句子[上学期]
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课件72张PPT。2019/3/71How to make your sentences perfect高中英语写作技能教学：
句子2019/3/72用并列连词把每组句子合并为并列句。
1.He was tired.
He went to bed.
2.The child hid behind his mother's
skirt. He was afraid of the dog.
He was tired, so he went to bed.The child hid behind his mother's skirt,for he was afraid of the dog.写好句子的方法一：合并句子 2019/3/73Mr. Green is a tall man, who wears a pair of thick glasses. (改成介词短语做伴随状语)
2) The ice on the lake is too thin for us to skate on. (使用so…that…结构改写句子) Mr. Green is a tall man with a pair of thick glasses. The ice on the lake is so thin that we can’t skate on it. 写好句子的方法二：改写句子 2019/3/74这本书花了我300元。 I spent 300 yuan on the book. I paid 300 yuan for the book. The price of the book is 300 yuan. It cost me 300 yuan to buy the book. 写好句子的方法三：一句多译 2019/3/75复合句:主句+从句主句是一个完整的句子(independent sentence),它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个
主句连用，不能独立存在.
2019/3/76在复合句中，主要包含以下类型从句：
1.主语从句 2.宾语从句
3.表语从句 4.同位语从句
5.状语从句 6.定语从句中学生英文写作中经常使用的从句有：
宾语从句 状语从句 定语从句
2019/3/77指出下列各从句的类型：I hope that everything is all right.
She was reading the newspaper when I came in.
She is the girl who sings best of all.
宾语从句状语从句定语从句2019/3/78写作中句子的不同表达方式有：
①句型转换。
②关键词语、短语的替换。
③主客体的变换。
④动态与静态的互换。
⑤正面叙述与侧面、反面表述的变换。 ⑥语态的转换。
⑦简单与复合同的转换。
⑧正常语序与倒装句的转换等等。2019/3/79Would you please close the door? ①句型转换。I wonder if you can close the door?2019/3/710Quit a few months went by, and I failed to get the thingMany months passed,and I didn’t succeed in getting the thing.②关键词语、短语的替换。2019/3/711Our school was founded in 1950③主客体的变换。1950 saw the founding of our school.（主客体变换）2019/3/712He smiled again（动态）another smile appeared on his face.（静态）
④动态与静态的互换。2019/3/713Education is free for all the children hereall the children here can receive school education without pay（正面入手，反面着笔）and so on
⑤正面叙述与侧面、反面表述的变换。2019/3/714③Our school was founded in 1950——1950 saw the founding of our school.（主客体变换）
④He smiled again（动态）——another smile appeared on his face.（静态）
⑤Education is free for all the children here——all the children here can receive school edcation without pay（正面入手，反面着笔）and so on.
⑥语态的转换。
⑦简单与复合同的转换。
⑧正常语序与倒装句的转换等等。写作中如何避免句式
单调问题2019/3/715一，扩展法：在原有单句的基础上适当增加描写成分或附加细节，使之表达具体，生动和充实。我的特长是英语和电脑。
I like English and computer best.I like English and computer best and I am good at them.第二句更加突出了“我”的特长与求职
方面的优势。2019/3/716过去听收音机，而现在看电视
We listened to the radio, but now we watch TV.We listened to the radio for news and other information, but now we get news by watching TV.第二句说明通过看电视获取信息， by watching TV的运用，提高了语言的档次。2019/3/717二,合并法：指将意义相关或结构相似的句子连接在一起，以增强句子的连贯性和表现力。He stopped us half an hour ago.
He made us catch the next offender.He stopped us half an hour ago, and made us catch the next offender.通过使用并列谓语，句子个数减少了，但
动作的连贯性却加强了。2019/3/718He is a good teacher.
We all love and respect him.He is such a good teacher that we all love and respect him.The teacher is so good that we all love and respect him.使用了 such…that…/so…that.. 这一句型
使松散的表达变得有力。2019/3/719三， 改写法：使用比较新颖复杂或强调的表达方式来改写简单句。如把陈述句变为强调句，把复合句简化为分词结构或独立主格结构。用同义词语来替换。We lived in the crowded house, but now we
live in the new big house.We lived in the house crowded with furniture, but now we have moved into a new three-room apartment.使用了分词做定语，表达手段新颖，句式结构
避免了简单化。2019/3/720I started school at the age of 7. I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990. I studied in Dalian No.6 Middle School from 1990 to 1996.I started school when I was 7. I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990. After that, I went to study in Dalian No.6 Middle School and graduated in 1996.第二句是简单句，并列句和复合句并用，还使用了after that，均提高了句子的表现力．2019/3/721句式的训练方法：句式的训练应体现一个由易到难，
由简到繁的特点：
第一阶段：多用分句
第二阶段：多用合句
第三阶段：巧用高级句2019/3/722第一阶段：多用分句。
针对学生尚没有积累大量的可用句式，也没有学会高级的表达方式的训练的开始阶段，应尽可能多地用简单句来准确表达写作要点。第二阶段：多用合句。
训练一段时间后，如果对用分句表达感到
得心应手，应开始训练用合句表达文意，以使文笔简练，句式丰富。请对比以下六个 例句，感受一，二两个阶段
的不同。2019/3/723你有正门进入公园，继续往前走，就会来到一个小河边。第一阶段: You enter the park by the main gate. You walk straight on. You come to a river. 第二阶段: You entered the park, walked straight on and then came to a river.2019/3/724我沿着公园路向东走，看到一个老人出了
对面公园也向东走。第二阶段: I walked along Park Road towards east and saw an elderly man come out of the park in the same direction.第一阶段: I walked along Park Road towards east. I saw an elderly man come out of the park. The old man walked in the same direction.2019/3/725第二阶段: He came into the room, took a chair, sat down and began to read a book.第一阶段: He came into the room. He took a chair. He sat down. He began to read a book.他走进房间，拿了一把椅子，坐下来开始
读书。形成了同一主语，多个谓语的结构，使句子
流畅，简练。2019/3/726第三阶段：巧用高级句
在完成了分句和合句训练后，应采用一些高级表达方式来提高句子的表达效果，进而增加文章的情感性和醒目性。如：强调句，感叹句，分词作定语，主从复合句，反意疑问句等通过分析以下三个高级句子来体会其表达效果2019/3/727I’ll go to a beach to see the seabirds flying in the dark-blue sky and drive a motorboat,
sailing through clear water toward the rising sun.本句成功的运用了现在分词短语flying in
the dark-blue sky 作宾补，现在分词短语sailing through clear water toward the
rising sun 作伴随状语，增加了表达效果。2019/3/728该句使用了where引导的非限制性定语从句，提升了文章的表达档次。At 8 o’clock in the morning, we arrived at the 5 bus station,where we were warmly welcomed by the drivers and conductors.2019/3/729Before we knew it, with the sun setting in the west, we had to say goodbye to the workers.该句运用了+名词+复合宾语句型作
状语，生动形象地表达了夕阳西下，
我们不得不向工人们告别的依依不
舍之情。2019/3/730词汇反映你知识贮存量的多少，也是衡量英语水平的一个重要标志。运用得当的句子结构可以给文章增色不少，从而使整篇文章因此而生辉 。使用恰当连接词，对写一篇有“英语味”的文章很重要，能使文章上下衔接自然、紧凑。增强书面表达效果的技巧2019/3/7311. Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable.
2.We all think he is a great man.
3.Suddenly I thought out a good idea.
4.The students there needn’t pay for their books.
5. As a result the plan was a failure.The plan turned out to be a failure.Thanks to the good weather, our journey was comfortable.一、怎样使用较高级的词汇We all think highly of him .A good idea occurred to me./ A good idea suddenly struck me.Books are free for the students there.2019/3/7326. When she heard he had died, she went pale with sorrow.
7. She went to Austria in order to study music.
8. When he spoke, he felt more and more excited.
9.In our school, there are twenty-six classrooms.
10.You can find my house easily. She went to Austria for the purpose of studying music.At the news of his death, she went pale with sorrow.The more he spoke, the more excited he felt.Our school is made up of twenty–six classrooms.You’ll have no trouble finding my house. 2019/3/733丰富的句式：(常用到的句型结构）
利用不同的句型来表达同一个意思，
能增加文章的文采。
1. 感叹句 e.g. How happy I was when I
received your letter!
What a kind boy he is!
How disappointed he was !
2. 强调句 e.g. It was this young boy that
helped the old granny.
I do hope you can come if
possible.2019/3/7343、? 倒装句 e.g. Only in this way can you
solve this problem.
There comes the police car.
Hardly had they got to the station
when they met the young man.
4、? 省略句 e.g. They read while walking or
riding on a bus.
Come to me if necessary.
5、? with短语 e.g. I saw a young lady walking
slowly in the street with a
handbag in her hand.2019/3/7356、? 定语从句 e.g. In my opinion, cyber cafes
should be a place where we can
find much useful information.
Let’s come to the main teaching
building, at the back of which stands
the school library.
7、? 各种名词性从句 e.g.
That’s what I should do.
We should do a favour to whoever
needs help at present.
2019/3/7368、? 各种状语从句 e.g.
Time passed quickly before we knew it.
The moment we reached the farm, we
got down to harvesting.
So long as we work harder at our lessons,
we’ll catch up sooner or later.
Do call me before hand so that I can meet
you at the airport.
They had to wait because the rain was
getting more and more heavily.
2019/3/7371 When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用V-ing形式）.
2. To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名词性从句）
3. Though I’m weak, I’ll make the effort. (使用倒装句)
4. He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.(使用强调句型)
5. I passed the physics exam because of your help.(用虚拟语气）On his arriving, please give me an e-mail.What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.Practice 怎样使用较丰富的句式Weak as I am, I’ll make the effort. It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened. I couldn’t have passed the physics exam but for your help. 2019/3/7386. She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (使用过去分词)
7. They sang and laughed as they went back to school.( 使用V-ing形式)
8.I won’t believe what he says. （使用状语从句）
9.If you study hard, you will make rapid progress. （用并列句）
10．He had no sooner come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad. (使用倒装句)No sooner had he come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad.Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.Singing and laughing, they went back to school.No matter what he says, I won’t believe. Study hard and you’ll make rapid progress.2019/3/739高考大纲中常用的连接词
1.?表示递进;在同一话题上补充内容
另外，还有：what is more; besides;
also; moreover; in addition
2. 表示转折关系
但是， 然而， 相反：but; however; yet;
instead; on the other hand;
on the contrary.2019/3/7403. 表示因果关系
因为，因此，所以: since; as; because
(of ); so; thus; therefore; as a result;
4. 表示条件关系
如果，只要: if ;on condition ( that );
as long as
除非: unless 否则: or else
2019/3/741?5. 表示时间关系
当… 的时候 : when ; while
在…之后: after 在…之前: before
直到: until
一…就… : as soon as
后来， 然后: later; afterwards
不久: soon 近来: lately; recently
自从… :since 从那时起: from then on2019/3/7426. 表示特定的顺序关系
首先， 最主要的: above all
其次: secondly 然后: then; next
最后: finally; in the end
7. 换一种方法表述
换句话说: in other words;
that is to say;
2019/3/7438. 进行举例说明
例如，比如: for instance; for example;
like; such as that is to say, namely, actually, and so on, believe it or not, to tell you the truth, for this reason
9. 用于陈述事实
实际上: in fact; actually;
as a matter of fact
跟你说实话 : to tell you the truth
2019/3/74410.? 对一个话题进行总结
总而言之，总的来说:
on the whole; in short; all in all; in general; in a word, finally, in conclusion, generally speaking, as you know, in the end ,
其它常用到的副词
Therefore ; otherwise ; finally ;
furthermore ;Thus ; namely ;
although ; afterwards ; personally;
2019/3/74512.?表示结果： thus, therefore, so, as a result, seeing that, luckily, unfortunately
13. 表示强调： above all, indeed, surely, certainly, of course, after all, without any delay, at least, at most , most important, undoubtedly
2019/3/746On one side of the road there is a new classroom building.On the other side,where the playground used to be now stands another new building—our library. (NMET1999 范文)As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.(NMET2001 范文)What’s more, I can go to bed earlier. (NMET2001 范文)三、怎样使用恰当的连接词2019/3/747Practice 1
请在下列句子中（间）填上恰当的关联词或意思有联系的短语。
Xiao Ming was walking in the street
___________ he heard someone cry for help.
2. He advised that I hire a car ____________
I could travel around in the west .
3. It was not long _______ the police came .
___________he heard the cry for help, he
jumped into the water to save the girl.
whenin order thatbeforeAs soon as 2019/3/7485. Do you agree with my arrangement ?
________ , do write to me soon.
6. We can go downtown and do some
shopping. __________, we can pay a
visit to some places of interest.
I shared the cost of the gas with my
friends .___________, I saved $80.
8. Eating sugar is bad for our teeth. ___________ , it may make us fat.If not/soIn additionAs a resultWhat’s worse2019/3/749书面表达典型句子
错误归类分析一，汉式英语错误
二，词汇用法错误
三，句法错误
四，逻辑关系一致方面的错误2019/3/750一，汉式英语错误A：完全汉语语序：To my friend a letterB：名词动用: I always headache.C：形容词动用: I afraid I would make some mistakes.D：介词动用: My father often not at home.E：无主句: From here to the city by bus needs
two hours.A letter to my friend.I always have a headache.I am afraid I would make some
mistakes.My father is often not at home.It takes two hours from here
to the city by bus.2019/3/751二，词汇用法错误A: 动词类： Thank you to have saved my dog.B:形容词副词 :He is much higher than his brother.C:介词类We’re going to visit the farm in next week.D:代词类: My dictionary is more expensive than her. E:名词：I am glad to make friend with you.F:连词Because he worked hard, so he got high makes.Thank you for saving my dog. He is much taller than his brother.We’re going to visit the farm next week.My dictionary is more expensive than hers.I am very glad to make friends with you.Because he worked hard , he got high makes.2019/3/752三，句法错误A固定句型：I think there will have a lot of people help me.B简单句: The building is built for us to study.C并列句:Playing ping pang is very good sport,
each of us likes it.D复合句: When I cooking, my parents came bake.I think there will be a lot of people
help me.The building is built for us to study in. Playing Ping Pang is a very good sport,
and each of us likes it.When I was cooking, my parents came bake.2019/3/753四，逻辑关系一致方面的错误1.Edison had a bit smile on her face.his2.He is one of the most popular teacher
in our school.teachers3. I left her since two years ago.I have left her since two years ago.4. At the age of 5, her mother diea.At the age of 5, she lost her mother.When she was 5 her mother died.2019/3/754中文写作对英文遣词造句的干扰1. Good good study , day day up .
2. Zhang Hang studies in Shanxi Province ,
Xi’an city, Hongqi Middle School .
3. Lipin has 5 classes in the morning ,afternoon
has 2 classes .
4.Our country has taken place great changes .
5 .Her age is young . 正:Study hard and you’ll make progress every day.______________
_____________________________Hongqi Middle School, Xi’an city, Shanxi Province ________________________and 2 in the afternoon 正: Great changes have taken place in our country .
She is young . T or F:2019/3/755 中文式表达是中国学生写作中最常见的问题，同时也是最难解决的问题。这些中文式的表达没有语法、句法错误，但就是不符合英文的表达习惯。这是中、西方思维差异带来的语言表达上的差异。因此，要发现这些中式英文并有效地加以修改，从而写出地道的英文作文，考生一定首先要了解中、西思维方式的差异，知道英文的习惯表达是什么样的. 这些文化差异的知识需要大家读一些相关的文章来理解，更需要大家平时通过读原汁原味的英文来体会和模仿。
下面介绍一些最基本的差异供大家参考。 一、 中文表达习惯导致的搭配错误和问题
英文表达中有一些习惯的搭配，如果不知道其用法，直接从中文字对字地翻译成英文就造成搭配错．考生在平时的阅读中应该留意积累英文中这些的搭配并加以记忆，这样在写作中才能表达地道。2019/3/7561. 主谓搭配错误
例：① In recent years，people who have private cars have increased． ---, the number of people who have ---. ② My study is very busy lately。I’m very busy with my study lately.2．动宾搭配问题
考生在动宾搭配方面常常出现两个问题。第一，搭配有误。这还是由于不熟悉固定搭配，从中文表达字对字翻译造成的。第二，更多情况下，考生找不到合适的动词时，总是依赖一些所谓的 “万能动词”，如 make，take，bring，help，have等等，这样的表达不够精确。 2019/3/757因此，考生在平时的英语学习中要注意积累动宾搭配，
如：enrich knowledge，broaden one’s horizon，
to better one’s life，to sharpen one’s skills等等。这样
考场上写作时才能表达自如确切.例：① We can learn more knowledge with the help
of Internet．obtain/ gain knowledge二、中文句法导致的英语句法错误
1. Smoke is harmful to our heath .
2. Watch TV can broaden our horizon
3. I take a part-time job help me make some money
4. There are 30 students sit in the examination .SmokingWatching TVI make some money by taking a part-time job .sitting ______________________________________________________2019/3/758三、中文思维导致的中文式句子
汉语是自然语序，即思维和语言自然合拍，句子的语序
基本反映了思想的过程：见到什么就先说什么，叙事是按时间发生顺序。句子习惯在开头从侧面说明外围环境，如时间、地点、原因、条件等，最后画龙点睛，点出重要信息、下结沦、表态度。汉语多用短语或简单句，句式中心在后。汉语中大量句子采用兼动式或连动式结构，动词较多。
英语恰好相反，说话人在说话前先把要表达的信息组织一下，一般强调什么先说什么，习惯把主要信息置于头，即把最重要的事，如态度、观点、结论放在句首直截了当先说出，然后再将其他信息如理由、事实、原因、例证等补充进来。因此英语复合句较多，句子结构多为重心在前，句子呈线性，即以主—谓—宾为核心，首先安排主要内容，然后借助连词、短语、从句进行扩展，使句子成分有效地结合起来。 2019/3/759通常一个英语单句或从句仅有一个或几个并列动词充当
谓语，其他动作的意义则用其他类词，如非谓语动词、
名词化结构、介词、副词等充当其他成分来表示。如：After so many years of isolation，I have now
received your letter，so I am very glad．I am very glad to have received your letter after
so many years of isolation，再如： In the last summer vacation，I visited some
of places and met different kinds of people . I can
tell many wonderful stories about them． There are many wonderful stories to tell about the
places l visited and different kinds of people I met
during the last summer vacation ．2019/3/760 四、措词差异
不同的思维方式会影响交际风格和遣词造句。汉语思
维模式是形象的、直观的，常用类比、比喻和象征。
汉语用词倾向于具体，常常以实的形式表达虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容。而英式思维是概括的、抽象的，西方人注重抽象思维，以概念、推理、判断为主，擅长用抽象的概念表达具体的事物。中西方的这些不同思维方式导致了词汇方面的差异。中国学生
在处理汉英词组转换时，经常沿袭母语的形象思维方式，根据汉语意思套用英语单词，很难准确地表达思想。
如要表达“睡得晚”这个意思，有的考生就直译为：sleep late
而正确的表达为：stay up late2019/3/761中文文章还喜欢用比喻，如：只有教育才能让我们国家立于世界民族之林。如果用下面的句子表达此义，Nothing but education can make our country stand in the forest of the world people，尽管西方人可能读懂我们的意思，但这句表达是中文式的。英语则用
rank among the advanced countries in the world又如：Now we are studying hard．After we step out
of the school gate，we can contribute to our society． __________________________________________After graduation2019/3/762五、中文思维导致的段落结构问题
汉语习惯于环形思维，先纵览全貌，得到一个结论，然后再反复证明这一结论。 而西方人的思维模式主要表现为直线型，英语文章开门见山直入主题，然后再分要点对该主题加以分析、论证，最后是结论。好的段落具有统一性和连贯性，段落开头的主题句直截了当，内容按直线展开，层层深入，辅助支持句紧扣中心思想。英文的段落主题句明确，逻辑思路清晰，条理分明，层层推进环环相扣。中国学生受到汉语思维习惯的影响，写文章时不按英文特点展开，显得条理性、逻辑性差。
请看下例：2019/3/763一，合并为简单句1 把其中一句改为分词短语2 把其中一句改为介词短语 二，合并为复合句 三，把复合句改为简单句1 把从句改为分词短语
2 把从句改为介词短语 四，避免只使用一两个句式，要灵活运用诸如倒装句、
强调句、主从复合句、分词状语等.
五，注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。 六. 适当的联想与发挥。2019/3/764I went to see a film this afternoon.
On the way to the cinema, I saw a case fall off a man’s bike.On my way to the cinema this afternoon, I happened to see a case fall off a man’s bike.I picked up the case.
I shouted at the man loudly.
But he didn’t hear me and rode away.After picking up the case, I shouted at the man loudly, but he rode too fast to hear me.2019/3/765Loudly as I shouted at him after picking it up, the man was riding so far away that he couldn’t hear me.
I shouted at the man the moment I picked it up, however, he was riding too fast to hear me.Suddenly, I had an idea.// I stopped a taxi to catch up with the man.// I caught up with him at last. Suddenly, an idea flashed into my mind. I held out for a taxi and got into it with the case. Of course, it didn’t take me long to catch up with the man. 2019/3/766I was wondering what I should do when an idea suddenly struck me. I stopped a taxi as quickly as I could so as to catch up with the man.I gave the case back to the man.//The man took out some money to thank me.//I refused.Getting the case back from me, the man was so grateful to me that he insisted on offering me some money as a reward. But I refused him politely.2019/3/767The driver took me the cinema.
He was very moved. He didn’t accept my money.With the help of the driver, I went back to the cinema. When I was paying him, he pushed my hand away and said with a smile: “ Never will I accept your money.”I went back to the cinema by taxi. To my surprise, the driver didn’t accept the money because he was very moved at what I did. How proud I was!2019/3/768练习： writing
以“保持生态平衡”为题，写一篇议论文。提示：1，中心论点：我们必须保持生态平衡；
2，分论点A：
一切生物只能生活在一定的环境中。
没有树木，人类就不能生存；
3，分论点B：
没有其它的动植物，动物也不能生存下去；
4，结论：保持生态平衡是十分重要的。2019/3/769词：
1. be well known,
2.maintain the balance of the ecosystems ,
3.protect the environments
4.cut down its trees to build warships,
5.remember this lesson.
6.be useful to sb.
7.it’s important for sb to do sth.2019/3/770句：1，We must maintain the balance of the ecosystems to protect the environments.2，But both the deer and the mountain lions are useful to man.4，Therefore, it’s important for us to maintain the balance of the ecosystems.5，We should leave things as they are.3，Man can’t live without trees.2019/3/771It is well known that things can live in certain environment. We must maintain the balance of the ecosystems to protect the environments.// Things around us in nature are necessary. Man can’t live without trees. Two thousand years ago, a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships, with which to gain itself an empire. It gained the empire ,but, without the trees ,its soil became harder and poorer. At last, the country found itself facing floods and starvation. We should remember this lesson.An animal can’t live without other animals and plants. For example, deer like eating a certain kind of wild rose.mountain lions eat the deer. If we destroy a lot of wild roses,the deer won’t be able to find enough food . They will starve, and the mountain lions will also starve. But both the deer and the mountain lions are useful to man. //Therefore, it’s important for us to maintain the balance of the ecosystems. We should leave things as they are.
2019/3/772With you still greater
progress in the New
Year!
句子2019/3/72用并列连词把每组句子合并为并列句。
1.He was tired.
He went to bed.
2.The child hid behind his mother's
skirt. He was afraid of the dog.
He was tired, so he went to bed.The child hid behind his mother's skirt,for he was afraid of the dog.写好句子的方法一：合并句子 2019/3/73Mr. Green is a tall man, who wears a pair of thick glasses. (改成介词短语做伴随状语)
2) The ice on the lake is too thin for us to skate on. (使用so…that…结构改写句子) Mr. Green is a tall man with a pair of thick glasses. The ice on the lake is so thin that we can’t skate on it. 写好句子的方法二：改写句子 2019/3/74这本书花了我300元。 I spent 300 yuan on the book. I paid 300 yuan for the book. The price of the book is 300 yuan. It cost me 300 yuan to buy the book. 写好句子的方法三：一句多译 2019/3/75复合句:主句+从句主句是一个完整的句子(independent sentence),它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个
主句连用，不能独立存在.
2019/3/76在复合句中，主要包含以下类型从句：
1.主语从句 2.宾语从句
3.表语从句 4.同位语从句
5.状语从句 6.定语从句中学生英文写作中经常使用的从句有：
宾语从句 状语从句 定语从句
2019/3/77指出下列各从句的类型：I hope that everything is all right.
She was reading the newspaper when I came in.
She is the girl who sings best of all.
宾语从句状语从句定语从句2019/3/78写作中句子的不同表达方式有：
①句型转换。
②关键词语、短语的替换。
③主客体的变换。
④动态与静态的互换。
⑤正面叙述与侧面、反面表述的变换。 ⑥语态的转换。
⑦简单与复合同的转换。
⑧正常语序与倒装句的转换等等。2019/3/79Would you please close the door? ①句型转换。I wonder if you can close the door?2019/3/710Quit a few months went by, and I failed to get the thingMany months passed,and I didn’t succeed in getting the thing.②关键词语、短语的替换。2019/3/711Our school was founded in 1950③主客体的变换。1950 saw the founding of our school.（主客体变换）2019/3/712He smiled again（动态）another smile appeared on his face.（静态）
④动态与静态的互换。2019/3/713Education is free for all the children hereall the children here can receive school education without pay（正面入手，反面着笔）and so on
⑤正面叙述与侧面、反面表述的变换。2019/3/714③Our school was founded in 1950——1950 saw the founding of our school.（主客体变换）
④He smiled again（动态）——another smile appeared on his face.（静态）
⑤Education is free for all the children here——all the children here can receive school edcation without pay（正面入手，反面着笔）and so on.
⑥语态的转换。
⑦简单与复合同的转换。
⑧正常语序与倒装句的转换等等。写作中如何避免句式
单调问题2019/3/715一，扩展法：在原有单句的基础上适当增加描写成分或附加细节，使之表达具体，生动和充实。我的特长是英语和电脑。
I like English and computer best.I like English and computer best and I am good at them.第二句更加突出了“我”的特长与求职
方面的优势。2019/3/716过去听收音机，而现在看电视
We listened to the radio, but now we watch TV.We listened to the radio for news and other information, but now we get news by watching TV.第二句说明通过看电视获取信息， by watching TV的运用，提高了语言的档次。2019/3/717二,合并法：指将意义相关或结构相似的句子连接在一起，以增强句子的连贯性和表现力。He stopped us half an hour ago.
He made us catch the next offender.He stopped us half an hour ago, and made us catch the next offender.通过使用并列谓语，句子个数减少了，但
动作的连贯性却加强了。2019/3/718He is a good teacher.
We all love and respect him.He is such a good teacher that we all love and respect him.The teacher is so good that we all love and respect him.使用了 such…that…/so…that.. 这一句型
使松散的表达变得有力。2019/3/719三， 改写法：使用比较新颖复杂或强调的表达方式来改写简单句。如把陈述句变为强调句，把复合句简化为分词结构或独立主格结构。用同义词语来替换。We lived in the crowded house, but now we
live in the new big house.We lived in the house crowded with furniture, but now we have moved into a new three-room apartment.使用了分词做定语，表达手段新颖，句式结构
避免了简单化。2019/3/720I started school at the age of 7. I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990. I studied in Dalian No.6 Middle School from 1990 to 1996.I started school when I was 7. I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990. After that, I went to study in Dalian No.6 Middle School and graduated in 1996.第二句是简单句，并列句和复合句并用，还使用了after that，均提高了句子的表现力．2019/3/721句式的训练方法：句式的训练应体现一个由易到难，
由简到繁的特点：
第一阶段：多用分句
第二阶段：多用合句
第三阶段：巧用高级句2019/3/722第一阶段：多用分句。
针对学生尚没有积累大量的可用句式，也没有学会高级的表达方式的训练的开始阶段，应尽可能多地用简单句来准确表达写作要点。第二阶段：多用合句。
训练一段时间后，如果对用分句表达感到
得心应手，应开始训练用合句表达文意，以使文笔简练，句式丰富。请对比以下六个 例句，感受一，二两个阶段
的不同。2019/3/723你有正门进入公园，继续往前走，就会来到一个小河边。第一阶段: You enter the park by the main gate. You walk straight on. You come to a river. 第二阶段: You entered the park, walked straight on and then came to a river.2019/3/724我沿着公园路向东走，看到一个老人出了
对面公园也向东走。第二阶段: I walked along Park Road towards east and saw an elderly man come out of the park in the same direction.第一阶段: I walked along Park Road towards east. I saw an elderly man come out of the park. The old man walked in the same direction.2019/3/725第二阶段: He came into the room, took a chair, sat down and began to read a book.第一阶段: He came into the room. He took a chair. He sat down. He began to read a book.他走进房间，拿了一把椅子，坐下来开始
读书。形成了同一主语，多个谓语的结构，使句子
流畅，简练。2019/3/726第三阶段：巧用高级句
在完成了分句和合句训练后，应采用一些高级表达方式来提高句子的表达效果，进而增加文章的情感性和醒目性。如：强调句，感叹句，分词作定语，主从复合句，反意疑问句等通过分析以下三个高级句子来体会其表达效果2019/3/727I’ll go to a beach to see the seabirds flying in the dark-blue sky and drive a motorboat,
sailing through clear water toward the rising sun.本句成功的运用了现在分词短语flying in
the dark-blue sky 作宾补，现在分词短语sailing through clear water toward the
rising sun 作伴随状语，增加了表达效果。2019/3/728该句使用了where引导的非限制性定语从句，提升了文章的表达档次。At 8 o’clock in the morning, we arrived at the 5 bus station,where we were warmly welcomed by the drivers and conductors.2019/3/729Before we knew it, with the sun setting in the west, we had to say goodbye to the workers.该句运用了+名词+复合宾语句型作
状语，生动形象地表达了夕阳西下，
我们不得不向工人们告别的依依不
舍之情。2019/3/730词汇反映你知识贮存量的多少，也是衡量英语水平的一个重要标志。运用得当的句子结构可以给文章增色不少，从而使整篇文章因此而生辉 。使用恰当连接词，对写一篇有“英语味”的文章很重要，能使文章上下衔接自然、紧凑。增强书面表达效果的技巧2019/3/7311. Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable.
2.We all think he is a great man.
3.Suddenly I thought out a good idea.
4.The students there needn’t pay for their books.
5. As a result the plan was a failure.The plan turned out to be a failure.Thanks to the good weather, our journey was comfortable.一、怎样使用较高级的词汇We all think highly of him .A good idea occurred to me./ A good idea suddenly struck me.Books are free for the students there.2019/3/7326. When she heard he had died, she went pale with sorrow.
7. She went to Austria in order to study music.
8. When he spoke, he felt more and more excited.
9.In our school, there are twenty-six classrooms.
10.You can find my house easily. She went to Austria for the purpose of studying music.At the news of his death, she went pale with sorrow.The more he spoke, the more excited he felt.Our school is made up of twenty–six classrooms.You’ll have no trouble finding my house. 2019/3/733丰富的句式：(常用到的句型结构）
利用不同的句型来表达同一个意思，
能增加文章的文采。
1. 感叹句 e.g. How happy I was when I
received your letter!
What a kind boy he is!
How disappointed he was !
2. 强调句 e.g. It was this young boy that
helped the old granny.
I do hope you can come if
possible.2019/3/7343、? 倒装句 e.g. Only in this way can you
solve this problem.
There comes the police car.
Hardly had they got to the station
when they met the young man.
4、? 省略句 e.g. They read while walking or
riding on a bus.
Come to me if necessary.
5、? with短语 e.g. I saw a young lady walking
slowly in the street with a
handbag in her hand.2019/3/7356、? 定语从句 e.g. In my opinion, cyber cafes
should be a place where we can
find much useful information.
Let’s come to the main teaching
building, at the back of which stands
the school library.
7、? 各种名词性从句 e.g.
That’s what I should do.
We should do a favour to whoever
needs help at present.
2019/3/7368、? 各种状语从句 e.g.
Time passed quickly before we knew it.
The moment we reached the farm, we
got down to harvesting.
So long as we work harder at our lessons,
we’ll catch up sooner or later.
Do call me before hand so that I can meet
you at the airport.
They had to wait because the rain was
getting more and more heavily.
2019/3/7371 When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用V-ing形式）.
2. To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名词性从句）
3. Though I’m weak, I’ll make the effort. (使用倒装句)
4. He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.(使用强调句型)
5. I passed the physics exam because of your help.(用虚拟语气）On his arriving, please give me an e-mail.What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.Practice 怎样使用较丰富的句式Weak as I am, I’ll make the effort. It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened. I couldn’t have passed the physics exam but for your help. 2019/3/7386. She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (使用过去分词)
7. They sang and laughed as they went back to school.( 使用V-ing形式)
8.I won’t believe what he says. （使用状语从句）
9.If you study hard, you will make rapid progress. （用并列句）
10．He had no sooner come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad. (使用倒装句)No sooner had he come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad.Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.Singing and laughing, they went back to school.No matter what he says, I won’t believe. Study hard and you’ll make rapid progress.2019/3/739高考大纲中常用的连接词
1.?表示递进;在同一话题上补充内容
另外，还有：what is more; besides;
also; moreover; in addition
2. 表示转折关系
但是， 然而， 相反：but; however; yet;
instead; on the other hand;
on the contrary.2019/3/7403. 表示因果关系
因为，因此，所以: since; as; because
(of ); so; thus; therefore; as a result;
4. 表示条件关系
如果，只要: if ;on condition ( that );
as long as
除非: unless 否则: or else
2019/3/741?5. 表示时间关系
当… 的时候 : when ; while
在…之后: after 在…之前: before
直到: until
一…就… : as soon as
后来， 然后: later; afterwards
不久: soon 近来: lately; recently
自从… :since 从那时起: from then on2019/3/7426. 表示特定的顺序关系
首先， 最主要的: above all
其次: secondly 然后: then; next
最后: finally; in the end
7. 换一种方法表述
换句话说: in other words;
that is to say;
2019/3/7438. 进行举例说明
例如，比如: for instance; for example;
like; such as that is to say, namely, actually, and so on, believe it or not, to tell you the truth, for this reason
9. 用于陈述事实
实际上: in fact; actually;
as a matter of fact
跟你说实话 : to tell you the truth
2019/3/74410.? 对一个话题进行总结
总而言之，总的来说:
on the whole; in short; all in all; in general; in a word, finally, in conclusion, generally speaking, as you know, in the end ,
其它常用到的副词
Therefore ; otherwise ; finally ;
furthermore ;Thus ; namely ;
although ; afterwards ; personally;
2019/3/74512.?表示结果： thus, therefore, so, as a result, seeing that, luckily, unfortunately
13. 表示强调： above all, indeed, surely, certainly, of course, after all, without any delay, at least, at most , most important, undoubtedly
2019/3/746On one side of the road there is a new classroom building.On the other side,where the playground used to be now stands another new building—our library. (NMET1999 范文)As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.(NMET2001 范文)What’s more, I can go to bed earlier. (NMET2001 范文)三、怎样使用恰当的连接词2019/3/747Practice 1
请在下列句子中（间）填上恰当的关联词或意思有联系的短语。
Xiao Ming was walking in the street
___________ he heard someone cry for help.
2. He advised that I hire a car ____________
I could travel around in the west .
3. It was not long _______ the police came .
___________he heard the cry for help, he
jumped into the water to save the girl.
whenin order thatbeforeAs soon as 2019/3/7485. Do you agree with my arrangement ?
________ , do write to me soon.
6. We can go downtown and do some
shopping. __________, we can pay a
visit to some places of interest.
I shared the cost of the gas with my
friends .___________, I saved $80.
8. Eating sugar is bad for our teeth. ___________ , it may make us fat.If not/soIn additionAs a resultWhat’s worse2019/3/749书面表达典型句子
错误归类分析一，汉式英语错误
二，词汇用法错误
三，句法错误
四，逻辑关系一致方面的错误2019/3/750一，汉式英语错误A：完全汉语语序：To my friend a letterB：名词动用: I always headache.C：形容词动用: I afraid I would make some mistakes.D：介词动用: My father often not at home.E：无主句: From here to the city by bus needs
two hours.A letter to my friend.I always have a headache.I am afraid I would make some
mistakes.My father is often not at home.It takes two hours from here
to the city by bus.2019/3/751二，词汇用法错误A: 动词类： Thank you to have saved my dog.B:形容词副词 :He is much higher than his brother.C:介词类We’re going to visit the farm in next week.D:代词类: My dictionary is more expensive than her. E:名词：I am glad to make friend with you.F:连词Because he worked hard, so he got high makes.Thank you for saving my dog. He is much taller than his brother.We’re going to visit the farm next week.My dictionary is more expensive than hers.I am very glad to make friends with you.Because he worked hard , he got high makes.2019/3/752三，句法错误A固定句型：I think there will have a lot of people help me.B简单句: The building is built for us to study.C并列句:Playing ping pang is very good sport,
each of us likes it.D复合句: When I cooking, my parents came bake.I think there will be a lot of people
help me.The building is built for us to study in. Playing Ping Pang is a very good sport,
and each of us likes it.When I was cooking, my parents came bake.2019/3/753四，逻辑关系一致方面的错误1.Edison had a bit smile on her face.his2.He is one of the most popular teacher
in our school.teachers3. I left her since two years ago.I have left her since two years ago.4. At the age of 5, her mother diea.At the age of 5, she lost her mother.When she was 5 her mother died.2019/3/754中文写作对英文遣词造句的干扰1. Good good study , day day up .
2. Zhang Hang studies in Shanxi Province ,
Xi’an city, Hongqi Middle School .
3. Lipin has 5 classes in the morning ,afternoon
has 2 classes .
4.Our country has taken place great changes .
5 .Her age is young . 正:Study hard and you’ll make progress every day.______________
_____________________________Hongqi Middle School, Xi’an city, Shanxi Province ________________________and 2 in the afternoon 正: Great changes have taken place in our country .
She is young . T or F:2019/3/755 中文式表达是中国学生写作中最常见的问题，同时也是最难解决的问题。这些中文式的表达没有语法、句法错误，但就是不符合英文的表达习惯。这是中、西方思维差异带来的语言表达上的差异。因此，要发现这些中式英文并有效地加以修改，从而写出地道的英文作文，考生一定首先要了解中、西思维方式的差异，知道英文的习惯表达是什么样的. 这些文化差异的知识需要大家读一些相关的文章来理解，更需要大家平时通过读原汁原味的英文来体会和模仿。
下面介绍一些最基本的差异供大家参考。 一、 中文表达习惯导致的搭配错误和问题
英文表达中有一些习惯的搭配，如果不知道其用法，直接从中文字对字地翻译成英文就造成搭配错．考生在平时的阅读中应该留意积累英文中这些的搭配并加以记忆，这样在写作中才能表达地道。2019/3/7561. 主谓搭配错误
例：① In recent years，people who have private cars have increased． ---, the number of people who have ---. ② My study is very busy lately。I’m very busy with my study lately.2．动宾搭配问题
考生在动宾搭配方面常常出现两个问题。第一，搭配有误。这还是由于不熟悉固定搭配，从中文表达字对字翻译造成的。第二，更多情况下，考生找不到合适的动词时，总是依赖一些所谓的 “万能动词”，如 make，take，bring，help，have等等，这样的表达不够精确。 2019/3/757因此，考生在平时的英语学习中要注意积累动宾搭配，
如：enrich knowledge，broaden one’s horizon，
to better one’s life，to sharpen one’s skills等等。这样
考场上写作时才能表达自如确切.例：① We can learn more knowledge with the help
of Internet．obtain/ gain knowledge二、中文句法导致的英语句法错误
1. Smoke is harmful to our heath .
2. Watch TV can broaden our horizon
3. I take a part-time job help me make some money
4. There are 30 students sit in the examination .SmokingWatching TVI make some money by taking a part-time job .sitting ______________________________________________________2019/3/758三、中文思维导致的中文式句子
汉语是自然语序，即思维和语言自然合拍，句子的语序
基本反映了思想的过程：见到什么就先说什么，叙事是按时间发生顺序。句子习惯在开头从侧面说明外围环境，如时间、地点、原因、条件等，最后画龙点睛，点出重要信息、下结沦、表态度。汉语多用短语或简单句，句式中心在后。汉语中大量句子采用兼动式或连动式结构，动词较多。
英语恰好相反，说话人在说话前先把要表达的信息组织一下，一般强调什么先说什么，习惯把主要信息置于头，即把最重要的事，如态度、观点、结论放在句首直截了当先说出，然后再将其他信息如理由、事实、原因、例证等补充进来。因此英语复合句较多，句子结构多为重心在前，句子呈线性，即以主—谓—宾为核心，首先安排主要内容，然后借助连词、短语、从句进行扩展，使句子成分有效地结合起来。 2019/3/759通常一个英语单句或从句仅有一个或几个并列动词充当
谓语，其他动作的意义则用其他类词，如非谓语动词、
名词化结构、介词、副词等充当其他成分来表示。如：After so many years of isolation，I have now
received your letter，so I am very glad．I am very glad to have received your letter after
so many years of isolation，再如： In the last summer vacation，I visited some
of places and met different kinds of people . I can
tell many wonderful stories about them． There are many wonderful stories to tell about the
places l visited and different kinds of people I met
during the last summer vacation ．2019/3/760 四、措词差异
不同的思维方式会影响交际风格和遣词造句。汉语思
维模式是形象的、直观的，常用类比、比喻和象征。
汉语用词倾向于具体，常常以实的形式表达虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容。而英式思维是概括的、抽象的，西方人注重抽象思维，以概念、推理、判断为主，擅长用抽象的概念表达具体的事物。中西方的这些不同思维方式导致了词汇方面的差异。中国学生
在处理汉英词组转换时，经常沿袭母语的形象思维方式，根据汉语意思套用英语单词，很难准确地表达思想。
如要表达“睡得晚”这个意思，有的考生就直译为：sleep late
而正确的表达为：stay up late2019/3/761中文文章还喜欢用比喻，如：只有教育才能让我们国家立于世界民族之林。如果用下面的句子表达此义，Nothing but education can make our country stand in the forest of the world people，尽管西方人可能读懂我们的意思，但这句表达是中文式的。英语则用
rank among the advanced countries in the world又如：Now we are studying hard．After we step out
of the school gate，we can contribute to our society． __________________________________________After graduation2019/3/762五、中文思维导致的段落结构问题
汉语习惯于环形思维，先纵览全貌，得到一个结论，然后再反复证明这一结论。 而西方人的思维模式主要表现为直线型，英语文章开门见山直入主题，然后再分要点对该主题加以分析、论证，最后是结论。好的段落具有统一性和连贯性，段落开头的主题句直截了当，内容按直线展开，层层深入，辅助支持句紧扣中心思想。英文的段落主题句明确，逻辑思路清晰，条理分明，层层推进环环相扣。中国学生受到汉语思维习惯的影响，写文章时不按英文特点展开，显得条理性、逻辑性差。
请看下例：2019/3/763一，合并为简单句1 把其中一句改为分词短语2 把其中一句改为介词短语 二，合并为复合句 三，把复合句改为简单句1 把从句改为分词短语
2 把从句改为介词短语 四，避免只使用一两个句式，要灵活运用诸如倒装句、
强调句、主从复合句、分词状语等.
五，注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。 六. 适当的联想与发挥。2019/3/764I went to see a film this afternoon.
On the way to the cinema, I saw a case fall off a man’s bike.On my way to the cinema this afternoon, I happened to see a case fall off a man’s bike.I picked up the case.
I shouted at the man loudly.
But he didn’t hear me and rode away.After picking up the case, I shouted at the man loudly, but he rode too fast to hear me.2019/3/765Loudly as I shouted at him after picking it up, the man was riding so far away that he couldn’t hear me.
I shouted at the man the moment I picked it up, however, he was riding too fast to hear me.Suddenly, I had an idea.// I stopped a taxi to catch up with the man.// I caught up with him at last. Suddenly, an idea flashed into my mind. I held out for a taxi and got into it with the case. Of course, it didn’t take me long to catch up with the man. 2019/3/766I was wondering what I should do when an idea suddenly struck me. I stopped a taxi as quickly as I could so as to catch up with the man.I gave the case back to the man.//The man took out some money to thank me.//I refused.Getting the case back from me, the man was so grateful to me that he insisted on offering me some money as a reward. But I refused him politely.2019/3/767The driver took me the cinema.
He was very moved. He didn’t accept my money.With the help of the driver, I went back to the cinema. When I was paying him, he pushed my hand away and said with a smile: “ Never will I accept your money.”I went back to the cinema by taxi. To my surprise, the driver didn’t accept the money because he was very moved at what I did. How proud I was!2019/3/768练习： writing
以“保持生态平衡”为题，写一篇议论文。提示：1，中心论点：我们必须保持生态平衡；
2，分论点A：
一切生物只能生活在一定的环境中。
没有树木，人类就不能生存；
3，分论点B：
没有其它的动植物，动物也不能生存下去；
4，结论：保持生态平衡是十分重要的。2019/3/769词：
1. be well known,
2.maintain the balance of the ecosystems ,
3.protect the environments
4.cut down its trees to build warships,
5.remember this lesson.
6.be useful to sb.
7.it’s important for sb to do sth.2019/3/770句：1，We must maintain the balance of the ecosystems to protect the environments.2，But both the deer and the mountain lions are useful to man.4，Therefore, it’s important for us to maintain the balance of the ecosystems.5，We should leave things as they are.3，Man can’t live without trees.2019/3/771It is well known that things can live in certain environment. We must maintain the balance of the ecosystems to protect the environments.// Things around us in nature are necessary. Man can’t live without trees. Two thousand years ago, a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships, with which to gain itself an empire. It gained the empire ,but, without the trees ,its soil became harder and poorer. At last, the country found itself facing floods and starvation. We should remember this lesson.An animal can’t live without other animals and plants. For example, deer like eating a certain kind of wild rose.mountain lions eat the deer. If we destroy a lot of wild roses,the deer won’t be able to find enough food . They will starve, and the mountain lions will also starve. But both the deer and the mountain lions are useful to man. //Therefore, it’s important for us to maintain the balance of the ecosystems. We should leave things as they are.
2019/3/772With you still greater
progress in the New
Year!