85 新功效的抗生素在加州诞生
DATE=8-15-01
TITLE=SCIENCE REPORT - Designer Antibiotics
BYLINE=Jerilyn Watson
（Start at 1'04"） This is Bill White with the VOA Special English SCIENCE REPORT.
Researchers in La Jolla, California, have taken steps toward developing effective new (1)antibiotic drugs. M. Reza Ghadiri and other researchers from the Scripps Research Institute have developed structures called "nanotubes." Nanotubes are (2)molecules of (3)amino (4)acid that can build themselves into (5)tubes that are smaller than a cell.
Mister Ghadiri's team recently reported its findings in the publication, NATURE. The researchers said the nanotubes killed a number of bacteria in animals and in laboratory tests. They also reported that the structures helped (6)mice recover from normally deadly bacterial attacks. These same bacteria resisted a traditional antibiotic drug used to kill harmful bacteria.
The team said the central structure of the nanotubes contains rings called (7)cyclic (8)peptides. These circular structures are made of either six or eight amino acids. The researchers chose the amino acids because their molecules form themselves into tubes only in the correct chemical environment.
During their experiments the researchers placed the rings inside the covering of bacteria. The rings lined up to form tubes that are empty in the middle. The tubes killed the bacteria by making holes in them. The bacteria died when the material inside them (9)leaked out.
In test-tube experiments the team found nanotubes formed in bacteria but did not form in red blood cells. The amino acid nanotubes also protected animals sick with (10)Staphylococcus Aureus. This disease affects more than two million hospital patients in the United States every year.
Current antibiotic drugs often attack one special molecule within bacteria. Bacteria can develop (11)resistance to such drugs over time. They do this by changing the shape of the targeted molecule. Or, they may keep the drugs away from their molecular target.
Mister Ghadiri says he hopes nanotubes have a long life. This would force bacteria to make more changes to resist treatment. He says changing amino acids in the peptide rings could create many different (12)versions of the nanotubes.
Mister Ghadiri's team has given mice the drugs by forcing them through the skin. But he believes these new kinds of antibiotics can some day be produced to take by mouth, in pill form.
This VOA Special English Science Report was written by Jerilyn Watson.
(1) antibiotic [???????'????] n. 抗生素; adj. 抗生的
(2) molecule [????????] n. [化]分子, 些微
(3) amino [??????] adj. [化]氨基的
(4) acid [????] n. [化]酸, <俚>迷幻药; adj. 酸的, 讽刺的, 刻薄的
(5) tube [?????] n. 管, 管子, [英] 地铁, <美> 电子管, 显象管
(6) mice [????] n. pl. 老鼠
(7) cyclic [???????] 轮转的, 循环的
(8) peptide [???????] n. 缩氨酸
(9) leak [????] vi. 漏, 泄漏; vt. 使渗漏; n. 漏洞, 漏出, 漏出物, 泄漏
(10) staphylococcus [???????'?????] n. [微生物] 葡萄状球菌
(11) resistance [??'???????] n. 反抗, 抵抗, 抵抗力, 阻力, 电阻, 阻抗
(12) version [???????] n. 译文, 译本, 翻译
86 去痛片须慎用
DATE=8-16-01
TITLE=SCIENCE REPORT - OxyContin Warning
BYLINE=Jerilyn Watson
（Start at 1'02"） This is Bill White with the VOA Special English SCIENCE REPORT.
The federal government and manufacturers of the drug OxyContin have increased warnings about its use. (1)Directions on the containers of the pain-killing medicine are being changed. They now must include a warning that the effects of OxyContin are like (2)morphine, another drug that fights pain.
The warning also must say that (3)misusing the drug can kill. Law-enforcement officials say misuse of OxyContin is linked to as many as one-hundred deaths.
The new warning labels also carry the message that only some patients should take OxyContin. The drug is meant for people suffering (4)moderate to severe pain over extended periods. A doctor must write an order for this (5)medicine.
Doctors say people can become physically dependent on OxyContin. People can suffer from withdrawal problems if they cannot get it. (6)Drugstore owners report that people are stealing the drug from their stores. (7)Illegal drug dealers are selling OxyContin on the streets.
OxyContin pills contain the pain-killing substance oxycodone. OxyContin can release oxycodone over a twelve-hour period. Taken correctly, an OxyContin pill is (8)swallowed whole. However, an increasing number of people are (9)crushing OxyContin into powder. They breathe the (10)powder in, or force it through the skin with a needle. These methods release the effects of the medicine at one time. This results in a temporary feeling of happiness similar to the effect of the illegal drug, (11)heroin.
The company Purdue Pharma of Stamford, Connecticut began selling the drug in Nineteen-Ninety-Six. Many doctors praise its effectiveness in treating cancer, severe burns and other painful conditions.
Yet protests against misuse of the drug are spreading. So is legal action against Purdue Pharma and a company it works with, Abbott Laboratories in Chicago. For example, West Virginia began legal cases against the two companies in June. The state accuses them of helping cause misuse of the drug by using aggressive sales methods.
A Purdue (12)spokesman said the company has stopped selling OxyContin pills that contain large amounts of the drug. He said Purdue has warned doctors about the drug in several ways. He also says the company has spent millions to dollars to research pain-killers that could not be easily misused.
This VOA Special English Science Report was written by Jerilyn Watson.
(1) direction [?????????????????????] n. 方向, 指导, 趋势, (常用复数)指示, 用法, 说明(书), 收件人地址
(2) morphine [???????] n. 吗啡
(3) misuse [?????????] v. 误用, 错用, 滥用, 虐待; n. 误用, 错用, 滥用, 误用之实例
(4) moderate [???????] adj. 中等的, 适度的, 适中的; v. 缓和
(5) medicine [??????] n. 药, 医学, 内科学, 内服药; vt. 给...用药
(6) drugstore [????????] n. <美> 药房, 杂货店
(7) illegal [?'??????]adj. 违法的, 不合规定的
(8) swallow [??????] vt. 咽, 淹没, 吞没, 取消, 忍受, 轻信, 压制, 耗尽; vi. 吞下, 咽下
(9) crush [????] vt. 压碎, 碾碎, 压服, 压垮, 粉碎, (使)变形
(10) powder [?????] n. 粉, 粉末, 火药, 尘土; vt. 搽粉于, 撒粉, 使成粉末
(11) heroin [???????] n. 海洛因, 吗啡
(12) spokesman [?????????] n. 发言人, 代表者
87 蚊子传播疾病导致每年数百万人死亡
DATE=8-28-01
TITLE=SCIENCE IN THE NEWS #2139 - Diseases Spread by Mosquitoes
BYLINE=Nancy Steinbach
VOICE ONE:
This is Sarah Long.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Bob Doughty with Science in the News, a VOA Special English program about recent developments in Science. Today we tell about diseases spread by mosquitoes, the most widely hated insects in the world.
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
(1)Mosquitoes are very small winged (2)insects. There are more than two-thousand different kinds of mosquitoes. Female mosquitoes bite people to drink their blood. Male mosquitoes do not drink blood. They drink fluids from plants.
The (3)female mosquito uses its long thin (4)sucking (5)tube to break the skin and find a blood (6)vessel. The insect (7)injects the (8)victim with a substance that keeps blood flowing. This substance makes the skin around a mosquito bite uncomfortable for several days. The female mosquito drinks the blood and uses it to produce eggs.
One meal gives a female mosquito enough blood to produce as many as two-hundred-fifty eggs. The mosquito lays them in any standing water. This includes small (9)containers near peoples' houses.
VOICE TWO:
The eggs produce worm-like creatures in two days to a few months. However, some mosquito eggs can stay in water for years until the conditions are right for (10)hatching. The worm-like (11)creatures feed on organisms in the water. After four to ten days, they change again, into creatures called (12)pupas. The pupas rise to the top of the water. The adult mosquitoes pull themselves out of the pupas and fly away.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
The World Health Organization says mosquitoes cause disease and death for millions of people throughout the world. That is because when they bite a person, mosquitoes can also inject organisms that cause disease. Mosquitoes are not affected by the disease.
The most important disease spread by mosquitoes is malaria. As many as five-hundred-million people suffer (13)malaria each year. About two-million people die from the disease each year. The disease is found in South America, Africa, the Middle East and Asia.
Malaria (14)parasites enter a person's blood through the mosquito bite. The parasites travel to the (15)liver. They grow and divide there. After a week or two, the parasites invade red blood cells and reproduce thousands of times. They cause severe fevers and may (16)destroy major organs. People with malaria may suffer kidney failure or the loss of red blood cells.
Some drugs are generally effective in preventing and treating malaria. They are designed to prevent the parasites from developing in the body. The most commonly used malaria prevention drugs are (17)chloroquine, mefloquine and (18)doxycycline. People die from malaria because they are not treated for the disease or the treatment is delayed. International health organizations are increasing efforts to reduce the number of deaths from malaria.
VOICE TWO:
Dengue fever is another disease that is carried by mosquitoes. The insects can survive in new and different environments. They can spread diseases to new areas. For example, experts say only nine countries had dengue fever until Nineteen-Seventy. Since then, people in more than twenty-nine countries in Asia and the (19)Caribbean have developed the disease.
The World Health Organization says about fifty-million people around the world suffer from (20)dengue fever each year. There is no cure. Children may develop a kind of the disease that is not serious. Their skin may become covered with red (21)spots and they may have a high body temperature.
Older people suffer from the disease much more. They may develop red spots on their skin. They also may have terrible headaches. They may lose their sense of (22)taste. And they may experience pain behind their eyes and in (23)joints such as the elbow or knee. This kind of joint pain is the reason why dengue fever is sometimes known as (24)breakbone fever.
The most (25)severe kind of the disease is called dengue (26)hemorrhagic fever. People who have this disease bleed from body openings such as the nose. The disease kills about five percent of all people who get it. The only treatment involves controlling the (27)bleeding and replacing lost body (28)fluids.
VOICE ONE:
Another disease carried by mosquitoes is yellow fever. There are no effective drugs against the disease. Doctors can only hope that a person's defense system is strong enough to fight the infection. World Health Organization officials say about two-hundred-thousand people suffer from yellow fever each year. It is found mainly in Africa, the Caribbean and South America.
The disease is caused by a virus. A few days after a mosquito bite, the victim experiences high body temperature, muscle pain, headache, (29)nausea and (30)vomiting. Most patients improve after three to four days.
However, fifteen percent of patients develop a more serious condition. Fever re-appears and the body appears yellow in color. The victim bleeds from the nose, mouth, eyes or stomach. Half the people suffering this more serious condition die within ten to fourteen days.
A (31)vaccine medicine can prevent yellow fever. Medical experts say the vaccine is safe and very effective. The protection continues for at least ten years and possibly for life.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
Mosquitoes also carry the disease lymphatic (32)filariasis, commonly known as (33)elephantiasis. The disease affects more than one-hundred-twenty-million people in more than eighty countries. These include countries in South Asia, Africa, South America and the Pacific Islands. Mosquito bites spread the worms that cause elephantiasis. People usually begin to develop the disease as children. Many children never experience signs of the disease. But the disease may cause hidden damage to the (34)lymphatic system and (35)kidneys.
The worst signs of the disease appear in adults. The signs are more common in men than in women. These include swelling of the arms, legs, and (36)genital area. Two drugs are effective in treating the disease. Experts say that keeping the affected areas clean can decrease the swelling and reduce the number of times that swelling takes place.
VOICE ONE:
Still another disease carried by mosquitoes is encephalitis. It is an infection or swelling of the brain. Many different (37)viruses cause different kinds of the disease. One virus lives naturally in birds and horses. Mosquitoes spread it to people. Mosquitoes in several Asian countries spread a kind of (38)encephalitis known as Japanese encephalitis. A vaccine medicine can prevent this sickness.
Other kinds include West Nile encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis. Most healthy people infected with the virus show no signs. Or they become only slightly sick for a day or two. But those with a weak defense system may develop a severe infection. They may suffer from high body temperature, headache, shaking and even death.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
Experts have learned many things about mosquitoes. For example, the insects can smell carbon (39)dioxide in the breath of a person or animal from as far away as sixty meters. Mosquitoes often like the blood of animals better than the blood of people. Mosquitoes like dark colors. They do not bite women who are having their monthly period of bleeding. But they do bite (40)pregnant women. Many kinds of mosquitoes are most active in the early morning and evening hours. They eat mostly at night.
VOICE ONE:
Medical experts say the best way to prevent the diseases carried by mosquitoes is not to be bitten by one. There are several ways to prevent mosquito bites. Do not permit standing water anywhere around the house.
Remove all containers that could provide a place for mosquitoes to live. Stay indoors when mosquitoes are most active. Wear clothes that cover most of the body.
Other ways to prevent mosquito bites are to put anti-insect chemicals on the skin, clothing and sleeping areas. And place special nets treated with insect poison on window screens and over the bed at night. Another way is to build a house for flying animals called bats on your property. Bats eat thousands of mosquitoes each night.
(THEME))
VOICE TWO:
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Nancy Steinbach. It was produced by George Grow. This is Bob Doughty.
VOICE ONE:
And this is Sarah Long. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.
(1) mosquito[??????????? ]n.蚊子
(2) insect[ ????????]n.昆虫, 卑鄙的人adj..虫的, 虫子一样的, 对付虫子的
(3) female[????????? ]n.女性, 女人, 雌兽adj.女性的, 女子的, 妇女的, 雌的, 柔弱的, (声, 色)柔和的
(4) suck[?????]v.吸, 吮, 吸取
(5) tube[ ?????? ]n.管, 管子, [英] 地铁, <美> 电子管, 显象管
(6) vessel[?????? ]n.船, 容器, 器皿, 脉管, 导管
(7) inject[????????? ]vt.注射, 注入
(8) victim[ ??????? ]n.受害人, 牺牲者, 牺牲品
(9) container[?????????? ]n.容器(箱,盆,罐,壶,桶,坛子), 集装箱
(10) hatch[ ???? ]n.孵化, 舱口,(门、墙壁、地板上的), 策划, 图谋,vi.孵化
(11) creature[ ???????? ]n.人, 动物, 傀儡, 创造物
(12) pupa[ ??????? ]n.[昆]蛹
(13) malaria[ ????????? ]n.疟疾, 瘴气
(14) parasite[ ????????? ]n.寄生虫, 食客
(15) liver[ ????? ]n.居住者，生活优裕的人，肝脏
(16) destroy[ ???????? ]vt.破坏, 毁坏, 消灭v.消灭, 摧毁
(17) hloroquine[ ??????????????? ]n.疟疾的特效药之一种, 氯喹
(18) doxycycline[ ????????????? ]n.[微]强力霉素
(19) Caribbean[??????????????]n.加勒比海
(20) dengue[?????????]n.[医] 登革热(一种热带传染病,骨关节及肌肉奇痛)
(21) spot[????? ]n.班点, 污点, 地点, 场所, 现场v.沾污, 弄脏, 侦察vt.认出, 发现
(22) taste[?????? ]v.品尝, 辨味, (of)有 ...味道, 领略vt.体验, 感到n.味道, 味觉
(23) joint[??????? ]n.接缝, 接合处, 接合点, 关节, (牛、羊等的腿)大块肉adj.共同的, 联合的, 连接的, 合办的vt.连接, 接合, 使有接头vi.贴合, 生节
(24) breakbone [??????????]n.[医] 登革热(一种热带传染病,骨关节及肌肉奇痛
(25) severe[??????? ]adj.严厉的, 严格的, 剧烈的, 严重的, 严峻的
(26) hemorrhagic fever 出血热bleed[?????? ]v.使出血, 放血
(27) bleed[ ??????]v.使出血, 放血
(28) fluid[?????????? ]n.流动性, 流度adj.流动的, 不固定的, 可改变的, 可另派用场的, 流畅的
(29) nausea[ ??????? ]n.反胃, 晕船, 恶心, 作呕, 极度的不快
(30) vomity[???????? ]adj.<美>有(或散发出)呕吐物气味的vaccine[????????? ]adj.疫苗的, 牛痘的n.疫苗
(31) vaccine[????????? ]adj.疫苗的, 牛痘的n.疫苗
(32) filariasis[???????????????]n.丝虫病, 带丝虫的, 丝虫引起的
(33) elephantiasis[???????????????? ]n.[医]象皮病
(34) lymphatic[?????????? ]adj.含淋巴的, 淋巴腺的
(35) kidney[????????]n.肾, (动物可食用的)腰子, 个性, 性格
(36) genital[ ???????? ]adj.生殖的n.生殖器(多用于指男性的外生殖器)
(37) virus[????????? ]n.[微]病毒, 滤过性微生物, 毒害, 恶毒
(38) encephalitis[??????????????? ]n.脑炎
(39) dioxide[??????????? ]n.二氧化物
(40) pregnant[?????????? ]adj.怀孕的, 重要的, 富有意义的, 孕育的
