句子成分[下学期]

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名称 句子成分[下学期]
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科目 英语
更新时间 2005-08-23 08:27:00

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课件66张PPT。英语句子概论 基本成分
附属成分
独立成分
省略成分
连接成分 简单句
并列句
复合句句子成分(Members of a Sentence)
句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有六种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表(predicative) /宾语(object)、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)。 汉语与英语就句子成分表面上看来差不多,实际上有不少差别。例如:
(1) Xiao Li went to bed as soon as he came home.
小李回家后, 立刻就睡觉了。
(2) I'll go when I have had my dinner.
我吃了饭就去。
在英语中,同一个主语在第二次出现时不能省略,必须把每个谓语所陈述的对象都表示出来。而在汉语中,同一个主语在句中第二次出现时,就可以省略。如例(1)中,汉语说"小李回家后立刻就睡觉了",省去了第二个分句的主语,倒可以避免造成误解。若将第二次出现的主语补出来,说成"小李回家后,他立刻就睡觉了"。听的人反而可能把那个"他"误会成另一个人。 英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
句子的五种基本句型1 主语 + 谓语(S+Vi)
2 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(S+V+O)
3 主语 + 联系动词 +表语(SVP)
4 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVoO)
5 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(SVOC)(1) 主语+不及物动词(S+V )
He laughed.
(2) 主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+O )
I like Chinese food.
(3) 主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P )
The weather is very cold.
ViVtOP(4) 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 (S+V+IO+DO)
She taught them physics.
(5) 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)
We must keep the room warm.IODOC请说出下列句子类型。1.Summer is coming.
2.They won’t let me go.
3.He showed me a new TV set.
4.She knows what to do.
5.The weather is very cold.S+ViS+V+CS+V+IO+DOS+V+OS+V+P附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是:
定语:即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句
状语:即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。定 语
Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby.
She likes oranges imported from the USA.
John gave Mary many books,which are full of illustrations.
Have you seen the book on the desk?
The boy playing over there is my brother.
People there like sports.John often came to chat with me.
John likes oranges very much.
Whenever he gets drunk,John makes Mary very angry.
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.状 语As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday.
She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.
My father worked in this school ten years ago.
You’d better stay here.Oh!What is that!(惊叹词)
He has,alas,failed again.
Come here,John.(呼语)
句中可以去掉的成分,去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。独立成分 (You) Come here.
(I wish you)Good luck!
Some gave him praises,but others(gave him)rotten eggs.
He runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster than, you.句中被省略的成分,虽然未说出来,却在句中表示一定的意思:省略成分连接成分实际上是一个连词,用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。
另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子(即从句)的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。
连接成分句子按使用目的可分为1。陈述句
The plane finally landed safely.
2。 疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意)
Could you lend me your book?
3。祈使句
Don’t waste food.
4。感叹句
How time flies!基本句型(从结构上分)1 简单句:一个主语+一个谓语的句子
2 并列句:两个或多个并列的简单句
I bought my sister a present,but
she didn’t like it.
3复合句:一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子
其他常用句型:强调句、倒装句、以为 it 开首的句子等简单句的基本词序主语 动词部分 宾语 状语
(谓语) 方式 地点 时间
I bought a hat yesterday.
The children ran home.
The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.
The car stopped suddenly.
A young girl walked confidently in the room.简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语(如定语)来扩展,及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语(如状语)连用进行扩展。
I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.
The dog jumped through the window.
He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven o’clock.
He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.
The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both..and、either…or、neither…nor、not only…but also等连词连接组成一个简单句,但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。主语、谓语、宾语的合并The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris.
The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.
Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.
The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome.
The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin.
Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.
The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isn’t flying to York.
Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.两个简单句的宾语可由and、both…and等连词连接组成一个简单句。
I met Jane. I met her husband.
I met Jane and her husband.
I met both Jane and her husband.
It was cold. It was wet.
It was cold and wet.I didn’t meet Jane. I didn’t meet her husband.
I didn’t meet either Jane or her husband.
I met neither Jane nor her husband.
两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。
We sang all night. We danced all night.
We sang and danced all night.Exercises:划分句子成分
1.we are working .
2.I can swim very well .
3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .
4.Why does the wind blow .
5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .
6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music .
7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .
8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow .9.I have a lot of clothes to wash . I have a lot of clothes to be washed .
10.He gave his son some advice on reading .
11.Read me the first paragraph .
12.I’ve ordered some soup for you .
13.He began leaning English ten years ago .
14.My being late worried my teacher .
15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of all .
16.April’ Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone .17.He usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit .
18.I found the book just the same as I borrowed yesterday ,so I got it back at once .
19.He finished lunch and went into the garden .
20.The telephone rang .
21.We study hard .
22.His father might have died .
23.Will you leave the door open/ unclosed when going out .
24.Can you make the dog stand still ?25.The landlord had them working day and night .
26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing .
27.We all breathe ,eat, drink .
28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning .
29.The book weighs five kilos .
30.They will be flying to London .
31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me .
32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary which is useful to any use .33.Please pass a newly- published to me .
34.He lived in Guang Zhou .
35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees .
36.His uncle left him some money .
37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village children. She has taught us English for 3 years .
38.I like popular music .
39.She knows what to do next .
40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school .Subject
Mary lent me her car.
Who is speaking, please?
Living in that island for three months was an unforgettable experience for me.名词代词V-ing5. To make our dream come true needs hard work.
6. Success or failure depends on our effort.
7. Whether we will go depends on the weather.
8.The unemployed usually leads a hard life.`名词化的其他词类不定式词组从句以it作主语的句子
It was a key that I found in his pocket.
It’s no use talking to him about it.
What a mistake it is to have rejected the plan!
It happened that I wasn’t there that day.
It is said that he has won the game.以从句作主语的句子
1 由who,whoever,whomever等代词引起的主语从句
2 由 连词that 引起的主语从句
3 由连接代词或连接副词(或whether)引起的主语从句what ,whatever, whoever, whomever引起的主语从句在结构上等于一个名词加一个定语从句。
e.g. 1. What you need is more practice.
2. What is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.
3. Whatever was said here must be kept secret.
4. Whoever wants it may have it.that 引导的主语从句常放在句末,而用it 作形式主语
1.It is not possible that I may not be
able to come.
2. Isn’t it strange that he would have
left without telling us?It +be + adj. + that –clause
(adj.: likely, unlikely,seems, happened; strange, natural, surprising, obvious, true, wonderful, funny, possible, clear, unusual, impossible ,important,etc)
e.g. It is likely that he will come.
It is important (that) he should attend the meeting.it + be + 名词词组+ that-clause
(a pity, a shame, a fact, an honour, a wonder, a good thing, good news, no wonder, etc)
e.g. 1.It is common knowledge that the
whale is not a fish.
2.It’s a pity that he should have missed the train.it + be + pp. + that-clause
(said, reported, announced, arranged, decided, expected,etc)
It is said that he is a famous writer.
It is reported that there will e a storm this afternoon.注:在表建议、要求、命令等意义的被动结构中,that从句中的谓语动词常用(should) do
3. It is suggested (that) the meeting should be held this afternoon.
4. It is demanded that he (should ) leave at once.It + seem/ happen/turn out /appear,etc+ that-clause
It seems that he is wrong.
It now appears that they are in urgent need of help.由连接代词或连接副词(或whether)引起的主语从句
When we shall have our sports meet is still a question.
It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.
2. Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.以There引起的的句子
There + be /seem to be / happen to be/ live / come / enter/ stand / lie,etc + S
There is going to be a meeting tonight.
Theirs is a car waiting outside.
There is only a table, four chairs and a small bed in the room.4. There happened to be nobody in the room.
5. There appeared to be a war between her heart and her mind.
6. Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
7. There suddenly rushed into the room a group of small children.Translation
1 这只山羊死了。
2 我要一张票。
3 桌子上有一台手提电脑。
4 我爸爸昨天给我买了一辆新自行车。
5 如何解决这个问题是非常重要的。
6 是在他们的帮助下我才完成了这项任务。
7 早起是好习惯。
8 制定一个学习计划是必要的。他的又一次迟到使老师很生气。
不清楚他是否能赢了这场比赛。
不知道他为什么做了这件事。
很奇怪,她昨天没有来。
没有人知道这工作是谁做的。
他所说的使我很感兴趣。
不管是谁让你戒烟都是对的。并列句的分类-11。表示并列关系:
They drank, sang and danced all night.
He’s got a motorbike as well as a bicycle.
Both men and women joined the fight.
She is not only a good teller but also a good wife.
For one thing,I don’t want to go out. For another, I have to look after my garden.并列句的分类-22. 表示选择关系
Shall we go on or have a break?
Is either Tuesday or Wednesday possible for you?
Either the company solves its financial problem, or it will go bankrupt.
并列句的分类-33。表转折关系
The movie is nice, but I’m a bit sleepy.
Do that again and I will call a police.
None other than his husband can help us .
It’s hard work; I enjoy it though.
I do every single bit of housework while my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then. (2004全国卷3-35)并列句分类-44。表因果或结果关系
He got up late , so he missed the train.
So we were wrong after all?
He remained silent, for there was nothing to say.
Do what you’ve been told, otherwise you’ll be punished.
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the plane.复合句的分类[1] 名词性从句--
1。主语从句:在复合句中做主语
2。宾语从句:做谓语动词、介词的宾语
3。表语从句:做连系动词的表语
4。同位语从句:在复合句中做同位语
(学生任务:写出例句)名词性从句:同位语从句 在复合句中做同位语(常放在名词后面,说明该名词的具体内容)所涉及的名词有:idea, fact, news, hope, desire, truth, problem, question, information…
同位语从句由that, whether, what, when 来引导, 如:
同位语例句:I don’t know how you got the idea that they were arriving this weekend.
Her parents were in trouble whether she lived and died.
We have received information that Dr. Smith may have left the country.
I have a strong hope that we can reach the target soon.
People living near the disused factory have welcomed the news that it is demolished.复合句分类-2[2] 定语从句
(1)关系代词:who, whom , whose, which, that
(2) 关系副词:when, where, why , as
(3) 非限定性定语从句:which引导的从句独立于主句之外,用逗号隔开。
定语从句例句:We went to the village where I was born.
I’m sorry about the error, for which I’m afraid I have no excuse.
Where’s the waitress who served us?
I was joined by a lady whose face looked familiar.
That was an era when life was harder.
She was buried at the translation, as she had requested.复合句分类-3[3] 状语从句 (任务:听写或写出例句!)
1。时间状语从句
2。地点状语从句
3。条件状语从句
4。目的状语从句
5。结果状语从句
6。原因状语从句
7。比较状语从句
8。方式状语从句
9。让步状语从句倒装句写出所学倒装句不少于10句:

倒装句非谓语动词在所给语言材料中寻找,抄写,造句,改写等
动名词 现在分词 过去分词It的用法To “ the use of it”省略句、强调句 独立主格结构二、文法知识概要文章的篇章结构
1。文章开头 beginning
2。文章的中间 body
3。文章的结尾 ending
4。文章的主题 meaning center
5。主题的支撑 supporting三、连贯表达方法1。内容的顺序—时间、空间、情节
2。逻辑关联词语的使用—承上启下
(1)引出话题 (2)例举 (3)递进
(4)转折 (5) 因果
(6)比较、让步 (7)条件
(8)时间 (9)顺序 (10)结论四、文体和范文引导 记叙文 说明文
描写文 论述文
应用文
各类文章选训练10样篇,集中强化:
听写、朗读、表述、背写、检查。五、短文改错语法词汇行文逻辑方面的训练要多元化。
1。高考样题分析
2。习作分析– 篇章结构、语病、逻辑关联、选词用词、单词拼写等
3。选择典型共性问题讨论,更强调学生个性问题的自主解决。六、语篇润色分析语篇中的漂亮句子
排除中文干扰
加强句型转换练习
用词要细细推敲
注意整体结构的一致性
学会提炼主题,强调作者意图