71 种族特征与居住环境影响患心脏病的机率
DATE=7-18-01
TITLE=SCIENCE REPORT - Men's Heart Risk
BYLINE=Jerilyn Watson
(Start at 01'0")This is Bill White with the VOA Special English Science Report.
A recent American study shows that a man's race and where he lives (1)affect his chances of dying of heart disease. Heart disease is the (2)leading cause of death in the United States. The (3)United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention carried out the study. Elizabeth Barnett of (4)West Virginia University was the lead writer of the study.
The scientists studied American men who died of heart disease between Nineteen-Ninety-One and Nineteen-Ninety-Five. The men were thirty-five or older.
The study showed that African-American men are twenty-six percent more likely than white men to die of heart disease. Black men are almost two times as likely as (5)Hispanic men to die of heart disease. White men are the second highest (6)risk group. American Indians, (7)Alaska Native men and Hispanic men of all races followed. Asian and Pacific Islander men have the fewest heart disease deaths.
The study found that men who live in three southern states have the highest rate of dying of heart disease. They are (8)Mississippi, (9)West Virginia and (10)Kentucky. (11)Colorado, (12)Utah and (13)Hawaii have the lowest heart disease death rates.
The researchers found that men who live in most major cities have low to (14)moderate heart disease death rates. But New York City has some of the highest death rates for the disease.
The researchers say they do not believe differences in (15)genes increase heart disease risk. Instead, they blame social conditions like lack of jobs. For example, a number of southern areas with high (16)unemployment had many heart disease deaths. The scientists also blame poor working conditions, bad diet and lack of good health services.
Mizz Barnett said the highest death rates from heart disease are in states with the poorest (17)economies and few health care resources. She said this is especially true in underdeveloped areas far from cities.
The Surgeon General of the United States, David Satcher, also (18)commented on the study. He said too many men, especially men of color, are dying from a disease that can be prevented. He said heart disease can be prevented by changing (19)lifestyles and social conditions in (20)communities. These changes include providing healthy foods, exercise centers and jobs in healthy (21)workplaces.
This VOA Special English Science Report was written by Jerilyn Watson. This is Bill White.
(1) affect [ ???????] vt.影响
(2) leading [ ??????? ] adj.最主要的
(3) United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 美国疾病预防与控制中心
(4) West Virginia University 西弗吉尼亚大学
(5) hispanic [ ????????? ] adj.西班牙的
(6) risk [ ???? ] n.危险
(7) Alaska [ ??????? ] n.阿拉斯加州(美国州名)
(8) Mississippi [ ?????????? ] n. 密西西比州(美国州名)
(9) West Virginia 西弗吉尼亚
(10) Kentucky [ ???????? ] n.肯塔基州
(11) Colorado [ ???????????? ] 美国科罗拉多州(位于美国西部)
(12) Utah [ ???????] n.犹他州(略作Ut.,UT)
(13) Hawaii [ ????????? ] n.夏威夷, 夏威夷岛
(14) moderate [ ???????? ] adj.中等的
(15) gene [ ????? ] n.[遗传]因子, [遗传]基因
(16) unemployment [ ???????????????] n.失业, 失业人数
(17) economy [???????????? ] n.经济
(18) comment [???????? ] vi.发表意见
(19) lifestyle n. 生活方式
(20) community [ ????????????] n.社会
(21) workplace工作场所, 车间
72 约翰斯·霍普金斯疟疾协会
DATE=7-19-01
TITLE=SCIENCE REPORT - Johns Hopkins Malaria Institute
BYLINE=Jill Moss
(Start at 01'0")This is Bill White with the VOA Special English Science Report.
Johns Hopkins University in (1)Baltimore, (2)Maryland has received one-hundred-million dollars to develop new medicines to (3)prevent and (4)treat the disease (5)malaria. The (6)identity of the person who gave the money to Johns Hopkins is a secret. It is the largest (7)financial gift given to the university for one single (8)purpose - to fight malaria. Officials say the amount of money for the research will probably increase because of (9)assistance from the National Institutes of Health.
Alfred Sommer heads the Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University. He says the person who gave the money wanted it to be used to make a real difference in the world.
The money will (10)establish the Johns Hopkins Malaria Institute. Four researchers already working at the school of public health will begin the project. Three or four more scientists will be added each year for several years. There will be at least one-hundred people (11)involved in the project. They will (12)include graduate students, assistant researchers and laboratory (13)technicians.
Doctor Sommer says many experts in medicine, (14)genetics and human populations will be working at the new Malaria Institute. Many of them will have no earlier experience studying the disease. Doctor Sommer says this is good because the institute wants to develop a new way to attack the disease. He says there will be a lot of creative thinking from people with different kinds of training.
(15)Mosquito insects spread malaria to people by biting them. The disease attacks the liver and destroys red blood cells. The World Health (16)Organization says the disease (17)infects as many as five-hundred-million people every year. It kills more than one-million people each year. The W-H-O says most cases are in developing countries in very warm areas of the world.
Doctor Sommer says malaria also (18)affects the (19)productivity of (20)communities. The W-H-O (21)estimates that the production of goods and services in southern Africa would be thirty-two percent larger if malaria had been ended thirty-five years ago.
Doctor Sommer says he does not expect the Johns Hopkins Malaria Institute to completely end the disease in the next ten years. But he says the goal is to develop a (22)vaccine or drug to prevent or treat the disease. He says this would be a huge step forward in the (23)struggle against malaria.
This VOA Special English Science Report was written by Jill Moss. This is Bill White.
(1)Baltimore [????????????]n.巴尔的摩, 美国马里兰州的一城市
(2)Maryland [ ?????????? ]n.马里兰
(3)prevent [ ???????? ] v.防止, 预防
(4)treat [ ??????] vt. 治疗
(5)malaria [ ????????? ]n.疟疾, 瘴气
(6)identity [ ?????????? ]n.身份
(7)financial [ ???????????????? ]adj.财政的, 金融的
(8)purpose [ ??????? ]n.目的
(9)assistance [ ????????? ]n.协助
(10)establish [?????????? ] v.建立
(11)involve [???????? ]vt.包括
(12)include [ ??????????] vt.包括, 包含
(13)technician [???????????] n.技术员, 技师
(14)genetics [????????????]n.遗传学
(15)mosquito [ ?????????? ]n.蚊子
(16)organization [???????????????? ]n.组织
(17)infect [???????? ]vt.[医]感染
(18)affect [??????? ]vt.影响
(19)productivity [??????????????? ]n.生产力
(20)communities [ ????????????]n.社会
(21)estimate [ ????????? ]v.估计
(22)vaccine [ ???????? ] n.疫苗
(23)struggle [ ??????? ]n.斗争
73 国际互联网上的医药信息
DATE=7-23-01
TITLE=DEVELOPMENT REPORT - Medical Information on the Internet
BYLINE=Nancy Steinbach
(Start at 01'0")This is Bill White with the VOA Special English Development Report.
Six major (1)publishers have (2)announced an agreement to provide developing countries with medical (3)publications on the (4)Internet computer system. The agreement includes about one-thousand of the top medical publications in the world. Some of the six publishers also plan to place medical books on the Internet in a (5)similar way.
The World Health Organization asked the publishers to take the action so doctors and researchers in poor countries could improve health care in their nations. The agreement is expected to help at least six-hundred institutions in one-hundred developing countries. These (6)include universities, medical schools, hospitals and research centers. The program also includes teaching people how to find the medical (7)information using a computer. It will go into (8)effect in January.
(9)Scientific magazines have published medical research for more than fifty years. But many medical schools in developing countries cannot get the publications. One (10)W-H-O official says most American medical schools get one-thousand or more publications. Most medical schools in developing countries get fewer than one-hundred.
One reason is cost. Most scientific publications cost between two-hundred and one-thousand-five-hundred dollars a year. Some cost even more. An (11)extreme example is the magazine "Brain Research." It costs seventeen-thousand dollars a year. It is among the publications included under the new agreement. More than sixty of the poorest countries will receive the publications on the Internet for free. More than thirty other countries will pay a reduced cost for the scientific magazines.
The publications will be on the Internet in a special place being created by the W-H-O. It will (12)guarantee (13)security and provide search tools. The W-H-O also is concerned that some countries still will not be able to get the information because they do not have computers. Officials say they are working on a plan to (14)solve that problem. They plan to ask technology companies for help in providing more computers for researchers in developing countries.
W-H-O director Gro Harlem Brundtland says the agreement is the biggest step ever taken to (15)equalize health information among rich and poor countries.
This VOA Special English Development Report was written by Nancy Steinbach. And this is Bill White.
(1)publisher [???????????]n.出版者, 发行人
(2)announce [ ??????? ]vt.宣布
(3)publication [ ??????????????]n.出版物
(4)Internet [????????]因特网, 国际互联网络, 网际网
(5)similar [ ??????? ]adj.相似的, 类似的
(6)include [ ??????????]vt.包括, 包含
(7)information [ ???????????? ]n.信息
(8)effect [ ?????? ]n. 实施
(9)scientific [???????????? ]adj.科学的
(10)W-H-O= World Health Organization n.世界卫生组织
(11)extreme [?????????? ]adj.极端的
(12)guarantee [ ?????????? ] vt.保证
(13)security [???????????? ]n.安全
(14)solve [??????]vt.解决
(15)equalize [ ?????????? ]vt.使相等
74 疯牛病及其最新的检验方法
DATE=7-24-01
TITLE=SCIENCE IN THE NEWS #2134 - Mad Cow Disease
BYLINE=Nancy Steinbach, George Grow
VOICE ONE:
This is Sarah Long.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Steve Ember with SCIENCE IN THE NEWS, a VOA Special English program about recent developments in science.
Today, we tell about a disease in cows that can spread to other animals and to people. We also tell about recent scientific progress in developing a test for the disease.
(THEME)
VOICE ONE:
The cattle disease is (1)bovine spongiforn encephalopathy. It causes holes to develop in the brain. Cattle act strangely before they die. So it is known as Mad Cow Disease.
B-S-E first (2)appeared in Britain in Nineteen-Eighty-Five, and has spread across much of Europe. All animals known to have the disease since that time have been found in Europe or (3)imports from Europe.
Scientists believe that eating (4)infected beef from a cow suffering B-S-E causes a (5)similar disease in people. This deadly disease is called Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, or C-J-D. It cannot be cured. C-J-D is (6)rare. It usually (7)affects people sixty-five years old or older. More than one-hundred people in Europe have died or are dying from it. Most of the (8)victims live in Britain.
VOICE TWO:
Animal health experts recently met in Paris, France, to (9)discuss mad cow disease.
They said more than thirty countries have (10)banned the import of meat, bone meal and live cattle from western Europe. They said countries can be considered at (11)risk for B-S-E if they imported such products from Western Europe during the past twenty years. They said parts of Eastern Europe, Asia and the Middle East are at increased risk.
The officials also (12)urged countries to (13)approve (14)measures to control the killing of animals for food. They say this would reduce the chance of infected meat being sold as food for people. They also said the human food supply should not include the animal parts thought most likely to carry the disease, such as the head and the (15)spinal cord.
The European Union now (16)requires that all animals over thirty months old be tested for mad cow disease when they are killed. The idea is that older animals are likely to have more (17)severe infections that are the greatest danger to people.
VOICE ONE:
American officials have taken steps to (18)prevent Mad Cow Disease from entering the United States. The government (19)restricts imports of cows and other animals from countries where B-S-E exists. Imports of some feed products from such areas also are restricted. Feed (20)containing animal remains is (21)suspected of causing the disease. American officials say more than two-hundred-fifty experts know how to recognize foreign animal diseases, (22)including B-S-E. (23)Information about the disease has been (24)provided to (25)federal and state (26)agencies, laboratories and some colleges.
American officials say they are inspecting animals for signs of B-S-E. Federal (27)inspectors are examining all cows raised for meat. They examine the animals for (28)disorders of the central nervous system. Any animal showing signs of such a disorder is destroyed. The meat is not (29)permitted for use as human food. The brains of these animals are sent to the Agriculture Department for (30)additional tests.
(MUSIC BRIDGE)
VOICE TWO:
The only sure way to tell if an animal has B-S-E is to test a brain sample after it has been killed. Now, (31)Israeli scientists say they have discovered the (32)substance (33)responsible for mad cow disease in the (34)liquid waste of animals and people.
Scientists believe B-S-E is caused by a kind of infectious (35)particle known as a prion (PREE-on). Prions are (36)proteins. They do not contain any (37)genetic material so they cannot make copies of themselves. This makes them different from all other known infectious agents such as (38)bacteria, (39)viruses, fungi and (40)parasites.
Prions are found naturally in brain cells of people and animals. They do no harm. Sometimes, however, one changes shape. Other proteins known as (41)enzymes can destroy normal proteins. But they cannot destroy changed prions.
VOICE ONE:
A few years ago, scientist Stanley Prusiner showed how these changed prions act on (42)surrounding normal prions to change them too. More and more prions change, until the changed ones are spread throughout the brain. This kills brain (43)tissue and causes human (44)spongiform brain diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Doctor Prusiner also showed that prion disease could move from one kind of animal to another. For example, he showed that people could develop C-J-D by eating meat from cows infected with B-S-E. Doctor Prusiner won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in Nineteen-Ninety-Seven for his work.
VOICE TWO:
Ruth Gabizon was one of the researchers who worked with Doctor Prusiner. She continued her own research on human spongiform brain disease at the Hadassah University Hospital in (45)Jerusalem, Israel. She was studying the part prions play in causing genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. This kind of C-J-D affects Jews whose families were from (46)Libya.
The researchers on her team were looking for (47)evidence of changed prions in liquid waste or (48)urine. They studied the urine of small laboratory animals called (49)hamsters, cattle and people. They tested the urine from animals and people infected with known prion diseases and from those who were healthy.
The (50)kidneys (51)contain (52)urea, a substance that (53)interferes with protein changing but does not destroy the proteins. The researchers suspected the prions might be changed by urea.
VOICE ONE:
To test this idea, they put the urine samples from the animals and people into a machine that (54)removes urea. This permitted the proteins to go back to their normal shapes. These proteins were then (55)treated with enzymes that destroy normal proteins but not prions.
All the proteins were destroyed in the urine from healthy animals and people. But one protein (56)survived in animals and people with prion diseases. The researchers said the (57)presence of such a protein in urine is the way to tell if prion disease is present. The Israeli scientists also infected some hamsters with prion disease. Tests of their urine showed the changed protein several weeks before signs of the disease first appeared. VOICE TWO:
A report of the Israeli research group's experiments will be (58)published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry in September. However, the (59)publication has already placed the research on its Internet web site.
Scientists who have seen the research say the experiment was simple and the results should easily be (60)confirmed. Many laboratories all over the world are reportedly already trying to do this. If the results are confirmed, the new test could be used on groups of cattle. It could save uninfected cattle that are now killed after an infected animal is found.
(MUSIC BRIDGE)
VOICE ONE:
The Israeli scientists say their test will be able to tell which people and animals are infected with spongiform disease before signs appear.
Other scientists say this could help make the blood supply safer around the world. It has not yet been proved that people with C-J-D can spread the disease by giving blood to other people. Yet officials are worried about that (61)possibility. The American Red Cross will not accept blood from people who have lived in Britain for three months or in Europe for six months during the last twenty years.
The (62)proposed test may also help answer questions about sick deer and other wild animals in the western United States and Canada. The animals are (63)suffering a brain condition known as (64)chronic wasting disease. The disease has spread among wild deer and (65)elk. Researchers do not know how it is spread. But they say the new test could help discover the answer.
VOICE TWO:
The Israeli scientists recognize that they are attempting to create a test for a disease that cannot be cured. In people, the (66)period of time between infection and the first signs of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease may be as long as twenty or thirty years. Would people want to know if they are infected with the disease so many years before they would become sick? That is a question people may have to answer in the future. For now, scientists say the new test may help them learn more about the prions responsible for spongiform disease before and after a person or animal becomes sick.
(THEME)
VOICE ONE:
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by George Grow and Nancy Steinbach. It was produced by Caty Weaver with audio assistance by twine carlens . This is Sarah Long.
VOICE TWO: And this is Steve Ember. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.
(1)bovine [????????? ] spongiforn encephalopathy [??????????????] n.牛海绵状脑病
(2)appear [?????? ]vi.出现
(3)import [?????????]vt.进口
(4)infect [ ??????? ]vt.[医]感染
(5)similar [?????????]adj.相似的, 类似的
(6)rare [???? ]adj.罕见的
(7)affect [????????]vt.影响
(8)victim [ ??????? ]n.牺牲品
(9)discuss [ ????????]vt.讨论, 论述
(10)ban [ ???? ] vt.禁止
(11)risk [ risk ] n.风险
(12)urge [ ???? ]vt.催促
(13)approve [ ??????? ]vt.批准, 通过
(14)measure [ ????? ]n.标准
(15)spinal [ ??????? ]adj.脊骨的, 脊髓的
(16)require [????????? ]vt.需要, 要求, 命令
(17)severe [????????]adj.严重的, 严峻的
(18)prevent [ ???????? ]v.预防
(19)restrict [ ??????????]vt.限制
(20)contain [ ???????? ]vt.包含
(21)suspect [ ???????? ] v.怀疑
(22)include [ ????????? ]vt.包括, 包含
(23)information [ ???????????? ]n.信息
(24)provide [????????? ]v.供应, 供给
(25)federal [ ???????? ]adj.联邦的
(26)agency [ ??????????]n.代理处
(27)inspector [???????????]n.检查员, 巡视员
(28)disorder [ ???????? ]n.杂乱, 混乱, 无秩序状态
(29)permit [???????????]v.许可, 允许, 准许
(30)additional [ ???????? ]adj.另外的, 附加的, 额外的
(31)Israeli [ ?????????]adj.以色列共和国的n.以色列共和国民
(32)substance [ ??????????]n.物质, 实质
(33)responsible [ ??????????? ]adj.有责任的,负责的
(34)liquid [ ??????? ]n.液体
(35)particle [ ???????? ]n.微粒
(36)protein [ ??????????]n.[生化]蛋白质
(37)genetic [???????????]adj.遗传的, 起源的
(38)bacteria [ ?????????? ]n.细菌
(39)virus [ ???????? ]n.[微]病毒
(40)parasite [ ??????????]n.寄生虫
(41)enzyme [???????]n.[生化]酶
(42)surrounding [ ?????????? ] adj.周围的
(43)tissue [ ??????? ]n. [生]组织
(44)spongiform [ ???????????? ]adj.海绵状(组织)的
(45)Jerusalem [ ???????????? ]n.耶路撒冷(巴勒斯坦著名古城)
(46)Libya [??????? ]n.利比亚（北非国家）
(47)evidence [????????? ]n. [物]证据
(48)urine [ ??????? ]n.尿
(49)hamster [??????????] n.东欧或亚洲产的大颊的鼠类
(50)kidneys [???????? ]肾形矿脉
(51)contain [ ?????????]vt.包含
(52)urea [ ????????]n.[化]尿素
(53)interfere [?????????? ]vi.干涉
(54)remove [ ????????]vt.移开
(55)treat [ ??????] vt.对待
(56)survive [ ??????? ]v.幸存
(57)presence [ ??????? ]n.存在
(58)publish [ ??????? ]v.出版, 刊印
(59)publication [?????????????? ]n.出版物
(60)confirm [ ???????? ]vt.确定
(61)possibility [ ???????????? ]n.可能性
(62)propose [ ?????????]vt.建议
(63)suffer [ ????? ]vt.遭受, 经历
(64)chronic [ ??????? ]adj.慢性的
(65)elk [ ??? ]n.[动]麋鹿
(66)period [ ???????? ]n.时期adj.过去某段时期的
