高考下英语 高考复习之语法讲义 动词不定式[下学期]

不 定 式
The Infinitive
Ⅰ 不定式的构成 （以动词do为例）
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing 无
完成进行式 to have been doing 无
Ⅱ 不定式的意义
1．一般式
1）不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
He began to write a play. She appears to be very happy.
2) 不定式通常用来表示目的或结果，动作发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
John reached the station, only to find the train gone.
Alice went to the town to do some shopping.
3) 不定式表示原因时，它的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
I am very glad to hear the news.
2．完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
I am greatly honoured to have been given a chance to read my report in the meeting.
3．进行式
不定式的进行式表示动作的进行，用于口语时常带有感彩。
1）主要表示与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
Things seem to be going on smoothly.
2）在口语中，此形式常与always或constantly连用，表达某种情绪。
I don’t like you to be always / constantly coming late for work.
4．完成进行式
不定式的完成进行式表示在谓语动词之前已经开始并一直在进行着的动作。
Susan was said to have been living in Paris for 20 years.
Ⅲ 不定式的语法功能
1．主语
To know the theory is one thing; to put it into practice is another.
It’s kind of you to do me a favuor.
2．宾语
We want to know all about him. I find it difficult to speak English fluently.
He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.
3．表语
His wish is to become a millionaire.
主动形式表示被动含义的特殊句子：
This room is to let. (此屋出租) He is to blame. (他该受责备)
4．宾语补足语
He want you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street.
[注1] 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，则作宾补的不定式不可带to，这些动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let等。
I felt my blood run cold. What made you think like that
但如果句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。
He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
[注2] 1.谓语动词help后可接带to或不带to的不定式作宾补。用不带to的不定式表示帮助者直接参与动作；用带to的不定式表示主语没有直接参与动作。
They helped me carry the boxes.
This kind of soap will help you to wash the clothes more easily.
2.在美式英语或非正式文体中，help后用作宾补的不定式均不带to。
3.help后可以直接用带to或不带to的不定式作宾语。
They helped (to) carry the furniture upstairs.
[注3]look at及listen to后用作宾补的不定式不带to（这主要是美式英语）。
We have been listening to the radio tell a long story.
5．表语补足语 当不定式与主语存在逻辑上动宾关系的时候，用主动表被动。
That is hard to say. The chair is comfortable to sit in.
6．定语 不定式（短语）可作名词的后置定语。
1）不定式前的名词是它的逻辑主语。
He is the doctor to do the operation.
2) 不定式和它所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系。
I have a lot of things to do.
3）不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象。
This is the right time to start.
7．状语
1）目的状语
I came here to see my uncle.
作目的状语的不定式前可加上in order 或so as 以加强语气，否定式为in order not
to或so as not to。
I came here in order/so as to see my uncle.
You’d better review your lessons every day in order/so as not to forget them.
为了突出地表示目的，可以把不定式短语或in order to短语放在句首，但so as to
短语不可位于句首。
(In order) To see better, we took front seats.
2）结果状语
He arrived late to find the train gone.
不定式短语作结果状语还有其它几种形式：
so + adj/adv + as to, such + n + as to, too...to, etc
He was so fortunate as to win.
Tom behaved so foolishly as to make me think he was out of his senses.
His is such a bad story as to arouse our sympathy.
You are too young to understand such things.
3）原因状语
不定式可以用于动词、形容词或-ed分词后表示原因。
The children jumped with joy to hear the news. We are proud to be on this team.
They are encouraged to hear their teacher’s words.
8．同位语
Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished
9．独立成分
To tell you the truth, I don’t like you. They arrived here at 11:55 a.m., to be exact.
类似的有：to be frank坦率地说，to hear him talk听他说话的口气，to cut a long story short 长话短说，等等。
Ⅳ 不定式的各种结构
1．宾格词 + 不定式
1）普通结构 此结构中的宾格词为名词或代词的宾格，宾格词是谓语动词的宾语，同时又是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式和宾格词一起构成复合宾语。
I want Henry to come. She expects this to be true. I heard them sing yesterday.
2) “there to be + 宾格词”结构
此结构的宾格词仍是不定式的逻辑主语，只是它位于不定式to be 的后面。
I don’t want there to be any misunderstanding.
3) 各种形式的不定式都可以用于此种结构中。
The judge wanted the man to be punished.
He expected each of his students to be working hard for the coming exam.
2．主格词 + 不定式
当上一种结构变为被动语态时，就出现了此种结构，此结构中，不定式都要带to，主格词是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式在句中作主语补足语。
They are allowed to go. ← We allowed them to go.
He was seen to enter the store. ← I saw him enter the store.
3．for + 宾格词 + 不定式
此结构中，宾格词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种结构在句中可作：
1） 主语 It is difficult for us to learn a second foreign language.
2）宾语 I consider it necessary for her to learn French.
3）表语 The best thing is for us to make our own decision.
4）定语 There is a lot of work for us to do.
5）状语 He opened the door for the car to enter.
The book is too easy for them to read.
4．with/without + 宾格词 + 不定式
此结构在句中常作原因状语，宾格词是不定式的逻辑宾语。
With so much work to do, I shall not be able to watch the match with you.
Without anything to eat, he died of hunger.
5．疑问词 + 不定式 此结构相当于名词词组，在句中可作：
1） 主语 When to visit that farm has not been decided yet.
2） 宾语 We must know how to operate this machine.
3） 表语 The problem now is how to collect enough money.
4） 同位语 The problem what to do next is unknown.
Ⅴ 不定式的否定式
通常是在不定式前加not，表示较强的否定意义时可用never。
I told him not to touch the equipment. You must promise never to do that again.
Ⅵ 不定式的省略
1．在口语中，为避免重复，可省去相同的动词原形而只保留不定式符号to。
Don’t stop unless you have to (stop).
2．当两个或多个不定式由and或or连接时，通常只保留头一个不定式符号to。
I want him to write these sentences down and (to) translate them into Chinese.
练 习
I.指出下列句子中不定式（短语）所作的成分：
1.To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek.
2.It won’t hurt you to stay here a day or two.
3.I cannot afford to get sick.
4.He didn’t know whether to laugh or to get angry.
5.She teaches the students how to make friends.
6.To live is to do something worth while.
7.I found it necessary to keep silent about this.
8.His plan, to go abroad after his marriage, has been approved by his father.
9.Nothing remains but to wait and see.
10.He worked hard to pass the exam.
11.He worked hard only to fail.
12.He was said to have been living in London for 20 years..
13.She seems willing to help anyone.
14.He seems too old to work.
15.A soon-to-be-built bridge will cross this river.
16.He doesn’t have a house to live in.
17.They seem to hate me.
18.I believe her to be honest.
19.To make a long sentence short, Philip married Brenna and they lived happily together.
20.I am glad to be traveling with you.
1.主语2.主语 3.宾语4.宾语5.直接宾语6.主语/表语7.真正宾语8.同位语9.介宾10.目的状语 11.结果状语12.主语补足语13.形容词补足语/表语补足语14.结果状语15.定语16.定语17.表语18.宾语补足语19.独立成分20. 形容词补足语/表语补足语/原因状语
II.改正下列句子中的错误：
1.I’ll get you know your position here.
2.She should make the report in English, but she was afraid to do.
3.The problem what to do it next is hard to solve.
4.I’d like very much attend your wedding party but I have to prepare for my coming exam.
5.How about the two of us to take a walk down the garden
6.Charles Babbage is generally considered to invent the first computer.
7.Rather than to ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
8.I regret to say those words at the meeting.
9. The medicine can’t help getting rid of your cold
10. European football is played in 80 countries, to make it the most popular sport in the world.
1.to know
2.to do so/去do
3.what-how/去it
4.to attend
5.to take-taking
6.invent-have invented
7.to ride-ride
8.to say-to have said/saying
9.getting-to get
10.to make-making
III.用不定式（短语）翻译下列句子：
1.谢谢你把书给我们送来。
It’s kind of you to send us the books.
2.你难道不觉得这样翻译好些吗？
Don’t you think it better to translate it this way？
3.最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.
4.他不是那种在困难面前低头的人。
He is not a man to bow before difficulties.
5.你应该对自己完成任务的能力有信心。
You should have confidence in your ability to fulfil/accomplish the task.
6.听到这个消息我们高兴得跳了起来。
We jumped with joy to hear the news.
7.老师要求我们字迹要清楚。
Teachers required us to write clearly.
8.她似乎已听到这事了。
She seemed to have heard about it already.
9.我们没想到你在这等我们。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.
10.我很荣幸被邀在这里讲话。
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.
11.我们收到了这么多礼物，真好。
It is wonderful for us to have received so many gifts.
12.你没告诉我什么时候来。
You didn’t tell me when to come.
13.我很高兴已被邀请参加你的生日聚会。
I am delighted to have been invited to your birthday party.
14.他想干什么就让他干吧。
Let him do whatever he wishes to do.
15.我要求学生仔细阅读这篇文章，记下要点，或是，如有问题时，把问题提出来。
I asked the students to read over this article carefully and (to) write down the important points or (to) put forward questions if there are any.
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