如何做好细节理解题[下学期]
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阅读理解训练·如何做好细节理解题
玉溪一中 孙维云
段落中的细节都是用来阐明主旨大意的，只有准确理解全部细节，才能深刻而又全面地领悟主题思想。细节类理解题主要检测阅读者对主旨大意理解的深度及对细节领会的准确程度，考查考生对文中某一细节或重要事实的辨认、理解。该类题型设题较为灵活，因此，一定要注意看懂文章和题干，答案通常都能在原文中找出明显答题线索。
细节题约占高考英语阅读理解题总量的一半甚至更多。答题时，我们既要理解字面上的意思，也要理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等，并进行必要的逻辑推理和联想。要根据所提问题，确定所需查找细节及事实的范围，然后对其进行转换、加工，直至确定最佳答案。虽说是细节题，但据短文中的字面内容就能直接选出答案的题在逐渐减少或几乎没有了，而大多为间接理解题。
常见的设题方式有：①隐含提问法；②真伪证实法；③间接提问法三种；
常见答案选项设置方式有：
①词义解释法：将原文信息句中的关键词替换为同义词或近义词进行解释；或使用参照词、代词等；
②改变句式法：将原文信息句由主动语态结构改为被动词态结构或反之；或将原文信息句改为其它结构句式，如倒装句、强调句等；
③句子改写法：将原文信息句进行改写（paraphrase）；
④归纳法：将原文多个信息句进行归纳；
⑤结果求证法：将原文信息的表述以数字计算结果表现出来，供考生进一步求证。该类题型主要用于数字、日期等的结果推算，其正确答案通常不是文中能直接找出的答案，而是需要简单计算后得出的数据；
⑥文图转换法：将原文信息以图示的方式表现出来供考生判断。
一、隐含提问法
出题者使用同义词语、参照词、代词等，使考生对阅读内容和问题产生模糊感。
【例1】
The basketball team never lacked vociferous（大叫大喊的）young supporters, but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm.
Q: Who seldom reacted to that enthusiastic show
A. The young people B. The players
C. Some people D. A lot of people
二、真伪证实法
要求考生确立文章中的事实，通常问题不直接与文章中的事实对号入座，而是提出似是而非甚至完全错误的事实让考生去判断。答此类题时，不要根据自己读文章的最初印象马上加以判断，必须找到与问题相应的文章部分，认真理解，找出正确肯定的事实。
【例2】
One word that sums up（概括）our age better than any other — whether “our age” is “the technological age” of western countries or the “modernizing age” of China — is the word CHANGE. But has change not always been present
True, but never before at such a breakneck speed. Today it is more than just change. It is unprecedented change. In such a world, reading provides the best tool we have for keeping up and for avoiding future shock in a world continually being remade.
Q: Which of the following is not true
A. Western countries and China are being remade.
B. Reading will help understand our age.
C. The present age and future world are continually changing.
D. Reading is the best tool provided by our age.
三、间接提问法
这是典型的设障提问技巧。问题不直接提出，而是绕着弯子提出。比如涉及时间、距离或数据等时，你必须经过测算才能确定答案，有时，选择答案给你的数据与文章中的数据不符，只是一个近似数值，（其它选择答案完全不沾边，完全错误），或者，提问者只给你一部分事实，让读者续出相应的事实使某事实更完整正确（这又叫做省略提问法）。
【例3】
Want to save money when travelling by train Here are some ways.
Day Returns
This ticket can save you up to 45% on the standard fare (车费). You have to travel after the rush hour period Mon.- Fri., but can travel at any time on Sat. or Sun
Big City Savers
These are special low-priced tickets on certain trains. You have to book in advance-at the latest by 16:00 the day before you travel. It's first come, first served.
Weekend Returns
Weekend Returns are available (有售) for most journeys over 60 miles. Go on Fri., Sat. or Sun., and return the same weekend on Sat. or Sun., and save up to 35% on the standard fare.
Monthly Returns
These are available for most journeys over 65 miles. Go any day and return within a month. Monthly returns save you up to 25% on the standard fare.
Family Railcard
For ￡20 this railcard allows you to take a second adult (成人) and up to 4 children for only ￡3 each when you buy single or return tickets. You can travel as often as you like until the card becomes out of date.
Q1: Which is the best ticket to buy if you live in London and want to go to a small town 80 miles away for four days
A. Big City Savers B. Monthly Returns C. Weekend Returns D. Day Returns
Q2: A man bought himself a ticket of ￡15 and three tickets for his family with a family railcard. How much did he pay
A. ￡44 B. ￡29 C. ￡24 D. ￡15
【例4】
Martha had been working for Miller Laboratories for two years, but she was not happy there. Nothing significant had happened in the way of promotions or salary increases. Martha felt that her supervisor, a younger and less experienced person than her, did not like her. In fact, the supervisor often said unpleasant things to her.
Q: Martha is unhappy in her job because ______.
A. she has not advanced
B. the work is not significant
C. her supervisor is younger than she
D. there is too much work with little payment
【例5】排序题——首尾定位法
这种试题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。可采用“首尾定位法”，即先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。如：
BEIJING—Set off by the April 1 Sino-US plane collision and US official agreement of the biggest arms sale to Taiwan in a decade (ten years) as well as remarks by US President Bush on defending Taiwan, there have been increasing hacker attacks on websites of the two countries in the past weeks.
An American group of hackers which calls itself Poizon Box had begun ruining Chinese web-sites after the April 1 spy plane incident, top Chinese portal . said.
The Chinese soon attacked back. On April 29, Chinese hackers invaded two US government websites over the weekend, forcing the Department of Labour and the Department of Health and Human Services to shut down their sites for a short time.
The US Department of Labour went offline for a few hours after a page in its website was changed to display a picture of Wang Wei, the Chinese pilot who died in the collision.
The page was titled “China hack!” and read in English, “The whole country is sorry for losing the best son of China-Wang Wei forever, we will miss you until the end of the day.”
On May 1, hackers exchanged bad remarks in which the official White House website was defaced by a huge amount of e-mail garbage. On May 5, the White House website fell victim to a denial of service attack that blocked access to the site for more than two hours.
The Computer Network and Information Security Management Office told web operators an average of 100 sites a day had seen “some more form of attack”.
Q: What is the correct order of the events
a. Wang Wei’s picture appeared on a US website.
b. Poizon Box destroyed some Chinese websites.
c. The access to White House website was blocked for over two hours.
d. Hackers exchanged bad remarks.
A. a, b, c, d B. a, c, b, d
C. b, a, d, c D. b, a, c, d
[答案]
例1：B
因为the basketball team 和 players；seldom reacted 和rarely responded是两对同义关系的词语，而they又与basketball team有参照关系
例2： D
选择题中，A、B、C项均与文意吻合一致。D项是一个似是而非的选择答案。文中的Reading provides the best tool for us（阅读对我们来说，是最好的工具。）和选项中D. Reading is the best tool provided by our age.（阅读是我们时代提供的最好工具。）意思不符。
例3 Q1 B； Q2：C
Q1: [答案B] 要去一个远在80里以外的小镇游玩四天，选项A和D就可排除了。而选项C，我们可从对 Weekend Returns的介绍“Weekend Returns are available for most journeys over 60 miles. Go on Fri., Sat. or Sun., and return the same weekend on Sat. or Sun.”中了解到：虽然其旅程距离超过60里，但必须在同一周末返回。所以，要游玩4天，最好的选择当然是B了。
Q2: [答案C] 这里题干的意思是“有一个人用family railcard为他自己买了张15英镑的票，并且为他家人买了三张票。问题是：他须付多少钱？”从文章可知“使用family railcard，可以带一个成年人和四个小孩而每个人只需花三英镑（就可买到票）。”所以答案是C：15+9=24
例4： A
这是一道同义转换理解题。根据Nothing significant had happened in the way of promotions or salary increases.可知，Martha不高兴的原因是她没有得到重用和增加工资。所以选A。
例5：C
题目要求我们按事件发生时间来进行排序。根据首尾定位法，第一步是b. Poizon Box destroyed some Chinese website.，最后一步是c. The access to White House website was blocked for over two hours.，故只能选择C。
注意：即使是细节题，也不那样容易从原文中找到根据，而是需要考生根据文中的信息，通过自己的归纳总结，能对图表进行辨别，能对发展顺序进行判断，以及能对具体情况进行计算。
在阅读考核中，查找主要事实或特定细节常见的题型是：
1．Which of the following statements is (not) true (or correct)
2．Which of the following is not mentioned in the text
3．All of the following are true except...
4．The author (or the passage) states that...
5．According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)...
PAGE
第 1 页 共 4 页
阅读理解训练·如何做好细节理解题
玉溪一中 孙维云
段落中的细节都是用来阐明主旨大意的，只有准确理解全部细节，才能深刻而又全面地领悟主题思想。细节类理解题主要检测阅读者对主旨大意理解的深度及对细节领会的准确程度，考查考生对文中某一细节或重要事实的辨认、理解。该类题型设题较为灵活，因此，一定要注意看懂文章和题干，答案通常都能在原文中找出明显答题线索。
细节题约占高考英语阅读理解题总量的一半甚至更多。答题时，我们既要理解字面上的意思，也要理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等，并进行必要的逻辑推理和联想。要根据所提问题，确定所需查找细节及事实的范围，然后对其进行转换、加工，直至确定最佳答案。虽说是细节题，但据短文中的字面内容就能直接选出答案的题在逐渐减少或几乎没有了，而大多为间接理解题。
常见的设题方式有：①隐含提问法；②真伪证实法；③间接提问法三种；
常见答案选项设置方式有：
①词义解释法：将原文信息句中的关键词替换为同义词或近义词进行解释；或使用参照词、代词等；
②改变句式法：将原文信息句由主动语态结构改为被动词态结构或反之；或将原文信息句改为其它结构句式，如倒装句、强调句等；
③句子改写法：将原文信息句进行改写（paraphrase）；
④归纳法：将原文多个信息句进行归纳；
⑤结果求证法：将原文信息的表述以数字计算结果表现出来，供考生进一步求证。该类题型主要用于数字、日期等的结果推算，其正确答案通常不是文中能直接找出的答案，而是需要简单计算后得出的数据；
⑥文图转换法：将原文信息以图示的方式表现出来供考生判断。
一、隐含提问法
出题者使用同义词语、参照词、代词等，使考生对阅读内容和问题产生模糊感。
【例1】
The basketball team never lacked vociferous（大叫大喊的）young supporters, but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm.
Q: Who seldom reacted to that enthusiastic show
A. The young people B. The players
C. Some people D. A lot of people
二、真伪证实法
要求考生确立文章中的事实，通常问题不直接与文章中的事实对号入座，而是提出似是而非甚至完全错误的事实让考生去判断。答此类题时，不要根据自己读文章的最初印象马上加以判断，必须找到与问题相应的文章部分，认真理解，找出正确肯定的事实。
【例2】
One word that sums up（概括）our age better than any other — whether “our age” is “the technological age” of western countries or the “modernizing age” of China — is the word CHANGE. But has change not always been present
True, but never before at such a breakneck speed. Today it is more than just change. It is unprecedented change. In such a world, reading provides the best tool we have for keeping up and for avoiding future shock in a world continually being remade.
Q: Which of the following is not true
A. Western countries and China are being remade.
B. Reading will help understand our age.
C. The present age and future world are continually changing.
D. Reading is the best tool provided by our age.
三、间接提问法
这是典型的设障提问技巧。问题不直接提出，而是绕着弯子提出。比如涉及时间、距离或数据等时，你必须经过测算才能确定答案，有时，选择答案给你的数据与文章中的数据不符，只是一个近似数值，（其它选择答案完全不沾边，完全错误），或者，提问者只给你一部分事实，让读者续出相应的事实使某事实更完整正确（这又叫做省略提问法）。
【例3】
Want to save money when travelling by train Here are some ways.
Day Returns
This ticket can save you up to 45% on the standard fare (车费). You have to travel after the rush hour period Mon.- Fri., but can travel at any time on Sat. or Sun
Big City Savers
These are special low-priced tickets on certain trains. You have to book in advance-at the latest by 16:00 the day before you travel. It's first come, first served.
Weekend Returns
Weekend Returns are available (有售) for most journeys over 60 miles. Go on Fri., Sat. or Sun., and return the same weekend on Sat. or Sun., and save up to 35% on the standard fare.
Monthly Returns
These are available for most journeys over 65 miles. Go any day and return within a month. Monthly returns save you up to 25% on the standard fare.
Family Railcard
For ￡20 this railcard allows you to take a second adult (成人) and up to 4 children for only ￡3 each when you buy single or return tickets. You can travel as often as you like until the card becomes out of date.
Q1: Which is the best ticket to buy if you live in London and want to go to a small town 80 miles away for four days
A. Big City Savers B. Monthly Returns C. Weekend Returns D. Day Returns
Q2: A man bought himself a ticket of ￡15 and three tickets for his family with a family railcard. How much did he pay
A. ￡44 B. ￡29 C. ￡24 D. ￡15
【例4】
Martha had been working for Miller Laboratories for two years, but she was not happy there. Nothing significant had happened in the way of promotions or salary increases. Martha felt that her supervisor, a younger and less experienced person than her, did not like her. In fact, the supervisor often said unpleasant things to her.
Q: Martha is unhappy in her job because ______.
A. she has not advanced
B. the work is not significant
C. her supervisor is younger than she
D. there is too much work with little payment
【例5】排序题——首尾定位法
这种试题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。可采用“首尾定位法”，即先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。如：
BEIJING—Set off by the April 1 Sino-US plane collision and US official agreement of the biggest arms sale to Taiwan in a decade (ten years) as well as remarks by US President Bush on defending Taiwan, there have been increasing hacker attacks on websites of the two countries in the past weeks.
An American group of hackers which calls itself Poizon Box had begun ruining Chinese web-sites after the April 1 spy plane incident, top Chinese portal . said.
The Chinese soon attacked back. On April 29, Chinese hackers invaded two US government websites over the weekend, forcing the Department of Labour and the Department of Health and Human Services to shut down their sites for a short time.
The US Department of Labour went offline for a few hours after a page in its website was changed to display a picture of Wang Wei, the Chinese pilot who died in the collision.
The page was titled “China hack!” and read in English, “The whole country is sorry for losing the best son of China-Wang Wei forever, we will miss you until the end of the day.”
On May 1, hackers exchanged bad remarks in which the official White House website was defaced by a huge amount of e-mail garbage. On May 5, the White House website fell victim to a denial of service attack that blocked access to the site for more than two hours.
The Computer Network and Information Security Management Office told web operators an average of 100 sites a day had seen “some more form of attack”.
Q: What is the correct order of the events
a. Wang Wei’s picture appeared on a US website.
b. Poizon Box destroyed some Chinese websites.
c. The access to White House website was blocked for over two hours.
d. Hackers exchanged bad remarks.
A. a, b, c, d B. a, c, b, d
C. b, a, d, c D. b, a, c, d
[答案]
例1：B
因为the basketball team 和 players；seldom reacted 和rarely responded是两对同义关系的词语，而they又与basketball team有参照关系
例2： D
选择题中，A、B、C项均与文意吻合一致。D项是一个似是而非的选择答案。文中的Reading provides the best tool for us（阅读对我们来说，是最好的工具。）和选项中D. Reading is the best tool provided by our age.（阅读是我们时代提供的最好工具。）意思不符。
例3 Q1 B； Q2：C
Q1: [答案B] 要去一个远在80里以外的小镇游玩四天，选项A和D就可排除了。而选项C，我们可从对 Weekend Returns的介绍“Weekend Returns are available for most journeys over 60 miles. Go on Fri., Sat. or Sun., and return the same weekend on Sat. or Sun.”中了解到：虽然其旅程距离超过60里，但必须在同一周末返回。所以，要游玩4天，最好的选择当然是B了。
Q2: [答案C] 这里题干的意思是“有一个人用family railcard为他自己买了张15英镑的票，并且为他家人买了三张票。问题是：他须付多少钱？”从文章可知“使用family railcard，可以带一个成年人和四个小孩而每个人只需花三英镑（就可买到票）。”所以答案是C：15+9=24
例4： A
这是一道同义转换理解题。根据Nothing significant had happened in the way of promotions or salary increases.可知，Martha不高兴的原因是她没有得到重用和增加工资。所以选A。
例5：C
题目要求我们按事件发生时间来进行排序。根据首尾定位法，第一步是b. Poizon Box destroyed some Chinese website.，最后一步是c. The access to White House website was blocked for over two hours.，故只能选择C。
注意：即使是细节题，也不那样容易从原文中找到根据，而是需要考生根据文中的信息，通过自己的归纳总结，能对图表进行辨别，能对发展顺序进行判断，以及能对具体情况进行计算。
在阅读考核中，查找主要事实或特定细节常见的题型是：
1．Which of the following statements is (not) true (or correct)
2．Which of the following is not mentioned in the text
3．All of the following are true except...
4．The author (or the passage) states that...
5．According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)...
PAGE
第 1 页 共 4 页