82 麻疯病有望被根除
DATE=8-13-01
TITLE=DEVELOPMENT REPORT - WHO-Leprosy
BYLINE=Jill Moss
（Start at 59"）This is Bill White with the VOA Special English Development Report.
The World Health Organization says its ten-year campaign to remove (1)leprosy as a world health problem has been successful. Doctor Gro Harlem Brundtland is head of the Geneva-based W-H-O. She says the number of leprosy cases around the world has been cut by ninety percent during the past ten years. She says efforts continue to completely end the disease.
Leprosy is caused by bacteria spread through (2)liquid from the nose and mouth. The disease mainly (3)affects the skin and nerves. However, if leprosy is not treated leprosy it can cause (4)permanent damage to the skin, nerves, eyes, arms or legs.
In Nineteen-Ninety-Nine, an international campaign began to end leprosy. The World Health Organization, governments of countries most affected by the disease, and several other groups are part of the campaign. This (5)alliance (6)guarantees that all leprosy (7)patients, even if they are poor, have a right to the most modern treatment.
Mizz Brundtland says leprosy has affected humans since the very beginning of recorded history. However, she says it is no longer a disease that requires life-long treatments by medical experts. Instead, patients can take what is called a "multi-drug therapy," or M-D-T. This modern treatment will cure leprosy in six to twelve months, depending on the form of the disease. The treatment (8)combines several drugs taken daily or once a month.
The W-H-O has given M-D-T to patients free for the last five years. The international drug company Novartis has been (9)manufacturing and providing the treatment without cost. It says it will continue to provide M-D-T until Two-Thousand-Five.
The members of the alliance against leprosy plan to (10)target the countries still threatened by leprosy. Among the (11)estimated six-hundred-thousand victims around the world, the W-H-O believes about seventy percent are in India. The disease also remains a problem in South America, especially in Brazil.
The biggest barriers to completely controlling leprosy may be in Africa. The World Health Organization says this (12)continent is the second most affected area in the world. Yet, the rise of AIDS and other deadly diseases along with armed conflicts and social tension make treating leprosy in Africa difficult.
This VOA Special English Development Report was written by Jill Moss.
(1) leprosy [‘???????] n. [医] 麻疯病, 腐败
(2) liquid [‘??????]n. 液体, 流体, 流音; adj. 液体的, 清澈的, 透明的, 明亮的, 流动的, 易变的, (财务)易变卖的
(3) affect [?’????] vt. 影响, 感动, 侵袭, 假装
(4) permanent [‘????????] adj. 永久的, 持久的
(5) alliance [???????] n. 联盟, 联合
(6) guarantee [?????’???] n. 保证, 保证书, 担保, 抵押品; vt. 保证, 担保
(7) patient [‘??????] n. 病人, 患者; adj. 忍耐的, 耐心的
(8) combine [???’????] v. (使)联合, (使)结合; n. 联合企业, 联合收割机; n. 联合收割机
(9) manufacture [?????’?????] vt. 制造, 加工; n. 制造, 制造业, 产品
(10) target [‘??????] n. 目标, 对象, 靶子
(11) estimate [‘????????] v.n. 估计, 估价, 评估
(12) continent [‘?????????] n. 大陆, 陆地
83 炎热的天气可能引发疾病甚至导致死亡
DATE=8-14-01
TITLE=SCIENCE IN THE NEWS #2137 - Heat and Health
BYLINE= Oliver Chanler
VOICE ONE:
This is Bob Doughty
VOICE TWO:
And this is Sarah Long with the VOA Special English program SCIENCE IN THE NEWS. Today, we will tell about some health problems linked to heat. And we tell about what you can do to prevent and treat these problems.
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
Extremely hot weather is (1)common in many parts of the world. Although hot weather just makes most people hot, it can cause medical problems -- and death.
Parts of the United States have had extremely hot weather recently. One (2)professional football player died of heat (3)stroke after (4)training in the heat in Mankato, Minnestoa two weeks ago. At least fifteen people have died as a (5)result of the hot weather in Chicago, Illinois so far this summer.
In Nineteen-Ninety-Five, more than six hundred people died in a similar heat wave in Chicago. Floods, storms and other terrible natural events kill thousands of people every year. And, as expected, we hear much about them in news reports. We generally hear little, however, about what experts say may be nature's deadliest killer -- heat.
VOICE TWO:
Health experts say that since the year Nineteen-Hundred, extremely hot weather has killed more people in the United States than any other natural event. One year -- the unusually hot summer of Nineteen-Eighty -- heat was (6)linked to more than one thousand deaths in the United States.
Doctors say there are many things people can do to protect themselves from the dangers of extreme heat. They say to stay out of the sun, if possible. Drink large amounts of cool water. Wear (7)loose clothes made from light-colored natural (8)materials. And learn the danger signs of the medical problems that are linked to heat.
VOICE ONE:
The most common medical problem caused by hot weather is heat (9)stress. Usually, it also is the least (10)severe. There are many causes for heat stress. These include hard work or (11)exercise, heavy clothes, hot weather or high (12)humidity. Humidity is the amount of water in the air. Several of these conditions together can raise a person's body temperature above safe limits. The person (13)perspires heavily, losing large amounts of body water and salt.
VOICE TWO:
For most people, the only result of heat stress is muscle pain. The pain is a warning that the body is becoming too hot. Doctors say drinking water will help the pain (14)disappear after the body again has the right amounts of water and salt.
For some people, however, the result is much more (15)serious. For people who are not in good health, heat can make an (16)existing medical problem worse.
VOICE ONE:
For example, doctors say some people face a greatly increased danger from heat stress. These people have a weak or damaged heart, high blood (17)pressure, or other problems of the blood system. Severe heat can help cause a heart attack or stroke. Health experts say this is the most common cause of death linked to hot weather.
Doctors say severe heat also increases problems for very small children, older people and people suffering the disease (18)diabetes. It also is bad for people who weigh too much and have too much body fat, and for people who drink (19)alcohol.
Hot weather also increases dangers for people who must take medicine for high blood pressure, poor blood (20)circulation, (21)nervousness or (22)depression.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
If heat stress is not treated, it can lead to a more serious problem called heat (23)exhaustion. Perspiration is one of the body's defenses against heat. It is a process during which the body releases water to cool the skin. However, a person suffering from heat exhaustion loses too much water through perspiration. The person becomes (24)dehydrated.
The person's ability to work and think becomes sharply limited. Experts say a reduction of only four or five percent in body water leads to a drop of twenty to thirty percent in work ability. The loss of salt through perspiration also reduces the amount of work that muscles can do.
A person suffering from heat exhaustion feels weak and extremely tired. He or she may have trouble walking normally. Heat exhaustion also may produce a fast heart beat, breathing problems, (25)headache, chest pain and a general feeling of sickness. Doctors say people suffering from these problems should move to a cool place and drink water.
VOICE ONE:
Heat exhaustion can develop quickly. But it also can develop slowly, over several days. Doctors call this disorder dehydration exhaustion. Each day, a person's body loses only a little more water than is taken in. The person may not even know the problem is developing. But if the problem continues for several days, the effects will be the same as the usual kind of heat exhaustion.
The treatment for dehydration exhaustion is the same as for heat exhaustion. Drink large amounts of water, and rest in a cool place if possible.
VOICE TWO:
Heat exhaustion can lead to heat stroke if it is not treated. With heat stroke, the body temperature rises to more than forty degrees (26)Celsius. The body stops perspiring. And the skin becomes dry and very hot. A person may even become (27)unconscious.
Doctors say that if the body temperature goes higher than forty-two degrees Celsius, the body's (28)tissues and organs begin to (29)cook. Permanent brain damage may result. Often death results.
Immediate medical help is necessary for someone with heat stroke. Doctors say treatment should begin immediately or the person could die before medical help arrives.
VOICE ONE:
Immediate treatment should begin by moving the victim out of the sun. Then, take off the person's clothes. (30)Pour water over the victim's body. And, if possible, put pieces of ice in areas where blood vessels are close to the skin. These areas include the (31)neck, under the arms and where the legs join.
The purpose is to cool the victim as quickly as possible to stop the body's temperature from increasing. Experts say it is important to know the danger signs of each of the medical (32)disorders linked to hot weather. And they say you should know what to do if the signs appear.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
Experts say water is important for many health reasons. The body itself is mostly water -- more than sixty-five percent water. Water in blood carries hormones and (33)antibodies through the body. Water in (34)urine carries away waste materials.
Water also is needed for cooling the body on hot days, and when we are working or exercising. Water carries body heat to the (35)surface of the skin. There, the heat is lost through perspiration.
VOICE ONE:
Health experts say adults should drink about two (36)liters of liquids each day to replace all the body water lost in urine and perspiration. They say people should drink more than that in hot weather. They say we should drink liquids even before we start to feel like we need something to drink. This is because we sometimes do not feel (37)thirsty until we already have lost a lot of body liquid.
We get some of the water we need in the foods we eat. Most (38)fruits and vegetables are more than eighty percent water.
VOICE TWO:
In hot weather, cold liquids are best. They do more than just replace lost body water. Doctors say cold liquids also help cool us faster than warm liquids. This is because they (39)take up more heat inside the body and carry it away faster.
Researchers also say, however, that sweet drinks are not good. The (40)sugar slows the liquid from getting into the blood system. Tea and (41)coffee also are not effective. Doctors also warn against alcoholic drinks. Alcohol speeds the loss of body water through urine.
VOICE ONE:
In addition to drinking lots of cool water, doctors say there are other things to do to protect against the health dangers of heat. Stay out of the sun, if possible. Wear loose, light-weight and light-colored clothes. Wear a hat or other head cover while in the sun. Eat fewer hot and heavy foods. And when possible, cook foods during cooler times of the day. If possible, rest more often. Physical activity produces body heat.
Health experts say these simple steps can prevent the dangerous health problems linked to heat. They will prevent sickness, help you feel better and may even save your life.
(THEME)
VOICE TWO:
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Oliver Chanler. It was produced by Caty Weaver. This is Sarah Long.
VOICE ONE:
And this is Bob Doughty. Join us again next week for more news about science, in Special English, on the Voice of America.
(1) common [?????] adj. 共同的, 公共的, 公有的, 普通的, 庸俗的, 伪劣的; n. [复][总]平 民, 公有, 普通, 共通
(2) professional [???'??????] n. 自由职业者, 专业人员, 职业运动员, 职业艺人; adj. 专业 的, 职业的
(3) stroke [??????] n. 击, 敲, 报时的钟声, (网球等)一击, (划船等)一划, (绘画等)一笔, 一 次努力, 打击; vt. 抚摸
(4) training [???????] n. 训练, 练习
(5) result [???'????] n. 结果, 成效, 计算结果; vi. 起因, 由于, 以...为结果, 导致
(6) Link [????] n. 链环, 连结物, 火把, 链接; vt. 连结, 联合, 挽; vi. 连接起来
(7) loose [????] vt. 释放, 放枪, 开船; vi. 变松, 开火; adj. 宽松的, 不精确的, 不牢固的, 散 漫的, 自由的
(8) material [m?'???????]n. 材料, 原料, 物资, 素材, 布料; adj. 物质的, 肉体的, 具体的, 重 要的, 实质性的
(9) stress [?????] n. 重压, 逼迫, 压力, 重点, 着重, 强调, 重音; vt. 着重, 强调, 重读
(10) severe [??'???] adj. 严厉的, 严格的, 剧烈的, 严重的, 严峻的
(11) exercise [????????] n. 练习, 习题, 训练, 锻炼, 演习; v. 训练, 锻炼; vt. 行使, 使担扰
(12) humidity [???:'??????] n. 人性, 人类, 博爱, 仁慈
(13) perspire [p?'?????] v. 出汗, 流汗, 分泌, 渗出
(14) disappear [????'pi?] vi. 消失, 不见
(15) serious [???????] adj. 严肃的, 认真的, 严重的
(16) exist [??'????] vi. 存在, 生存, 生活, 继续存在
(17) pressure [?????] n. 压, 压力, 电压, 压迫, 强制, 紧迫
(18) diabetes [????'???????] n. [医] 糖尿病, 多尿症
(19) alcohol [?l????l] n. 酒精, 酒
(20) circulation [s:kjJ'????????] n. 循环, 流通, 发行额
(21) nervousness [????????] n.神经紧张, 不安, 强健有力
(22) depression [??'?????] n. 沮丧, 消沉, 低气压, 低压
(23) exhaustion [??'z?:??(???] n. 用尽, 耗尽, 抽完, 精疲力尽
(24) dehydrate [???'????????] vt. (使)脱水
(25) headache [??????] n. 头痛, 令人头痛之事
(26) Celsius [??????] adj. 摄氏的
(27) unconscious [??'??????] adj. 不省人事, 未发觉的, 无意识的
(28) tissue [?????] n. 薄的纱织品, 薄纸, 棉纸, [生]组织, 连篇
(29) cook [???] n. 厨师; v. 烹调, 煮, 伪造
(30) pour [???] adj. 贫穷的, 可怜的, 乏味的, 卑鄙的
(31) neck [???] n. 脖子, 颈, 颈壮物
(32) disorder [???'?:d?] n. 杂乱, 混乱, 无秩序状态; vt. 扰乱, 使失调, 使紊乱
(33) antibody [????????] n. 抗体
(34) urine [j?????] n. 尿
(35) surface [?????] n. 表面, 外表, 水面; adj. 表面的, 肤浅的
(36) liter [?????] n. 升(容量单位)
(37) thirsty [?:sti] adj. 口渴的, 渴望的, 热望的
(38) fruit [?????] n. 水果, 果实, 果类, 成果; vi. 结果实
(39) take up v. 拿起, 开始从事, 继续, 吸收, 责备, 拘留, 占据, 认购
(40) sugar [????] n. 糖, 食糖
(41) coffee [??:??] n. 咖啡, 咖啡树, 咖啡茶, 咖啡豆, 咖啡色
84 利用基因技术提高粮食产量
DATE=8-14-01
TITLE=AGRICULTURE REPORT - Genetic Engineering Crop Debate
BYLINE=George Grow
（Start at 59"） This is Bill White with the VOA Special English AGRICULTURE REPORT.
New reports are adding to the (1)debate about (2)genetic engineering. The reports offer conflicting information about genetically-engineered (3)crops.
Genetic engineering is the (4)technology of changing the genes of living things. Genes are parts of (5)cells that control growth and development. A changed gene directs a plant or other organism to do things it normally does not do.
Last month, the United Nations Development Program released its yearly Human Development Report. It supports the use of genetically-engineered crops in developing countries. It criticizes environmental groups that oppose the use of such products.
Sakiko Fukuda-Parr is the report's lead writer. She says many people have forgotten about the problem of world hunger. She adds that at least eight-hundred-million people still do not have enough to eat. She says genetic engineering can help to increase the amount of farmers produce quickly and effectively.
(6)Critics of genetic engineering say the U-N report does not deal with the possible risks of genetic engineering. They say the technology represents a threat to human health and the environment.
Food First is a policy research group based in the United States. Food First agrees that genetically-engineered crops may be good in the future. Yet the group says it would support a (7)ban on the use of these crops until tests show they are safe.
In the past, we reported on a product called StarLink corn. StarLink is the only genetically-engineered crop grown in the United States that is not approved for human use.
Three years ago, the Environmental Protection Agency approved StarLink corn as food for animals only. The E-P-A (8)expressed concern that a (9)protein in StarLink might cause (10)allergic reactions in people.
A few weeks ago, a group of American scientists found no evidence that StarLink corn had made anyone sick. An independent (11)laboratory confirmed the findings.
Yet, the E-P-A has just decided not to permit even small amounts of StarLink corn in human food. The decision followed the release of a report by an agency advisory group. The advisors said there is not enough evidence to (12)dismiss the possibility of allergic reactions. They said StarLink had not been proven safe for people.
This VOA Special English AGRICULTURE REPORT was written by George Grow.
(1) debate [??'????] v. 争论, 辩论; n. 争论, 辩论
(2) genetic [???'?????] adj. 遗传的, 起源的
(3) crop [????] n. 农作物, 产量, 平头, 短发; vt. 收割, 修剪, 种植
(4) technology [???'???????] n. 工艺, 科技, 技术
(5) cell [???] n. 单元, 细胞, 蜂房, (尤指监狱或寺院的)单人房间, 电池
(6) critics [???????] n. 批评家
(7) ban [???] n. 禁令; vt. 禁止, 取缔(书刊等)
(8) express [??'?????] adj. 急速的, 特殊的, 明确的; vt. 表达, 表示
(9) protein [????????]n. [生化]蛋白质; adj. 蛋白质的
(10) allergic [??????????] adj. [医]过敏的, 患过敏症的
(11) laboratory [ ?????????????????????????] n. 实验室
(12) dismiss [???'????] vt. 解散, 下课, 开除, 解职, 使(或让)离开; vi. 解散
