句子结构[上学期]
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课件65张PPT。英语的句子结构S (subject)－ 主语
V (verbal phrase)－ 谓语
P (predicative) － 表语
O (object)－宾语
Oi－间接宾语
Od－直接宾语
C (complement) －补语 英语的句子结构简单句并列句复合句*几个简单句用分号或并列连词连接起来构成并列句;
*几个简单句可通过各种方式组合成含有主句和从句
的复合句。简单句SVSVPSVOSVOiOdSVOC 简单句的五种句型1）SV 主语＋谓语eg. The telephone rang.
His father might have died.2) SVP 主语＋谓语＋表语eg. The plan sounds perfect.
Frank is an artist.3) SVO 主语＋谓语＋宾语eg. I saw a bird.
My sister enjoyed the play.简单句的五种句型4）SVOiOd 主语＋谓语+间接宾语＋直接宾语eg. The lady gave Jack a watch.
My father bought me a bicycle.5) SVOC 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语eg. They called him a fool.
She found the children fast asleep.*在阅读句子的时候，第一个任务就是要找到谓语!
*做谓语的动词有时态、语态和数的变化；还有
及物动词与不及物动词的区别。
Ex: Find out the predicate in each sentence.1. The soup tastes good.2. The boy is interested in playing PC games. 3. The boss made the workers work long hours.4. He practises playing the piano every day.5. They had finished the job when the boss came.6. Record every word you hear.7. He didn’t turn to me for help.*在英语简单句中，只能有而且（一般情况下）
必须有一个谓语部分！
句子成分的构成句子的主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语
句子的次要成分：定语、状语、补语、
插入语、同位语句子成分的构成主语可以用以下这些表示：
1. 名词；2. 代词； 3. 数词；4. 动名词；5. 不定式；
6. 词组或复合结构；7. 从句；8. 名词化的其他词类。eg:
A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.
Who is speaking, please? This is Jack speaking.
Two will be enough.
Smoking is very dangerous.
To see is to believe.
Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.
“A” is an article.
一、主语二、表语 表语跟在be动词和系动词之后，可以用下面
这些东西表示：1. 名词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 形容词；
5. 分词；6. 动名词；7. 不定式；8. 副词；9. 介词短语；
10. 词组；11. 从句。如：
The masses are the real heroes.
That’s something we have always to keep in mind.
She was the first to learn about it.
Time is pressing. Let’s hurry up.
All I could do was sending him a telegram.
We must be off now.
My idea is that we should stick to our original plan.三、宾语 宾语跟在及物动词后，有直接间接之分，可以用下面这些东西表示：
1. 名词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 动名词；5. 不定式；
6. 复合结构；7. 从句；8. 名词化的形容词及其他词类，如： She died a heroic death.
They didn’t promise him anything definite.
How many do you want? We need two.
Pay attention to uniting and working with comrades who differ with you.
Learn to play the piano.
I’ll get it stamped.
Did you write down what she said?
He gave me a new pencil.
He gave a new pencil to me.四、定语 定语起类似于形容词的修饰作用，
可以用下面这些东西表示：
1. 形容词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 名词或名词所有格；
5. 分词； 6. 不定式；7. 介词短语；8. 副词；9. 词组或合成词；10. 从句（即定语从句）。如：
His words moved everyone present.
We belong to the third world.
We must live up to the Party’s expectations.
This is indeed a most pressing problem.
There are two things to be discussed today.
He is a man of good temper.
I saw a bird which was eating a worm in the tree.五、状语 状语类似于副词，可以用下面这些东西表示
1. 副词；2. 介词短语；3. 不定式；4. 分词；5. 形容词；
6. 词组；7. 复合结构；8. 从句，如：
They were greatly touched to hear the old man’s story.
They did everything they could to save the boy’s life.
I said it in fun.
They all rushed over, eager to help.
They returned tired and hungry.
He came up shouldering a spade.
We completed the work five days ahead of time. (词组)
Seeing this, some students became very worried. (分词)
He entered the room, his nose red with cold. (复合结构) 主谓结构与高考书面表达 2. Quite a few changes have taken
place. (`99)4. What’s more, I can go to bed earlier. (`01)
3. The car didn't stop but drove off at great speed heading west. (`00)
1. He fell with a cry. (`00)
主谓结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成,
用来表示主语的动作。
The sun rises. Tom has already left.
主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。
1. The red sun rises in the east.
2. So they had to travel by air or boat.
3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.
4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.
5. He came back when we were eating.
6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.1. You are right. (`99) 2. The playground is now in front of the
school. (`99)5. 60% of the students are against the
idea of entrance fees. (`02)
4. Opinions are divided on the question. (`02)
3. It was 7:15 on the morning of February
8, 2000. (`00)主系表句型与高考书面表达主系表结构
本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主
语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有:
1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;
2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;
3.表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;
巩固练习：
1．冬季白天短，夜晚长
2．十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。
3．孩子们很少保持安静。
4．她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。
In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.Children seldom keep quiet.
Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.5．他失业了。
6．树叶已经变黄了
7．这个报告听起来很有意思
He is out of work.
The leaves have turned yellow.The report sounds interesting 主谓宾结构与高考书面表达 1. Now I have more free time. (`01) 2. . In the evenings I can watch news on TV or reading newspapers. (`01)
3. About two minutes later I stopped a passing car (`00) 4. We have also planted a lot of trees in and around the school. (`99)主谓宾结构 本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。 宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。
1. Tom made a hole in the wall.
2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow.
3. They haven’t decided where to go next.
4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.
5. It took them ten years to build the dam.
7. Mother promises to give me a present.1. I wrote a letter last night.
2. I want to talk with you this afternoon.
3. He has read this book many times.
4. They have carried out the plan successfully.
5. That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.
6. I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia.
7. Jim cannot dress himself.
8. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
9. He did not know what to say.
10. Do you mind my opening the window?
双宾语结构
由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如：
He brings me cookies every day.
但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：
He brings cookies to me every day.
She made a beautiful dress for me.
用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。
用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。
常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；
（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。1.Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
3.Would you please pass me the dictionary?
4.He showed the ticket to the conductor.
5.Shall I call you a taxi?
6.The new machine will save you a lot of labour.
7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first month’s salary.复合宾语结构
由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。
The sun keeps us warm.
I heard him singing.
You must get your hair cut.
They made Tom monitor.
He used to do his homework with his radio on.
用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.巩固练习：
1．我们叫她Alice.
2．我们大家都认为他是诚实的。
3．他们把小偷释放了。
4．我要你把真相告诉我。
5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。
6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。
7．他每个月理一次发
8．我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 We call her Alice. All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth. The guards ordered us to leave at once. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. He has his hair cut once a month . We won’t let her go out at night. 9．那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了
10．她正在听人家讲故事。
11．我从来没看见这个字这样用过。
12．他感到很难跟你交谈。
13．我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。
14．学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 The terrible sound made the children frightened. She is listening to someone telling stories. I have never seen the word used that way before. He felt it very difficult to talk with you. I consider it possible to work out the problem
in another way. The school made it a rule that the students
should stand up when class begins. There be 句型
是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。
此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如：
There stands a hill in the middle of the park.
Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：
现在有 there is/are …
过去有 there was/were…
将来有 there will be…；there is /are going to be...
现在已经有 there has/have been…
可能有 there might be...
肯定有 there must be …/there must have been...
过去曾经有 there used to be …
似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be …
碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be …There was only a well in the village.
Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.
The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon.
The light is on. There must be someone in the office.
There used to be a cinema here before the war.
There happened to be nobody in the room.
Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
There comes the bus.
There remained only twenty –eight dollars.
There goes the bell.
实际应用II. Choose the best answers：____ some of this juice—perhaps you’ll like it.
(’00春季 )
A. Trying B. Try
C. To try D. Having tried实际应用 I2. He sent me an e-mail, ____ to get further
information. (’00上海)
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope实际应用I3. _____ late in the morning, Bob turned off the
alarm. (’01春招)
A. Sleep B. Sleeping
C. To sleep D. Having slept实际应用I4. _____ at the door before entering, please.
(’01春招)
A. Knocked B. To knock
C. Knocking D. Knock
实际应用I5. _____ blood if you can and many lives will be
saved. (’01上海）
A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give实际应用I6. The manager, ____ his factory’s products were
poor in quality, decided to give his workers
further training. (’03春招）
A. knowing B. known
C. to know D. being known 实际应用I7. It is believed that if a book is ____, it will surely
_____ the reader. (’03上海)
A. interested; interest
B. interesting; be interested
C. interested; be interesting
D. interesting; interest 实际应用I8. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage
_____ the girl and took her away, ____ into the
woods. (’04上海)
A. seizing; disappeared
B. seized; disappeared
C. seizing; disappearing
D. seized; disappearing 实际应用I9. The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden
attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.(’04上海)
A. to smell B. smelling
C. smell D. to be smelt实际应用I10. –English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?
--Yes, _____ more words and expressions and
you’ll find it easier to read and communicate.
(’04上海)
A. Know B. Knowing
C. To know D. Known 实际应用I11. Reading is an experience quite different from
watching TV; there are pictures ____ in your
mind instead of before your eyes. (’04广西)
A. to form B. form
C. forming D. having formed实际应用IIII. Correct the mistakes in the sentences. (Each
sentence has only one mistake.)My parents love me dearly of course and will
do all they can make sure that I get a good
education. (’01全国)to2. He said he was busy. That is, a game of tennis
making him very busy. (’02北京)made实际应用II3. Remembering not to shout at them. (’02北京)Remember4. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of
the mountain. (’02全国)when5. I was so tired that I felt asleep at the moment
my head touched the pillow. (’02全国)
实际应用II6. The main problem was in that I always
thought in Chinese. (’03全国)
7. One day I wrote a little story and showed to
my teacher. (’03全国)
it8. Clever as she is, but she works very hard.
(’04福建)
实际应用II9. I dream of standing on the platform in the
classroom and give lessons to lovely boys and
girls. (’04湖北)
and girls. giving lessons to lovely boys11. I know there is not easy to be a teacher. (’04湖北)it10. At weekends, we would play basket ball,
swimming in the pool or go for a picnic. (’04天津)
swim英语长句的分析一、长句的特点：
(1) 修饰语多；
(2) 并列成分多；
(3) 语言结构层次多。
The study made clear that the working class
that is so over-represented in crime statistics
consists of lower-class people living in the
lower-class areas of large cities. 二、理解长句时可采用以下步骤：
(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，(复合句则找出主句的主、谓、宾）从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2) 找出句中所有的非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引词。(3) 分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句等；若是状语，它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等。(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，例如， 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。(5) 注意插入语等其他成分。 (6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。实际应用IIIReading comprehension:The three largest islands, Jersey, Guernsey,
and Alderney, have long been known for the
fine breeds(品种) of cattle that are raised on
them and named after them. (’00春招)
Q: Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney breeds of
cattle are ______.
A. considered best in England
B. named after their birthplaces
C. brought to the islands by Germans
D. raised on well-known farms by the French 2. Instead, they get yearly rings, which can also be
counted, giving information about the fish’s age,
just like the growth rings of a tree. (’00春招)
Q: Why does the writer compare the fish to trees?
A. Trees gain a growth ring each day.
B. Trees also have otoliths(耳石).
C. Their growth rings are very small.
D. They both have growth rings. 3. The famous director of a big and expensive
movie planned to film a beautiful sunset over
the ocean, so that the audiences could see his hero
and heroine in front of it at the end of the film
as they said goodbye to each other for ever. (’00沪)
Q: The director wanted to film a sunset over the
ocean because _____.
A. it went well with the separation of the hero
and the heroine.
B. when they arrived at the beach it was already
in the evening.
C. it was more moving than a sunrise
D. the ocean looked more beautiful at sunset4. According to the information Mrs. Schleifer had
gathered, Panula gave up her seat on a lifeboat
to search for her five children—including a 13-
month-old boy named Eino—from whom she
had become separated during the final minutes
of the crossing. (’04江苏)
Q: The baby travelled on the ship with his ____.
A. mother B. parents C. aunt D. relatives理清句子结构，巧辨分隔现象一. 利用考生思维定势，通过从句对句子进行分隔。
1. Mr. Li made up his mind to devote all he could ____ his oral English before going abroad.
A. improve B. to improve C. improving D. to improving
2. The letter I was looking forward to ____ at last.
A. arrived B. arrive C. arriving D. have arrivedDA二. 将句子变为疑问句或感叹句，造成句子中动宾关系的分隔。
3. Whom do you want to have ____ the parts of the car together?
A. fix B. to fix C. fixing D. fixed
4. What have I said ____ you angry?
A. made B. make C. to make D. making
5. You can never imagine what great difficulty I have ____ your house.
A. found B. finding C. to find D. for findingACB三. 相似结构混在一起，形成对句子的分隔。
6. It was in the house ____ he used to live that the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. which D. there四. 在主谓之间加入介词短语。
7. I think Tom, together with you, ____.
A. be blamed B. is to blame C. are to be blamed D. are to blameAB五. 固定搭配被其它词隔开。
8. We waited ____ line for the bus.
A. for B. in C. on D. withB六. 添上插入语。
9. He has written another scientific report, ____ of great importance to science.
A. which I think it is B. which I think is C. I think it is D. I think which is
10. –We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. –What do you suppose ____ to her?
A. was happening B. to happen C. has happened D. having happenedBC七.同位语从句的中心名词与从句被其它成分分隔。
11. The secret spread out very quickly in the town ____ he will be headmaster of our school.
A. where B. in that C. that D. which 八. 用倒装句引起分隔现象。
12. He found on the table next to the armchair ____ two pipes, some tobacco and a box of matches.
A. was B. is C. are D. wereCD九. 复合谓语被分隔。复合谓语被分隔指谓语部分的助动词、系动词或情态动词与主要动词被分隔的现象。例如:
13. An awful accident _____, however, occur the other day.
A. does B. did C. has to D. had toB巩固练习：
1. Bruce spent as much time as he ____ over his lessons.
A. could go B. could going C. could to go D. went
2. A book, as well as a pen and a magazine, ____ been left in the reading room.
A. have B. are C. has D. isBC3. –Who did the manager ____ the work? --Maybe ____ of the two men.
A. have do; the taller B. have done; the older
C. have to do; the younger D. let do; taller
4. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see washing machine she had had ____ went wrong again.
A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repairedAC5. –Thank you for the great trouble you’ve had ____ me with my computer work.
--That’s nothing.
A. with helping B. helping C. to help D. to have helped
6. –Thank you for the great trouble you’ve taken ____ me with my computer work.
--That’s nothing.
A. with helping B. helping C. to help D. to have helpedBC7. The professor we referred ____ yesterday.
A. to came B. to coming C. came D. coming
8. Word came in the afternoon ____ there would be an English exam.
A. when B. that C. which D. every time
9. Who would you rather ____ with you to the park, John or Mary?
A. to go B. have gone C. have go D. goingABC10. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
11. The remaining time should be made full use ____ well prepared for the college entrance examination.
A. of getting B. of to get C. to get D. in gettingBBPractice makes perfect!
V (verbal phrase)－ 谓语
P (predicative) － 表语
O (object)－宾语
Oi－间接宾语
Od－直接宾语
C (complement) －补语 英语的句子结构简单句并列句复合句*几个简单句用分号或并列连词连接起来构成并列句;
*几个简单句可通过各种方式组合成含有主句和从句
的复合句。简单句SVSVPSVOSVOiOdSVOC 简单句的五种句型1）SV 主语＋谓语eg. The telephone rang.
His father might have died.2) SVP 主语＋谓语＋表语eg. The plan sounds perfect.
Frank is an artist.3) SVO 主语＋谓语＋宾语eg. I saw a bird.
My sister enjoyed the play.简单句的五种句型4）SVOiOd 主语＋谓语+间接宾语＋直接宾语eg. The lady gave Jack a watch.
My father bought me a bicycle.5) SVOC 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语eg. They called him a fool.
She found the children fast asleep.*在阅读句子的时候，第一个任务就是要找到谓语!
*做谓语的动词有时态、语态和数的变化；还有
及物动词与不及物动词的区别。
Ex: Find out the predicate in each sentence.1. The soup tastes good.2. The boy is interested in playing PC games. 3. The boss made the workers work long hours.4. He practises playing the piano every day.5. They had finished the job when the boss came.6. Record every word you hear.7. He didn’t turn to me for help.*在英语简单句中，只能有而且（一般情况下）
必须有一个谓语部分！
句子成分的构成句子的主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语
句子的次要成分：定语、状语、补语、
插入语、同位语句子成分的构成主语可以用以下这些表示：
1. 名词；2. 代词； 3. 数词；4. 动名词；5. 不定式；
6. 词组或复合结构；7. 从句；8. 名词化的其他词类。eg:
A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.
Who is speaking, please? This is Jack speaking.
Two will be enough.
Smoking is very dangerous.
To see is to believe.
Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.
“A” is an article.
一、主语二、表语 表语跟在be动词和系动词之后，可以用下面
这些东西表示：1. 名词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 形容词；
5. 分词；6. 动名词；7. 不定式；8. 副词；9. 介词短语；
10. 词组；11. 从句。如：
The masses are the real heroes.
That’s something we have always to keep in mind.
She was the first to learn about it.
Time is pressing. Let’s hurry up.
All I could do was sending him a telegram.
We must be off now.
My idea is that we should stick to our original plan.三、宾语 宾语跟在及物动词后，有直接间接之分，可以用下面这些东西表示：
1. 名词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 动名词；5. 不定式；
6. 复合结构；7. 从句；8. 名词化的形容词及其他词类，如： She died a heroic death.
They didn’t promise him anything definite.
How many do you want? We need two.
Pay attention to uniting and working with comrades who differ with you.
Learn to play the piano.
I’ll get it stamped.
Did you write down what she said?
He gave me a new pencil.
He gave a new pencil to me.四、定语 定语起类似于形容词的修饰作用，
可以用下面这些东西表示：
1. 形容词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 名词或名词所有格；
5. 分词； 6. 不定式；7. 介词短语；8. 副词；9. 词组或合成词；10. 从句（即定语从句）。如：
His words moved everyone present.
We belong to the third world.
We must live up to the Party’s expectations.
This is indeed a most pressing problem.
There are two things to be discussed today.
He is a man of good temper.
I saw a bird which was eating a worm in the tree.五、状语 状语类似于副词，可以用下面这些东西表示
1. 副词；2. 介词短语；3. 不定式；4. 分词；5. 形容词；
6. 词组；7. 复合结构；8. 从句，如：
They were greatly touched to hear the old man’s story.
They did everything they could to save the boy’s life.
I said it in fun.
They all rushed over, eager to help.
They returned tired and hungry.
He came up shouldering a spade.
We completed the work five days ahead of time. (词组)
Seeing this, some students became very worried. (分词)
He entered the room, his nose red with cold. (复合结构) 主谓结构与高考书面表达 2. Quite a few changes have taken
place. (`99)4. What’s more, I can go to bed earlier. (`01)
3. The car didn't stop but drove off at great speed heading west. (`00)
1. He fell with a cry. (`00)
主谓结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成,
用来表示主语的动作。
The sun rises. Tom has already left.
主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。
1. The red sun rises in the east.
2. So they had to travel by air or boat.
3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.
4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.
5. He came back when we were eating.
6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.1. You are right. (`99) 2. The playground is now in front of the
school. (`99)5. 60% of the students are against the
idea of entrance fees. (`02)
4. Opinions are divided on the question. (`02)
3. It was 7:15 on the morning of February
8, 2000. (`00)主系表句型与高考书面表达主系表结构
本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主
语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有:
1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;
2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;
3.表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;
巩固练习：
1．冬季白天短，夜晚长
2．十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。
3．孩子们很少保持安静。
4．她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。
In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.Children seldom keep quiet.
Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.5．他失业了。
6．树叶已经变黄了
7．这个报告听起来很有意思
He is out of work.
The leaves have turned yellow.The report sounds interesting 主谓宾结构与高考书面表达 1. Now I have more free time. (`01) 2. . In the evenings I can watch news on TV or reading newspapers. (`01)
3. About two minutes later I stopped a passing car (`00) 4. We have also planted a lot of trees in and around the school. (`99)主谓宾结构 本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。 宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。
1. Tom made a hole in the wall.
2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow.
3. They haven’t decided where to go next.
4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.
5. It took them ten years to build the dam.
7. Mother promises to give me a present.1. I wrote a letter last night.
2. I want to talk with you this afternoon.
3. He has read this book many times.
4. They have carried out the plan successfully.
5. That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.
6. I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia.
7. Jim cannot dress himself.
8. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
9. He did not know what to say.
10. Do you mind my opening the window?
双宾语结构
由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如：
He brings me cookies every day.
但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：
He brings cookies to me every day.
She made a beautiful dress for me.
用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。
用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。
常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；
（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。1.Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
3.Would you please pass me the dictionary?
4.He showed the ticket to the conductor.
5.Shall I call you a taxi?
6.The new machine will save you a lot of labour.
7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first month’s salary.复合宾语结构
由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。
The sun keeps us warm.
I heard him singing.
You must get your hair cut.
They made Tom monitor.
He used to do his homework with his radio on.
用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.巩固练习：
1．我们叫她Alice.
2．我们大家都认为他是诚实的。
3．他们把小偷释放了。
4．我要你把真相告诉我。
5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。
6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。
7．他每个月理一次发
8．我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 We call her Alice. All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth. The guards ordered us to leave at once. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. He has his hair cut once a month . We won’t let her go out at night. 9．那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了
10．她正在听人家讲故事。
11．我从来没看见这个字这样用过。
12．他感到很难跟你交谈。
13．我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。
14．学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 The terrible sound made the children frightened. She is listening to someone telling stories. I have never seen the word used that way before. He felt it very difficult to talk with you. I consider it possible to work out the problem
in another way. The school made it a rule that the students
should stand up when class begins. There be 句型
是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。
此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如：
There stands a hill in the middle of the park.
Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：
现在有 there is/are …
过去有 there was/were…
将来有 there will be…；there is /are going to be...
现在已经有 there has/have been…
可能有 there might be...
肯定有 there must be …/there must have been...
过去曾经有 there used to be …
似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be …
碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be …There was only a well in the village.
Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.
The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon.
The light is on. There must be someone in the office.
There used to be a cinema here before the war.
There happened to be nobody in the room.
Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
There comes the bus.
There remained only twenty –eight dollars.
There goes the bell.
实际应用II. Choose the best answers：____ some of this juice—perhaps you’ll like it.
(’00春季 )
A. Trying B. Try
C. To try D. Having tried实际应用 I2. He sent me an e-mail, ____ to get further
information. (’00上海)
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope实际应用I3. _____ late in the morning, Bob turned off the
alarm. (’01春招)
A. Sleep B. Sleeping
C. To sleep D. Having slept实际应用I4. _____ at the door before entering, please.
(’01春招)
A. Knocked B. To knock
C. Knocking D. Knock
实际应用I5. _____ blood if you can and many lives will be
saved. (’01上海）
A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give实际应用I6. The manager, ____ his factory’s products were
poor in quality, decided to give his workers
further training. (’03春招）
A. knowing B. known
C. to know D. being known 实际应用I7. It is believed that if a book is ____, it will surely
_____ the reader. (’03上海)
A. interested; interest
B. interesting; be interested
C. interested; be interesting
D. interesting; interest 实际应用I8. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage
_____ the girl and took her away, ____ into the
woods. (’04上海)
A. seizing; disappeared
B. seized; disappeared
C. seizing; disappearing
D. seized; disappearing 实际应用I9. The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden
attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.(’04上海)
A. to smell B. smelling
C. smell D. to be smelt实际应用I10. –English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?
--Yes, _____ more words and expressions and
you’ll find it easier to read and communicate.
(’04上海)
A. Know B. Knowing
C. To know D. Known 实际应用I11. Reading is an experience quite different from
watching TV; there are pictures ____ in your
mind instead of before your eyes. (’04广西)
A. to form B. form
C. forming D. having formed实际应用IIII. Correct the mistakes in the sentences. (Each
sentence has only one mistake.)My parents love me dearly of course and will
do all they can make sure that I get a good
education. (’01全国)to2. He said he was busy. That is, a game of tennis
making him very busy. (’02北京)made实际应用II3. Remembering not to shout at them. (’02北京)Remember4. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of
the mountain. (’02全国)when5. I was so tired that I felt asleep at the moment
my head touched the pillow. (’02全国)
实际应用II6. The main problem was in that I always
thought in Chinese. (’03全国)
7. One day I wrote a little story and showed to
my teacher. (’03全国)
it8. Clever as she is, but she works very hard.
(’04福建)
实际应用II9. I dream of standing on the platform in the
classroom and give lessons to lovely boys and
girls. (’04湖北)
and girls. giving lessons to lovely boys11. I know there is not easy to be a teacher. (’04湖北)it10. At weekends, we would play basket ball,
swimming in the pool or go for a picnic. (’04天津)
swim英语长句的分析一、长句的特点：
(1) 修饰语多；
(2) 并列成分多；
(3) 语言结构层次多。
The study made clear that the working class
that is so over-represented in crime statistics
consists of lower-class people living in the
lower-class areas of large cities. 二、理解长句时可采用以下步骤：
(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，(复合句则找出主句的主、谓、宾）从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2) 找出句中所有的非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引词。(3) 分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句等；若是状语，它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等。(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，例如， 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。(5) 注意插入语等其他成分。 (6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。实际应用IIIReading comprehension:The three largest islands, Jersey, Guernsey,
and Alderney, have long been known for the
fine breeds(品种) of cattle that are raised on
them and named after them. (’00春招)
Q: Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney breeds of
cattle are ______.
A. considered best in England
B. named after their birthplaces
C. brought to the islands by Germans
D. raised on well-known farms by the French 2. Instead, they get yearly rings, which can also be
counted, giving information about the fish’s age,
just like the growth rings of a tree. (’00春招)
Q: Why does the writer compare the fish to trees?
A. Trees gain a growth ring each day.
B. Trees also have otoliths(耳石).
C. Their growth rings are very small.
D. They both have growth rings. 3. The famous director of a big and expensive
movie planned to film a beautiful sunset over
the ocean, so that the audiences could see his hero
and heroine in front of it at the end of the film
as they said goodbye to each other for ever. (’00沪)
Q: The director wanted to film a sunset over the
ocean because _____.
A. it went well with the separation of the hero
and the heroine.
B. when they arrived at the beach it was already
in the evening.
C. it was more moving than a sunrise
D. the ocean looked more beautiful at sunset4. According to the information Mrs. Schleifer had
gathered, Panula gave up her seat on a lifeboat
to search for her five children—including a 13-
month-old boy named Eino—from whom she
had become separated during the final minutes
of the crossing. (’04江苏)
Q: The baby travelled on the ship with his ____.
A. mother B. parents C. aunt D. relatives理清句子结构，巧辨分隔现象一. 利用考生思维定势，通过从句对句子进行分隔。
1. Mr. Li made up his mind to devote all he could ____ his oral English before going abroad.
A. improve B. to improve C. improving D. to improving
2. The letter I was looking forward to ____ at last.
A. arrived B. arrive C. arriving D. have arrivedDA二. 将句子变为疑问句或感叹句，造成句子中动宾关系的分隔。
3. Whom do you want to have ____ the parts of the car together?
A. fix B. to fix C. fixing D. fixed
4. What have I said ____ you angry?
A. made B. make C. to make D. making
5. You can never imagine what great difficulty I have ____ your house.
A. found B. finding C. to find D. for findingACB三. 相似结构混在一起，形成对句子的分隔。
6. It was in the house ____ he used to live that the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. which D. there四. 在主谓之间加入介词短语。
7. I think Tom, together with you, ____.
A. be blamed B. is to blame C. are to be blamed D. are to blameAB五. 固定搭配被其它词隔开。
8. We waited ____ line for the bus.
A. for B. in C. on D. withB六. 添上插入语。
9. He has written another scientific report, ____ of great importance to science.
A. which I think it is B. which I think is C. I think it is D. I think which is
10. –We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. –What do you suppose ____ to her?
A. was happening B. to happen C. has happened D. having happenedBC七.同位语从句的中心名词与从句被其它成分分隔。
11. The secret spread out very quickly in the town ____ he will be headmaster of our school.
A. where B. in that C. that D. which 八. 用倒装句引起分隔现象。
12. He found on the table next to the armchair ____ two pipes, some tobacco and a box of matches.
A. was B. is C. are D. wereCD九. 复合谓语被分隔。复合谓语被分隔指谓语部分的助动词、系动词或情态动词与主要动词被分隔的现象。例如:
13. An awful accident _____, however, occur the other day.
A. does B. did C. has to D. had toB巩固练习：
1. Bruce spent as much time as he ____ over his lessons.
A. could go B. could going C. could to go D. went
2. A book, as well as a pen and a magazine, ____ been left in the reading room.
A. have B. are C. has D. isBC3. –Who did the manager ____ the work? --Maybe ____ of the two men.
A. have do; the taller B. have done; the older
C. have to do; the younger D. let do; taller
4. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see washing machine she had had ____ went wrong again.
A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repairedAC5. –Thank you for the great trouble you’ve had ____ me with my computer work.
--That’s nothing.
A. with helping B. helping C. to help D. to have helped
6. –Thank you for the great trouble you’ve taken ____ me with my computer work.
--That’s nothing.
A. with helping B. helping C. to help D. to have helpedBC7. The professor we referred ____ yesterday.
A. to came B. to coming C. came D. coming
8. Word came in the afternoon ____ there would be an English exam.
A. when B. that C. which D. every time
9. Who would you rather ____ with you to the park, John or Mary?
A. to go B. have gone C. have go D. goingABC10. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
11. The remaining time should be made full use ____ well prepared for the college entrance examination.
A. of getting B. of to get C. to get D. in gettingBBPractice makes perfect!