时完成反意疑问句。
e.g.We must have learned 2000 words by the end of last term,hadn't we
③若句中不含任何时间状语，用现在完成时完成反意疑问句。
e.g.He must have gone to Beijing,hasn't he 他一定是去北京了，是吗？
2.can/could的用法
(1)can后跟动词原形；表示对现在情况的否定和疑问推测。
e.g.Mr.Li has gone to Beijing.The man at the gate can't be him.
李老师去北京了，门口的那个人不可能是他。
The watch is not yours,who else's can it be 这块表不是你的，它可能是谁的呢？
(2)can/could have done是对过去发生的情况的推测。
e.g.—Can they have finished the work 他们可能完成工作了吗？
—No,they haven't finished it. 他们不可能完成它。
3.may/might的用法
might比may更委婉、含蓄或更加不肯定。
e.g.He may/might be English. 他可能是英国人。
She may/might have gone to the library. 她可能去图书馆了。
4.should/ought to的用法
should/ought to表推测，意为“理应，应该”。
e.g.They left yesterday.They should be home by now.
他们昨天就离开了，现在理应到家了。
三、词语辨析
(一)dress,have on,put on,pull on,wear,in,with
1.dress作不及物动词“穿好衣服”，作及物动词，表示动作或状态，宾语只能是“人”,不能接 衣服，表示“给……穿衣服”。
e.g.She washed dressed and went out. 她洗过脸，穿好衣服就出去了。
Mary is too young to dress herself. 玛丽太小了自己穿不了衣服。
be dressed in表示某人穿着什么衣服
e.g.The nurses are all dressed in white. 护士们都穿着白衣服。
注：He is well dressed. 他穿得很好。
2.have on(=be wearing)“穿着、戴着”(衣服、帽子、鞋)，表示状态，不能用进行时态。
e.g.The Emperor had nothing on in the procession. 游行时，皇帝一丝不挂。
3.put on“穿戴”表示动作，反义词为take off。
It's cold today.You'd better put on more clothes. 今天天气冷，你最好多穿些衣服。
4.wear“穿着，戴着”表示穿戴的状态。也可以表示留发式、留胡须、戴手表、首饰 等。
She shouldn't wear red. 她不该穿红衣服的。
She was wearing a gold ring/a red flower in her hair. 她戴着金戒指/头上戴着一朵红花。
Many women wear their hair short now. 现在很多妇女留短发。
He wears a short beard/his beard short. 他留着短胡须。
5.pull on表示动作，反义词是pull off,表示不经心地、随便地或匆忙地穿上衣服、袜子、 戴上手套。
She pulled her clothes on and went on school. 她匆匆忙忙地穿上衣服上学去了。
6.in后接衣服，也可接颜色，可作定语或和be连用作谓语。
The man in blue is our teacher. 穿蓝衣服的那个人是我的老师。
7.with表示穿戴，只能作定语，而且只能和眼镜、手套等连用，不能接衣服。
e.g.The boy with thick glasses is our monitor. 戴深度眼镜那个男孩是我们的班长。
(二)true,real
1.true还可表示“符合实际的”，real可表示“真正的而不是想象的”，两者不可换用。
This is a true story of real life. 这是一个从现实生活中取材的真实故事。
This is a story of a true man. 这是一个根据真人所编的故事。
2.real不能用来修饰表示人的名词。true可表示“忠诚的”而real不能。
A true friend will always help you. 忠诚的朋友会永远帮助你。
(三)worth,worthy of(to),worth while
1.worth作“价值”讲，后面跟名词，(只限于钱数，或相当于钱数的词)表示“值多少 钱”。
e.g.The bike is worth 200 yuan. 这辆自行车值200元。
It is worth much more than I paid for it. 它的价值远远超过我所付给的钱。
worth表示“值得”后跟动名词主动形式表示被动意义；“很值得”是be well worth.
e.g.The book is well worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
2.worthy of后接动名词或动名词的被动语态。
worthy后接不定式的被动语态。
e.g.The question is worthy of consideration. 这个问题值得考虑。
Jane is worthy to be chosen.
=Jane is worthy of being chosen. 珍妮值得当选。
3.worth while表示“……是值得的”，其后跟不定式或动名词均可。
It is worth while to try/trying this experiment. 做这个实验值得。
(四)pay back,pay for,pay off
1.pay back意为“归还，偿还”，其宾语通常为所借之物；也可作“报复”解，常用pay sb.back(for…)的形式。
This was paid back in the following year. 这在第二年就全部偿还了。
To pay a person back in his own coin. 以其人之道，还治其人之身。
I'll pay him back for what he did to me. 我要向他报复。
2.pay for意为“支付……的费用”，for为介词。其常用句型是：pay for sth,pay sb. for sth,pay(sb.)some money for sth.或pay some money to sb for sth.
You must pay for what you eat and drink. 你必须付你吃喝的费用。
Have you paid for the shoes 那双鞋你付钱了吗？
You must pay me for the clothes. 这些衣服你必须给我付钱。
I paid six yuan for the milk. 我付了六元的牛奶费。
All these things are to be paid for. 所有这一些都会得到报应的。
3.pay off意思是“全部还清”。
Soon they paid off the debts. 不久他们就把债务全部还清了。
He hoped he would have an opportunity to pay them off. 他希望有机会把它们偿还掉。
四、能力训练
(一)根据所给汉语完成下列句子。
1.因为多年的艰苦劳作，爱丽斯看上去比实际年龄老得多。
Alice looked much older than she was___________hard work.
答案：because of many years of
2.他买了一幢大房子，让他父母居住。
He bought a big house for his parents__________. 答案：to live in
3.对不起，我不同意你刚才所说的。
I'm sorry,__________I don't___________what you said just now.
答案：but;agree with
4.被邀请参加我们的晚会，杰克逊先生非常高兴。
Mr.Jackson was very glad that he___________our party. 答案：was invited to
5.玛丽和格林已经结婚30多年了。
Mary___________Green for over thirty years. 答案：has been married to
(二)单句改错
1.The scenery in the park was very moving.
简析：把scenery改为scene。scenery是不可数的集体名词，是从审美的观点来看自然风 景；而scene指从某处所见之景色，但多半包含人与动作。
2.He was the older of her two sons.
简析：把older改为elder。指兄弟姐妹中年龄较大的要用elder。
3.I don't think it will rain tomorrow,do I
简析:把do I改为“will it”。当陈述部分是“I/we think/believe/expect/suppose/imagine+ 宾语从 句”时，反意问句应当与从句一致，若有否定转移现象，反意问句用肯定式。
4.How pretty the flower looks in the girl!
简析：把in改为on。in后常接表示颜色或服饰的名词；on后一般接人，表示“某物 附在身上”。
5.She married to a man from America.
简析：去掉to或在married前加was。“和某人结婚”只能用marry sb.或be/get married to sb.。
6.The book is well worth being read.
简析：把being read改为reading或将worth改为worthy of。参见同义辨析(三)。
7.Would you like to call on his house
简析：把call on改为all at。call on和call at都可表示“拜访”习惯上，call on+人； call at+ 地点。
8.How long has he recognized you
简析：把recognized改为known。recognize表示“认出”以前认识的人或事物，是终 止性动 词，不能与段时间的状语连用。若指持续性动作，用know。
9.I don't think English is too hard to be learnt.
简析：把be learnt改为learn。表语形容词后的不定式常用主动形式表示被动。
10.The government has carried out all their promises.
简析：把their改为its或has改为have。government是集体名词，作主语时，若将其 看成是一个整体，谓语用单数形式；若强调整体中的各个成员时，谓语用复数形式。
11.Naturally,after I told her what to do,my daughter__________go and do the opposite.
A.can　 B.must C.may D.need
简析：选B。从naturally“自然地、无疑地、确定地”的提示可知选B，must意为“必 定、肯定”。这句话的意思是：“毫无疑问，我告诉过女儿要做什么之后，她一定会做出 相 反的事情来。”
12.—Is John corning by train
—He should,but he__________not.He likes driving his car.
A.ca n B.must C.may D.need
简析：选C。由答句中的should“应该”乘火车“及转折词but和补充句He likes driving his car可知应选C。
13.—I heard they went sking in the mountains last winter.
—It__________true because there was little snow there.
A.may not be B.won't be C.couldn't be D.mustn't be
简析：选C。本题考查情态动词否定式的用法。may not“不可以，可能不”；won't“将不 会，不愿意”；couldn't“不可能”，mustn't“不准，禁止”，根据题意选C。
4.)My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared.
Who__________have taken it
A.should B.must C.could D.would
简析：选C。本题考查情态动词的用法。should“应该”；must“必须，一定”；could 表能 力，许可，可能性；would表示将来、愿意或表示过去习惯性动作，本题意思为： 我的英 汉词典不见了。可能是谁拿了呢？
Unit 16　Scientists at work
Teaching Goals: Think and talk about science and scientists.
Learn how to give instructions.
Study rules of word formation.
Learn to write an argumentative essay.
Language points:
(一)prove的用法
1.用作及物动词，表示“证实，证明”(give proof to,show to be true)后接名词、代词、复 合 宾语、宾语从句等，可用于被动语态。
Who can prove it 谁能证实这一点？
The soldiers have proved their courage in battle. 在战斗中，士兵们证实了他们的勇气。
Can you prove where you were on May Day 你能证明五一那天你在什么地方吗？
Look at these documents.They will prove that we are telling the truth.
看看这些文件，它们可以证明我们讲的都是事实。
We proved him(to be)wrong. 我们证明他错了。
The book was proved to be very useful. 这本书被证实是有用的。
2.作连系动词，意思是“(后来)被证明是或表明是”(be found to be,turn out to be)接形容 词、名词、不定式to be 以及of短语。
The theory proved correct. 这个理论被证明是对的。
The plan proved a great success. 这个计划结果非常成功。
The experiment proved to be a failure. 实验最终失败了。
The book will prove of little use to you. 这本书会证明对你没有什么用。
(二)doubt的用法归纳
1.用作动词 (1)怀疑；不相信 a.跟名词或代词
I doubt the truth of this report. 我怀疑这报告的真实性。
I doubt his honesty. 我怀疑他的诚实。
You can write to him if you doubt my words.
如果你不相信我的话，你可以给他写信。
I'm sorry I doubted you before. 对不起，我以前怀疑过你。
b.跟从句
注意：在肯定句中跟if或whether引导的从句；在否定句或疑问句中跟that引导的从句。 在肯定句中偶尔跟that引导的从句表示“恐怕不会”。
I doubt whether/if he will come. 我怀疑他是否会来。
I don't doubt that you are honest. 我不怀疑你是诚实的。
Nobody can possibly doubt what he says. 没人会怀疑他说的话。
I doubt that John will come. 恐怕约翰不会来了。
c.可跟动名词
Nor do we doubt being able to finish in time. 我们也不怀疑是否有能力及时完了。
(2)用作不及物动词
What made you doubt 什么使你怀疑？
用doubt of表“对……(抱)怀疑或悲观(态度)”
They have never doubted of success. 他们从没有对成功怀疑过。
2.用作名词，表“怀疑；疑惑；疑问(多用作不可数名词)”
I have no doubt about his success.
=I have no doubt that he will succeed. 我对他的成功毫不怀疑。
There is no room for doubt. 没有怀疑的余地。
(1)在there is no doubt 后常可跟that从句。
There is no doubt that we should be able to do something for you.
我相信我们能为你做点什么。
(2)在肯定句中doubt后有时也可跟whether引导的从句。
There is some doubt whether John will come on time. 约翰是否会按时到还有疑问。
(3)短语
a.beyond(all)doubt 毫无疑问；无疑地
The truth of the story is beyond all (the) doubt. 这个故事的真实性是毫无疑问的。
b.in doubt怀疑；不肯定；拿不准
His age is in doubt. 他的年龄叫人怀疑。
We are in doubt what to do. 我们拿不定主意该怎么做。
c.no doubt 肯定地；想必；十之八九
You know him by name,no doubt 想必你知道他的名字吧？
No doubt I learned a lot from that lecture. 我肯定从那次演讲中学了不少东西。
d.without(a) doubt 毫无疑问；一定地
Without a doubt these theories were all wrong. 毫无疑问，这些理论全是错误的。
Don't worry,he'll come back without doubt. 别担心，他一定会回来的。
(三)pick的用法归纳
1.pick常用作及物动词，“摘；捡；拾”
He picked her a rose. 他为她摘了朵玫瑰花。
The little birds were picking the grain. 小鸟在啄食粮食。
2.作及物动词“挑选”
Please pick a good book for me. 请为我选本好书。
3.pick out,“选好、选出；认出；看清楚”
Pick out those books that you'd like to read. 把你喜欢看的书选出来。
We could pick out different places in the city from the airplane.
我们能从飞机上把城里的各个地方认出来。
4.pick up拾起、拿起；(非正规地)学会、学到；取(某物)；接(某人)上车
He picked up French while he was staying in Paris. 他在巴黎逗留期间学会了法语。 The bus stopped and picked up three people. 公共汽车停住，上来了三个人。
Analyze sentences:
1．Why should students be careful smelling from bottles
为什么学生在闻瓶中气味时要当心？
be careful doing的意思是“做某事仔细或小心”，be careful后面常跟with，in，about 等介词短语，也可跟to do或从句。例如：
People should be more careful about the things they say. 大家对自己说的话应该很谨慎。
Be careful that the medicine is kept away from children.
要小心把药放在安全的地方，不要让小孩拿到。
Please be very careful with those plates! 那些盘子，要十分小心。
2．What is to be done when anything gets into your eyes
如果你眼睛里进了东西，该怎么办？
①“be+ to do”结构表示安排、命令、职责、义务、目的、用途、可能性、命中注定等。 例 如：We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约定在校门口碰头。（安排）
You are to be back by 10 o’clock. 你得在10点钟前回来。（命令）
A knife is to cut with. 刀是用来切割的。（用途）
They were never to meet again.他们注定以后永远不再见面。（命中注定）
②不定式的被动式用于当逻辑主语是不定式动作的接受者。再如：
Do you want to be taught German？ 你想让人教你德语吗？
3．More roads and trains mean more pollution.
更多的路和火车意味着更多的污染。
试比较：mean to do sth. 打算干某事 mean doing sth. 意味着…
I don’t mean to argue with you. 我不打算跟你吵架。
Passing the entrance exam means being admitted into college.
通过了高考意味着被大学录取。
4．It is fast and clean and it doesn’t make any noise as planes do.
它既快又清洁而不像飞机那样制造噪音。
①make a noise 吵闹、喧哗、制造噪音。例如：
Try not to make a noise when you go upstairs.
Don’t make so much noise. 不要大声喧哗。
②as在这里作连词用，意思为“像……一样”，如：
She is a fine singer，as her mother used to.
像她妈妈过去一样，她是个很好的歌手。
5．We should make more use of this new technology.
我们应该更好地利用这种新技术。
make use of利用，use前不用冠词，但可以加上某些形容词。如：
make good use of好好利用
make full use of充分利用
make the best use of充分利用
make little use of 不充分利用
6．It is good for the economy、那对经济（发展）有好处。
be good for作“对……有好处”；“对……有益”。例如：
Milk is good for you. 牛奶对你健康有益。
It is not good for children to give them everything they want.
孩子要什么就给什么，这对他们并无益处。
比较：be good to sb.（对……友善）。例如：
This boss is good to his employees, especially when they are ill.
这位老板对他的雇员很好，尤其是当他们生病时。
be good at（擅长于）。例如：
The children is good at language study.这孩子擅长语言学习。
7．In the 18th century，Benjamin Franklin conducted a number of experiments in which he showed what electricity is.
十八世纪，本杰明·弗兰克林做了一系列实验，以证明电是什么。
In June 1752，I wanted to show that lighting and electricity are the same.
1752年6月，我要证明闪电和电是一回事。
①一般来说，从句的动词时态与主句的动词时态保持一致，也就是说，如果主句中用过 去时，从句一般也用过去范畴的时态。但是如果从句表达的是一种真理或客观事实，使 用一般现在时。
②“做实验”的各种说法：
do an experiment
make an experiment
perform an experiment
conduct an experiment
carry out an experiment
③conduct作为及物动词，作“指导，引导；指挥（乐团、乐曲）；经营，管理”。如
He conducted me around the museum. 他领我参观了博物馆。
He conducted the orchestra. 他指挥管弦乐团。
The manager conducted his business carefully.
这个经理谨慎地管理着他的业务。
④a number of表示“很多的，大量的”，后接可数名词的复数，谓语动词用复数形式。而 the number of则表示“……的数量”，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
A number of children play games online. 很多孩子在网上玩游戏。
The number of cars is increasing year by year.
骄车的数量在逐年增长。
8．Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning，I decided to do an experiment.
意识到我能用风筝来吸引闪电，我决定做一个实验。
having realised是现在分词的完成式，在句中作状语，表示其动作发生在主句的谓语动 作之前，相当于when I had realized that…，再如：
Having answered the letter，she went on to listen to the radio.
回完了信，她开始接着听收音机。
Having been praised at the meeting，the girl felt very happy.
在会上受到了表扬，这个女孩感到非常高兴。
9．The string was getting charged. 细线开始带电！
①charge作及物动词，作“使……充满，饱含”。如：
He’s charging a battery. 他正在为蓄电池充电。
②“get+过去分词”表示“被（受）……”。get用在表示动作的动词过去分词之前表被动语态， 它强调该动作和其所造成主语状态的变化。如：
He got lost in the forest. 他在森林里迷路了。
The audience got confused. 观众被搞糊涂了。
10．I was beginning to think that the experiment would not work.
当时我开始认为这项实验行不通。
①work的意思是“起作用；产生影响；行得通；奏效”。例如：
The medicine seems to be working. 药好像起作用了。
Will your method work 你的方法行吗？
②比较begin to do与begin doing：
1）begin后跟to do或doing，含义上没有多少差异。如果谈论一个长期的习惯动作开始 养成时，更加常用begin doing。例如：
How old were you when you first began playing the piano
2）当begin后面跟的是understand，realize，see，know，think等动词时，用begin to do。 例如：She began to think she was wrong after a second thought.
经过重新考虑后，她开始认为她错了。
3）当begin用于进行时态时，其后跟to do。如：
Mary is beginning to do her homework.
4）当主语是物或用于描述天气变化时，其后跟to do如：
The water began to boil. 水开始开了。
It began to get dark before we knew it. 不知不觉地天黑下来了。
11．This experiment proves that lightning and electricity are the same.
这个实验证明闪电与电相同的。
prove作为及物动词，当“证明，证实”讲，如：
The facts prove that he is a brave fighter.（prove + that从句）
事实证明他是一个勇敢的战士。
He has proved his courage in the battle.（prove + n）
在战斗中已经证明了他的勇气。
He proved himself to be a capable general.（prove+宾语+宾补）
他证明自己是一位有能力的将军。
prove还可作系动词，后接形容词或名词作表语，意为“证明是……”。如：
The method proved（to be）effective. 这种办法证明是有效的。
He proved a successful manager. 他证明是一位成功的经理。
12．Add a tail to the frame and tie a long string to the cross so you can control the kite.
给风筝框上加上条尾巴并在中心架上系一条细线这样就能控制风筝了。
①add作为及物动词，意为“加，增加”如：
The fire is out，will you please add some wood
火要灭了，请你添些木柴好吗？
②add…to…意为“在……放（加）……”如：
If you add some salt to the soup，it will taste better.
如果你在汤里放些盐，汤的味道会更好些。
③add to = increase增加，增添。如：
This visit will greatly add to our understanding of our country.
这次访问将大大增加我们对贵国的了解。
④add up to合计，总计。如：
His whole schooling added up to no more than one year.
他所受的学校教育加起来不到一年。
⑤tie…to…解释“把……绑在（系到）……上”。如：
The farmer tied the horse to a tree. 这个农夫把马拴在一棵树上。
13．Take care that the string does not touch the wall or the door.
注意不要让长线碰到墙壁或门。
take care常用于以下结构：
①take care of（爱护；照顾）。例如：
She urged me to take care of myself. 她力劝我保重自己。
She stayed at home to take care of the baby. 她留在家里照顾婴儿。
②take care that…（小心；注意）。例如：
Take care that you don’t spoil your clothes.
当心不要把衣服弄脏。
词语辨析
(一)a great deal,a great deal of
1.a great deal通常作状语，意思相当于a lot/much often等修饰动词或用来强调比较级,有 时 可看成名词词组，作宾语。
I see her a great deal. 我常常见到她。
He has a great deal to do today. 他今天有许多事要做。
2.a great deal of“许多的，大量的”，作定语，修饰不可数名词，相当于much。
He spent a great deal of money on books. 他买书花了很多钱。
Floods caused a great deal of damage to the villagers.
洪水给村民带来了很大的损害。
(二)electric,electrical
这两个词都是“电的”意思。不同的是：electric指“由电产生的”或“带电的装置”；而 “electrical”指“有关电学方面的”。
an electric clock/light/iron/wire 电子钟/电灯/电熨斗/电线
electrical engineering 电工学; an electrical engineer 电力工程师
(三)prevent sb./sth.from doing sth.,stop sb./sth.from doing sth.,keep sb./sth.from doing sth.,protect…from/against…
1.prevent/stop/keep sb./sth.from doing sth.表示“制止(阻止、防止)某人或某物做某事”的意 思，它们常可以互换。但要注意：现代英语中，prevent sb./sth.from doing sth.和stop sb./sth.from doing sth.中的from常可省略，但用被动语态时，from 不能省略。keep sb./sth.from doing sth.中的from不可省略。
The rain prevented us(from)coming in time.
下雨使我们没及时赶到。
We were prevented by the heavy rain from getting there in time.
这场大雨使我们未能及时赶到那里。
Nothing will keep us from coming here. 什么也阻止不了我们到这里来。
2.protect意为保护……(不受伤害)，后接较大的事情，如天灾、战争、重税等多用against; 接较小的事情如harm,danger,catching a cold等时用from。
I was wearing a fur coat to protect myself from the cold. 我穿着一件皮大衣，免得受凉。
(四)pull,draw,drag
1.pull是个普通用语，意为“用力拉”，指使物体朝着发出力的方向移动，不强调移动 的方式。
Mother pulled me by the hand. 妈妈拉着我的手。
They pulled up the boat out of the river. 他们把那只木船从河里拖了上来。
Pull the door open.Don't push it. 把门拉开，别推。
2.draw与pull意思接近，通常指“拖、拉”的动作比pull更均匀、平稳、从容。
Out of the package he drew a paper and gave it to my father.
他从小包里抽出一份文件递给我父亲。
After some time,he began to draw the net in. 过了一些时候，他开始收网。
3.drag指艰难而缓慢地“拖、拉”较笨重的东西，含“费力和用劲”之意。
He dragged himself along the street.他拖着沉重的脚步沿街走着。
(五)．be made of；be made from；be made into
be made of指成品中可以看出原材料。
be made from指在成品中看不出原材料。
be made into其主语是原料，指某种原料可以制成（某种成品）
（六）．high，highly
high用作形容词时，其意思是“高的”，但常引电为“强烈的；高尚的；崇高的”。High还 可用作副词，其意思是“高；显著的；强烈地”。
highly也是副词，往往指抽象的高。
能力训练
(一)根据汉语意思完成下列句子
1.If people__________(违背)nature and disturb its balance,nature will punish them sooner or later. 答案：go against
2.The computer__________(组成)thousands of parts. 答案：is made up of
3.You can wait at the hotel.I'll__________(接)you__________in the evening.
答案：pick,up
4.Some steps have been taken__________(保护)the forest from being destroyed.
答案：to protect
5.These wine bottles__________(制造)glass. 答案：are made of
6.This kind of wine__________(制造)grapes. 答案：is made from
(二)完形填空
Albert Einstein always liked to ask questions when he was a boy.When his teacher 1 him a question,he would think 2 another question to ask her.And often she would get red in the face and be angry 3 him 4 asking questions she couldn't answer.The more Albert learned,the 5 he found to think about.The more he thought about,the more questions he wanted 6 .
He knew 7 the earth,the moon,the other stars,and the sun are just part of 8 we call the universe.He also knew that the universe is made 9 all the stars we can see 10 our eyes,and the ones that are too far to be 11 .And he discovered that all these stars ,our own bodies and 12 else are made up of atoms.
He thought there 13 be some rules to explain why everything in the universe,big and small,acts 14 it does.Why don't the stars 15 around in the sky bump(撞击)into each other 16 makes atoms stick together to 17 different things
Albert Einstein always thought hard 18 he believed he had some answers to his questions.People often asked him questions because he 19 answer many of them.In fact,he solved quite a few problems that scientists had been trying to 20 for many,many years.
1.A.asked　 B.answered C.introduced D.invited
2.A.of B.about C.over D.with
3.A.at B.to C.with D.about
4.A.as B.for C.with D.of
5.A.many B.less C.much D.more
6.A.ask B.to ask C.asking D.to be asked
7.A.what B.when C.whether D.that
8.A.which B.how C.what D.that
9.A.with B.up of C.from D.in
10.A.from B.in C.with D.off
11.A.see B.seeing C.saw D.seen
12.A.something B.everything C.anything D.nothing
13.A.can B.may C.must D.need
14.A.about B.for C.what D.as
15.A.moved B.moving C.move D.to be moving
16.A.Who B.What C.Which D.Whose
17.A.be B.have C.form D.do
18.A.before B.until C.after D.to
19.A.could B.can C.must D.may
20.A.work for B.work C.work with D.work out
Suggested answers:
1~5 AACBD　6~10 BDCBC 11~15 DBCDB 16~20 BCBAD
1.It's a good idea.But who's going to__________the plan
—I think Tom and Grey will.
A.set aside B.carry out C.take in D.get through
简析：选B。本题考查短语动词的用法。set aside意为“留出，拨出，把……置于一旁， 略去”；carry out 意为“进行，开展，执行”；take in意为“接受，理解，领会”；get through 意为“通过，拨通(电话)”。
2.__________late in the morning,Bob turned off the alarm.
A.To sleep B.Sleeping C.Sleep D.Howing slept
简析：选A。不定式作目的状语，sleep late意为“睡懒觉”。
3.We're going to the bookstore in John's car.You can come with us__________you can meet us there later.
A.but B.and C.or D.then
简析：选C。本题中，前三个词为连词，but表转折“但是”；and“和”；or表示选择“或 者，要么”；then为副词，“那时，然后”。根据题意，应选C。
4.He__________some French while he was away on a business trip in Paris.
A.made out B.picked up C.gave up D.took in
简析：选B。本题考查短语动词的用法。make out“书写，完成，说明，了解”；pick up “捡起，获得，学会(语言)”；give up“放弃”；take in“接受，理解，领会”，根据题意，选 B。
5.The engine of the ship was out of order and the bad weather__________the helplessness of the crew at sea.
A.added to B.resulted in C.turned out D.made up
简析：选A。本题考查短语动词的用法。add to增加；result from因……产生，由…… 造成；turn out失掉，结果是，生产；make up创造，编造，弥补，化装。
Unit 17　Famous women
Teaching Goals: Learn to describe people.
Talk about the reason why we admire famous women.
Study the rules of Subject-Verb Agreement.
Write a fan letter.
Language points:
1. imagine高考常考词汇之一，其主要用法如下：
1).作“想象，设想”讲
(1)跟名词作宾语
e.g.We can't imagine life without any water.我们无法想象没有水的生活。
It is difficult for young people to imagine the working people's sufferings before liberation.
年轻人很难想象解放前劳动人民的苦难。
注：imagine一般不能用于进行时，但和always,all the time,these days等时间状语连用， 用 于进行时，带有某种感彩。
e.g.She is always imagine dangers that don't exist.她总是想象那些根本不存在的危险。
(2)跟动名词包括动名词的复合结构作宾语，动名词复合结构中，可用普通格代替所有 格。
e.g.I didn't imagine becoming a doctor in my childhood.
在孩童时代，我并未想象会成为一名大夫。
I can't imagine my marrying a man of that sort.我难以想象我会嫁给那种男人。
I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
我几乎不能想象彼得五天之内横渡大西洋。
(3)后跟宾语从句
e.g.Can you imagined that he left without even a word
你能设想他甚至一句话不说就离开吗？
I can't imagine why people speak against her.我无法想象为什么人们说她的闲话。
(4)后跟名词/代词+(to+be)+形容词/(as)名词/介词短语
e.g.I imagine her(to be)beautiful and soft.我把她想象得既温柔又漂亮。
Imagine yourself(to be)in my place.What will you do
想象你自己处于我的位置，你会怎样做呢？
I imagine him(as)a tall and handsome man.我想象他高大英俊。
2).作“想，以为，感觉，猜测”讲，不可用于进行时
e.g.I imagine(that)/have met you somewhere before.我想以前曾在哪里见过你。
Don't imagine that you are the only person in trouble.不要以为只有你一个人处境艰难。
He imagined that he had heard a strange noise upstairs.他感觉听到楼上有奇怪的声音。
Can you imagine what he is doing 你能够猜测他在做什么吗？
2.chance的用法
1).作“可能性(posibility)”解时，用作名词，既可用作可数名词，也可用于不可数名 词。后面常接of…/that从句表示可能性，而且chance作“可能性”讲时，还常用于下列句型： The chance is that…/The chances are that…(句型中的The和that可以省去) 或者There is a chance that…表示“有可能……”。
e.g.They have no chance of winning the match.他们不可能赢得这次比赛。
There seems to be little chance of success this time.这次似乎没有成功的可能性。
There is a chance that the sports meeting will be held next week.很可能下周开运动会。
The chances are that the new machine will arrive tomorrow.新机器可能明天到。
2).作名词，表示“机会(opportunity)”时，是可数名词。
e.g.This is a good chance to learn/of learning from the experienced teacher.
这是向有经验的老师学习的好机会。
It is the chance of a life time.这是一生难得的机会。
常用的短语有：give sb.a chance(给某人一次机会)
have a chance to do…(有机会做……); take the chance to do…(利用机会做……)
seize the chance(抓住机会); miss a chance(错过机会)
lose a chance(失去机会)
3).作名词，表示“偶然(a favourable occasion),幸运(fortune),运气(luck)”等时，是不可 数名 词。e.g.Let's leave it to chance. 任其自然吧。
Chance plays an important part in playing cards. 玩牌许多时候靠运气。
常见的短语有：by chance(碰巧)，by any chance(万一，碰巧)，take one's chance(碰运气， 听任命运)。
4).也可用作动词，表示“碰巧，偶然发生”时为不及物动词，可以用于以下两个句型 中，chance to do…/It chanced that…。
e.g.I chanced to see my friend in the street. 我碰巧在街上碰到了我的朋友。
It(so)chanced that/had no money with me. 碰巧我身上没带钱。
3.It has often been said that life is difficult as it is.
人们常说现实生活已经够艰难的了。
①“It is said that …”是常见的句型，意思是“据说，人们说”再如：
It is said that the population of males is larger than that of females in China. 据说中国男 性人口 高于女性人口。It is said that he has gone abroad. 据说他已出国了。
这种句型其实是“People say that …”的被动语态。类似结构还有：It is thought that…；It is reported that …；It is believed that …；It is hoped that…等。
②as it is 也是固定的结构，解释“根据现在情况看；就以现在样子”，常用于句子开 头或结尾。例如：
I thought things would get better, but as it is they are getting worse.
我原以为情况会好转，但照现在的样子看，只会更糟。
4. For women it sometimes seems twice as difficult.
对妇女来说，有时生活似乎是难上加难。
该句相当于For women life sometimes seems twice as difficult as it is.
倍数的表达法可以有以下几种表示：
The room is twice bigger than mine.
The room is twice as big as mine.
The room is twice the size of mine.
注意：倍数词总是位于第一as前，并且第二个as在上下文意义明确的情况下可 省略。
例句：The house rent is expensive. I’ve got about half the space I had at home and I’m paying ______ here.
A. as three times much B. as much three times
C. much as three times D. three times as much
分析：本句为as…as 比较结构，much后省略了as I paid at home.
表示：“我现在所付竟然是原来的三倍”，three times 应放在as much 之前。故选D。
5．Do you know a woman who really inspires you
你认识一位真正感动你的女士吗？
inspire为及物动词，意为“鼓舞、感动”。如：
We’re trying to inspire him with confidence. 我们在努力鼓舞他的自信心。
inspiring 鼓舞人的，感动人的，是一个形容词，例如：
We regard Abraham Lincoln as an inspiring leader.
我们认为亚伯罕姆·林肯是一位有感召力的领袖。
6．What has become of her 她发生了什么变化？
become of解释“发生……情况；……怎么啦！”相当于happen to …
What will become of the children now that the parents are dead
父母死了，孩子们会怎么样啦？
I don’t know what has become of him. 我不知道他的遭遇如何。
7．What kind of people do you think they are
你认为他们是什么类型的人？
①kind着重指由于具有共同兴趣或特征而在一起的人，动物或物体。
如：Tom is the kind of person who likes outdoor games.
汤姆是那种喜欢户外游戏的人。
This is the kind of room that I feel at home in.
这种房间我感到没有拘束。
②本句为常do you think的特殊疑问句用法，其语序为“疑问词+do you think+疑问句 的其他部分（陈述语序）”。如：
Who do you think has taken his wallet
你认为谁拿了他的钱包？
What do you think I have bought for you
你猜我为你买来了什么？
可以这样用的动词还有suppose, guess, believe, imagine, expect.
8．What else, but a journey at the opposite end of the world, Antarctica
除了去世界另一头南极洲旅行，还会干什么呢？
①这是一句省略句，完整的结构是：What else would I do but a journey at the opposite end of the world, Antarctica 句中的but是介词，意为“除了……”，相当于except，常与不定代词、 疑问代词等连用。例如：
In winter, bears can do nothing but lie down and sleep.
在冬天，熊只能躺下睡觉。
②else是个形容词，意为“其他的，别的”，不作前置定语，只能用在疑问词where, what, which, who等或不定代词something, anything等后，表示追加说明。如：
Is there anything else you want to say 你还有什么要说的话吗？
Where else did you go besides Beijing 除了北京，你还到过哪？ else的所有格是else’s, 如：Who else’s advice do you want to take 你想听谁的劝告？
I’ll have to borrow someone else’s car. 我得借别人的车。
9．Another journey of challenge and danger was about to begin.
又一次具有危险和挑战的旅行即将开始。
①介词短语作定语时，句子的谓语动词应根据被其修饰的前面的中心词来决定。
②be about to do即将发生的动作或动作刚要开始。如：
The teacher is about to write down the new words.
注意：be about to do 不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用，但可以用在be about to do when…结构中，如：
I was about to leave when the telephone began to ring.
10．But changes were just around the corner.天气即将要变了。
just around the corner意为“Likely to happen soon（即将来临）”，再如：Victory was just around the corner. 胜利即将在眼前。
A big storm was just around the corner.
一场大风暴即将来临。
11．On the third day I was struggling through stormy weather and during the next week the wind grew stronger and I found myself spending a day in my tent.
第三天我在风暴中挣扎，。第二周风刮得更猛了我发现自己终日在帐蓬里。
①struggle在这里为“挣扎”的意思。如：
Seeing a girl struggling in the river, he jumped into the water to save her.
看到一个女孩在河挣扎，他跳进水中去救她。
②find oneself ……的意思是“发现自己（处于某种状态）；不知不觉地…”例如：
When day broke, we found ourselves in a village at the foot of the mountain.
天亮时，我们发现自己来到了那座山脚下的一个村子里。
Suddenly I found myself at the water’s edge.
我忽然发现自己站在水边了。
Then I found myself surrounded by half a dozen boys.
然后我突然发现六个男孩围着自己。
12．I had traveled only two hours one day when the winds increased so much that I had to put my tent up before the wind became too strong.
一天，我刚走了两个小时，突然狂风大作，我只好趁风力还不算太大之前，支起帐蓬。
①when 表示过早发生某事（常可译为“还没（刚刚）……就”）。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when the dog barked.
我还没把门打开，狗就叫了起来。
The students hadn’t played football long when the bell rang.
学生们足球没踢一会儿，铃就响了。
when还表示突然发生某事（常译为“……正在……忽然”）。例如：
A few days later, I was moving forward over a slope that seemed safe when suddenly without warning my world dropped out from under my skis.
几天以后，我正在一个似乎安全的斜坡上前行，突然，毫不预兆，滑雪板下的大地陷下 去了。
from常与另一个介词短语连用。如：
The moon appeared from behind the clouds. 月亮从云层后面露出了脸。
A rat ran out from under the bed. 一只老鼠从床底下跑了出来。
He swam from across the river. 他从河那边游了过来。
②put up 作“举起，抬起，搭起盖房子”讲。例如：
They are putting up several new houses on our street.
我们这条街上正在盖几栋新房子。
Put up your hands if you have any questions. 有问题请举手。
13．I had fallen into a hole and was hanging on the ropes tied to the sled.
我掉进了洞，挂在绑着雪撬的绳子上。
①hang作“悬挂着，吊着”，强调某一地点存在某一状态时（用进行时描写的情景更 生动），为不及物动词，一般用主动语态。
例句：—Is this raincoat yours
—No, mine — there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. has hung C. hangs D. hung
分析：由问句可知，强调“在门后挂着呢”现在这一暂时的情景，而非长期的状态， 用现在 进行时比一般现在时更有色彩、生动，故选A
②the ropes tied to the sled= the ropes which were tied to the sled.
14. I was in good health and all of my equipment was working well.
我身体很好，而且我所有的设备工作正常。
①be in good health是个有用短语，意为“身体状况良好”
be in bad/poor health身体状况不好。
②equipment为不可数名词，如：
This is a factory with modern equipment. 这是一家装备有现代化设备的工厂。
15．I thawed a frozen cake over my fire, placed a candle on the top , lit it and sany “happy birthday to me” at the top of my voice.
我在火上融了一个冻蛋糕，顶上插上一支蜡烛，点燃并大声高唱“祝我生日快乐”。
①thaw意为“融化、解冻”如：
He made a fire to thaw out the frozen earth. 他生起了火去融化冻土。
The ground has thawed out.地面解冻了。
②light 作为及物动词，意为“点燃”，如：
He stopped to light a cigar. 他停下来去点一支烟。
注意：light的过去式和过去分词形式有两种lighted和lit，只有lighted可以作形容词,意 为 “点燃的”，如：
She put a lighted candle on the top of the cake.她在蛋糕上插上了一支点燃的蜡烛。
③at the top of one’s voice高声喊叫，大声地
16．Wait to get better or give up 我该等着身体好起来还是放弃？
完整的句子应该是Should I wait to get better or should I give up
①get better是get well的比较级形式，表示身体状况有所好转。
②give up作及物动词时可接动名词，作宾语意为“放弃”如：
We’ll try to persuade him into giving up smoking. 我们要设法说服他戒烟。
The young man gave up his seat to an old man. 那年青人将座位让给一位老大爷。
17．I couldn’t stand on my left leg and my head was woozy from hitting the ground.
我的左腿不能站，我头撞到地上，脑昏眼花。
①stand on的意思是“用……站立”。例如：
stand on one’s head 倒立
stand on one leg like a cock金鸡独立
②from可以表示原因，作“因为……；由于……；成为的结果”解。例如
They do something from necessity, not from a sense of duty.
他们因需要而做某事，并非出于责任感。
18．It’s an experience I shall never forget and shall value for the rest of my life.
这是一种我永远铭记在我的余生中将倍加珍惜的经历。
①experience 作“经历”讲为可数名词；作“经验”时，为不可数名词。
Have you had an unforgettable experience
Experience is the best teacher. 经验是最好的老师。
②value作名词时，为“价值，重要性”，作动词时，为“重视，估计”。例如：
The students have always valued their teachers. 学生向来敬重他们的老师。
The house is valued at $100.000. 这房子估价十万美金。
19．The sun does not go down in Antarctica, …北极的太阳不落…
go down意为“下降，降落”，可以指太阳，月亮的落下，也可指船只的沉没，价格的下 跌。例如：
The sun is going down in the west behind the mountains. 太阳正在西方下山。
Prices don’t seem to be going down.物价似乎不会下跌。
The ship has gone down in the storm. 船在风暴中沉没了。
20．Life seemed to hold no promise. 生活看来似乎毫无希望。
promise作名词时，意为“诺言，有指望，有前途”。如：
He is dishonest and he always breaks a promise.他不诚实，总是食言。
The crops are full of promise.庄稼丰收在望。
跟“诺言”有关的短语有：keep a promise信守诺言；carry out a promise履行诺言；break a promise不守诺言
21．Her father showed her how hard work and discipline could lead to self-improvement.
她父亲让她明白艰苦奋斗和严以律己可以使人改善自己。
lead (sb. / sth ) to后跟名词，表示“引起（某人/某物）产生……”。例如：
Junk food will lead you to disease. 不健康食品会使你得病的。
Too much work often leads to illness.劳累过渡可导致疾病。
22．Her life shows us that hard work and discipline are the road to self-improvement.
她的生活向我们表明，艰苦奋斗和严守纪律是改善自己的途径。
road, street, path与way和辨析：
road指两地之间能通行人或车辆的大道，意为“公路，马路；道路；途径；”
street指城市乡镇中两边有建筑物的路段，意为“街道”；
path指由行人在田野林间踩成的道，往往较窄小蜿蜒曲折；
way指到达目的地所经过的途径，意为“道路、途径”，含义较抽象。有时还引申为 “方法、方式或手段”。
词语辨析
(一)alone/lonely
1.alone意为：by oneself,without others，可作表语和宾补，不带感彩。
e.g.I happened to be alone in the room