24 关于阿尔茨海默病的研究
DATE=3-20-01
TITLE=SCIENCE IN THE NEWS #2116 - Alzheimer's Research
BYLINE=Jerilyn Watson
VOICE ONE:
This is Bob Doughty.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Sarah Long with Science in the News, a VOA Special English program about recent developments in science. Today we tell about (1)scientific studies of Alzheimer's Disease, a brain (2)disorder.
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
Each year, Alzheimer's Disease affects millions of people throughout the world. It destroys their ability to think and remember. In the United States alone, an (3)estimated one in ten people over the age of sixty-five suffers from this terrible (4)sickness.
Doctors say Alzheimer's Disease is a slowly increasing brain disorder. It robs people of skills they need for normal life. It (5)affects personal (6)qualities that make us who we are.Alzheimer's patients suffer from (7)dementia, a loss of knowledge and (8)recognition skills. Some patients also have severe (9)emotional problems. Other conditions also can result in dementia. But Alzheimer's is the most common cause.
VOICE TWO:
Alzheimer's commonly affects people over sixty-five years old. But the disease also can begin when a person is much younger. Its early signs may be similar to other conditions. These include the effects of normal aging. For example, people with early Alzheimer's may lose interest in (10)activities they once enjoyed. They may have trouble sleeping. They may forget where they put things, like their keys. But these problems affect millions of people who do not have Alzheimer’s.
Later, however, Alzheimer's patients have trouble (11)expressing their thoughts. They may become restless and angry. Some even get violent. They may get lost in their own (12)communities. In time they can no longer care for their physical needs. This process can take five years. Or it can take more than twenty years.
VOICE ONE:
Alzheimer's can end a person's life. But patients usually die from something else, like infections or strokes. Several medicines appear to help some signs of the disease. But Alzheimer's Disease has no cure.
However, recent research has helped doctors understand the disease better. And scientists have learned hopeful information about older people. Researchers have shown that people's memories and (13)intelligence can remain good in old age.
Most scientists (14)blame physical causes for Alzheimer's Disease. They say (15)abnormal cells in the brain are (16)responsible. They are trying to discover why the cells become abnormal. But scientists also are (17)investigating other possible causes for the disease.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
In Sweden, for example, Laura Fratiglioni has investigated possible social causes of dementia. She works for the Karolinska Institute and the Stockholm (18)Gerontology Research Center. Doctor Fratiglioni led a team studying older people to find changes in knowledge and recognition skills. The researchers examined the personal lives and mental skills of the older people. Their research showed that poor or limited social (19)relationships increase the risk of dementia by sixty percent.
The scientists studied more than one-thousand old people for an (20)average of three years. All the people had good mental powers at the beginning of the study. Repeated tests showed that women over the age of eighty had the highest risk of failing memory and intelligence.
Doctor Fratiglioni believes this may be because women usually live longer than men do. And, men often marry younger women. So, old men usually live with another person longer than women do. But she said the risk is not (21)necessarily living alone. Instead, it is being alone.
VOICE ONE:
Doctor Fratiglioni (22)described being alone as lacking satisfying personal connections with others. These relationships could be with children or friends. Or, they could be with religious groups or other organizations. The study showed the quality of these relationships was more important than how often the older people (23)communicated with other people.
The study also found that poor relationships with their children could (24)threaten the mental health of older people. Parents who had difficult relationships with their children (25)suffered more dementia than people who had no children. Doctor Fratiglioni says her study shows that strong, satisfying social relationships may protect against mental losses. But she does not know why this may be true.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
The National Institutes of Health near Washington, D-C supports continuing research about Alzheimer's Disease. For example, the N-I-H is supporting an Alzheimer's study among religious workers who live together. About nine-hundred (26)Catholic (27)nuns, (28)priests and (29)monks from nine states are taking part.
An Alzheimer's Disease research center in Chicago, Illinois has announced early results of this study. David Bennett of the Rush-Presbyterian-Saint Luke's Medical Center directs the study.
VOICE ONE:
The researchers are giving intelligence and memory tests to the nuns, priests and monks repeatedly from age sixty-five until they die. Two-thirds of these people continue to do well on the tests. Doctor Bennett says the scientists are discovering that even people eighty years old do well on the tests. Some even improve as they get older.
The researchers study the brains of the religious workers after they die. Doctor Bennett and his team were surprised to learn that some of the people had (30)excellent memory even though they had abnormal brain cells. The scientists believe there may be something about the way the religious workers live that helps them overcome changes in the brain. They think that being happy and peaceful may be part of the answer.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
A research team in Cleveland, Ohio says some activities in early life seem to help prevent loss of mental (31)abilities. Scientists at Case Western Reserve University Medical School studied more than five-hundred old people. Almost two-hundred of them already had Alzheimer's Disease. The study found that people who were less active in early life were about three times more likely to develop Alzheimer’s Disease than people who were more active.
The (32)researchers asked the people what activities they took part in between the ages of twenty and sixty. Then the researchers listed the activities in three groups. One group included watching television, listening to music and talking on the telephone. Another group included more difficult activities like making objects with wood, playing musical (33)instruments and (34)similar activities. And a third group included physical activities like sports and walking.
VOICE ONE:
Chief researcher Robert Friedland says people who took part in most of these activities had a lower risk for Alzheimer's Disease. Doctor Friedland says the most important activities are those that involve learning and memory. However, the people who had Alzheimer's Disease had watched more television than the others. Doctor Friedland says he (35)suspects that watching television does not involve as much learning as other activities.
He says the study results could mean that inactivity helps cause Alzheimer's. But he also says it could mean that people with early effects of the disease might be less active. Doctor Friedland and other scientists note the possibility that older people may lose (36)friendships because they are losing intelligence. Or people may be losing intelligence and (37)withdraw from relationships at the same time.
VOICE TWO:
Zaven Khachaturian (CATCH-uh-TOUR-ee-un) is an expert on Alzheimer's Disease. He is the top medical advisor to the Alzheimer's (38)Association in Chicago, (39)Illinois. The association works to improve the lives of (40)victims of the disease and their families.
Doctor Khachaturian says keeping the brain active may delay the beginning of the disease. But he says there is no evidence that it will change the progress of Alzheimer's Disease once a person has it.
Still, many older people like to think they can help protect their intelligence and memory. A very active eighty-six-year woman said, "Maybe I cannot prevent Alzheimer's. But keeping active makes me feel happier and more (41)alive."
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Jerilyn Watson. It was produced by George Grow. This is Bob Doughty.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Sarah Long. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.
(1) scientific[ ??????????? ]adj.科学的
(2) disorder[ ???????? ]n.杂乱, 混乱, 无秩序状态vt.扰乱, 使失调, 使紊乱
(3) estimate[ ????????? ]v.估计, 估价, 评估n.估计, 估价, 评估
(4) sickness[ ??????? ]n.疾病, 呕吐
(5) affect[ ?????? ]vt.影响, 感动, 侵袭, 假装
(6) quality[ ?????????]n.质量, 品质, 性质
(7) dementia[ ????????? ]n.[医] 痴呆
(8) recognition[ ???????????? ]n.赞誉, 承认, 重视, 公认, 赏识,识别
(9) emotional[?????????? ]adj.情绪的, 情感的
(10) activity[ ??????????]n.活跃, 活动性, 行动, 行为, [核]放射性
(11) express[ ???????? ]adj.急速的, 特殊的, 明确的n.快车, 快递, 专使vt.表达, 表示adv.乘快车, 以快递方式
(12) community[ ??????????? ]n.公社, 团体, 社会, (政治)共同体, 共有, 一致, 共同体, (生物)群落
(13) intelligence[????????????? ]n.智力, 聪明, 智能
(14) blame[???????]n.过失, 责备vt.责备, 谴责
(15) abnormal[ ????????? ]adj.反常的, 变态的
(16) responsible[???????????? ]adj.有责任的, 可靠的, 可依赖的, 负责的
(17) investigate[??????????????]v.调查, 研究
(18) gerontology[???????????????? ]n.老人医学
(19) relationship[????????????? ]n.关系, 关联
(20) average[ ???????? ]n.平均, 平均水平, 平均数, 海损adj.一般的, 通常的, 平均的vt.平均为, 均分, 使平衡, 达到平均水平vi.买进, 卖出
(21) necessarily[ ???????????????????????? ]adv.必要地
(22) describe[?????????? ]vt.描写, 记述, 形容, 形容v.描述
(23) communicate[ ????????????? ]v.沟通, 通信, (房间、道路、花园等)相通, 传达, 感染
(24) threaten[ ?????? ]vt.恐吓, 威胁, 预示(危险), 似有发生或来临的可能, 可能来临
(25) suffer[ ??????]vt.遭受, 经历, 忍受vi.受痛苦, 受损害
(26) catholic[ ???????? ]n.天主教徒adj.天主教的
(27) nun[ ??? ]n.修女, 尼姑
(28) priest[??????? ]n.牧师
(29) monk[????? ]n.修道士, 僧侣
(30) excellent[?????????t ]adj.卓越的, 极好的
(31) ability[ ???????? ]n.能力, 才干
(32) researcher[???????????]n.研究员
(33) instrument[ ??????????? ]n.工具, 手段, 器械, 器具, 手段
(34) activity[ ????????? ]n.活跃, 活动性, 行动, 行为, [核]放射性
(35) suspect[????????? ]n.嫌疑犯adj.令人怀疑的, 不可信的, 可疑的v.怀疑, 猜想, 对...有所觉察
(36) friendship[ ????????? ]n.友谊, 友好
(37) withdraw[????????? ]vt.收回, 撤消vi.缩回, 退出v.撤退
(38) association[ ??????????????]n.协会, 联合, 结交, 联想
(39) Illinois[ ??????????? ]n.伊利诺斯州(美国州名)
(40) victim[???????? ]n.受害人, 牺牲者, 牺牲品
(41) alive[????????]adj.活着的, 活泼的
25 大气层中臭氧正日渐稀薄
DATE=3-21-01
TITLE=SCIENCE REPORT - (1)Springtime Ozone Loss
BYLINE=George Grow
(Start at 1'00")This is the VOA Special English SCIENCE REPORT.
Information gathered one year ago shows large areas of Earth's lower (2)atmosphere with very little ozone over northern Canada. (3)Instruments on airplanes (4)measured the ozone loss over Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay and parts of the Arctic Ocean.
Scientists say the measurements were the first to confirm (5)ozone loss over large areas just south of the (6)Arctic Circle. They say the lack of surface ozone has been observed each spring since the Nineteen-Eighties at a research station in northern Canada.
Scientists from the National Center for Atmospheric Research led the experiment. University researchers and the American space agency NASA (7)assisted with the project.
Ozone is a form of oxygen. It is found in the air we breathe and in Earth's atmosphere. The ozone layer in the upper atmosphere protects life on Earth. The ozone there blocks harmful radiation from the sun. Near Earth, ozone is a common pollutant. It can harm people, crops and other plants.
Having less ozone near the surface of the Earth may sound like a good thing. However, scientists are concerned. Although ozone is a pollutant, it also produces a chemical that removes pollutants from the atmosphere.
Brian Ridley was involved on the research flights last year. He says the ozone losses over the Arctic are not threatening. He says they show that scientists still have a lot to learn about the chemistry of the atmosphere.
Last April, one research airplane flew almost seven-hundred-forty kilometers through an area over Hudson Bay with little or no ozone. Ozone levels in most areas in the northern part of the world are normally thirty to forty-five parts per one-thousand-million. Over Hudson Bay, the ozone levels dropped to less than one part per one-thousand-million. Scientists (8)suspect the ozone loss ends quickly with the arrival of ozone-rich air from other areas.
Scientists say surface ozone loss happens during the spring when (9)sunlight returns to the Arctic. This starts chemical (10)processes that do not happen during the dark winter months.
Scientists say a possible cause of ozone destruction is the chemical (11)bromine. Satellites orbiting Earth have measured large amounts of bromine high in the atmosphere. But scientists do not know what starts and continues bromine production through the spring.
This VOA Special English SCIENCE REPORT was written by George Grow.
(1) springtime[??????????]n.春天, 春季
(2) atmosphere[ ????????? ]n.大气, 空气, 气氛
(3) instrument[ ??????????? ]n.工具, 手段, 器械, 器具, 手段
(4) measured[ ?????? ]adj.标准的, 整齐的, 有规则的
(5) ozone[ ?????????????? ]n.新鲜的空气, [化]臭氧
(6) Arctic Circle n. 北极圈
(7) assist[ ?????? ]v.援助, 帮助
(8) suspect[ ?????????]n.嫌疑犯adj.令人怀疑的, 不可信的, 可疑的
(9) sunlight[ ???????? ]n.日光, 阳光, 日照
(10) process[ ??????? ]n.过程, 作用, 方法, 程序, 步骤, 进行, 推移vt.加工, 处理
(11) bromine[ ????????? ]n.[化]溴
