Language points in Unit 11
1. what to buy=what you should buy wh－动词不定式在句中常常用作主语、宾语等。
Eg, We haven’t decided yet when to have the meeting.
How to operate the computer is what you’re going to learn in this lesson.
2. have sth. in mind想到某事；想要做某事
eg, I could see he was not telling me all he had in mind.
What do you have in mind for us to do
have sb. in mind心里想着某人
eg, I don’t know whom he has in mind for the job.
3. dance to music/a song/a tune 按――的节拍跳舞
4. a world of 无数，大量，许多
eg, It will save a world of time.
There was a world of meaning in the look she gave him.
5. brief adj.短时间的，短暂的；简洁的；简略的
make a brief visit
a brief report
to be brief简单说，扼要的说
in brief简单地说，简言之
briefly adv.简洁地；简而言之
eg, To be brief, she was happy with that result.
It is a long letter, but in brief, he says “No”.
His explanation was brief and to the point.
Please tell me briefly what happened.
6. have been playing表示过去发生的动作一直不间断地进行到现在。
7. have ---in common 有共同点=be similar to each other
eg, I haven’t a thing in common with my father.
Mr. and Mrs Smith own the store in common.
A common event常有的事情
A common mistake常见错误
8. combine A with/and B 使――联合，结合，合并
eg, Combine the eggs with a little flour and heat the mixture gently.
Some films combine education with recreation.
combine against 联合反对
eg, The two parties combined against the government.
9. variety n. quality of not being the same; number or range of different things
a variety of
eg, Iron has a variety of uses.
We all need variety in our diet.
We have a large/wide variety of patterns to choose from.
10.Unit 10 The World around us
1. solve vt.
Eg, We solved the maths problem.
He finally solved the difficulty of transportation.
2. solution n. =an answer to a difficulty or prolem
solution to sth.
eg, She can find no solution to her financial troubles.
It’s difficult to find a solution to this question.
That problem was hard; its solution required many hours.
3. deal with= attend to manage something
eg, I’ll deal with the problem at once.
There are too many difficulties for us to deal with.
4. way to do sb../of doing sth.
eg, Try to find your own way to express the idea.
We all have our favourite ways of doing certain things.
5. keep …from (doing) sth.
eg, Please keep the children from swimming in the sea.
Can’t you keep your dog from coming into my garden
6. species n. (pl. unchanged)
eg, This species of rose in very rare.
There are over 200 species of fish.
7. live/lead a … life
eg, The family lived/led a miserable life in the old days.
Though they are old, they lead an active life.
8. be used to (doing) sth. = accustomed to sth.
eg, I’m used to hard work.
I’m not used to being treated like this.
9. take measures
eg, The government has promised to take measures to help the unemployed.
What measures were taken to prevent fires
10. adapt v. = become adjusted to new conditions
eg, Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark.
She adapted (herself) quickly to the new climate.
11. first of all
eg, First of all you must be honest.
12. make a (no, some…) difference (to sb./sth.)
=have an (no, some…) effect (on sb./sth.)/be important( unimportant) (to sb./sth.)
eg, The rain didn’t make much difference (to the game.)
It won’t make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow.
13. devote (oneself/one’s time/money/energy…) to (sb./sth./doing sth.)
eg, devote much time to study
devote one’s life to the revolution
devote oneself to a noble cause
devote all one’s efforts to one’s task
14. at present=at this time, now
eg, I’m afraid I can’t help you just at present---I’m too busy.
15. set …free
eg, They tried to set the prisoners free, but they failed.
16. in the wild
eg, We used to live in the wilds, but we live in London now.
17. stop to do sth./ doing sth.
eg, They stopped for a while to admire the scenery.
She has stopped smoking.
18. be careful with
eg, Be careful with the glasses.(Don’t break them.)
He is very careful with his money. (He doesn’t spend it on unimportant things.)
19. end up
eg, If you continue to steal, you’ll end up in prison.
The meeting ended up with the singing of The Internatioonale.
He will end up as president some day.
20. die out 死绝；消失，消灭
eg, That custom died out years ago.
The lights died out suddenly.
die of/from/by 因――而死
eg, die of hunger/an illness饿（病）死
She died of cancer/ole age.
die from overwork/a wound
* die of 指死于疾病、衰老、饥饿等；die from则指由于外伤或不注意的原因而死亡，但from常以of代替。
die +n./adj. 死于――状态
eg, die young/happy英年早逝（含笑九泉）
be dying for/to do sth. 渴望；很想
eg, He was dying for a drink.
die away （声音、光线、风等）渐弱，渐息
die off （家庭、种族等）相继死亡
die down 殉国，为国牺牲
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1Language points in Unit 5
1. While still a student, she played roles in many plays.
1) while still a student =while she was still a student.在英语中有些表示时间、条件、方式或让步等的从句有时可省略一些成分：如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致（或者从句的主语是it），而且从句谓语中又包含be，那么这个主语和be动词都可省略。
Eg, Don’t talk while (you are )eating.
When (he was )asked how he gained first place, he suddenly became cheerful.
If (they are ) operated by computer in the future, many of the trains will have no drivers.
Although (it was ) sold by a German company for the first time in 1899, aspirin has been around much longer than that.
They looked around the room as if (they were ) looking for something.
The boys will go out to play football whenever (it is ) possible.
2) play a role in…
eg, a leading role
He will play the role of the doctor in my latest drama.
The U.N. plays an important role in international relations.
2. Meryl Streep made her first film, called Julia in 1977.
过去分词短语called Julia在句中作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句which was called Julia.
Eg, Yellowstone, located largely in the northwest of Wyoming, became the world’s first national park in 1872.
The film Raise the Red Lanterns, directed by Zhang Yimou and starring Gong Li, tells the story of a rich family.
3. win the Theater World Award as Best Actress/a prize for her role in a play
win vi. &vt.赢，获胜; vt. 赢得，获得（胜利、奖赏、名声等）
eg, By his hard work he won himself the position of manager.
=Hard work won him the position of manager.
He won 50 dollars at cards.
The ruling party won a fine victory in the election.
He won by five points.
Our team won the game 8 to 7.
win over vt. （可分开用）把（人）说服， 争取过来（to＋n）使接受
eg, We tried to win him over to our view. 我们试图说服他接受我们的观点。
4. marry; be married (to sb.) vi.; get married (to sb.) vi.;marriage
eg, He married a classmate from high school.
She married young/late in her life.
Father Brown married them. Vt.（牧师）主持――的婚礼
He married off his daughter to a doctor. Vt. 使――（与――）结婚；把（女儿）嫁（给）
The old couple have already been married for fifty years.
She got married to a man from her hometown.
5. get/obtain/receive a (doctor’s/master’s/bachelor’s) degree获得（博士、硕士、学士）学位
degree 程度；度；学位；（形容词、副词的）级
eg, To what degree is he wealthy
We can believe his story to a certain degree.
It’s a matter of degree.
He has a high degree of ability in English.
at 45 degree north在北纬45度
At how many degrees centigrade does iron become a liquid
a comparative degree比较级
by degrees 逐渐地，渐渐地
eg, She is getting better by degrees.
to a degree 大大地，非常地；到某个程度，稍微
to the last degree 极端地
6. at the speed of以――的速度
at a/the speed of 60 km per hour
with (great) speed 高速
eg, The time sped quickly.
7. in the beginning; in the end
in the end最后，终于， 表示经过许多变化、困难和捉摸不定的情况后某事才发生
eg, He worked hard. In the end he succeeded.
We looked everywhere and in the end we found the key.
finally表示人们长期以来期待的某事最后实现了
at last 也有此意，期待的感情更强烈一些
8. instead of prep.代替――；而不
eg, I will go to see her instead of you.
I have to finish my work instead of going out.
9. take off脱掉（衣帽鞋等），取下（眼镜、戒指等），移开，除去（物）；动身；（飞机等）起飞；在（某期间）休息，请假（不上班）；从（价格）减去，减价
eg, You should take your toys off the table.
I’d like to take off for home tomorrow.
The plane took off very smoothly.
I’d like to take next Friday off.
take three days off in December 12月休假3天
They are taking 50% off all goods in that boutique.那家服饰店的所有商品都打5折。
10. be afraid to do sth.不敢做――;
be afraid of＋n/ doing 害怕――；
be afraid that 恐怕――
11. do research进行调查
eg, do research in Roman history
busy with research work
carry out a research onto the causes of cancer
12. go wrong走错路， 误入歧途；不对头；出毛病
do sb. wrong=do wrong to sb. 虐待（冤枉）某人
eg, You’ve done me wrong.
They have done me great wrong.
She complained of the wrongs she had suffered.
13. in peace
14. owe---to--- 受到恩惠，归功于
eg, we owe a great deal to our parents and teachers.
I owe it to you that I am still alive.
I owe my success to him. = I owe him my success.
owe 欠债，负债
eg, I owe my uncle $ 100.=I owe $100 to my uncle.
How much do I owe you
owing to 由于，因为
Owing to the rain they could not come.
Owing to the draught, crops are short.
15. It still took seven years before they finally got married.直到七年后―――
before ――（以后）才
eg, It was a long time before I got to sleep last night.
It will be four years before we meet again.
注意：before的特殊用法
1） 不等――就
eg, He went out before I had (had) a chance to tell him the good news.
He left before the meeting (had) ended.
2） （不多久――）就
eg,, We hadn’t waited long before the bus came.
I won’t be long before you get well again.
3） 宁愿――，也不――
eg, He will die of hunger before he will steal.
We will die before we will betray our country.
16. accept; receive
17. take one’s place=take the place of sb./sth. 代替，取代
18. run after
be after
19. determine to do sth.
determine on +n. /doing vt. 决定
determined adj. 坚决的，坚强的
be determined to do sth.
eg, I determined on an early start.
Her determined look told me that she had determined on going to college and nothing can stop her.
20. She wants them to let her appear live on the air, hoping that Huike will see her.
1) live 实况直播
Eg, The football game was broadcast live.
The Oscar ceremony is the biggest, most extravagant live event on television.
live, living; lively; alive
lively adj. 活泼的，有生气的；living adj. 活着的，活泼的，有生气的
2) on the air正在播出的；播送
in the air 在空中；在流传中，在传播中；为决定的＝up in the air
by air
walk on air vt.洋洋得意
eg, We will be on the air in five minutes.
This programme comes on the air at the same time every day.
There was a smell of burning leaves in the air.
We may be going to Beijing on National Day, but it’s still in the air.
Is she pleased Yes, now she’s walking on air.
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4Language points in Unit 9
1. agree to do sth.
agree on 就――达成一致
agree to +n.（plan, suggestion, arrangement）同意计划、观点等
agree with sb./what one said 同意某人
2. It (all) depends.=That (all) depends. 那得看情况（而定）。
depend on/upon +n. + to do sth. 依赖；指望；视――而定，取决于
3. be worth +n. /doing(no passive voice)
be worthy to do/of +n./doing/being done
4. on the go 忙个不停；四处奔走；跑来跑去
5. more than 不仅仅
6. add to 增加
add in （可分开用）包括，算进
add---to---把――添加/增加到――－
add up to（不可用进行式或被动语态）总计共达；总之就是，意味着
add up （可分开用）合计，加起来；（口语）言之成理（不可用进行式）
eg, add the figures up
If you add two and/to five, you get seven.
The news added to his anxiety.
These figures add up to fifty.
His remarks added up to a condemnation of my plan.
7. remind sb. about/of sth.
remind sb. to do sth.
remind sb. + that clause
8. (not) dare to do
dare (not) do
9. seem to be that
seem + adj.
seem to do
It seems that---
It seems as if---
10. have a need to do= need to do sth.
11. stay in touch with=keep in touch with 和――保持联系
12. no matter where引导让步壮语从句
＝whatever
whatever引导让步状语从句和名次性从句（主语从句、宾语从句）
13. call for 要求、需要
14. in case在――情况下，万一――的话；以免，免得
in case of万一，如果；在――情况下
in any case 无论如何，反正，不管怎样
in no case 决不，在任何情况下都不
15. will be wearing将来进行时
表示将来某段时间一直进行的动作或持续的状态
16. according to 按照；根据――所说
17. take over接收；接管
18. break down毁掉；坏掉；中止
e up with 提出，给出
20. take steps to do sth. 采取措施做――Language Points in Unit 3
1. means of transportation
by means of
by no means
by all means
2. consider +doing/+n.
consider +n. +to be+n./adj.
consider +that clause
eg, We considered his suggestion.
He is considering studying abroad.
I consider him to be my best friend.
He considers himself intelligent.
We consider the question solved.
She considers it impolite to talk while eating.
I considered that the news was false.
3. boarding calls
4. to experience life
5. get away from
6. Instead of spending your vacation on a bus, in a hotel or sitting on the beach, you may want to try hiking.
7. get close to nature
8. take exercise
9. at the same time
10. watch out for dangers
11. protect… from…
12. As with hiking, you should always think about your safety and wear good clothes.
13. wear a life jacket
14. separate…from…
15. in a few days’ time
16. see sb. off
17. take a taxi
18. say hi to sb. for me
19. used to do
20. a form of
21. combine …with…
22. on (the) one hand, on the other hand
23. as well as 除――之外还，和，也。常用来连接两个相同的成分，强调前者。当其连接两个主语时，谓语动词的数应与前一个主语保持一致。
Eg, My friend Bill is good at science as well as arts at school.
Li Lei as well as his friends is going boating next Sunday.
24. By staying at hotels in Red River Village, tourists can help the villagers make money so that they can take care of the river and the birds.
by用作介词，表示“用――方式，凭借――手段”，接动词ing形式
eg, One learns a language by making mistakes and correcting them.
so that通常用来引导目的状语从句，意思是“为了――，以便于”， 从句的谓语动词通常与情态动词连用。
Eg, Roses need special care so that they can live through winter.
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1Language points in Unit 6
1. interrupt vt.& vi. to say something when someone else is already speaking and cause them to stop阻碍（某人），打断（某人的）话； （使）（工作、谈话等）中断，（使）中止，阻止，打岔
eg, Don’t interrupt (me) while I am working.
I’m sorry to interrupt you, but there’s someone to see you.
He interrupted his work to have lunch.
A flash interrupted the program.
interruption n.
2. apologise vi. =apologize
apologize to sb. for sth. 因――向（某人）道歉
apologize to sb. for doing/having done sth. 因做了某事向某人道歉
eg, Why must I apologize
He apologized to me for stepping on my foot.
apology n.
make an apology to sb. for sth. 为――向（某人）道歉
eg, He offered me an apology for losing my book.
3. anyway adv. used when you are saying something which supports what you have just said.
Eg, Anyway I must finish this work today.
4. introduce vt.
introduce ---to ---（向某人）介绍（某人），引见 ；引导（初学者），认识，启蒙
eg, The principal introduce a new teacher to the students.
He introduced me to the tango.
introduce ---into/to---把（新事物）引进（到――），引入
eg, New Paris fashions are introduced into Shanghai every year.
introduce ---into/to/before把（话题等）带入（到会话等），（向议会等）提出（议案等）
eg, He introduced an interesting topic into our conversation.
Introduce a bill into/before Congress 向国会提出议案
5. forgive vt.宽恕，原谅，饶恕
forgive sb. sth./for doing sth. 原谅某人(做的)某事
eg, If you apologize, the teacher may forgive your negligence.
They forgave us our rudeness.
He forgave me for losing his notebook.
6. mean v. 意味着；意欲，打算；对――是重要的
mean to do sth. 打算（意欲）做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
mean sb. to do ---打算时（让）――做――
means n. 方法，手段；工具；财富
by all means 无论如何，务必
by means of 以――，借着，借助于――
7. manners n. 礼貌；规矩have good manners有礼貌
mind one’s manners 注意礼貌
8. get an impression 得到某印象
leave/have/make a good impression on sb. 给某人留下好印象
be under the impression that…觉得――，以为――
9. keep up a custom=follow a custom遵从习俗
break a custom 破坏习俗
manners and customs风俗习惯
10. start with 以――开始，开始时(有)――
to start with首先；在开始时
11. It is + adj. + of sb. to do sth. (表示褒贬的形容词,如：kind, nice, good, polite, bad, etc.)
It is +adj. + for sb. to do sth. (无褒贬色彩的形容词，如：important, heavy, easy,etc)
Eg, It is polite of you to say so.
It is important for us to finish the project before Monday.
12. drink to 为――干杯，为――祝酒＝drink a toast to---
eg, drink to one’s health
13. When drinking to someone’s health…=When you are drinking to someone’s health
省略的条件是从句主语与主句主语一致。
Eg, While reaching the apple on the top of the tree, you need to be careful.
Once begun, the machine will run its own way.
14. besides 此外，而且 （表递进关系）＝moreover, furthermore, apart from, what’s more
15. fashion n 流行，时髦；时尚
a fashion show 时装表演 set a fashion开风气之先；领导潮流
follow the fashion 赶时髦 come into fashion 流行起来
get out of fashion 渐渐过时 be in fashion正流行
be out of fashion 不再流行
16. leave out 省去，遗漏；不考虑，忽视
eg, leave out a letter漏掉一个字母
Don’t leave me out!不要忘了我。
17. wish +sb. +n. 表示对别人的祝愿
eg, I wish you good luck!
They wished him every happiness.
I certainly wish them victory.
I wish you all the best. 我祝你万事如意。
也可以用may表示祝愿。
may sb. do sth.
Eg, May you succeed.
Notes
1. none, no one
no one 指人，用作主语。None特指，指代前面的名词。
---Who-- ---No one.
---How many--- ---None.
2. error, mistakes, fault
3.
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2Language Points in Unit 1
1. be loyal to 对――忠诚
2. It is + adj.（表批评或赞扬） + of sb. to do sth.=sb. +be adj. to do sth. 某人做某事是――
Eg, It is kind of you to say so.= You are kind to say so.
3. A good friend is someone who makes me happy.
make /find +object. +adj.
eg, make our classroom clean; find it useful
make sb. do (sth.)= have sb. do sth. =get sb. to do sth.
4. argue with sb. about sth.
argue sb. into/out of +n. 说服某人做/停止做某事
5. give reasons for sth.为某事给出原因
6. decide to do sth.
7. so/neither/nor +助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语（＋动词）
so＋主语＋助动词/系动词/情态动词
eg, I don’t like enjoy singing, nor/neither do I like computers.
Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.
8. be into =be fond of
9. surf the Internet= go online
10. imagine doing sth.
11. explain sth. to sb.
12. so…that
eg, Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.
13. One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.
when正在――突然，就在那是
14. play=act
eg, Tom Hanks plays a man named Chuck Noland.
15. hunt for=look for
16. make a fire
17. in order to do sth.=so as to do sth.
18. develop a friendship with sb. 增进友谊
19. even though=even if
though conj.&adv. although conj.
20. treat sb./sth. as
21. share happiness and sorrow
share sth. with/among/between sb.
22. care about 关心，介意，在乎
eg, It is important to have someone to care about.
care for 喜欢；照顾
eg, I don’t care for football.
Would you care for a cup of tea
She cares for her sick mother.
23. make friends with sb.
24. for example such as
25. help sb. do/to do sth.
26. tell lies
27. regard …as…把――当作
be regarded as
eg, Many people keep dogs as pets because dogs are regarded as loyal friends to people.
28. make e-pals/key pals
29. You guessed it!
30. have fun玩的愉快
31. drop sb. a line
32. error/mistake
usage:
1. Error is a more formal word than mistake.
Eg, Your homework is full of mistakes/errors(fml).
2. Error(literary) is something used to suggest something that is morally wrong.
Eg, the errors of his youth
3. In certain fixed phrases only one of the two words can be used.
Eg, an error of judgment
by mistake
33. keep in mind=remember
34. as short as possible
35. direct and indirect speech
PAGE
2Language points in Unit 2
1. for the first time
2. There you are.行了，好了
3. fly all the way direct from Seattle to London
4. must 表示猜测
eg, You must be very tired.
must, may ,can
5. make oneself at home=be/feel at home别客气
6. I mean
7. got it = understand it
8. on one’s way back
9. make up a dialogue= create a dialogue
10. I beg your pardon
11. native language=mother tongue
12. in ---situation 处于――的情形、境遇、位置
13. the majority of
14. in total=in all
15. a number of; the number of
16. be equal to 相等的；胜任的
eg, Tom is equal to John in height.
My heart is not equal to the race.
He felt equal to carrying out the plan.
17. except for; except; except that; besides
except for 除――之外（前后指代的事物性质不同；整体不错而个别不足）
eg, The movie was good except for the ending.
Except for the chair, the room is empty.
I know nothing about him except that he is from china.
Everyone except John was able to answer.
18. develop into发展成，发育成
19. without doing
20. on the radio
21. communicate with sb.与――通信；取得联系
eg, You can use English to communicate with people around the world through the Internet.
communicate +n. + to + n.传达；通知
eg, He communicated his intention to me.
22. with +object +doing
eg, With so many people communicating in English every day, …
23. have a (good/bad/poor…) knowledge of --- 具有(丰富)的――知识；熟知――
eg, It will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.
24. tell sb. to do sth.
25. sand still=not to move
26. put ---on the peg把――挂在钉子/钩子上
27. stay up
28. tell the differences between ---and ---
e about=happen; take place
30. There is no quick answer to this question.
31. while 表示转折
32. stay vi. +adj.
33. borrow sth. from ---; take ---from---
34. end up with
35. more or less
36. have difficulty/trouble/problems (in) doing sth.
have difficulty with sth.
37. bring in引进
38. a great many =a good many = a (large) number of +可数名词
plenty of ＋可数或不可数名词
a great deal of ＋不可数名词
eg, a great many students a great many of the students
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2Language points in Unit 7
1. capsule; tablet; pill
capsule（药的）胶囊；太空舱；tablet药片；pill 药丸；powder 药粉；ointment软膏
2. represent vt.代表；表现
eg, The statue represents peasants praying to God. (图画等)表现――，描述
A dove represents peace.象征，意味着，相当于
He represents our school.
The country was represented at the conference by the foreign Minister.代表，做――的代理；做代表（某地区等）的国会议员（通常用被动语态）
He represented himself as /to be a friend of the President.（文语）把――叙述为，主张，声称 represent+n. +as/to be +n./adj.
The actor was too old to represent Romeo.（文语）扮演
3. include/contain
include是指包含内容的一部分，contain是指包含整个内容而言
include+n.+in/on/among+n.
eg, I include a watch on the list of souvenirs to buy.
He includes me among his friends.
I am included in the team.
include/included/including
include vt.
included adj. 包含的，包括在内的（置于名词后）
Eg, postage included
Six people, three women included, died in the battle.
including prep. ---excluding
Eg, I have to prepare food for seven people including me.
Six people, including three women, died in the battle.
4. Where there is a river, there is a city.
这里由where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件的含义。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
5. It is true that---
It is +adj. that clause
Eg, It is important that we should learn a foreign language well.
6. be proud of/ take pride in
7. fairy tale 神话，童话；不实之词，谎言
fairy n 仙子，精灵；（当形容词用）仙人般的，优美的
eg, a fairy lady仙女般的美女
fairy light（装饰用的）彩色小灯
8. under attack遭到袭击，遭受责难
eg, His article came under attack.
9. give in/give up
give in 屈服，让步；提出，呈交
eg, The mother gave in and bought a toy for her child.
He has given in my view.
Give in your examination papers when you have finished.
give up 放弃
eg, The police gave up searching for the missing child.
The doctors gave her father up two years ago, but he is still alive.
He gave up his position as a manager.
10. in ruins=in a severely damaged or decayed condition
eg, An earthquake left the whole town in ruins.
His career is/lies in ruins.
11. in pieces
12. do everything we can to save our city=do what we can do to save our city
eg, The doctors did everything they could to save the boy’s life.
13. bring ---back to life使――又复活（苏醒）
come to life复活，复苏
to the life 逼真，栩栩如生
eg, He painted Kate to the life.
After days of hard work, the cultural relic has been brought back to life.
14. with the help of ---
15. be able to/can
be able to=manage to do/succeed in doing
can 具备某种做事情的能力
16. put back把――放回原处
17. look out over面朝着，朝向；俯瞰；外面是
e true
19. Strong, proud and united, the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia.
20.
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2Unit 4 Language Points
New words and expressions
1. be upon 逼近，临近
eg, The snowstorm was upon us.
The Christmas holiday will soon be upon us.
2. before 在――之前，还没来得及
eg, He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation before it got worse.
Several days had gone by before I realized the painting was missing.
3. struggle
vi. 努力；挣扎；奋斗；挣扎这进行；艰苦进行
take up the struggle 开始斗争
struggle to one’s feet 挣扎着站起来
struggle + with/against +n. 挣扎；（与――）搏斗；努力，奋斗
eg, The cat struggled in his arms.
He has been struggling with/against illness for many years.
He struggled with the thief for a while.
Struggle against difficulties/death/illness/nature/strong winds
struggle + for +n./ to do 为――而挣扎，努力
Eg, The trapped fox struggled violently to get free.
He has been struggling for success in his business. = He has been struggling to succeed in his business.
Struggle for a living/freedom
struggle+ adv.
Eg, We struggled through the crowd.
n.竞争；努力；奋斗c.
eg, the struggle for existence
Don’t give up without a struggle.
4. strike
vt & vi. (struck, struck/stricken)
1) 可用来做“（自然灾害、疾病等）袭击”解释，相当于have a bad effect on, 此时常用作及物动词。Hit也可用来表示这个意思。
Eg, That area was struck/hit by a lightning.
He was struck/hit by a lightning.
Scientists are afraid that one day an even bigger earthquake will strike/hit the area around San Francisco.
He was hard hit by financial losses.
2) 可做“打、击、敲、撞、咬”等多种解释。
Eg, The father was so angry that he struck the boy in the face.
The clock has just struck twelve.
Strike while iron is hot.
His foot struck against a stone.
She was struck by a snake while walking in the grass.
3) 还可表示“给某人很深的印象、打动”。
Eg, The visitors were struck by the beauty of the West Lake.
I was struck by what he said.
The first thing that strikes foreign visitors is the great number of bicycles in the streets.
打，殴，敲，击；施以（打击）；把（斧头、钉子等）打进；刺，戳；碰上，撞上；碰撞；突然想到（某人、主意、构想等）；（疾病、灾害等）突然袭击――；（光）射入（眼中），（声音）敲进（耳里），（气味）扑（鼻）； 擦（火柴）；（擦火柴）点（火）；（时钟）敲报（时间）； （用乐器）敲响（声音）； 打动（某人）的心；给予――印象；偶然发现，碰到（东西、道路等）；（要求/反对――而）罢工；使突然产生（恐怖、忧虑等）；朝向，往；签订，缔结（合同、交易等）；结算（收支）
eg, He struck the man with a stick.
Strike while the iron is hot.
Who struck the first blow
The man struck him a heavy blow.
I’ve struck my head on/ against the top of the doorway.
The troops struck out at the enemy taking advantage of the darkness.
The ship struck (against/on) the rock.
I struck on the idea yesterday.
A very big earthquake struck that county many years ago.
An acid smell struck my nose.
The boy was struck dumb with amazement.
strike a match strike a light
The clock struck eight.
strike a not on the piano
Three o’clock has just struck.
A good idea struck me.
It struck me that she was accusing me.
How did the plan strike you
I was struck by its beauty.
The idea strikes me as stupid.
The room struck damp and cold.
I struck the right path at last.
strike gold发现金矿
They are striking for better working conditions.
The news struck terror into the townspeople.
We struck southward then.
The two companies struck a bargain yesterday.
5. fight
fight over/for +n. 为――战斗
fight with each other over sb.’s favours 为邀某人之宠而相互斗争
They are fighting for liberation.
fight +against/with +n. 与――战斗
eg, They fought against/ with the enemy fiercely.
fight + (against) +n. （与――）搏斗，（与――）对抗
Eg，He fought (against) cancer and lived to be eighty.
fight (against ) poverty/ oppression 对抗贫穷、压迫
fight a fire 扑灭火灾、救火
6. shake
1) 抖动，震动
eg, The house shook when the earthquake started.
She was shaking with anger.
His heavy steps shook the room.
2) 摇动 vt.
Eg, Shake the bottle before taking the medicine.
3) 颤动 vi.
Eg, His hands shook a little as he wrote.
His voice shook with emotion.
4) 常用短语
shake hand with sb.
Shake sb’s hand
Shake sb. By the hand
Eg, He shook hands warmly with me.
=He shook my hand warmly.
=He shook me warmly by the hand.
Language points in Unit 4
1. get the chance to do sth.
2. take place
3. be caught in
4. It is clear to sb. that
5. a team of people
6. promise to do sth. promise sb. to do sth
promise sb. sth.= promise sth. to sb.
7. for fun
8. for a very long time
9. well done
10. save sb. From a terrible earthquake
11. be on fire catch fire
12. I’m afraid to do sth.
13. It scares me.
14. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.
15. wave one’s arms
16. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.
17. be upon
18. sweep down
19. pull up 把――往上拽；（车）停，使――停止；拔出，拔掉（杂草）；制止（某人的行动）；使（科学的成绩等）进步，迎头赶上；责备、申斥（某人）
eg, She didn’t pull her car up at a red light.
20. hold on to
21. a tree grow against the wall
22. get on one’s feet
23. fight for one’s life
24. look into one’s face with a look of fright
25. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three metres deep.
26. go through
27. the deadline for
28. advance …by one week
29. pull at one’s coat
30. It didn’t take long before…
31. go on a holiday
32. go on a two-day trip to sp.
33. climb all the way up the mountain
34. take photos of sb.
35. in a second
36. It is fun to do sth.
37.
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4Language points in Unit 8 Sports
1. every four years 每四年
1) every +基数词+复数名词
eg, The American people elect a president every four years.
Take the medicine every six hours.
2) every+序数词+单数名词
eg, He comes to see his uncle every third week.
3) every other +单数名词 每隔一。。。
eg, Write on every other line.
We have English lessons every other day; that is on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
4) every few +复数名词 每隔几―――
eg, Trees should be planted every few metres.
2. take part in/join in参加，参与（活动）
eg, May I take part in the game
I hope you will all join in the discussion.
join sb. 和某人一起；和某人待在一起
eg, Will you join us for dinner
You go first, I’ll join you in a few minutes.
join sb. in 和某人一起做
eg, Will you join us in the English evening
Why not join us in playing basketball
They joined him in a visit to London.
当后不接宾语时，用take part或join in
eg, Jim saw the new boy watching the game and asked him to take part.
We are playing football. Will you join in
3. compete vi. 竞争，比得上；比赛
compete in ( a game, a match) 参加
compete with/against sb. 和某人竞争
compete for (a prize, a medal, the first place) 角逐
eg, Will you compete in the race
He is going to compete against/with his friend in the second round.
There is no book that can compete with this.
4. stand for 代表；代替；象征；支持
eg, The owls stand for wisdom.
What do the letters WTO stand for
We want to know what he stands for
He always stands for what is right.
5. prepare sth. 准备，预备
eg, We must prepare the party.
prepare for sth. 为――准备――
eg, I prepared my speech for the meeting.
prepare to do sth.准备做――
Eg, Have you prepared to go on a trip
prepared adj. 有准备的，准备好的；乐意的
be prepared to do/for sth. 乐意
eg, I’m prepared to do anything for you.
in preparation for prep. 作为――的准备
eg, She bought a new coat in preparation for winter.
eg,
6. be welcome to 欣然允许的，可随意做――的
welcome v. & adj. & n.
eg, Welcome home/back.
Welcome to Beijing.
a welcome guest (受欢迎的)
welcome news （叫人快乐的）
You are welcome to borrow my bike.
He is welcome to the use of my books.
He received a warm welcome.
They gave me a cold welcome.
7. allow +n./pron./doing/that clause
8.
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