构词法[上学期]
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语法专题十一 构词法
[考点解析]
一. 转化法
即兼类词， 在不同的语境中， 名词动用，动词名用等。 例如：
Cook was the first to map the east coast.
库克是第一个画东部海岸地图的人。
…they beached the ship on the shore where they could repair the damage…
他们把船靠岸， 在那里进行修理。
In July they set sail again and headed south and west in search of a new land.
七月份，他们又扬帆起航了，为寻找新大陆向南方和西方航行。
像这样的转化词在我们高中英语教材中可以找到许多， 你也许只学过其中的一种词类的用法， 但根据词类的转化， 你不难看懂这些句子。
再如下列例子中画线部分均为兼类词。
The house can house many people.
这房子可以住下好多人。
The mountain areas in the south are heavily forested.
南部山区森林茂密。
He had a bad headache and needed quiet.
他头痛得厉害，需要安静。
二， 合成法
英语的合成词有合成形容词，合成名词， 合成动词， 合成副词， 合成代词等。 具体看结构巧建图表。
三。派生法
亦称词缀法或缀合法， 具体看结构巧建图表。
这是三种构词法中最活跃的一种， 大约有三分之二的英语单词都是用这种方法构成的。因此， 掌握一些常用派生词的构词规律对于我们正确拼写单词和在阅读中猜词能力的培养就显得尤为重要。
在英语的派生词中， 词根决定词的根本意义， 前缀改变词义， 后缀引起词类的改变（个别后缀还会改变词义）。 如：a-后跟名词或动词， 常构成表语形容词， 有些也可作副词用如：alone, aside, ahead, aloud. “in-“在 “m”之前变体为 “im-“， 在 “ l”之前作 “il-”， 在 “r”之前作 “ir-“； “non-“ 和 “en-“则常加在名词或形容词之前。 但前者所构成的词仍然是名词或形容词， 而后者却构成了动词。 “un-“常用于动词或形容词之前。 其派生词仍为动词或形容词。
有时候，，你在阅读中会碰到既有前缀又有后缀的派生词， 只要你确认它的词根， 你就可以猜到她的含义。 如：independent, disorderly, inattention, rebroadcast, non-communism, nonconductor, undeveloped, intercultural, unrealizable. unrecognizable, etc.
构词法图表祥解：
合成词
合成名词 raincoat, wheelchair, earthquake, seaweed, necklace, etc.
合成形容词 world-wide, world-famous, well-known, low-lying, man-made, warm-hearted, life-long, wide-open, etc.
合成动词 underline, whitewash, overthrow, dumbfound, etc.
合成副词 however, maybe, wherever, whenever, beforehand, etc.
合成代词 himself, everyone, nobody, something, etc.
前缀派生词
前缀 意义 例词
a-n./ v 在……上； 向……；在……状态中 asleep, alone, ahead, afraid, alive, aloud, aside, awake, etc.
dis- v. 否定， 除去， 分开 disappear, dislike, disagree, discover, disappoint, etc.
in-, il-, im-, ir-+adj. 不， 非 incorrect, impolite, impossible, illegal, irregular, etc.
mis- v. 误 mistake, misunderstand, mislead, misread, etc.
re- v. 重复， 再 rewrite, retell, reunite, rebuild, remarry, etc.
non- +n. /adj. 非。 无。 不 non-stop, non-smoker, non-smoking ,etc.
un- adj 不 unwell, unsafe, unable, unhealthy, unknown, unfair, etc.
inter- +n. /adj. 在……内， 相互，……之间 international, inter-factory, etc.
en- n. adj. 置于……之中， 使之…… enjoy, encourage, enlarge, enable, etc.
micro- n. 微， 小 microcomputer, etc.
mini- n. 小， 少 minibus, miniskirt, etc.
后缀派生词 后缀 意义 例词
名词 v. –er/ or 表人或用具 farmer, baker, visitor, cooker, cutter, etc.
n. -ese 某国， 某地人 chinese, Japanese, Portugese, etc.
n. -ian 某国， 某地人； 某种职业或地位的人 musician, Egyptian, Asian, Russian, etc.
n. -ist 某种主义或职业者 artist, scientist, communist, etc.
v. -ment 行为或其状态 government, movement, achievement, etc.
adj. -ness 性质， 状态 illness, sadness, carelessness, etc.
v. -tion 行为， 状态 invention, liberation, organization, etc.
v. /adj.-ance/ ence 抽象； 行为。 性质。 状态 importance, appearance, absence, existence, difference, performance, presence, etc.
n. -th 性质， 情况 depth, length, width, etc.
n. -ful （满的）量 handful, spoonful, mouthful, etc.
adj. -ability 抽象； 性质。 状态 possibility, disability, etc.
形容词 n. –al 属于……的 physical, national, political, etc.
n. -an 属于某地方的 American, African, Italian, etc.
n. -ern 方向及性质 southern, northern, eastern, western, etc.
n. –ful/ less （没）有……的 helpful, useful, hopeful, harmful, careless, homeless, hopeless, etc.
n. -ble 具有……性质的 reasonable, terrible, changeable, etc.
n. -ish 如……的 foolish, English, Spanish, selfish, etc.
v. -ive 有……倾向的 active, expensive, attractive, etc.
n. -y 多……的 cloudy, windy, dirty, snowy, stormy, etc.
n. -en 由……制成的 golden, wooden, woolen. etc.
n. -ous 有（性质）的 famous, dangerous, poisonous, etc.
动词 -fy …….化 beautify, satisfy, terrify, etc.
-ize 使成为…… apologize, realize, recognize, etc.
-en 使变成…… thicken, deepen, widen, etc.
副词 -ly 状态， 程度 badly, truly, angrily, perfectly, etc.
-ward(s) 向…… towards, forward, outward, upwards, etc.
数词 -teen fourteen, eighteen, thirteen, etc.
-ty forty, fifty, sixty, fifty, etc.
-th twelfth, Twentieth, etc.
[高考示例]
【例一】2005 北京春季高考
We asked John and Jerry, but ______of them could offer a satisfactory explanation.
A. either B. none C. both D. neither
提示：本题题意是：我们问了John和Jerry， 但是他们都不能提供满意的解释。 “两者都不”用neither表示。 none表示 “三者或三者以上都不”。
答案：D
【例二】2005 全国高考II
The poor young man is ready to accept ______help he can get.
A. whichever B. however
C. whatever D. whenever
提示： 此题考查名词性从句的引导词， 该引导词必须引导宾语从句而用作从句中get的宾语。 B。D 两项在句中作状语时用。 A项必须体现具体范围。
答案：C
【例三】2005 安徽高考
My ______of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends.
A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought
提示： opinion侧重于某事的 “看法， 意见”； mind为想法， 感觉”； thought为 “思考。 观念”； idea为 “想法， 计划，念头”。
答案：A
【例四】2005 浙江高考
I am sure David will be able to find the library—he has a pretty good ______of direction.
A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense
提示： have a good idea of…意思为 “对……非常了解”； feeling为 “感觉”； experience为 “经历， 经验”； sense为 “感知， 感应”。 have a good sense of direction意思为 “有很好的方向感”。
答案：D。
【例五】2004 上海高考
The environmentalists said wild goats’ ______on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.
A. escape B. absence
C. attendance D. appearance
提示： escape意思为 “逃跑”；absence 意思为 “不在， 缺席”； attendance为“出席， 到场”； appearance意思为 “露面, 出现”. 此句话的意思为“环保主义者说野山羊在草地上的出现， 是环境变好的迹象”。
答案：D
[触类旁通]
1． When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem, Jack looked ______about at his classmates.
A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely
2. The children playing under the tall tree live in a village ______. They come here almost every day.
A. nearby B. near C. nearly D. near by
3. The black people were strongly against slavery and fought for their ______bravely.
A. free B. freely C. freedom D. frees
4. Mr. Black is an ______in the army, not an ______in the government. You can not easily find him in his ______.
A. official; officer; office B. officer; official; official
C. official; official; official D. officer; official; official
5. Dianna has got the job because she had the ______over others of knowing many languages.
A. advance B. advancing C. advantages D. advanced
6. The story that Thomas had told before you arrived sounded ______but in fact it was untrue.
A. reasonable B. reasonful C. reasonless D. unreason
7. You can’t imagine how ______Robert is! He is always acting _____. He is really a ______.
A. foolish; foolishly; fool B. fool; foolish; fool
C. foolish; fool; fool D. foolishly; foolish; fool
8. The fact that the Great Wall is more than 6000 Li in ______astonishes everybody present at the meeting.
A. longer B. length C. long D. longing
9. My TV has been out of order for several days. Can you tell me what is the ______news about Iraq War
A. lately B. latest C. later D. latter
10. ---What are you doing here
---Oh, my teacher asked me to write a passage about ______in English.
---You can write ______passage in English
A. 600 words; a 600-words B. 600-word; 600-words
C. 600 words; a 600-word D. 600 word; a 600-word
答案: 1.B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.C
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[考点解析]
一. 转化法
即兼类词， 在不同的语境中， 名词动用，动词名用等。 例如：
Cook was the first to map the east coast.
库克是第一个画东部海岸地图的人。
…they beached the ship on the shore where they could repair the damage…
他们把船靠岸， 在那里进行修理。
In July they set sail again and headed south and west in search of a new land.
七月份，他们又扬帆起航了，为寻找新大陆向南方和西方航行。
像这样的转化词在我们高中英语教材中可以找到许多， 你也许只学过其中的一种词类的用法， 但根据词类的转化， 你不难看懂这些句子。
再如下列例子中画线部分均为兼类词。
The house can house many people.
这房子可以住下好多人。
The mountain areas in the south are heavily forested.
南部山区森林茂密。
He had a bad headache and needed quiet.
他头痛得厉害，需要安静。
二， 合成法
英语的合成词有合成形容词，合成名词， 合成动词， 合成副词， 合成代词等。 具体看结构巧建图表。
三。派生法
亦称词缀法或缀合法， 具体看结构巧建图表。
这是三种构词法中最活跃的一种， 大约有三分之二的英语单词都是用这种方法构成的。因此， 掌握一些常用派生词的构词规律对于我们正确拼写单词和在阅读中猜词能力的培养就显得尤为重要。
在英语的派生词中， 词根决定词的根本意义， 前缀改变词义， 后缀引起词类的改变（个别后缀还会改变词义）。 如：a-后跟名词或动词， 常构成表语形容词， 有些也可作副词用如：alone, aside, ahead, aloud. “in-“在 “m”之前变体为 “im-“， 在 “ l”之前作 “il-”， 在 “r”之前作 “ir-“； “non-“ 和 “en-“则常加在名词或形容词之前。 但前者所构成的词仍然是名词或形容词， 而后者却构成了动词。 “un-“常用于动词或形容词之前。 其派生词仍为动词或形容词。
有时候，，你在阅读中会碰到既有前缀又有后缀的派生词， 只要你确认它的词根， 你就可以猜到她的含义。 如：independent, disorderly, inattention, rebroadcast, non-communism, nonconductor, undeveloped, intercultural, unrealizable. unrecognizable, etc.
构词法图表祥解：
合成词
合成名词 raincoat, wheelchair, earthquake, seaweed, necklace, etc.
合成形容词 world-wide, world-famous, well-known, low-lying, man-made, warm-hearted, life-long, wide-open, etc.
合成动词 underline, whitewash, overthrow, dumbfound, etc.
合成副词 however, maybe, wherever, whenever, beforehand, etc.
合成代词 himself, everyone, nobody, something, etc.
前缀派生词
前缀 意义 例词
a-n./ v 在……上； 向……；在……状态中 asleep, alone, ahead, afraid, alive, aloud, aside, awake, etc.
dis- v. 否定， 除去， 分开 disappear, dislike, disagree, discover, disappoint, etc.
in-, il-, im-, ir-+adj. 不， 非 incorrect, impolite, impossible, illegal, irregular, etc.
mis- v. 误 mistake, misunderstand, mislead, misread, etc.
re- v. 重复， 再 rewrite, retell, reunite, rebuild, remarry, etc.
non- +n. /adj. 非。 无。 不 non-stop, non-smoker, non-smoking ,etc.
un- adj 不 unwell, unsafe, unable, unhealthy, unknown, unfair, etc.
inter- +n. /adj. 在……内， 相互，……之间 international, inter-factory, etc.
en- n. adj. 置于……之中， 使之…… enjoy, encourage, enlarge, enable, etc.
micro- n. 微， 小 microcomputer, etc.
mini- n. 小， 少 minibus, miniskirt, etc.
后缀派生词 后缀 意义 例词
名词 v. –er/ or 表人或用具 farmer, baker, visitor, cooker, cutter, etc.
n. -ese 某国， 某地人 chinese, Japanese, Portugese, etc.
n. -ian 某国， 某地人； 某种职业或地位的人 musician, Egyptian, Asian, Russian, etc.
n. -ist 某种主义或职业者 artist, scientist, communist, etc.
v. -ment 行为或其状态 government, movement, achievement, etc.
adj. -ness 性质， 状态 illness, sadness, carelessness, etc.
v. -tion 行为， 状态 invention, liberation, organization, etc.
v. /adj.-ance/ ence 抽象； 行为。 性质。 状态 importance, appearance, absence, existence, difference, performance, presence, etc.
n. -th 性质， 情况 depth, length, width, etc.
n. -ful （满的）量 handful, spoonful, mouthful, etc.
adj. -ability 抽象； 性质。 状态 possibility, disability, etc.
形容词 n. –al 属于……的 physical, national, political, etc.
n. -an 属于某地方的 American, African, Italian, etc.
n. -ern 方向及性质 southern, northern, eastern, western, etc.
n. –ful/ less （没）有……的 helpful, useful, hopeful, harmful, careless, homeless, hopeless, etc.
n. -ble 具有……性质的 reasonable, terrible, changeable, etc.
n. -ish 如……的 foolish, English, Spanish, selfish, etc.
v. -ive 有……倾向的 active, expensive, attractive, etc.
n. -y 多……的 cloudy, windy, dirty, snowy, stormy, etc.
n. -en 由……制成的 golden, wooden, woolen. etc.
n. -ous 有（性质）的 famous, dangerous, poisonous, etc.
动词 -fy …….化 beautify, satisfy, terrify, etc.
-ize 使成为…… apologize, realize, recognize, etc.
-en 使变成…… thicken, deepen, widen, etc.
副词 -ly 状态， 程度 badly, truly, angrily, perfectly, etc.
-ward(s) 向…… towards, forward, outward, upwards, etc.
数词 -teen fourteen, eighteen, thirteen, etc.
-ty forty, fifty, sixty, fifty, etc.
-th twelfth, Twentieth, etc.
[高考示例]
【例一】2005 北京春季高考
We asked John and Jerry, but ______of them could offer a satisfactory explanation.
A. either B. none C. both D. neither
提示：本题题意是：我们问了John和Jerry， 但是他们都不能提供满意的解释。 “两者都不”用neither表示。 none表示 “三者或三者以上都不”。
答案：D
【例二】2005 全国高考II
The poor young man is ready to accept ______help he can get.
A. whichever B. however
C. whatever D. whenever
提示： 此题考查名词性从句的引导词， 该引导词必须引导宾语从句而用作从句中get的宾语。 B。D 两项在句中作状语时用。 A项必须体现具体范围。
答案：C
【例三】2005 安徽高考
My ______of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends.
A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought
提示： opinion侧重于某事的 “看法， 意见”； mind为想法， 感觉”； thought为 “思考。 观念”； idea为 “想法， 计划，念头”。
答案：A
【例四】2005 浙江高考
I am sure David will be able to find the library—he has a pretty good ______of direction.
A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense
提示： have a good idea of…意思为 “对……非常了解”； feeling为 “感觉”； experience为 “经历， 经验”； sense为 “感知， 感应”。 have a good sense of direction意思为 “有很好的方向感”。
答案：D。
【例五】2004 上海高考
The environmentalists said wild goats’ ______on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.
A. escape B. absence
C. attendance D. appearance
提示： escape意思为 “逃跑”；absence 意思为 “不在， 缺席”； attendance为“出席， 到场”； appearance意思为 “露面, 出现”. 此句话的意思为“环保主义者说野山羊在草地上的出现， 是环境变好的迹象”。
答案：D
[触类旁通]
1． When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem, Jack looked ______about at his classmates.
A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely
2. The children playing under the tall tree live in a village ______. They come here almost every day.
A. nearby B. near C. nearly D. near by
3. The black people were strongly against slavery and fought for their ______bravely.
A. free B. freely C. freedom D. frees
4. Mr. Black is an ______in the army, not an ______in the government. You can not easily find him in his ______.
A. official; officer; office B. officer; official; official
C. official; official; official D. officer; official; official
5. Dianna has got the job because she had the ______over others of knowing many languages.
A. advance B. advancing C. advantages D. advanced
6. The story that Thomas had told before you arrived sounded ______but in fact it was untrue.
A. reasonable B. reasonful C. reasonless D. unreason
7. You can’t imagine how ______Robert is! He is always acting _____. He is really a ______.
A. foolish; foolishly; fool B. fool; foolish; fool
C. foolish; fool; fool D. foolishly; foolish; fool
8. The fact that the Great Wall is more than 6000 Li in ______astonishes everybody present at the meeting.
A. longer B. length C. long D. longing
9. My TV has been out of order for several days. Can you tell me what is the ______news about Iraq War
A. lately B. latest C. later D. latter
10. ---What are you doing here
---Oh, my teacher asked me to write a passage about ______in English.
---You can write ______passage in English
A. 600 words; a 600-words B. 600-word; 600-words
C. 600 words; a 600-word D. 600 word; a 600-word
答案: 1.B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.C
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