高考书面表达策略[上学期]
图片预览
文档简介
第一章 书面表达的训练方法
书面表达题型是对学生多种英语技能运用能力的综合考察。应该说“写”是落实听、说、读、写四种能力的最高境界和最完美形式。 书面表达不同于英语作文，作文需要立意选材，注重修辞效果，强调风格技巧，而书面表达的要求是：切中题意，要点完整，语言准确、得当，行文连贯，条理清楚。高考的书面表达一般有三大类：记叙文，说明文和应用文。书面表达在试题中所占比重较大，学生们平时应给予足够的重视与训练。进行书面表达训练时应注意以下几个方面：1. 要认真审题，正确处理所提供的信息。书面表达题提供情景的方式是多种多样的，或用汉语提示，或用英语说明，也可用图画，书信，对话等形式。不论哪种形式，学生在审题时一定要全面、准确地把握所提供的信息。在把握信息的基础上进行构思，明确书写的层次和顺序，然后将构思好的内容有条理地表达出来。凡题目要求写的都应该写进去，以保证内容完整。2. 要写成符合英语表达习惯和通顺上口的短文。书面表达不是翻译，不能按照试题的情景说明或提示去逐字逐句地翻译，要从整篇文章去考虑，注意正确选用连词以及过渡性词语，使文章读起来地道流畅。3。要用熟悉的词语和句型。书面表达题的基本要求是内容表达清楚，语言形式无误。因此，在表达某个意思时，不要生搬硬套，死扣试题中汉语所提示的原文，而可以在不改变原意的前提下，用自己熟悉的词语和句型来表达，避免出现汉语式的英语。
书面表达水平的提高依赖于坚实的英语语言基础知识，即词，短语，句型和语法知识。有了坚实的基础，才能综合运用其知识，书面表达水平才能得到提高，因为书面表达是这些基础知识的综合体现。以后几节我们将针对中国学生在书面表达方面可能遇到的一些问题进行分析并试图找到相应的对策进行训练， 希望能对学生们有所帮助。
第一讲 句子及短文的扩写法
句子的写作是书面表达的基础。没有正确的句子就无法表达一个完整的概念，就无法准确传达自己的思想。句子写作首先要求符合语法规则，即：所写的句子要符合语法要求，句式正确。句子的扩写即建立在这一基础上，先由单词扩展成短语或词组，进而形成一句话乃至一篇短文，使单词进入具有完整意义的语境。因此，写好句子是进行书面表达的基础。下面就介绍几种句子及短文扩写的训练方法。
一．从单词入手进行扩写句子的练习 如：
1. Look---look for---The boy was looking for his schoolbag.---After the game the boy was looking for his schoolbag anxiously.
2. satisfy---be satisfied with---The teacher was satisfied with the students.---The teacher was satisfied with the students who had solved that difficult maths problem.
二. 组句成文的练习。如：
1. 由cross 开始，充分想象，创设情景。
Cross---cross the road---The blind man crossed the road slowly. ---With the help of the two Young Pioneers, the blind man crossed the road slowly. ---On a winter morning, on the roads were cars and buses coming and going busily. A blind man was about to walk across the road when two Young Pioneers stopped him. They said, “Be careful.” Then with the help of the children, the blind man crossed the road slowly. How thankful he was to the children.
2. 由building 开始，展开联想扩写。
Building---a new building---A new building has been put up.
Tree---green tree---Around the new building are a lot of green trees.
Home---my home---My home is in a beautiful village.
A mew building has been put up. It is my home. Around the mew building are a lot of green trees. How nice it is.
三.抓五种句型进行造句训练
几乎所有的英语句型都是五种句型的扩大，延伸或变化。因此，学生进行“写”的训练时，就要抓住五种句型进行造句训练。这五种基本句型是：
1． S+Vi 主语+谓语（不及物）
2． S+Link-V+P 主语+系动词+表语
3． S+Vt+O 主语+谓语（及物）+宾语
4． S+Vt+O+o 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
5． S+Vt+O+C 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
如: 根据以下情境，用五种句型写出大致意思，然后扩写成短文。
一老太太走在街上，一男子骑车从后面抢走她的手提包。一男孩从学校出来见此情景，在路上洒下图钉扎破车胎，坏蛋被抓住送去公安局。
首先根据题意写出下列14个句子：
1． An old lady was walking in the street.
2． She had a suitcase in her hand.
3． A rascal came up by bike.
4． The rascal snatched her case.
5． The lady shouted for help.
6． She ran after him.
7． A boy came out ( of school).
8． He saw that.
9． He took out a box of push-pins.
10． He threw them on the road.
11． The bike tyres were punctured.
12． The rascal had to stop.
13． They caught the rascal.
14． They sent him to the police.
把以上14个句子连接起来，就能基本表达要求的意思。若将这些句子进行扩大或合并， 再加上适当的“启承转合”词，就符合书面表达的要求了：
(One day), an old lady was walking slowly in the street (with a suitcase in her hand). (Suddenly) a rascal (riding a bike) came up and snatched her case (fiercely). The old lady shouted for help and ran after him, (but couldn’t catch up with the bike.) (Just then), a boy came out of school and saw (what happened). He (immediately) took out a box of push-pins and threw them on the road. (Just as the boy expected), the bike tyres were punctured (by the push-pins on the road) (and) the rascal had to stop. They caught the rascal and sent him to the police. (What a clever and brave boy!)
四．“启承转合”词或词组使用的训练
一篇短文中，句与句或段落与段落之间常用一些过渡词或连接词。这些过渡词或连接词能起到承转衔接的作用，说明前后句或段落之间的关系，可使书面表达更加自然，通顺和地道。下面就列出一些常用的过渡词。
1.表示时间：now, then, suddenly, before, afterwards, later, soon, before long, next, meanwhile, finally…..
2.表示空间顺序：first, secondly, far, above, below, near, beside, to the right, on one side…..
3.表示目的：for this purpose, for this reason, so that, in order that, so as to, in order to…..
4.表示对照：but, however, yet, on the other hand, on the contrary….
5.表示结果：so, thus, therefore, as a result, seeing that….
6.表示因果：because, since, as for, because of ….
7.表示强调：indeed, in fact, surely……
8.表示增加，递进：also, and , and then, in addition, besides, what’s more, moreover….
9.表示解释和说明：for example, for instance….
10.表示比较：like, just like, just as, in the same way, similarly….
11.表示总结：finally, at last, in short, that is….
12.表示让步：although, though, even though, no matter wh—.
平时训练时，可空出短文中的过渡词让学生填写，如：
What to say
One day, Mr. Smith was walking in the park. After a while, he felt very tired. He wanted to find something to sit on. Suddenly he saw a chair in the distance.
To his surprise, he saw a man going to the chair ahead of him, so he began to walk faster.
In a few minutes, Mr. Smith caught up with the man. Seeing this, the man began to walk quickly. However, Mr. Smith was the first to reach there and sit in the chair, The man ran up to Mr. Smith and showed him a board. It reads, “Wet Paint!”
Seeing that, Mr. Smith felt very sorry and didn’t know what to say.
通过划线部分的转承用语，段落的逻辑，语意联系，前后因果变得十分明了，使整个段落连贯统一。
例题精讲
例题一[NMET1999]
假设你是李华， 在一所中学读书。最近收到美国朋友Smith 先生的信。他三年前参观过你校，听说现在变化很大，希望了解有关情况。参照下图，给他写一封回信，介绍你校的变化。
注意：
1.回信须包括图画的主要内容， 可以适当增加细节， 使内容连贯；
2.词数100 左右
精讲1. 要明确这是一封回信，因此作文时，应注意书信格式以及回信时所要写的一些客套语。仔细阅读图示，参照其文字提示，深刻理解图意，紧扣“变化”这一主题，抓住要点，发挥想象，充实内容，找出关键词语，并进行扩写，由词成句，由句成文。
2. 有关要点、关键词语及其扩写如下：
1）非常高兴地收到来信。
（正）be glad/be pleased, hear from sb./get/receive a letter from sb.--- be glad/pleased to hear from you/be glad/pleased to get/receive a letter from sb.
（误）be pleased, hear from your letter---be pleased to hear from your letter.
这句话是写回信时惯用的客套语。其关键词语是hear from sb./get/receive a letter from sb.然后进行扩写。这里的hear from sb.就是收到“某人的来信”，from后只能接sb.而不能接letter。因此，学生使用此短语时，要注意与汉语的区别。
2）发生了相当大的变化。
（正）quite a few/ a lot of/lots of/great changes, take place/happen---Quite a few changes/Great changes have taken place/happened here.
（误）quite a little changes, take place/happen---Quite a little changes have been taken place.
用take place或happen皆可，但不可使用被动语态。 Change作为名词使用时是可数名词，此句也可将 change 作为动词使用，所表达的意义是一样的：Our school has changed a great deal /a lot。
3）在路的另一边。
（正）road, the other side---on the other side of the road.
（误）road, another side---on another side of the road.
路只有两边，因此“路的另一边” 应该用the other side而不是another.
4）在原来操场的地方。
（正）where, the playground used to be---where the playground used to be/ was
（误）there, the playground used to be---there the playground used to be
5）图书馆里有各种各样的图书，报纸和杂志。
(正) in the library/it, all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines---There are all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines in the library/it. Or: In it are all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines.
(误) the library/it，books newspapers and magazines――In it all kinds of books，newspapers and magazines.
介词短语in it 在句首，引导词there可省略，主谓倒装。如：
In from of the house stands a tall pine tree.
6) 现在操场在学校前面。
（正）the playground, in front of ---The playground is now in front of the school.
（误）the playground, in the front of---The playground is now in the front of the school.
in the front of…指在物体内部的前部，而非整个物体的前面。
7） 在校内及周围种植了大量的树木。
(正) in the school, round/around the school, trees, plant---A lot of trees have been planted round/around the school.
(误) in the school, out of the school, trees, plant---In and out of the school a lot of trees have been planted.
Out of the school泛指校外，与图意不符。
8）希望你某个时候自己来看看。
（正）hope, come and see, for yourself, some day/sometime---I hope that you’ll come and see for yourself some day.
（误）hope, come and see, by oneself, some day ---I hope you to come and see by yourself.
句中hope后可跟动词不定式做宾语，也可跟宾语从句，但不能接不定式做宾语补足语。By oneself 指“独立一人”，即alone之意，而for oneself指“本人亲自”之意。
参考答案：
Dear Mr Smith,
I was so pleased to hear from you and am writing to tell you something about my school. You are right; quite a few changes have taken place. On one side of the road there is a few classroom building. On the other side, where the playground used to be, now stands a new building---our library. In it there are all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines. The playground is now in front of the school. We have also planted a lot of trees in and around the school. I hope you’ll come and see for yourself some day.
Best wishes.
Yours
Li Hua
精选练习
一、给下面的一段文章填上适当的衔接词：
Jane likes traveling by bus better than by plane for four reasons. _1_ it costs less. She can ride by bus from New York to Chicago for $.20 _2_, the air fare between the two cities is $78. _3_, traveling by bus give her a close look at the cities and countryside than she could get from a plane. _4_, she enjoys driving through the big cities of Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Fort Wayne. _5_, she finds that the passengers on the bus are often closer to her own age. _6_, they are easy to talk with on the share journey. _7_, many airline passengers are businessmen who keep busy with their work while flying. _8_, riding a bus allows Jane to explore any stop along the way. _9_, once she got off the bus at a small town in Indiana and spent the night with a girl friend. _10_, the next day she took another bus to Chicago. _11_, Jane usually prefers buses instead of planes unless she has to get somewhere in a hurry.
二、下列一段文章不够连贯，重新安排这些句子使其成为连贯的段落：
I had a terrible morning today. In the middle of a class, I discovered I had left my English homework at home. I fell over my foot on my way to my language class and tore my raincoat. At the end of the class, the professor would not let me go to lunch on time. I slept so late that I did not have time to eat any breakfast. I had not turned in my homework, he wanted to talk over this problem with me.
三、根据下列提示，以“Tian An Men Square”为题写一篇描写性的英语短文，词数在100 ~ 120之间
提示：
我和张新上周六到达北京，当天就去参观了天安门广场；（面积：40万平方米）
广场建筑物布局如图所示：
1、天安门广场
2、毛主席纪念堂
3、人民英雄纪念碑
4、中国历史博物馆
5、人民大会堂
参考答案：
该题是对衔接词的检测。本段介绍的是Jane比较喜欢公共汽车旅游的四个原因。在列出四个原因时应用：1.First 3.Second 5.Third 8.Fourth
2.根据上下句的关系为转折关系，应用 Yet。4.可以看出这里是用例子说明乘车可以使乘客更近地欣赏沿途的风景，应用for example/instance表示连接。6.“车上乘客与自己年龄相符”，确实容易交谈，故答案为So。7.将公共汽车上与飞机上的情况进行对比，应用in contrast。9。用具体事例说明坐公共汽车确实探索沿途各站之便，答案应是For instance/example。10.表示的是时间上的先后关系，应用Then。11.对全文进行总结，得出结论。这种关系应用For these reasons。
该段记叙的是作者上午不幸的遭遇，以时间为线索。从“早饭”到“上学途中”，到“课下”，到“课上”。这样完整连续的段落应该是：
I had a terrible morning today. I slept so late that I did not have time to eat an breakfast. I fell over my foot on my way to my language class and tore my raincoat. In the middle of class, I discovered I had left my English homework at home. At the end of class, the professor would not let me got lunch on time. I had not turned in my homework, and he wanted to talk over this problem with me.
这是一篇命题描述文，根据所给文字提示及天安门广场布局图，列出下列要点，然后扩句成文。
arrive in Beijing, last Saturday; 2.on the same day, visit the square; 3.one of the largest squares in the world; 4. cover an area of 400 thousand square metres; 5. on the north of the square , Tian An Men Gate; 6. on the south , the grand Chairman Mao Hall; 7. all round the square; 8. in the center of the square, the Monument to the People’s Heroes; 9. on one side, the Great Hall of the People; 10. on the other side, the Museum of Chinese History; 11. visit the square; take photos; 12. in memory of the unforgettable day; 13. remind sb. of sth.; 14. inspire sb. to do sth.
Tian An Men Square
Zhang Xin and I arrived in Beijing last Saturday. On the same day we visited Tian An Men Square.
It is one of the largest squares in the world, covering an area of 400 thousand square metres. On the north of it is the red Tian An Men Gate. On the south is the grand Chairman Mao Memorial Hall. All round it are evergreen trees. In the center stands the Monument to the People’s Heroes. On one side of the square is the Great Hall of the People and the other the Museum of Chinese History.
Every day tens of thousands of people including foreigner visit the square and take photos with pleasure in memory of the unforgettable day. Everything there reminds us of the history of our people’s struggle and inspires us to work still harder.
第二讲 书面材料的缩写法
缩写要求对原文进行压缩和概括，从而缩短篇幅，使内容更简明，语言更简练生动，中心思想更突出。所写一定要忠于原文，保留原文的体裁，题材，主要内容，主题思想，结构顺序，语言风格，人称和表现手段。不能加入自己的认识，体会或对原文进行评论，也不能加入一些原文没有的东西，不能只取一个要点，而应保持意思完整。
一、原句中心意思，将长句缩写为短句
删去不影响句子意思表达的比较次要的词。如：
In 1893, New Zealand was the first nation in modern times to allow women to vote, long before many other countries.(21words)
改为： In 1893 New Zealand was the first nation to allow women to vote.(13words)
将原句中的复合句改为简单句
When he got to the side of the lake, he found that those rare animals had been cruelly killed by the hunters.(22words)
改为：Getting to the side of the lake, he found those rare animals cruelly killed.(14words)
将原句中的简单句合并为复合句或并列句
The detective collected the money. Then he left.
改为：After collecting the money, the detective left.
二、原文段落的中心句和关键词语以及要点，写出各段落概要 如：高三（下）L57 On reading先列出每小节的中心句：
Para.1 It’s possible to read different types of books in different ways.
Para.2 Some good stories are for swallowing.
Para.3 Other books are for reading slowly and carefully.
Para.4 If it is not a story, get an idea of the organization of the book.
Para.5 Here are some more reading tips.
Para.6 The last question is what to read.
按所列出的中心句，在课文第五节找出关键词语，然后写出该小节内容摘要：
Here are some more reading tips. First, read a chapter quickly to get a general idea. Second don’t stop every time you come to a word or phrase you don’t know because quite often you’ll find the unknown word appears again, perhaps several times. By the end of the chapter you’ll have guessed its meaning without turning to the dictionary.
例题精讲
例题一 下面是一篇文章，请把它缩写成一篇80词左右的短文
As we know, most of the material things in our daily life have to be bought with money. But money is not all powerful. Most cannot buy many things such as time and true love.
There are 24hours in a day. Sometimes when we are very happy, we wish that the period of happiness would last longer. But no matter what we do or how much money we are willing to pay, we cannot make a day last longer than 24 hours. On the other hand, when we are unhappy, money cannot make the unhappy time pass away more quickly.
True love is another thing which money cannot buy. Suppose we have someone who really loves us very much. Once he dies, he can give us no more love. Can our money raise him from death and make him love us as before
Here we can see very clearly that money cannot buy us love.
Money can buy us diamond things, beautiful clothes, but never time and love. So money, after all, is not all powerful.
精讲 这是一篇议论文，要抓住论点，论据与结论。首先通读原文，将全文分为四个小节，然后找出各小节的中心句。
1.（正）Money cannot buy many things such as time and true love.
（误）Money is not all powerful.
本小节的中心句是 Money is not all powerful.（金钱不是万能的）这也是本文的中心句，即论点。Money cannot buy many things such as time and true love.引起下文，开始说理，即摆事实，讲道理。
2.（正）We cannot make a day last longer with money. when we are happy and money cannot make the unhappy time pass away more quickly.
（误）There are 24 hours in a day.
这小节中心句论证了两个方面，即在欢乐时金钱不可能使一天延长，也不可能使悲伤的时光较快地消逝。
3．（正）True love is another thing which money cannot buy.
（误）Can our money raise him from death and make him love us as before
该中心句是本文的另一个论据，也是本小节的中心句。而 Can our money raise him from death and make him love us as before 仅是第二个论据中的一个事例。
4.（正）Money can buy us diamond things, beautiful clothes, but never time and love.
（误）Here we can see very clearly that money cannot buy us love.
前一句是第三小节论证的结论，后一句在摆出论证的两个论据的基础上得出结论。深化了文章开头Money is not all powerful这个论点。
参考答案
Most of the things in our daily life have to be bought with money. But money is not all powerful. When we are happy, we cannot make a day last longer no matter how much money we pay.
On the other hand, money cannot make the unhappy time pass away more quickly. True love is another thing which money cannot buy. Money cannot raise a man from death and make him love us as before. Money can buy us beautiful things, but never time and love.
精选练习
面是一篇有关广告的文章，请把它缩写成一篇８０词左右的短文。
With the development of material prosperity, advertisements have become more and more important in our daily life.
Advertisements give up-to-date information about products. If there were no advertising, consumers could not know about goods in their local shops. Advertising helps sell to a bigger market. Therefore, as more goods are sold they are cheaper. Advertisements also provide money for newspapers, magazines, radio and TV stations, etc.
But there are also some opinions against advertising. Some people think that advertisements do not give much information but only try to persuade you to buy. They create a demand for goods that are not really needed. Besides, advertising adds to the cost of goods. Furthermore, they are ugly to look at and spoil the environment.
Actually, every coin has two sides. Advertising is without exception. But in today’s world, advertising is not only necessary but also helpful.
二、阅读下列短文，并将其缩写成１１０个词左右的故事，要求连贯，自然。
On Thursday evening Mr. Smith left his car in front of his house as usual, but when he came down the next morning to go to his office, he found that his car was missing. He called the police and told them what had happened, and they said they would try to find the car for him.
When Mr. Smith came back from the office that evening, the car was in the usual place outside the home. He examined it carefully to see whether it was broken and found two tickets on one of the seats, and a letter which said, “We are sorry we took your car because of something important.”
Mr. And Mrs. Smith went to the theatre with the two tickets the next evening and they had a good time.
When they got home they found thieves had taken almost everything they had in their home.
参考答案
（一）
首先通读全文，找出各小节中心句，然后适当删减原有小节中的内容，连句成文。注意简要和连贯。各小节中心句：
1. Advertisements have become more and more important in our daily life.
2. Advertisements give up-to-date information about products and also provide money for newspapers, magazines, radio and TV stations etc.
3. But there are also some opinions against advertising.
4. Actually advertising is not only necessary but also helpful.
Advertisements have become more and more important in our daily life. They give up-to-date information about products. They help consumers know about goods and help to sell to a bigger market. As more goods are sold, they are cheaper. They also provide money for newspapers, magazines, radio and TV stations etc. But there are also some opinions against advertising. Some people think that advertisements only persuade you to buy and add to the cost of goods. Furthermore they are ugly and spoil the environment. Actually every coin has two sides. Advertising is not only necessary but also helpful today.
（二）
通读全文，弄清其大意其采用英语多种表达的方法，如复合句改为简单句，删繁就简，同义或近义词转换等，连贯通顺地写出故事梗概。
On Thursday evening Mr. Smith left his car in front of his house, but he found his car missing when he went to work the next morning. He called the police and they said they would try to find it.
That evening Mr. Smith returned from work and saw the car in the usual place. He examined it and found two tickets and a letter which said they were sorry for taking the car because of something important.Mr. And Mrs. Smith went to the theatre with the tickets the next evening and enjoyed themselves.When getting home; they found that almost everything was taken by thieves.
第三讲 英语多种表达法
多种表达即用不同的方式表达同一个意思。进行多种表达的训练将有助于学生书面表达能力的提高，有利于学生英语实际运用能力的发展。根据所给情景材料列出要点，采用同义或近义的词或词组进行相互转换，或句型转换的方式，用正确、通顺、规范的语句表达其相同的内容。
运用同义或近义词组改写句子
1．我们已决定帮助遭受水灾的村民摆脱困境。
We have made up our minds to help out the villagers in flood.
We have decided to help out the villagers in flood.
We are determined to help the villagers in flood.
2．我们昨天是乘公共汽车去颐和园的。
We took a bus to go to the Summer Palace yesterday.
We went to the Summer Palace by bus yesterday.
3．虽然我们几乎都筋疲力尽了，但非常激动和愉快。
Although we were almost worn out, we were extremely excited and happy.
Although we were almost tired out, we were very excited and happy.
Though almost exhausted, we were really excited and happy.
4．明天他们要去拜访他们的中学英语老师。
Tomorrow they are going to visit their middle school English teacher.
Tomorrow they will call on their middle school English teacher.
Tomorrow they will call at the house of their middle school English teacher.
二、用不同的语态改写句子
1．食物是每个生物的必须品。
Every living thing needs food.
Food is needed by every living thing.
2．他们尽了一切努力来帮助他。
They did everything they could to help him.
Everything they could do was done to help him.
3．有人看见这个小孩在河边玩的。
Someone saw the child playing by the river.
The child was seen playing by the river.
三、简单句改为复合句
1．他很聪明，能够解决这个问题。
He is clever enough to solve the problem.
He is so clever that he can solve the problem.
2．请告诉我他的出生日期。
Please tell me the date of his birth.
Please tell me when he was born.
3．据说她已经出国了。
She is said to have gone abroad.
It is said that she has gone abroad.
4．我们认为告诉他真相是对。
We think it right to tell him the truth.
We think it is right to tell him the truth.
5．他由于年老而被迫停止驾车。
He was forced to stop driving his car because of his old age.
He was forced to stop driving his car because he was too old.
四、倒装句改写
1．他不仅学习好而且也擅长于体育运动。
He is not only good at studies but also sports.
Not only is he good at studies but also sports.
2．城南有座大的钢铁厂。
A big steel factory lies in the south of the city.
South of the city lies a big steel factory.
3．光运行是如此之快以至于你难以想象它的速度。
Light travels so fast that you can hardly imagine its speed.
So fast does light travel that you can hardly imagine its speed.
4．我对这座城市知之甚少。
I know little about this city.
Little do I know about this city.
5．这所学校真漂亮。
This school is very beautiful。
What a beautiful school it is
How beautiful a school it is.
五、变换时态改写句子
We have studied English for six years.
It is six years since we started to learn English.
他离开上海已经十年了。
He left Shanghai 10 years ago.
He has been away from Shanghai for ten years.
例题精讲
一、某班决定11月20日星期六，组织一次秋游（autumn outing）。该班班主任是个英语教师。为了加强英语的实际应用，他想用英语作个口头通知，请你为他拟一份口头通知。字数：80~100。
内容要点：
1)这次秋游决定去参观古城淮安市周恩来纪念馆。然后，参观该市的其他名胜。
2)已租（rent）一辆公共汽车，集体乘车前往。早晨5点半在汽车站对面集合，不要迟到。下午返回南京。
3)由于气候转凉，要多穿些衣服，并携带必要的东西。
4)午饭在淮安中学食堂吃。
5)参观时要遵守纪律，注意安全。必要时要记笔记。
参考答案
1．这是一篇通知类的书面表达题，从时空特征上来讲，具有前瞻性，时态要用一般将来时。
1)表达语言中含有who（主体），what（内容），where（地点），when（时间），why（原因），how（方式）这六个要素。
2)本通知题材为考生所熟悉。
3)具备6个左右的描述要点。
4)要求行文连贯、流畅，作状语时用的副词（尤其是时间副词）、副词语或副词从句最好放在句首。
5)语言表达可多样化，但应注意地道、简洁、明了。
2．根据要点，相同语意可用多种表达。
1) May I have your attention，please？
Attention，please！
2) I’ve got an announcement to make.
I’ve got something important to tell you.
3) It has been decided that we shall go to the old city of Huai’ an to have an outing.
We’ve decided to go to the old city of Huai’ an for an autumn outing.
4) We are going to visit Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall.
We are going to pay a visit to Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall.
5) A bus has been rented and we are going there by bus.
We are to go there taking the bus we have rented.
6) We are to gather opposite the bus station at 5:30 p.m. that day.
At 5:30 on the morning of that day all of us shall meet across the bus station.
7) Don’t be late.
Do get there in time.
8) Please wear more clothes since it’s getting cool.
Please dress more because of the cool weather.
9) Prepare all the things you need on the journey and take them with you.
Get everything ready you need on the journey and take them along.
10) At noon lunch will be served at the dining hall of Huai’ an Middle School.
At noon we are going to have lunch at the dining hall of Huai’ an Middle School.
11) Please obey the rules and pay attention to safety during the visit.
During the visit we should follow the rules and keep ourselves safe.
12) We shall come back in the afternoon.
In the afternoon we shall return to Nanjing.
Boys and girls,
May I have your attention, please I’ve got an announcement to make. It has been decided that we shall go to the old city of Huai’ an for our autumn outing on November 20th, Saturday. We are going to visit Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall. After that we’ll visit some other places of interest there.
A bus has been rented and we are going there by bus. We are to gather opposite the bus station at 5:30 a.m. that day. Don’t be late. Please wear more clothes since it’s getting cool. Prepare all the things you need on the journey and take them with you. At noon Lunch will be served at the dining hall of Huai’ an Middle school. We shall come back in the afternoon. Please obey the rules and pay attention to safety during the visit. Take notes if necessary. That’s all. Thank you.
第四讲 汉英表达对比法
英语和汉语在表达上有很大的不同，因此进行书面表达时要注意汉英基础语句在语言表达方面的区别，克服汉语的干扰，学会运用符合英语语法规范、语言习惯的句子叙事、表意。有意识的注意汉英语意表达之间的差别，将有助于书面表达的提高。
一、注意英语动词时态的变化
1.大卫一回到纽约，就要来看望这位教授。
（正）David will come to visit the old professor as soon as he returns to New York.
（误）David will come to visit the old professor as soon as he will return to New York.
状语从句通常用一般时态来表达将来要发生的事情，而主句则用将来时表达将要发生的事情。
2.自从我十年前离开中国以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。
（正）China has greatly changed since I left ten years ago,
（误）China greatly changed since I left ten years ago.
用since引导的表示过去的时间状语从句，主句动词应为现在完成时。
3那时候科学家们就断定地球围绕着太阳转。
(正) At that time the scientists concluded that the earth moves round the sun.
（误）At that time the scientists concluded that the earth moved round the sun.
此从句为客观真理，因此不管主句是什么时态，其从句用一般时态。
二、注意英语名词复数的变化
1．这些孩子都是中学生。
(正)These children are middle school students.
(误)These children are middle school student.
汉语中名词有时用“们”表示复数，而英语则必须将单数改为复数形式，如：those doctors and nurses。
2．这家医院女医生比男医生多。
(正)There are more women doctors than men doctors in this hospital.
(误)There are more woman doctors than man doctors in this hospital.
在此句中man，woman作定语，修饰复数名词表示性别时，本身也用复数形式。
3．电视及报纸给我们提供了很多信息。
(正)TV and newspapers give us a lot of information.
(误)TV and newspapers give us a lot of informations.
information是不可数名词，没有复数形式，不可能与不定冠词a/an连用。可译为：a piece of information。
4．中国有12亿人口。
(正)China has a population of twelve hundred million.
(误)China has twelve hundred million populations.
population 是集合名词，不管人口有成千上万还是很少，常用a population of...表达。
三、注意英语代词的变化
1．除了他以外，所有的人都出席了会议。
(正)All are present at the meeting but him.
(误)All are present at the meeting but he.
句中but是介词，相当于except,应用he的宾格him。
2．他的电脑比我的贵些。
(正)His computer is more expensive than mine.
(误)His computer is more expensive than I.
误句将他的电脑与我这个人进行对比，显然不合逻辑。而mine相当于my computer。
3．是我在那天下午违反了校规。
(正)It was I that broke the rules of school that afternoon.
(误)It was me that broke the rules school that afternoon.
被强调的代词“我”是原句的主语，应用I，不要用宾语me。
4．中国以丝绸著称，这是众所周知的。
(正)China is famous for silk. This is known to all.
(误)China is famous for silk. It is known to all.
指代前边所述情况时，常用this或that,一般不用it。当然，It is known to all that China is famous for silk也对，只是主语从句罢了。
四、注意英语介词的用法
英语介词的使用比汉语要活跃得多，要搞清汉语中没有而英语中使用介词的现象，一些动词短语本身就是固定搭配。
1．嘲笑他人是不礼貌的。
(正)It's bad manners to laugh at others.
(误)It's bad manners to laugh others.
2．应该告诫孩子们不要玩火。
(正)Children must be warned not to play with fire.
(误)Children must be warned not to play fire.
3．他们不得不在烈日下等公共汽车。
(正)They had to wait for the bus in the hot sun.
(误)They had to wait the bus under the hot sun.
误句中under the sun 译为“普天之下”，“在阳光下”应用“in the sun”；wait for 也为固定搭配。
4．警方在全城里搜查那个罪犯。
(正) The policemen are searching the whole city for the criminal.
The police are searching for the criminal in the whole city.
(误)The police are searching the criminal in the whole city.
如果说The policemen are searching the criminal for those important papers. 是指警察们正在搜查罪犯身上，想找到那些重要文件。
五、注意汉语中没有而英语中存在的语言现象。如it除表示人称代词以外的其他用法；在汉语中不存在的分词、动名词、不定式等非谓语形式的用法
1．我妹妹是中学生。
(正)My younger sister is a middle school student.
(误)My younger sister is middle school student.
用不定冠词a表示某类人或东西中的一个，而汉语中不一定把“一个”表示出来。
2．大运河里的水越来越脏了。
(正)The Water in the Grand Canal is getting more and more polluted.
(误)Water in Grand Canal is getting more and more polluted.
水是物展名词此处用定冠词the,特指大运河的水。
3．昨天下午是李明引着那位盲人过路的。
(正) It was Li Ming that who led the blind man to cross the road yesterday afternoon.
(误)Yesterday afternoon was Li Ming led the blind man to cross the road.
这是强调句，it无意思，只帮助改变句子结构，原句主语Li Ming得到了强调。
4、我们打算请这位外籍教师来我校工作。
(正)We planned to invite the foreign teacher to work in our school.
(误)We planned to invite the foreign teacher work in our school.
这里，动词不定式to work in our school为宾语补足语。
六、注意英汉语言形态模式的差异
1、全世界都讲英语。
(正)English is spoken all over the world.
The whole world speak English.
(误)All over the world speak English.
有时不必说明动词执行者，可用被动语态。
2、当他年轻的时候做过律师。
(正)When he was young, he worked as a lawyer.
(误)When he young, he work as lawyer.
汉语中用动词表达的意思，在英语中可用系动词加形容词表示，不可直接把形容词作动词用。如李明饿了，要说Li Ming is hungry；我们很抱歉，要说We are sorry。
3、那个地方能解决这个问题。
(正)We can solve the problem at the place.
The problem can be solved at the place.
(误)The place can solve the problem.
用主动、被动语态都可表达，但要搞清动作的执行者及承受者。
4、打算下周参加这个竞赛的人可在此签名。
(正)Anybody to take part in the competition next week can sign your name here.
Anybody that is going to take part in the competition next week can sign your name here.
(误)To take part in the competition next week somebody can sign your name here.
动词不定式做定语表示将要产生的事。如：the lecture to be given tomorrow will be important.
七、注意英语中主谓一致与汉语在这方面的差别
1、他全家在吃晚饭。
(正)His family are having supper now.
(误)His family is having supper now.
有些集体名词，如family, class, team, group, government, public作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如作为其中成员看待，谓语动词用复数形式。如Our country is a strong one. Our country are determined to uphold the unity of the state.
2、最快捷的旅行方式是乘飞机。
(正)The quickest means of travel is by plane.
(误)The quickest means of travel are by plane.
句子means表示方式、手段，单复同形，此处为单数, 相当于way。
3、史密斯博士与他的夫人已抵达我镇。
(正) Dr Smith and his wife have arrived at our town.
Dr Smith, with his wife, has arrived at our town.
(误) Dr Smith, with his wife, have arrived at our town.
当主语后面跟有介词but, except, with, besides等引导的短语时，其谓语应与主语一致，不可与介词宾语一致。
4、大量的科学发展成就是在本世纪内产生的。
(正)A lot of progress in science has been made within this century.
(误)A lot of progress in science have been made within this century.
句中主语progress为不可数名词,其谓语动词为单数形式。
例题精讲
例题一[NMET’92]
以上六幅图描述了你5月31日那天的活动。请根据图画用英语写一篇日记。
注意：
1. 日记须包括所有图画的内容，可适当增加细节，使日记连贯。
2. 词数：100左右。
精讲
这是一篇看图作文，要求以日记形式表达，时态用一般过去时。与1993、1995全国题一样，均采用图画提示的方式。先根据图画确定内容要点。
1．早上，爸爸、妈妈和我给奶奶买生日礼物。
(正)Early in the morning, Father, Mother and I went to the shop to buy some presents for my grandma's birthday.
(误)Morning, I ,Father, and Mother bought some presents for my grandma's birthday.
“我和父母，我和李明，我和他”均为中文表达习惯，英语表达习惯应为my parents and I, Ming and I, he and I。
汉语“早上”应写成“in the morning”，在the morning前的介词in不可缺少。
2．乘公共汽车去农村奶奶家。
(正)We took a bus to my grandma's home in a village.
We went to my grandma's home in a village by bus.
(误)We by a bus to my grandma's home in a village.
by bus是介词短语，应做状语，by不可作谓语，表示抽象手段，by bus中不可用a，可说catch a bus或get there on a bus。
3．奶奶和叔叔住在一起。
(正)My grandma lives with my uncle.
(误)My grandma lived with my uncle.
此处live应用lives表示作者写日记时，live仍为习惯性动作，不可改为lived。
4．奶奶和叔叔看见我们非常高兴。
(正)Grandma and Uncle were very glad to see us.
(误)Grandma and Uncle were too glad to see us.
用be too ...to...表示太......以致不能，但be only too...to...表示非常/极其......去做某事，如：He was only too anxious to leave.他常急于要离开。
5．我们将礼物送给奶奶。
(正)We gave the presents to Grandma and she was very happy.
(误)We take the presents to Grandma and she was very happy.
学生受汉语影响，用take...to...(把东西送给某人)，其实，这是把......带(送)到某处或某人处的意思，可用hand sth.to sb.。在英语中句与句之间不依靠逗号，而用连接词and, but等，而汉语中没有这种现象。如：他起床，穿上衣服。He got up and dressed himself.
6．我们坐下来谈话，叔叔去烧午饭。
(正)We sat down to talk while Uncle went to the kitchen to prepare lunch.
(误)We sat down, talk. Uncle went to the kitchen prepared lunch.
英语句子之间的连接与汉语存在着差异。
这里while表示当......的时候，描写两个动作同时进行 如：He repaired the TV set while I cleaned the window.
7．饭菜烧得很好吃，我们很高兴。
(正)The meal was so delicious that we enjoyed having it.
(误)The meal was eaten well, we were happy.
The meal was eaten well不妥当，与意思不合。
8．四点钟，我们与奶奶，叔叔告别并回家。
(正)At four o'clock, we said goodbye to Grandma and Uncle and came(back)home.
(误)Four o'clock, we said goodbye to Grandma and Uncle and went home.
钟点前必须加at，这一点与汉语表达有差异。这是一篇日记，“回家”是指从奶奶家返回到原出发地点，用went home 就不对了，也可用set off home。
参考答案
Sunday, May 31st Fine
It was Grandma’s birthday. Father, Mother and I went to visit her. She lives with my uncle in a village not far away. Early in the morning we bought some presents and took the bus to get there.
Grandma and Uncle were so glad to see us. We gave the presents to Grandma and she was very happy. Then we sat down to talk, while Uncle went the kitchen to prepare lunch. The meal was so nice that we all enjoyed it very much. At 4 o’clock, we said goodbye and set off for home.
精选练习
一、根据下列提示用英语写一则日记
十一月二十九日那天早晨，你骑车去上学。
天下雪，路滑，道路拥挤。
你摔了跤，把腿摔坏了。
一位年轻人用自行车送你去医院。
他带你去看医生，拿药，并送你回家。
他未留下姓名。
你永远忘不了这一天。
注意：
日记必须包括全部要点，可以适当增减细节，使其连贯、完整。
叙述必须用第一人称。
词数100左右。
参考答案：
Monday，November 29 Snowy
It was snowing this morning. I went to school by bike. The road was slippery and crowded as well. All at once I fell off the bike and broke my right leg. Just then a young man came to help me. He took me to the doctor on his bike and got some medicine for me. Finally he sent me home. My mother was going to thank him when he left us without leaving his name. I was deeply moved by his spirit of helping others. I will never forget the day.
第二章 高考英语作文题型及对策
一 日 记
日记是用来叙述一天生活中发生的有意义事件的文体，特别是那些具有教育意义或值得今后回忆、查阅或参考的事情。日记的素材应是最有趣或最有感受的一些事情。通常用用记叙文或简单的议论文体裁。字数不宜过多。
格式：一般是在左上角记上当天的日期(年、月、日)，星期；右上角写上当天的天气情况。下面一行可以写上日记小标题，也可以不写标题。
时态：日记记叙的时间，通常是在当天的下午或是晚上，特殊情况下也可以第二天补记。因此，所用的时态多为过去时态。但应灵活掌握；如记叙天气、描写景色，或为了描写生动，议论某事、对话引语等，也可使用现在时。
类型：日记可分记事、议论、描写及抒情等。记事型是用英语记述当天自己生活、学习中发生的事情。议论型是对生活中的某一事情或情况、现象谈自己的看法，发表议论。描写型、抒情型，则是对某人物、事物的特征做细致的描述，或针对某事物抒发自己的感情。
日记一般按事情发生的先后顺序记述，所以有时需要借助一些表示先后顺序的词语。如：at first, then, later on , afterwards, soon, finally, at last 等。
[范文]
April 9th, Sunday Fine
It is Sunday today. I didn’t get up as early as usual. In the morning after I finished my homework, I did some washing. Then I called Wu Gang and invited him to see the film “Lion King”. But unfortunately when we got to the cinema at two o’clock in the afternoon, we found all the tickets had been sold out. Then we went back to school to play table tennis. After this when we were about to go home, we saw our English teacher Ms Liu at the school gate. She told us that we had made great progress in English this term. She suggested that we should do more reading and listening. We promised her that we would take her advice.
二 书 信
书信格式
一般格式
英文书信的构成可分为7个部分：
信头(Heading)
日期(Date)
收信人姓名及地址(Inside Name and Address)
称呼(Salutation)
信文(Body of the letter)
结束语(Complimentary close )
署名(Signature)
(1)信头(Heading)
信头是指发信人的单位名称或地址。一般情况下发信人只需把自己的地址写(打字，手写均可)在信的右上角，离开信纸的顶头约1英寸，占二三行或四行均可，格式如下：
①齐头式
256 West Nanjing Street
Nanchang, Jiangxi Province
China
② 缩进式
Henan Road
Shanghai
China
注意：写地址的次序与中文不同，应先写门牌号码街道，然后城市和国名。写地址时间采用齐头或缩进式，以及每行后要不要加标点符号，都没有固定的规定，如写给经常往来的亲友，这项地址也可以省略。
(2) 日期(Date)
写日期注意下列各点：
① 年份应写全。例如不能用“99”来代替“1999”;
② 月份应写英文名称，除May, July外，可用缩写，如：Sep., Oct.。但不要用数字来代替，如7/4/99或7，4，99，因为在英国此日期代表7th April, 1999, 而美国则代表4th July, 1999。
③ 日期可用1，2，3，4…11，12…21，22…31等，也可用1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th… 11th, 21st…22 nd, 31 st等。
日期的几种写法：
a: July 7, 1998
b. 1st October, 1998
c. 30 Nov., 1997
d. Sep. 3 rd, 1999
④ 特别注意英文书信日期应紧着写信人地址下一行，不能像写中文书信那样写在书信签名之后，这是很多学生的常见错误。
精选范文
①
P．O．Box 2089
Beijing, China
Sep. 7th. 1999
②
86 Bright Road
Manchester
England
12 Mar, 1999
(3) 收信人姓名及地址(inside Name and Address)
写信人的地址和日期写好以后，接着就要写收信人的姓名和地址，一般的事务信件或给较生疏的朋友的信件要写，而在给较熟的朋友的信中则可省去。这一项写在日期下一行的左上角。收信人姓名写一行，收信人地址可分两行或三行写，和写信人的地址一样，上下可取齐，也可向右缩进。在姓名前一般要加上称号，称号因人而异。
① 对普通男子用Mr.;
②对未婚女子用Miss;
③对已婚女子用Mrs., 对婚姻状况不明确的通常用Ms(后跟本人姓)；
④对教授或博士(医生)用Prof. 或Dr.
精选范文
66 Smith Street
Manchester
England
Mr. Jee Green 27 May 1999
West Tenth Street
Hawaii U.S.A.
(4) 称呼(Salutation)
称呼指的是信文开头的那种称呼，如Dear, Mr., uncle, 各种称呼因人而异。在称呼后面一般是用逗号，但也有用冒号的。现归纳如下：
①对父母、兄弟、姐妹等；
a. Dear Father,
b. My dear Mother,
c. Dear Sister,
d. Dear Tom,
② 对亲戚：
a. My dear Auntie.
b. Dear Cousin,
c. My dear Cousin,
③ 对朋友、同学
a. My dear friend,
b. Dear Mr. Jackson,
c. My dear Mr. Jackson,
④ 对未婚女子：
a. Dear Miss Luce,
b. My dear Miss Luce,
⑤ 对一般妇女，不论是否结婚：
a. Ms.
b. Dear Madame,
⑥ 对已婚生子：
a. Dear Mrs. Helen Jackson,
b. My dear Mrs. Helen Jackson,
⑦ 对公司、工厂、学校等：
a. Dear Sirs,
b. Sirs,
c. Gentlemen,
(5) 信文(Body of the letter)
信文是信件的主体部分，也就是信的内容。正文应在称呼下两行开始。信的开头第一个字母通常和称呼开头第一个词平齐。也有往后退四个或八字个字的。下面介绍一些开头语和结尾语。
开头语
① 相当于中文的“敬启者”。
a. I beg to inform you that …
b. I beg to take this opportunity to inform you that …
c. I have the honor to address you that …
d. I write in a hurry to inform you that …
e. I have the pleasure to tell you that …
f. I’m very much delighted to inform you that …
② 相当于中文的“接读某月某日来信，一切知悉”。
a. I thank you very much for your letter of May 20th …
b. Your letter of May 20th has been received with thanks.
c. It gives me great pleasure to receive your kind letter of May 20th.
d. In answer to your kind letter of May 20th, deeply regret that …
e. I have received your kind letter of May 20th.
f. Words can’t express my delight on finding your favor of yesterday on my desk this
morning.
g. Your letter dated May 20th has been received
结尾语
采用三种方法：
① 采用分词短语：句末用逗号，不用句号。例如：
a. Waiting for your good news,
b. Looking forward to your early reply,
c. Hoping to hear from you soon,
d. Hoping you are enjoying good health,
e. Regretting that I can’t give you a more favorite reply,
f. Regretting the trouble I’m causing you,
g. Wishing you every success,
h. Wishing you a pleasant journey,
i. Wishing you a happy New Year,
②采用介词短语，句末用逗号，不用句号。例如：
a. With best regards,
b. With kind regards to your family,
c. With best wishes to you and yours,
d. With best wishes for your success and happiness,
e. With best wishes for your success in your new field of work,
f. With best regards and wishing you all success,
g. With warmest regards,
h, With best regards to you and your family,
i. With the season’s greetings,
③ 采用完整句子：句末用句号。例如：
a. We are waiting for your good news.
b. I hope to receive your early reply.
c. We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
d. I thank you very much for your services, and wish your continued success.
(6)结束语(Complimentary Close)
①结束语的一般写法如下：
Yours faithfully,
Yours truly,
Truly yours,
Sincerely yours,
②公函常用：
Faithfully yours,
Yours respectfully,
Respectfully yours,
Yours sincerely,
③私人书信常用：
Sincerely yours,
Yours very sincerely,
Yours affectionately,
Yours ever,
④给亲戚朋友的信常用：
Love,
All my love,
Your(ever) loving son/daughter/cousin, etc.
Your affectionate nephew,
Yours lovingly,
Lovingly yours,
(7)署名(Signature)
下面是署名的例子：
①个人署名：
Yours truly,
W. J. Watson
②公司署名：
Yours faithfully,
Legend Computer Company
Wang Lin
Sales Manager
精选范文
① 生日贺信
Dear Bob,
Tomorrow is your birthday. I imagine your family is planning a celebration for you. I write this letter to offer you my heartiest congratulations and best wishes for many returns of the day.
With my sincere wishes for your success,
② 圣诞节及新年贺信
Dear Mary and Helen,
A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to you! Allow me to offer you Season Greetings. May the New Year will bring you a bright and prosperous (繁荣) future.
My families who are well and happy, join me in my good wishes.
Yours very sincerely,
Barbara
③感谢信
Dear Sir,
With feelings of deep gratitude I address you to give my thanks for your noble and generous efforts by which my son was saved from the lake. Surely, if it had not been for your help, my son would not be alive now. I shall be most happy to have a chance of serving you in return.
I extend you again a thousand thanks for the great favor.
Yours faithfully,
Wang Bing
④ 请求帮助信
Dear Harry,
I expect to leave Shanghai for Nanjing next Monday and intend to stay there for a month or so. You told me you had been there for a long time and knew a lot of people. I, therefore, shall thank you if you will kindly let me have one or two letters of introduction to them as I am an entire stranger in that place.
⑤ 申请信(申请作为研究助理)
Dear Sir,
I’m a graduate student in the Physics Department of Qinghua University.
Recently I read that you are hiring an assistant to do research on solar physics. As you can see from my resume (简历)，I have had experience in this field. I’m very interested in your project and hope to work with you. My telephone number is 83745102.
Thank you for your consideration. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
⑥道歉信
[范文]
256 Weeton road Hong Kong 7 th June, 2000Dear David, I am very sorry that I could not meet you last night. I hope that you did not wait too long outside the New York Theatre. I had to look after my small brother until my mother returned home. She spent a long time at the doctor’s and she arrived home very late. I am all the way to the bus stop, but I had already missed the bus. And so I decided to get on a train and I arrived at the New York Theatre at eight o’clock. I didn’t think that you would still be there because It was three quarters of an hour late. I do hope that you will forgive me. Anyway, how about next Friday Love, Sue
这类信件一般包括三个部分：1)道歉(apology) 2) 叙述原因或问题(reason/problem) 3)后果及解决办法(consequence + offer of solution)。
范文是比较典型的致歉信。Sue首先在信的开头向David 为昨晚未能按时到剧院见他表示道歉。然后叙述昨天未能准时到剧院的原因，结果晚8点才赶到剧院，迟到了45分钟。Sue 以为David已经走了，没有见到他，最后一句“How about next Friday ”提出下周五再见面的解决办法。
三 启事
1遗失启事以Lost作为标题放在启事的上方正中。在Lost 的右下角处写出遗失启事的时间。启事的正文包括遗失物品，遗失的时间、地点，若有人发现遗失物品送交的人、地点。启事正文右下角写上失主的姓名，Loser 可写可不写。
2招领启事以Found作为标题放在启事上方正中。在found的右下角处写上招领启事的时间。启事的正文包括招领的物品。拾到物品的时间及丢失者去认领失物的地点。启事正文的右下角写上登这一启事的单位。
遗失启事
Lost
September 1, 2000
I was careless and lost a green school bag in the dining-hall on the morning of 21 st of August. Inside were an English textbook, a workbook, a dictionary and a key to my bike. Will the finder please send it either to the monitor of Class 3, Senior Grade 3 or to myself Many thanks to the finder. Our classroom is in Room 303, Building 2.
Zhao Meng
(Loser)
失物招领启事
Found
June 8th, 2000
A wallet was found yesterday afternoon, inside of which there is some money and other things. The loser is expected to come to the Office of Senior Grade 2 to identify it.
The Office of Senior
Grade 2
四 通知
通知是一种常用应用文体，用来把有关事情告知特定的读者或听众。通知的正文就是通告的内容，这是主体部分，包括通告的对象、事由、时间、地点等。它分为书面通知和口头通知两种，这两种通知在格式上有较大差别。
书面通知的常见形式有一般通知、布告、海报等。它们一般张贴在布告栏或黑板上。通知的正文上方有Notice (或全部大写NOTICE)或Announcement (或全部大写ANNOUNCEMENT)
为题目。以海报形式出现时，通知常以海报内容为题，如Lecture, Football Match等。当然题目中还可以出现发通知的单位，如Student Union Notice, English Department Announcement，通知题目要求居中打印、书写，有时为了强调，甚至可以以粗体形式出现。书面通知一定要有发通知时间及落款。出通知的时间一般写在通知正文的下方左角，落款于右下角，当然时间及落款也可都写右下角。书面通知的正文一般用第三人称来写。时间、地点、参加者、内容、注意事项是通知的要点，应直截了当地一一予以说明。我们既可以用包容量较大的长句，也可以用简明的短语，前者正式，后者易懂易记。在正文中切忌添枝加叶的评论。一般情况下通知以段落形式出现，海报则按信息分行居中书写或打印。
口头通知一般不用写题目，也不必有出通知的时间。发布口头通知首先说明被通知的对象，在正文前面有呼语且顶左格写，如：Ladies and gentlemen, Boys and girls 等等。为了引正听者的注意，需另起行不顶格写一些引人注意的话，如：Be quiet, please! May I have your attention Attention, please! 等。口头通知要口头发布，因而可以用较随意口语体，如：I’ll, I’ve等。口头通知在结束时要有结束语，这是因为口头通知需要用一些语言表明通知的起止，如用That’s all. 表示通知到此为止宣布完毕。另外结尾处还需要一些如Thank you. 一样的客套语。口头通知的一些常用的开头语和结束语。
开头语
Be quiet, please! Attention, please!
Listen, please.
A Please be quiet, everyone.
Please stop talking over there!
May I have your attention, please!
Please be quiet, everyone, There is something I have to tell you.
B Be quiet, please. There is something you need to know.
Listen, please. There is going to be…
结束语
Any questions
Does everyone understand
That’s all. Thank you.
不论是口头通知还是书面通知都是宣布即将发生的事情及其具体内容，因而多用将来时态，其中往往有一些注意事项，一般用祈使句来强调。通知的语言要简洁明了，条理清晰，要求精确，特别是时间概念很重要，必须写得十分明确，不容丝毫含糊。
①会议通知
[题 材]
你班决定在下周三(5月15日)下午3：30在你班教室召开会议，讨论如何学习英语。目前在
西北轻工业学院任教的史密斯教授将应邀在会上讲话。今天是5月11日。请你写一个通知，要求大家准时参加。
词数：70左右。
[范 文]
A Meeting to Be Held
Notice
A meeting to discuss how to learn English is to be held in our classroom on next Wednesday May 15th, 1999, at 3:30 p.m..
The discussion is very interesting. At the end of the meeting, Professor Smith working at the Northwest Institute of Light Industry will give us some useful advice.
All the students of our class are expected to be present on time.
May 11, 1996 Class 1, Grade 3
② 庐山郊游通知
[题 材]
假如你是高三(2)班班长，你班要在5月4日即下星期六去庐山郊游。请你拟一份通知，准备向同学们宣读。内容包括：
1、郊游日期：5月4日，下星期六；
2、主要内容：攀登比赛、摄影等；
3、早餐后8点坐校车出发，午餐自带，下午3点回校；
4、欢迎全体同学参加。凡参加者先登记并交给班长5元钱。
注意：通知词数约70—120。要求意思连贯。
[范 文]
An Outing to Lushan
An Announcement
Class, please be quiet. I am glad to tell you that we have decided to have an outing to Lushan next Saturday, May 4th. The expense is about five yuan. Those who wish to go should put down the names on this piece of paper and give the money to me. We will go by school bus which is to start after breakfast at 8:00 a. m. and come back to school at 3:00 p.m.. Remember to bring your lunch with you.
We’ll have a contest of climbing the hill and take photos there. All the students are welcome. That’s all. Thank you.
Monitor
Class 2 of Senior Grade 3
③某中学将有一位美国教授布菜克博士来访，该教授将给师生们作一次报告，介绍美国的教育情况。学校要求同学们在星期三下午2：30准时到105大教室参加报告会，并带上笔记本，以便会后讨论。请你根据上面要点，用英语写一通知。(字数：80左右)
参考词语
美国教授American professor
有关教育的报告a report on education
作笔记to take notes
讨论to have a discussion
Notice
An American professor, Dr Black will visit our school this Wednesday afternoon. He will give us a report on the education in America. Everyone is supposed to be in Room 105, the big classroom exactly at 2:30 p.m. Wednesday. Please bring your notebooks with you and take notes while listening to the lecture, so that we can have a discussion about it after it is over.
④假如你是班长，通知你班同学本周星期六晚上7：30—在本班教室举行一次英语晚会，节目有唱歌、朗诵、讲故事、话剧等，要求本班同学都参加，欢迎外班同学光临，请同学们作好准备。(字数：80左右)
参考词语
朗诵recitation
节目programme (或program)
欢迎to be welcomed
表演 to perform
Fellow students, attention, please.I have some good news to tell you. We’re going to have an English evening, in our classroom at 7:30 on Saturday evening. The programme includes songs, recitations, storytelling and short plays. Everyone in our clas must take part in it and students form other classed are also welcome. Everone who takes part in the party should perform once.
That’s all. Thank you.
五 便条
便条多用于较熟的亲友、同事之间，以代替一般的私人书信及公务书信,因此便条除具有书信的一般特征外，还有某些特殊性：
（1）临时性和紧迫性。便条多是临时性的通知、询问，内容大多有较紧迫的时间限制，比如通知当事人立即给某处回电话，通知医生即刻出诊等等。所以，便条大多是匆忙写在纸条上托人转交或留在某处。
（2）非正式性。便条所写的基本都是可以公开的普通事宜，而且内容大都非常简单，几句话就可以说清楚，不必采用非常的书信形式，也不用缄口。
由于便条的以上两个特征，便条在形式上具有以下特点：
（1）简化书信格式。便条既不用信封，不写收信人与发信人地址，也不写结尾问候语。不详细写明年月日，而只写星期，或日月。由于时间大多发生在一两天内，常常要写明上、下午或钟点。日期可写于正文右上角或末尾署名之下，没有很严格的限制。
（2）简化称呼及签署。便条多用于相熟的朋友、同事或家人之间，称呼用语应亲切、随便，不可过于正式。如可用Mary, Dear Johnson等等。署名也可以只写姓或只写名。因为即使公务便条，也多用于同一部门，大家相互熟悉，笔迹也容易认读。
（3）语言通俗而口语化。便条形式随便，语言也应通俗。要尽量避免用大词和过分正式的句子。如尽量用：“Just a line to tell you that…”而不用“This is to inform you that…”，用“put off ”而不用“postpone”。句子的结构尽量简单。
例如：
① 你到一个叫李英的同学家，通知他一件事，碰巧他不在家，你给他留了张便条，内容如下：
a. 明天的课将推迟到本星期六下午2点，因为明天你要参加劳动—植树，上午7点在校门口集合出发。
b.前天你把雨伞落在他家房子的前门外，请他明天上课时替你带来。
×××
8.10
Aug.10
Li Ying,
Tomorrow’s class will be put off to Saturday. Instead, we’ll take part in the labour—planting trees. We’ll gather at the school gate and start off at 7:00 a.m.
I left my umbrella at the front door of your house the day before yesterday. Please bring it to me when you come to school tomorrow.
Thank you very much.
Yours,
Wei Ping
六 介绍地点
介绍地点，有四项基本要求：一是抓住此处所的基本特征；二是要遵循一定的顺序，使文章条理清楚，中心突出；三是要运用恰当的方法进行说明；最后是语言要做到准确无误。
介绍地点，目的是让人明白无误地了解它，并且给人留下深刻印象。因此写作时首先抓住事物的特征，即一事物区别于其他事物的标志。我们可描绘的地点多得不胜枚举，诸如village(乡村)，city(城市)，school(学校)，library(图书馆)，factory (工厂)等，它们各有其特点。所以在介绍地点时，要抓住其基本特征，加以客观地说明、描述，使读者在短时间内获得足够的信息。
要把一个地点介绍清楚，必须言之有序，富有条理。所谓“言之有序”，即要符合人们认识事物、欣赏事物的习惯。有的适宜按空间顺序，一般为由上至下或由下至上，由远及近或由近及远，顺时针方向或逆时针方向等来介绍；有的宜按逻辑顺序，由概括到具体、由理想到本质、由主要到次要、由整体到部分等来说明；还有的可按时间顺序来介绍，但第三类较少动用。有的还可采用多种顺序来说明，但初学者以一种顺序为好。
运用恰当的方法可以把处所说明得更为具体、明确。常见的方法有列数字、做比较、打比方、举例子、引资料等。不过，这类文章最容易写得呆板单调，缺乏生气，让人读起来感到乏味。所以除上述几种方法外，适当地运用描写，可增加文章的文采，使所写内容打动读者，达到最佳的表达效果。例如下面一段文字：The village where I was born is a beautiful place. There are green hills and clear water around it. Trees grow everywhere; a river flows in front of it …. Duck swim in the pools; cows bellow (哞哞叫)in their sheds. Occasionally you can hear a dog bark or a cock crow (喔喔叫)….这段文字通过生动的描写，向我们展示了一幅乡村的自然美景图。同时，它又激发了我们心中对乡村生活的想象和向往。
最后，要注意语言的准确性，遣词造句不可过分渲染或模棱两可，要简洁、明白。尤其要注意方位词的准确运用。常用的方位词或词组有：to the right (在右边)，to the left (在左边)，north (北)，south (南)，east (东)，west(西)，front (前面的)，back (后面的)，above(在……中间)，in (在……里)等，要注意这些方位词及它们的一些常用搭配的运用。
南极洲
[题材]
请根据下面表格，以“南极洲”为题写一篇短文(词数80—110)。
名 称 南极洲
位 置 地球的最南端(extreme south)
面 积 大约14万平方公里
气 候 世界上最寒冷的地方，常年有冰雪覆盖
自然资源 企鹅(penguin)、鲸(whale)、铁、煤等
人口 只有科学工作者
[范 文]
Antarctica
Antarctica, which is the coldest continent in the world, lies in the extreme south of the earth. it has an area of about 140,000 square kilometers. It is covered with cold thick ice and deep snow all year long. But it is a very rich continent. It has many well-known animals such as penguins, whales and it is also rich in mineral resources including iron, coal and so on. Up to now only some visiting scientists live there. maybe one day lots of households will live there.
七、介绍事物
一、抓住事物的特征
介绍事物，一定要抓住事物的特征，所谓特征，就是人或事物所具有的独特的地方。只有把握住事物的独特性，并以此来展开说明或描述，才能把要说明的对象说清楚。你想描述的任何事物都有其特征。比方说，我们拿起一支铅笔，仔细地观察它，就会注意到它的颜色、形状、
长度、锐利程度以及硬度等。也许你的作文以“This pencil is of normal size and shape.”开头，接着你就描写这支铅笔所具有的与众不同的特点。这种写作方法尤其适用于描写大家所熟悉的而又具有新的、与众不同的特征的事物。再比如下面一段文字：“去年，妈妈从北京给带回一套西服，质地上乘，做工考究，可棒了。”“质地上乘，做工考究”的服装很多，这几个字并未把这套西服的特征说清楚，因此不会给我们留下什么印象。总之，介绍一件事物，要考虑从哪方面着手才可抓住事物的具有代表性的特征。
二、要遵循一定的顺序
写任何文章都要做到条理分明。介绍一件事物，目的是上让读者清楚地了解事物本身的特点、性质以及用途等，因此更需要条理清楚。我们可以按以下三类顺序说明事物：1、时间顺序，即按事物的发生、发展的先后顺序进行说明。2、空间顺序，即按事物空间位置的顺序，由上至下，由近及远或由里至外地进行说明。3、逻辑顺序，即按人们认识事物的规律进行说明，如由概括到具体，由整体到部分，由现象到本质，由表及里，由原因到结果，由主要到次要，由特点到用途等。
三、选用恰当的方法
说明事物，我们常采用以下方法；
1、定义法。定义法的目的是让不知此事物的人对此物有一个起码的了解，以利于下文的展开。如：A thermometer is an instrument used for measuring temperature. 就是对thermometer下了一个定义。有些事物也许不好下个明确定义，但我们可以交待这个事物的背景，来源，或列举出它的一些典型特征，以便让读者明白。这类事物可以是术语，也可以是外国人所不了解的中国的传统事物，如龙舟节等。2、举例说明法。举出具有代表性的例子，能够真切地说明事物，化抽象为具体，使段落变得有血有肉，丰富起来。举例时常用的表达有：for example(例如)，for instance(例如)，as an example of (作为……的例子)，take… for example (以……为例)等。3、比较法。为了突出事物鲜明的特点，我们常把它与其他事物进行比较。比方说我们想向读者介绍什么是“电脑”，我们可以说“It’s a kind of electrical or artificial (人工的)brain.”这样把电脑和人脑进行了比较，从而使人们对“电脑”有更清晰的认识。4、细节描述法。介绍一种事物，仅用概述性的词语如beautiful, friendly, boring, good 或bad 是不够的。作者要提供一些细节，使被描述的对象更加形象具体，从而加深读者的印象。
除上述几种方法外，我们还可以通过引经据典(即引用专家、名人等的话语)、列举数字等其他方法说明一件事物，从而使文章更加严密，内容更具有科学性，更有说服力。
四、运用恰当的语言
介绍事物，文字要力求简洁、明白、准确。比如：The cover of the magazine is very nice. 在此句中“nice”一词的意义不够明确，如果改用“artistic”就清楚了许多。再如下句：We wish to state that this electric car was designed with the idea of safety in mind. 此句冗长，不够简洁，应改为：The electric car was designed for safety. 除讲究语言平实准确的前提下，我们还可以运用描写的方法，来增添文章的可读性。例如在写题目为“My Pencil Box”这一文章时，若写成“I have a pencil-box, which was given to me by classmates as a birthday present. On it are three little bears. Inside are my pencils, a rubber and a pen-knife.”这样的表达是不是显得干巴巴的，毫无情趣？若能对三只小熊憨态可掬的形象加以描述，则会给读者留下深刻的印象。另外，在介绍事物时，语言易流于单调，若插入传说、趣事，或引用诗文、成语，或运用比喻、拟人、反问等修辞手段则可使语言生动形象，引人入胜。
(1)、家用电脑
[题 材]
家用电脑体积小，价格低，造型优美，简单易用，使用方便，灵活；可用于计算，记事，打电话，打印信件；儿童可用它来学英语，做游戏。你通过家用电脑能学会怎样使用微机，为将来找工作提供便利；电脑工作比人快数倍；我们已经得到了电脑的巨大帮助。
请根据以上内容写一篇介绍家用电脑的说明文。
要求：
1、短文需包括以上全部内容，但不可逐条翻译；
2、词数为120左右。
[范 文]
The Family Computer
The family computer is small. Its price is not high, and it has a good look. It can be used easily. You can use it to calculate, make notes, call others and type letters, etc. Also, children can learn English or play games with it. Besides, you can use a family computer as a training computer. You can learn how to use an office computer, which will give you convenience to find a good job in a company. Computers can work hundreds of times faster than human beings. We have been greatly helped by computers.
(2)、茶
[题 材]
就题目“茶(Tea)”写一篇120词左右的短文。内容包括：
1、饮茶源于中国，现已遍及全世界；
2、中国有许多世界名茶。用不同的方法加工茶，可生产出红茶(black tea)，绿茶，花茶(scented
tea)保健茶(tea)等；
3、饮茶已成为我们生活的一部分。饮茶可以使人保持大脑清醒，解除疲劳。茶里的营养成分
(nutritious elements)以及微量元素(trace elements)可以使人健康。
[范 文]
Tea
Tea drinking originated① in ancient China and has spread all over the world. China grows several kinds of the world famous tea. By using different ways to treat and process② tea, the Chinese can produce black tea, green tea, scented tea, medical tea and the like.
Tea drinking has become part of our life. In China, there are tea houses③ where people talk to one another, tell stories and play chess while drinking tea, People drink tea to refresh the mind and get rid of tiredness. Tea has nutritious elements and trace elements, which can make people healthy.
Tea drinking will become more and more popular.
[注 释]
① originated v. 起源
② process v. 加工
③ tea houses 茶馆
八 叙述事件
记事记叙文，就是以记叙事件为主，通过事件表达思想内容的文章。事件有它自身的发展过程，因此，记事的记叙文要说清楚事件发生的时间、地点，事件所涉及的人物、事件的起因、经过和结果。因为叙述的事件都是过去发生的，因此文章的时态主要是过去时。但在插叙时，要用过去完成时，下面着重谈一谈记事记叙文写作中应注意的一些问题。
一、明确中心思想和写作目的
我们写文章总是为了反映一个问题，也就是说在写作前就应该知道写作的目的是什么，想反映怎样的主题。并且，每篇文章都有其中心思想。因此在写作时应对文章的中心思想非常明确，情节的描写、人物、对话的叙述，遗词造句都应围绕中心展开。
二、精心选材
作者应在初步编排素材的基础上，选择生动有
书面表达题型是对学生多种英语技能运用能力的综合考察。应该说“写”是落实听、说、读、写四种能力的最高境界和最完美形式。 书面表达不同于英语作文，作文需要立意选材，注重修辞效果，强调风格技巧，而书面表达的要求是：切中题意，要点完整，语言准确、得当，行文连贯，条理清楚。高考的书面表达一般有三大类：记叙文，说明文和应用文。书面表达在试题中所占比重较大，学生们平时应给予足够的重视与训练。进行书面表达训练时应注意以下几个方面：1. 要认真审题，正确处理所提供的信息。书面表达题提供情景的方式是多种多样的，或用汉语提示，或用英语说明，也可用图画，书信，对话等形式。不论哪种形式，学生在审题时一定要全面、准确地把握所提供的信息。在把握信息的基础上进行构思，明确书写的层次和顺序，然后将构思好的内容有条理地表达出来。凡题目要求写的都应该写进去，以保证内容完整。2. 要写成符合英语表达习惯和通顺上口的短文。书面表达不是翻译，不能按照试题的情景说明或提示去逐字逐句地翻译，要从整篇文章去考虑，注意正确选用连词以及过渡性词语，使文章读起来地道流畅。3。要用熟悉的词语和句型。书面表达题的基本要求是内容表达清楚，语言形式无误。因此，在表达某个意思时，不要生搬硬套，死扣试题中汉语所提示的原文，而可以在不改变原意的前提下，用自己熟悉的词语和句型来表达，避免出现汉语式的英语。
书面表达水平的提高依赖于坚实的英语语言基础知识，即词，短语，句型和语法知识。有了坚实的基础，才能综合运用其知识，书面表达水平才能得到提高，因为书面表达是这些基础知识的综合体现。以后几节我们将针对中国学生在书面表达方面可能遇到的一些问题进行分析并试图找到相应的对策进行训练， 希望能对学生们有所帮助。
第一讲 句子及短文的扩写法
句子的写作是书面表达的基础。没有正确的句子就无法表达一个完整的概念，就无法准确传达自己的思想。句子写作首先要求符合语法规则，即：所写的句子要符合语法要求，句式正确。句子的扩写即建立在这一基础上，先由单词扩展成短语或词组，进而形成一句话乃至一篇短文，使单词进入具有完整意义的语境。因此，写好句子是进行书面表达的基础。下面就介绍几种句子及短文扩写的训练方法。
一．从单词入手进行扩写句子的练习 如：
1. Look---look for---The boy was looking for his schoolbag.---After the game the boy was looking for his schoolbag anxiously.
2. satisfy---be satisfied with---The teacher was satisfied with the students.---The teacher was satisfied with the students who had solved that difficult maths problem.
二. 组句成文的练习。如：
1. 由cross 开始，充分想象，创设情景。
Cross---cross the road---The blind man crossed the road slowly. ---With the help of the two Young Pioneers, the blind man crossed the road slowly. ---On a winter morning, on the roads were cars and buses coming and going busily. A blind man was about to walk across the road when two Young Pioneers stopped him. They said, “Be careful.” Then with the help of the children, the blind man crossed the road slowly. How thankful he was to the children.
2. 由building 开始，展开联想扩写。
Building---a new building---A new building has been put up.
Tree---green tree---Around the new building are a lot of green trees.
Home---my home---My home is in a beautiful village.
A mew building has been put up. It is my home. Around the mew building are a lot of green trees. How nice it is.
三.抓五种句型进行造句训练
几乎所有的英语句型都是五种句型的扩大，延伸或变化。因此，学生进行“写”的训练时，就要抓住五种句型进行造句训练。这五种基本句型是：
1． S+Vi 主语+谓语（不及物）
2． S+Link-V+P 主语+系动词+表语
3． S+Vt+O 主语+谓语（及物）+宾语
4． S+Vt+O+o 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
5． S+Vt+O+C 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
如: 根据以下情境，用五种句型写出大致意思，然后扩写成短文。
一老太太走在街上，一男子骑车从后面抢走她的手提包。一男孩从学校出来见此情景，在路上洒下图钉扎破车胎，坏蛋被抓住送去公安局。
首先根据题意写出下列14个句子：
1． An old lady was walking in the street.
2． She had a suitcase in her hand.
3． A rascal came up by bike.
4． The rascal snatched her case.
5． The lady shouted for help.
6． She ran after him.
7． A boy came out ( of school).
8． He saw that.
9． He took out a box of push-pins.
10． He threw them on the road.
11． The bike tyres were punctured.
12． The rascal had to stop.
13． They caught the rascal.
14． They sent him to the police.
把以上14个句子连接起来，就能基本表达要求的意思。若将这些句子进行扩大或合并， 再加上适当的“启承转合”词，就符合书面表达的要求了：
(One day), an old lady was walking slowly in the street (with a suitcase in her hand). (Suddenly) a rascal (riding a bike) came up and snatched her case (fiercely). The old lady shouted for help and ran after him, (but couldn’t catch up with the bike.) (Just then), a boy came out of school and saw (what happened). He (immediately) took out a box of push-pins and threw them on the road. (Just as the boy expected), the bike tyres were punctured (by the push-pins on the road) (and) the rascal had to stop. They caught the rascal and sent him to the police. (What a clever and brave boy!)
四．“启承转合”词或词组使用的训练
一篇短文中，句与句或段落与段落之间常用一些过渡词或连接词。这些过渡词或连接词能起到承转衔接的作用，说明前后句或段落之间的关系，可使书面表达更加自然，通顺和地道。下面就列出一些常用的过渡词。
1.表示时间：now, then, suddenly, before, afterwards, later, soon, before long, next, meanwhile, finally…..
2.表示空间顺序：first, secondly, far, above, below, near, beside, to the right, on one side…..
3.表示目的：for this purpose, for this reason, so that, in order that, so as to, in order to…..
4.表示对照：but, however, yet, on the other hand, on the contrary….
5.表示结果：so, thus, therefore, as a result, seeing that….
6.表示因果：because, since, as for, because of ….
7.表示强调：indeed, in fact, surely……
8.表示增加，递进：also, and , and then, in addition, besides, what’s more, moreover….
9.表示解释和说明：for example, for instance….
10.表示比较：like, just like, just as, in the same way, similarly….
11.表示总结：finally, at last, in short, that is….
12.表示让步：although, though, even though, no matter wh—.
平时训练时，可空出短文中的过渡词让学生填写，如：
What to say
One day, Mr. Smith was walking in the park. After a while, he felt very tired. He wanted to find something to sit on. Suddenly he saw a chair in the distance.
To his surprise, he saw a man going to the chair ahead of him, so he began to walk faster.
In a few minutes, Mr. Smith caught up with the man. Seeing this, the man began to walk quickly. However, Mr. Smith was the first to reach there and sit in the chair, The man ran up to Mr. Smith and showed him a board. It reads, “Wet Paint!”
Seeing that, Mr. Smith felt very sorry and didn’t know what to say.
通过划线部分的转承用语，段落的逻辑，语意联系，前后因果变得十分明了，使整个段落连贯统一。
例题精讲
例题一[NMET1999]
假设你是李华， 在一所中学读书。最近收到美国朋友Smith 先生的信。他三年前参观过你校，听说现在变化很大，希望了解有关情况。参照下图，给他写一封回信，介绍你校的变化。
注意：
1.回信须包括图画的主要内容， 可以适当增加细节， 使内容连贯；
2.词数100 左右
精讲1. 要明确这是一封回信，因此作文时，应注意书信格式以及回信时所要写的一些客套语。仔细阅读图示，参照其文字提示，深刻理解图意，紧扣“变化”这一主题，抓住要点，发挥想象，充实内容，找出关键词语，并进行扩写，由词成句，由句成文。
2. 有关要点、关键词语及其扩写如下：
1）非常高兴地收到来信。
（正）be glad/be pleased, hear from sb./get/receive a letter from sb.--- be glad/pleased to hear from you/be glad/pleased to get/receive a letter from sb.
（误）be pleased, hear from your letter---be pleased to hear from your letter.
这句话是写回信时惯用的客套语。其关键词语是hear from sb./get/receive a letter from sb.然后进行扩写。这里的hear from sb.就是收到“某人的来信”，from后只能接sb.而不能接letter。因此，学生使用此短语时，要注意与汉语的区别。
2）发生了相当大的变化。
（正）quite a few/ a lot of/lots of/great changes, take place/happen---Quite a few changes/Great changes have taken place/happened here.
（误）quite a little changes, take place/happen---Quite a little changes have been taken place.
用take place或happen皆可，但不可使用被动语态。 Change作为名词使用时是可数名词，此句也可将 change 作为动词使用，所表达的意义是一样的：Our school has changed a great deal /a lot。
3）在路的另一边。
（正）road, the other side---on the other side of the road.
（误）road, another side---on another side of the road.
路只有两边，因此“路的另一边” 应该用the other side而不是another.
4）在原来操场的地方。
（正）where, the playground used to be---where the playground used to be/ was
（误）there, the playground used to be---there the playground used to be
5）图书馆里有各种各样的图书，报纸和杂志。
(正) in the library/it, all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines---There are all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines in the library/it. Or: In it are all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines.
(误) the library/it，books newspapers and magazines――In it all kinds of books，newspapers and magazines.
介词短语in it 在句首，引导词there可省略，主谓倒装。如：
In from of the house stands a tall pine tree.
6) 现在操场在学校前面。
（正）the playground, in front of ---The playground is now in front of the school.
（误）the playground, in the front of---The playground is now in the front of the school.
in the front of…指在物体内部的前部，而非整个物体的前面。
7） 在校内及周围种植了大量的树木。
(正) in the school, round/around the school, trees, plant---A lot of trees have been planted round/around the school.
(误) in the school, out of the school, trees, plant---In and out of the school a lot of trees have been planted.
Out of the school泛指校外，与图意不符。
8）希望你某个时候自己来看看。
（正）hope, come and see, for yourself, some day/sometime---I hope that you’ll come and see for yourself some day.
（误）hope, come and see, by oneself, some day ---I hope you to come and see by yourself.
句中hope后可跟动词不定式做宾语，也可跟宾语从句，但不能接不定式做宾语补足语。By oneself 指“独立一人”，即alone之意，而for oneself指“本人亲自”之意。
参考答案：
Dear Mr Smith,
I was so pleased to hear from you and am writing to tell you something about my school. You are right; quite a few changes have taken place. On one side of the road there is a few classroom building. On the other side, where the playground used to be, now stands a new building---our library. In it there are all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines. The playground is now in front of the school. We have also planted a lot of trees in and around the school. I hope you’ll come and see for yourself some day.
Best wishes.
Yours
Li Hua
精选练习
一、给下面的一段文章填上适当的衔接词：
Jane likes traveling by bus better than by plane for four reasons. _1_ it costs less. She can ride by bus from New York to Chicago for $.20 _2_, the air fare between the two cities is $78. _3_, traveling by bus give her a close look at the cities and countryside than she could get from a plane. _4_, she enjoys driving through the big cities of Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Fort Wayne. _5_, she finds that the passengers on the bus are often closer to her own age. _6_, they are easy to talk with on the share journey. _7_, many airline passengers are businessmen who keep busy with their work while flying. _8_, riding a bus allows Jane to explore any stop along the way. _9_, once she got off the bus at a small town in Indiana and spent the night with a girl friend. _10_, the next day she took another bus to Chicago. _11_, Jane usually prefers buses instead of planes unless she has to get somewhere in a hurry.
二、下列一段文章不够连贯，重新安排这些句子使其成为连贯的段落：
I had a terrible morning today. In the middle of a class, I discovered I had left my English homework at home. I fell over my foot on my way to my language class and tore my raincoat. At the end of the class, the professor would not let me go to lunch on time. I slept so late that I did not have time to eat any breakfast. I had not turned in my homework, he wanted to talk over this problem with me.
三、根据下列提示，以“Tian An Men Square”为题写一篇描写性的英语短文，词数在100 ~ 120之间
提示：
我和张新上周六到达北京，当天就去参观了天安门广场；（面积：40万平方米）
广场建筑物布局如图所示：
1、天安门广场
2、毛主席纪念堂
3、人民英雄纪念碑
4、中国历史博物馆
5、人民大会堂
参考答案：
该题是对衔接词的检测。本段介绍的是Jane比较喜欢公共汽车旅游的四个原因。在列出四个原因时应用：1.First 3.Second 5.Third 8.Fourth
2.根据上下句的关系为转折关系，应用 Yet。4.可以看出这里是用例子说明乘车可以使乘客更近地欣赏沿途的风景，应用for example/instance表示连接。6.“车上乘客与自己年龄相符”，确实容易交谈，故答案为So。7.将公共汽车上与飞机上的情况进行对比，应用in contrast。9。用具体事例说明坐公共汽车确实探索沿途各站之便，答案应是For instance/example。10.表示的是时间上的先后关系，应用Then。11.对全文进行总结，得出结论。这种关系应用For these reasons。
该段记叙的是作者上午不幸的遭遇，以时间为线索。从“早饭”到“上学途中”，到“课下”，到“课上”。这样完整连续的段落应该是：
I had a terrible morning today. I slept so late that I did not have time to eat an breakfast. I fell over my foot on my way to my language class and tore my raincoat. In the middle of class, I discovered I had left my English homework at home. At the end of class, the professor would not let me got lunch on time. I had not turned in my homework, and he wanted to talk over this problem with me.
这是一篇命题描述文，根据所给文字提示及天安门广场布局图，列出下列要点，然后扩句成文。
arrive in Beijing, last Saturday; 2.on the same day, visit the square; 3.one of the largest squares in the world; 4. cover an area of 400 thousand square metres; 5. on the north of the square , Tian An Men Gate; 6. on the south , the grand Chairman Mao Hall; 7. all round the square; 8. in the center of the square, the Monument to the People’s Heroes; 9. on one side, the Great Hall of the People; 10. on the other side, the Museum of Chinese History; 11. visit the square; take photos; 12. in memory of the unforgettable day; 13. remind sb. of sth.; 14. inspire sb. to do sth.
Tian An Men Square
Zhang Xin and I arrived in Beijing last Saturday. On the same day we visited Tian An Men Square.
It is one of the largest squares in the world, covering an area of 400 thousand square metres. On the north of it is the red Tian An Men Gate. On the south is the grand Chairman Mao Memorial Hall. All round it are evergreen trees. In the center stands the Monument to the People’s Heroes. On one side of the square is the Great Hall of the People and the other the Museum of Chinese History.
Every day tens of thousands of people including foreigner visit the square and take photos with pleasure in memory of the unforgettable day. Everything there reminds us of the history of our people’s struggle and inspires us to work still harder.
第二讲 书面材料的缩写法
缩写要求对原文进行压缩和概括，从而缩短篇幅，使内容更简明，语言更简练生动，中心思想更突出。所写一定要忠于原文，保留原文的体裁，题材，主要内容，主题思想，结构顺序，语言风格，人称和表现手段。不能加入自己的认识，体会或对原文进行评论，也不能加入一些原文没有的东西，不能只取一个要点，而应保持意思完整。
一、原句中心意思，将长句缩写为短句
删去不影响句子意思表达的比较次要的词。如：
In 1893, New Zealand was the first nation in modern times to allow women to vote, long before many other countries.(21words)
改为： In 1893 New Zealand was the first nation to allow women to vote.(13words)
将原句中的复合句改为简单句
When he got to the side of the lake, he found that those rare animals had been cruelly killed by the hunters.(22words)
改为：Getting to the side of the lake, he found those rare animals cruelly killed.(14words)
将原句中的简单句合并为复合句或并列句
The detective collected the money. Then he left.
改为：After collecting the money, the detective left.
二、原文段落的中心句和关键词语以及要点，写出各段落概要 如：高三（下）L57 On reading先列出每小节的中心句：
Para.1 It’s possible to read different types of books in different ways.
Para.2 Some good stories are for swallowing.
Para.3 Other books are for reading slowly and carefully.
Para.4 If it is not a story, get an idea of the organization of the book.
Para.5 Here are some more reading tips.
Para.6 The last question is what to read.
按所列出的中心句，在课文第五节找出关键词语，然后写出该小节内容摘要：
Here are some more reading tips. First, read a chapter quickly to get a general idea. Second don’t stop every time you come to a word or phrase you don’t know because quite often you’ll find the unknown word appears again, perhaps several times. By the end of the chapter you’ll have guessed its meaning without turning to the dictionary.
例题精讲
例题一 下面是一篇文章，请把它缩写成一篇80词左右的短文
As we know, most of the material things in our daily life have to be bought with money. But money is not all powerful. Most cannot buy many things such as time and true love.
There are 24hours in a day. Sometimes when we are very happy, we wish that the period of happiness would last longer. But no matter what we do or how much money we are willing to pay, we cannot make a day last longer than 24 hours. On the other hand, when we are unhappy, money cannot make the unhappy time pass away more quickly.
True love is another thing which money cannot buy. Suppose we have someone who really loves us very much. Once he dies, he can give us no more love. Can our money raise him from death and make him love us as before
Here we can see very clearly that money cannot buy us love.
Money can buy us diamond things, beautiful clothes, but never time and love. So money, after all, is not all powerful.
精讲 这是一篇议论文，要抓住论点，论据与结论。首先通读原文，将全文分为四个小节，然后找出各小节的中心句。
1.（正）Money cannot buy many things such as time and true love.
（误）Money is not all powerful.
本小节的中心句是 Money is not all powerful.（金钱不是万能的）这也是本文的中心句，即论点。Money cannot buy many things such as time and true love.引起下文，开始说理，即摆事实，讲道理。
2.（正）We cannot make a day last longer with money. when we are happy and money cannot make the unhappy time pass away more quickly.
（误）There are 24 hours in a day.
这小节中心句论证了两个方面，即在欢乐时金钱不可能使一天延长，也不可能使悲伤的时光较快地消逝。
3．（正）True love is another thing which money cannot buy.
（误）Can our money raise him from death and make him love us as before
该中心句是本文的另一个论据，也是本小节的中心句。而 Can our money raise him from death and make him love us as before 仅是第二个论据中的一个事例。
4.（正）Money can buy us diamond things, beautiful clothes, but never time and love.
（误）Here we can see very clearly that money cannot buy us love.
前一句是第三小节论证的结论，后一句在摆出论证的两个论据的基础上得出结论。深化了文章开头Money is not all powerful这个论点。
参考答案
Most of the things in our daily life have to be bought with money. But money is not all powerful. When we are happy, we cannot make a day last longer no matter how much money we pay.
On the other hand, money cannot make the unhappy time pass away more quickly. True love is another thing which money cannot buy. Money cannot raise a man from death and make him love us as before. Money can buy us beautiful things, but never time and love.
精选练习
面是一篇有关广告的文章，请把它缩写成一篇８０词左右的短文。
With the development of material prosperity, advertisements have become more and more important in our daily life.
Advertisements give up-to-date information about products. If there were no advertising, consumers could not know about goods in their local shops. Advertising helps sell to a bigger market. Therefore, as more goods are sold they are cheaper. Advertisements also provide money for newspapers, magazines, radio and TV stations, etc.
But there are also some opinions against advertising. Some people think that advertisements do not give much information but only try to persuade you to buy. They create a demand for goods that are not really needed. Besides, advertising adds to the cost of goods. Furthermore, they are ugly to look at and spoil the environment.
Actually, every coin has two sides. Advertising is without exception. But in today’s world, advertising is not only necessary but also helpful.
二、阅读下列短文，并将其缩写成１１０个词左右的故事，要求连贯，自然。
On Thursday evening Mr. Smith left his car in front of his house as usual, but when he came down the next morning to go to his office, he found that his car was missing. He called the police and told them what had happened, and they said they would try to find the car for him.
When Mr. Smith came back from the office that evening, the car was in the usual place outside the home. He examined it carefully to see whether it was broken and found two tickets on one of the seats, and a letter which said, “We are sorry we took your car because of something important.”
Mr. And Mrs. Smith went to the theatre with the two tickets the next evening and they had a good time.
When they got home they found thieves had taken almost everything they had in their home.
参考答案
（一）
首先通读全文，找出各小节中心句，然后适当删减原有小节中的内容，连句成文。注意简要和连贯。各小节中心句：
1. Advertisements have become more and more important in our daily life.
2. Advertisements give up-to-date information about products and also provide money for newspapers, magazines, radio and TV stations etc.
3. But there are also some opinions against advertising.
4. Actually advertising is not only necessary but also helpful.
Advertisements have become more and more important in our daily life. They give up-to-date information about products. They help consumers know about goods and help to sell to a bigger market. As more goods are sold, they are cheaper. They also provide money for newspapers, magazines, radio and TV stations etc. But there are also some opinions against advertising. Some people think that advertisements only persuade you to buy and add to the cost of goods. Furthermore they are ugly and spoil the environment. Actually every coin has two sides. Advertising is not only necessary but also helpful today.
（二）
通读全文，弄清其大意其采用英语多种表达的方法，如复合句改为简单句，删繁就简，同义或近义词转换等，连贯通顺地写出故事梗概。
On Thursday evening Mr. Smith left his car in front of his house, but he found his car missing when he went to work the next morning. He called the police and they said they would try to find it.
That evening Mr. Smith returned from work and saw the car in the usual place. He examined it and found two tickets and a letter which said they were sorry for taking the car because of something important.Mr. And Mrs. Smith went to the theatre with the tickets the next evening and enjoyed themselves.When getting home; they found that almost everything was taken by thieves.
第三讲 英语多种表达法
多种表达即用不同的方式表达同一个意思。进行多种表达的训练将有助于学生书面表达能力的提高，有利于学生英语实际运用能力的发展。根据所给情景材料列出要点，采用同义或近义的词或词组进行相互转换，或句型转换的方式，用正确、通顺、规范的语句表达其相同的内容。
运用同义或近义词组改写句子
1．我们已决定帮助遭受水灾的村民摆脱困境。
We have made up our minds to help out the villagers in flood.
We have decided to help out the villagers in flood.
We are determined to help the villagers in flood.
2．我们昨天是乘公共汽车去颐和园的。
We took a bus to go to the Summer Palace yesterday.
We went to the Summer Palace by bus yesterday.
3．虽然我们几乎都筋疲力尽了，但非常激动和愉快。
Although we were almost worn out, we were extremely excited and happy.
Although we were almost tired out, we were very excited and happy.
Though almost exhausted, we were really excited and happy.
4．明天他们要去拜访他们的中学英语老师。
Tomorrow they are going to visit their middle school English teacher.
Tomorrow they will call on their middle school English teacher.
Tomorrow they will call at the house of their middle school English teacher.
二、用不同的语态改写句子
1．食物是每个生物的必须品。
Every living thing needs food.
Food is needed by every living thing.
2．他们尽了一切努力来帮助他。
They did everything they could to help him.
Everything they could do was done to help him.
3．有人看见这个小孩在河边玩的。
Someone saw the child playing by the river.
The child was seen playing by the river.
三、简单句改为复合句
1．他很聪明，能够解决这个问题。
He is clever enough to solve the problem.
He is so clever that he can solve the problem.
2．请告诉我他的出生日期。
Please tell me the date of his birth.
Please tell me when he was born.
3．据说她已经出国了。
She is said to have gone abroad.
It is said that she has gone abroad.
4．我们认为告诉他真相是对。
We think it right to tell him the truth.
We think it is right to tell him the truth.
5．他由于年老而被迫停止驾车。
He was forced to stop driving his car because of his old age.
He was forced to stop driving his car because he was too old.
四、倒装句改写
1．他不仅学习好而且也擅长于体育运动。
He is not only good at studies but also sports.
Not only is he good at studies but also sports.
2．城南有座大的钢铁厂。
A big steel factory lies in the south of the city.
South of the city lies a big steel factory.
3．光运行是如此之快以至于你难以想象它的速度。
Light travels so fast that you can hardly imagine its speed.
So fast does light travel that you can hardly imagine its speed.
4．我对这座城市知之甚少。
I know little about this city.
Little do I know about this city.
5．这所学校真漂亮。
This school is very beautiful。
What a beautiful school it is
How beautiful a school it is.
五、变换时态改写句子
We have studied English for six years.
It is six years since we started to learn English.
他离开上海已经十年了。
He left Shanghai 10 years ago.
He has been away from Shanghai for ten years.
例题精讲
一、某班决定11月20日星期六，组织一次秋游（autumn outing）。该班班主任是个英语教师。为了加强英语的实际应用，他想用英语作个口头通知，请你为他拟一份口头通知。字数：80~100。
内容要点：
1)这次秋游决定去参观古城淮安市周恩来纪念馆。然后，参观该市的其他名胜。
2)已租（rent）一辆公共汽车，集体乘车前往。早晨5点半在汽车站对面集合，不要迟到。下午返回南京。
3)由于气候转凉，要多穿些衣服，并携带必要的东西。
4)午饭在淮安中学食堂吃。
5)参观时要遵守纪律，注意安全。必要时要记笔记。
参考答案
1．这是一篇通知类的书面表达题，从时空特征上来讲，具有前瞻性，时态要用一般将来时。
1)表达语言中含有who（主体），what（内容），where（地点），when（时间），why（原因），how（方式）这六个要素。
2)本通知题材为考生所熟悉。
3)具备6个左右的描述要点。
4)要求行文连贯、流畅，作状语时用的副词（尤其是时间副词）、副词语或副词从句最好放在句首。
5)语言表达可多样化，但应注意地道、简洁、明了。
2．根据要点，相同语意可用多种表达。
1) May I have your attention，please？
Attention，please！
2) I’ve got an announcement to make.
I’ve got something important to tell you.
3) It has been decided that we shall go to the old city of Huai’ an to have an outing.
We’ve decided to go to the old city of Huai’ an for an autumn outing.
4) We are going to visit Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall.
We are going to pay a visit to Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall.
5) A bus has been rented and we are going there by bus.
We are to go there taking the bus we have rented.
6) We are to gather opposite the bus station at 5:30 p.m. that day.
At 5:30 on the morning of that day all of us shall meet across the bus station.
7) Don’t be late.
Do get there in time.
8) Please wear more clothes since it’s getting cool.
Please dress more because of the cool weather.
9) Prepare all the things you need on the journey and take them with you.
Get everything ready you need on the journey and take them along.
10) At noon lunch will be served at the dining hall of Huai’ an Middle School.
At noon we are going to have lunch at the dining hall of Huai’ an Middle School.
11) Please obey the rules and pay attention to safety during the visit.
During the visit we should follow the rules and keep ourselves safe.
12) We shall come back in the afternoon.
In the afternoon we shall return to Nanjing.
Boys and girls,
May I have your attention, please I’ve got an announcement to make. It has been decided that we shall go to the old city of Huai’ an for our autumn outing on November 20th, Saturday. We are going to visit Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall. After that we’ll visit some other places of interest there.
A bus has been rented and we are going there by bus. We are to gather opposite the bus station at 5:30 a.m. that day. Don’t be late. Please wear more clothes since it’s getting cool. Prepare all the things you need on the journey and take them with you. At noon Lunch will be served at the dining hall of Huai’ an Middle school. We shall come back in the afternoon. Please obey the rules and pay attention to safety during the visit. Take notes if necessary. That’s all. Thank you.
第四讲 汉英表达对比法
英语和汉语在表达上有很大的不同，因此进行书面表达时要注意汉英基础语句在语言表达方面的区别，克服汉语的干扰，学会运用符合英语语法规范、语言习惯的句子叙事、表意。有意识的注意汉英语意表达之间的差别，将有助于书面表达的提高。
一、注意英语动词时态的变化
1.大卫一回到纽约，就要来看望这位教授。
（正）David will come to visit the old professor as soon as he returns to New York.
（误）David will come to visit the old professor as soon as he will return to New York.
状语从句通常用一般时态来表达将来要发生的事情，而主句则用将来时表达将要发生的事情。
2.自从我十年前离开中国以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。
（正）China has greatly changed since I left ten years ago,
（误）China greatly changed since I left ten years ago.
用since引导的表示过去的时间状语从句，主句动词应为现在完成时。
3那时候科学家们就断定地球围绕着太阳转。
(正) At that time the scientists concluded that the earth moves round the sun.
（误）At that time the scientists concluded that the earth moved round the sun.
此从句为客观真理，因此不管主句是什么时态，其从句用一般时态。
二、注意英语名词复数的变化
1．这些孩子都是中学生。
(正)These children are middle school students.
(误)These children are middle school student.
汉语中名词有时用“们”表示复数，而英语则必须将单数改为复数形式，如：those doctors and nurses。
2．这家医院女医生比男医生多。
(正)There are more women doctors than men doctors in this hospital.
(误)There are more woman doctors than man doctors in this hospital.
在此句中man，woman作定语，修饰复数名词表示性别时，本身也用复数形式。
3．电视及报纸给我们提供了很多信息。
(正)TV and newspapers give us a lot of information.
(误)TV and newspapers give us a lot of informations.
information是不可数名词，没有复数形式，不可能与不定冠词a/an连用。可译为：a piece of information。
4．中国有12亿人口。
(正)China has a population of twelve hundred million.
(误)China has twelve hundred million populations.
population 是集合名词，不管人口有成千上万还是很少，常用a population of...表达。
三、注意英语代词的变化
1．除了他以外，所有的人都出席了会议。
(正)All are present at the meeting but him.
(误)All are present at the meeting but he.
句中but是介词，相当于except,应用he的宾格him。
2．他的电脑比我的贵些。
(正)His computer is more expensive than mine.
(误)His computer is more expensive than I.
误句将他的电脑与我这个人进行对比，显然不合逻辑。而mine相当于my computer。
3．是我在那天下午违反了校规。
(正)It was I that broke the rules of school that afternoon.
(误)It was me that broke the rules school that afternoon.
被强调的代词“我”是原句的主语，应用I，不要用宾语me。
4．中国以丝绸著称，这是众所周知的。
(正)China is famous for silk. This is known to all.
(误)China is famous for silk. It is known to all.
指代前边所述情况时，常用this或that,一般不用it。当然，It is known to all that China is famous for silk也对，只是主语从句罢了。
四、注意英语介词的用法
英语介词的使用比汉语要活跃得多，要搞清汉语中没有而英语中使用介词的现象，一些动词短语本身就是固定搭配。
1．嘲笑他人是不礼貌的。
(正)It's bad manners to laugh at others.
(误)It's bad manners to laugh others.
2．应该告诫孩子们不要玩火。
(正)Children must be warned not to play with fire.
(误)Children must be warned not to play fire.
3．他们不得不在烈日下等公共汽车。
(正)They had to wait for the bus in the hot sun.
(误)They had to wait the bus under the hot sun.
误句中under the sun 译为“普天之下”，“在阳光下”应用“in the sun”；wait for 也为固定搭配。
4．警方在全城里搜查那个罪犯。
(正) The policemen are searching the whole city for the criminal.
The police are searching for the criminal in the whole city.
(误)The police are searching the criminal in the whole city.
如果说The policemen are searching the criminal for those important papers. 是指警察们正在搜查罪犯身上，想找到那些重要文件。
五、注意汉语中没有而英语中存在的语言现象。如it除表示人称代词以外的其他用法；在汉语中不存在的分词、动名词、不定式等非谓语形式的用法
1．我妹妹是中学生。
(正)My younger sister is a middle school student.
(误)My younger sister is middle school student.
用不定冠词a表示某类人或东西中的一个，而汉语中不一定把“一个”表示出来。
2．大运河里的水越来越脏了。
(正)The Water in the Grand Canal is getting more and more polluted.
(误)Water in Grand Canal is getting more and more polluted.
水是物展名词此处用定冠词the,特指大运河的水。
3．昨天下午是李明引着那位盲人过路的。
(正) It was Li Ming that who led the blind man to cross the road yesterday afternoon.
(误)Yesterday afternoon was Li Ming led the blind man to cross the road.
这是强调句，it无意思，只帮助改变句子结构，原句主语Li Ming得到了强调。
4、我们打算请这位外籍教师来我校工作。
(正)We planned to invite the foreign teacher to work in our school.
(误)We planned to invite the foreign teacher work in our school.
这里，动词不定式to work in our school为宾语补足语。
六、注意英汉语言形态模式的差异
1、全世界都讲英语。
(正)English is spoken all over the world.
The whole world speak English.
(误)All over the world speak English.
有时不必说明动词执行者，可用被动语态。
2、当他年轻的时候做过律师。
(正)When he was young, he worked as a lawyer.
(误)When he young, he work as lawyer.
汉语中用动词表达的意思，在英语中可用系动词加形容词表示，不可直接把形容词作动词用。如李明饿了，要说Li Ming is hungry；我们很抱歉，要说We are sorry。
3、那个地方能解决这个问题。
(正)We can solve the problem at the place.
The problem can be solved at the place.
(误)The place can solve the problem.
用主动、被动语态都可表达，但要搞清动作的执行者及承受者。
4、打算下周参加这个竞赛的人可在此签名。
(正)Anybody to take part in the competition next week can sign your name here.
Anybody that is going to take part in the competition next week can sign your name here.
(误)To take part in the competition next week somebody can sign your name here.
动词不定式做定语表示将要产生的事。如：the lecture to be given tomorrow will be important.
七、注意英语中主谓一致与汉语在这方面的差别
1、他全家在吃晚饭。
(正)His family are having supper now.
(误)His family is having supper now.
有些集体名词，如family, class, team, group, government, public作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如作为其中成员看待，谓语动词用复数形式。如Our country is a strong one. Our country are determined to uphold the unity of the state.
2、最快捷的旅行方式是乘飞机。
(正)The quickest means of travel is by plane.
(误)The quickest means of travel are by plane.
句子means表示方式、手段，单复同形，此处为单数, 相当于way。
3、史密斯博士与他的夫人已抵达我镇。
(正) Dr Smith and his wife have arrived at our town.
Dr Smith, with his wife, has arrived at our town.
(误) Dr Smith, with his wife, have arrived at our town.
当主语后面跟有介词but, except, with, besides等引导的短语时，其谓语应与主语一致，不可与介词宾语一致。
4、大量的科学发展成就是在本世纪内产生的。
(正)A lot of progress in science has been made within this century.
(误)A lot of progress in science have been made within this century.
句中主语progress为不可数名词,其谓语动词为单数形式。
例题精讲
例题一[NMET’92]
以上六幅图描述了你5月31日那天的活动。请根据图画用英语写一篇日记。
注意：
1. 日记须包括所有图画的内容，可适当增加细节，使日记连贯。
2. 词数：100左右。
精讲
这是一篇看图作文，要求以日记形式表达，时态用一般过去时。与1993、1995全国题一样，均采用图画提示的方式。先根据图画确定内容要点。
1．早上，爸爸、妈妈和我给奶奶买生日礼物。
(正)Early in the morning, Father, Mother and I went to the shop to buy some presents for my grandma's birthday.
(误)Morning, I ,Father, and Mother bought some presents for my grandma's birthday.
“我和父母，我和李明，我和他”均为中文表达习惯，英语表达习惯应为my parents and I, Ming and I, he and I。
汉语“早上”应写成“in the morning”，在the morning前的介词in不可缺少。
2．乘公共汽车去农村奶奶家。
(正)We took a bus to my grandma's home in a village.
We went to my grandma's home in a village by bus.
(误)We by a bus to my grandma's home in a village.
by bus是介词短语，应做状语，by不可作谓语，表示抽象手段，by bus中不可用a，可说catch a bus或get there on a bus。
3．奶奶和叔叔住在一起。
(正)My grandma lives with my uncle.
(误)My grandma lived with my uncle.
此处live应用lives表示作者写日记时，live仍为习惯性动作，不可改为lived。
4．奶奶和叔叔看见我们非常高兴。
(正)Grandma and Uncle were very glad to see us.
(误)Grandma and Uncle were too glad to see us.
用be too ...to...表示太......以致不能，但be only too...to...表示非常/极其......去做某事，如：He was only too anxious to leave.他常急于要离开。
5．我们将礼物送给奶奶。
(正)We gave the presents to Grandma and she was very happy.
(误)We take the presents to Grandma and she was very happy.
学生受汉语影响，用take...to...(把东西送给某人)，其实，这是把......带(送)到某处或某人处的意思，可用hand sth.to sb.。在英语中句与句之间不依靠逗号，而用连接词and, but等，而汉语中没有这种现象。如：他起床，穿上衣服。He got up and dressed himself.
6．我们坐下来谈话，叔叔去烧午饭。
(正)We sat down to talk while Uncle went to the kitchen to prepare lunch.
(误)We sat down, talk. Uncle went to the kitchen prepared lunch.
英语句子之间的连接与汉语存在着差异。
这里while表示当......的时候，描写两个动作同时进行 如：He repaired the TV set while I cleaned the window.
7．饭菜烧得很好吃，我们很高兴。
(正)The meal was so delicious that we enjoyed having it.
(误)The meal was eaten well, we were happy.
The meal was eaten well不妥当，与意思不合。
8．四点钟，我们与奶奶，叔叔告别并回家。
(正)At four o'clock, we said goodbye to Grandma and Uncle and came(back)home.
(误)Four o'clock, we said goodbye to Grandma and Uncle and went home.
钟点前必须加at，这一点与汉语表达有差异。这是一篇日记，“回家”是指从奶奶家返回到原出发地点，用went home 就不对了，也可用set off home。
参考答案
Sunday, May 31st Fine
It was Grandma’s birthday. Father, Mother and I went to visit her. She lives with my uncle in a village not far away. Early in the morning we bought some presents and took the bus to get there.
Grandma and Uncle were so glad to see us. We gave the presents to Grandma and she was very happy. Then we sat down to talk, while Uncle went the kitchen to prepare lunch. The meal was so nice that we all enjoyed it very much. At 4 o’clock, we said goodbye and set off for home.
精选练习
一、根据下列提示用英语写一则日记
十一月二十九日那天早晨，你骑车去上学。
天下雪，路滑，道路拥挤。
你摔了跤，把腿摔坏了。
一位年轻人用自行车送你去医院。
他带你去看医生，拿药，并送你回家。
他未留下姓名。
你永远忘不了这一天。
注意：
日记必须包括全部要点，可以适当增减细节，使其连贯、完整。
叙述必须用第一人称。
词数100左右。
参考答案：
Monday，November 29 Snowy
It was snowing this morning. I went to school by bike. The road was slippery and crowded as well. All at once I fell off the bike and broke my right leg. Just then a young man came to help me. He took me to the doctor on his bike and got some medicine for me. Finally he sent me home. My mother was going to thank him when he left us without leaving his name. I was deeply moved by his spirit of helping others. I will never forget the day.
第二章 高考英语作文题型及对策
一 日 记
日记是用来叙述一天生活中发生的有意义事件的文体，特别是那些具有教育意义或值得今后回忆、查阅或参考的事情。日记的素材应是最有趣或最有感受的一些事情。通常用用记叙文或简单的议论文体裁。字数不宜过多。
格式：一般是在左上角记上当天的日期(年、月、日)，星期；右上角写上当天的天气情况。下面一行可以写上日记小标题，也可以不写标题。
时态：日记记叙的时间，通常是在当天的下午或是晚上，特殊情况下也可以第二天补记。因此，所用的时态多为过去时态。但应灵活掌握；如记叙天气、描写景色，或为了描写生动，议论某事、对话引语等，也可使用现在时。
类型：日记可分记事、议论、描写及抒情等。记事型是用英语记述当天自己生活、学习中发生的事情。议论型是对生活中的某一事情或情况、现象谈自己的看法，发表议论。描写型、抒情型，则是对某人物、事物的特征做细致的描述，或针对某事物抒发自己的感情。
日记一般按事情发生的先后顺序记述，所以有时需要借助一些表示先后顺序的词语。如：at first, then, later on , afterwards, soon, finally, at last 等。
[范文]
April 9th, Sunday Fine
It is Sunday today. I didn’t get up as early as usual. In the morning after I finished my homework, I did some washing. Then I called Wu Gang and invited him to see the film “Lion King”. But unfortunately when we got to the cinema at two o’clock in the afternoon, we found all the tickets had been sold out. Then we went back to school to play table tennis. After this when we were about to go home, we saw our English teacher Ms Liu at the school gate. She told us that we had made great progress in English this term. She suggested that we should do more reading and listening. We promised her that we would take her advice.
二 书 信
书信格式
一般格式
英文书信的构成可分为7个部分：
信头(Heading)
日期(Date)
收信人姓名及地址(Inside Name and Address)
称呼(Salutation)
信文(Body of the letter)
结束语(Complimentary close )
署名(Signature)
(1)信头(Heading)
信头是指发信人的单位名称或地址。一般情况下发信人只需把自己的地址写(打字，手写均可)在信的右上角，离开信纸的顶头约1英寸，占二三行或四行均可，格式如下：
①齐头式
256 West Nanjing Street
Nanchang, Jiangxi Province
China
② 缩进式
Henan Road
Shanghai
China
注意：写地址的次序与中文不同，应先写门牌号码街道，然后城市和国名。写地址时间采用齐头或缩进式，以及每行后要不要加标点符号，都没有固定的规定，如写给经常往来的亲友，这项地址也可以省略。
(2) 日期(Date)
写日期注意下列各点：
① 年份应写全。例如不能用“99”来代替“1999”;
② 月份应写英文名称，除May, July外，可用缩写，如：Sep., Oct.。但不要用数字来代替，如7/4/99或7，4，99，因为在英国此日期代表7th April, 1999, 而美国则代表4th July, 1999。
③ 日期可用1，2，3，4…11，12…21，22…31等，也可用1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th… 11th, 21st…22 nd, 31 st等。
日期的几种写法：
a: July 7, 1998
b. 1st October, 1998
c. 30 Nov., 1997
d. Sep. 3 rd, 1999
④ 特别注意英文书信日期应紧着写信人地址下一行，不能像写中文书信那样写在书信签名之后，这是很多学生的常见错误。
精选范文
①
P．O．Box 2089
Beijing, China
Sep. 7th. 1999
②
86 Bright Road
Manchester
England
12 Mar, 1999
(3) 收信人姓名及地址(inside Name and Address)
写信人的地址和日期写好以后，接着就要写收信人的姓名和地址，一般的事务信件或给较生疏的朋友的信件要写，而在给较熟的朋友的信中则可省去。这一项写在日期下一行的左上角。收信人姓名写一行，收信人地址可分两行或三行写，和写信人的地址一样，上下可取齐，也可向右缩进。在姓名前一般要加上称号，称号因人而异。
① 对普通男子用Mr.;
②对未婚女子用Miss;
③对已婚女子用Mrs., 对婚姻状况不明确的通常用Ms(后跟本人姓)；
④对教授或博士(医生)用Prof. 或Dr.
精选范文
66 Smith Street
Manchester
England
Mr. Jee Green 27 May 1999
West Tenth Street
Hawaii U.S.A.
(4) 称呼(Salutation)
称呼指的是信文开头的那种称呼，如Dear, Mr., uncle, 各种称呼因人而异。在称呼后面一般是用逗号，但也有用冒号的。现归纳如下：
①对父母、兄弟、姐妹等；
a. Dear Father,
b. My dear Mother,
c. Dear Sister,
d. Dear Tom,
② 对亲戚：
a. My dear Auntie.
b. Dear Cousin,
c. My dear Cousin,
③ 对朋友、同学
a. My dear friend,
b. Dear Mr. Jackson,
c. My dear Mr. Jackson,
④ 对未婚女子：
a. Dear Miss Luce,
b. My dear Miss Luce,
⑤ 对一般妇女，不论是否结婚：
a. Ms.
b. Dear Madame,
⑥ 对已婚生子：
a. Dear Mrs. Helen Jackson,
b. My dear Mrs. Helen Jackson,
⑦ 对公司、工厂、学校等：
a. Dear Sirs,
b. Sirs,
c. Gentlemen,
(5) 信文(Body of the letter)
信文是信件的主体部分，也就是信的内容。正文应在称呼下两行开始。信的开头第一个字母通常和称呼开头第一个词平齐。也有往后退四个或八字个字的。下面介绍一些开头语和结尾语。
开头语
① 相当于中文的“敬启者”。
a. I beg to inform you that …
b. I beg to take this opportunity to inform you that …
c. I have the honor to address you that …
d. I write in a hurry to inform you that …
e. I have the pleasure to tell you that …
f. I’m very much delighted to inform you that …
② 相当于中文的“接读某月某日来信，一切知悉”。
a. I thank you very much for your letter of May 20th …
b. Your letter of May 20th has been received with thanks.
c. It gives me great pleasure to receive your kind letter of May 20th.
d. In answer to your kind letter of May 20th, deeply regret that …
e. I have received your kind letter of May 20th.
f. Words can’t express my delight on finding your favor of yesterday on my desk this
morning.
g. Your letter dated May 20th has been received
结尾语
采用三种方法：
① 采用分词短语：句末用逗号，不用句号。例如：
a. Waiting for your good news,
b. Looking forward to your early reply,
c. Hoping to hear from you soon,
d. Hoping you are enjoying good health,
e. Regretting that I can’t give you a more favorite reply,
f. Regretting the trouble I’m causing you,
g. Wishing you every success,
h. Wishing you a pleasant journey,
i. Wishing you a happy New Year,
②采用介词短语，句末用逗号，不用句号。例如：
a. With best regards,
b. With kind regards to your family,
c. With best wishes to you and yours,
d. With best wishes for your success and happiness,
e. With best wishes for your success in your new field of work,
f. With best regards and wishing you all success,
g. With warmest regards,
h, With best regards to you and your family,
i. With the season’s greetings,
③ 采用完整句子：句末用句号。例如：
a. We are waiting for your good news.
b. I hope to receive your early reply.
c. We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
d. I thank you very much for your services, and wish your continued success.
(6)结束语(Complimentary Close)
①结束语的一般写法如下：
Yours faithfully,
Yours truly,
Truly yours,
Sincerely yours,
②公函常用：
Faithfully yours,
Yours respectfully,
Respectfully yours,
Yours sincerely,
③私人书信常用：
Sincerely yours,
Yours very sincerely,
Yours affectionately,
Yours ever,
④给亲戚朋友的信常用：
Love,
All my love,
Your(ever) loving son/daughter/cousin, etc.
Your affectionate nephew,
Yours lovingly,
Lovingly yours,
(7)署名(Signature)
下面是署名的例子：
①个人署名：
Yours truly,
W. J. Watson
②公司署名：
Yours faithfully,
Legend Computer Company
Wang Lin
Sales Manager
精选范文
① 生日贺信
Dear Bob,
Tomorrow is your birthday. I imagine your family is planning a celebration for you. I write this letter to offer you my heartiest congratulations and best wishes for many returns of the day.
With my sincere wishes for your success,
② 圣诞节及新年贺信
Dear Mary and Helen,
A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to you! Allow me to offer you Season Greetings. May the New Year will bring you a bright and prosperous (繁荣) future.
My families who are well and happy, join me in my good wishes.
Yours very sincerely,
Barbara
③感谢信
Dear Sir,
With feelings of deep gratitude I address you to give my thanks for your noble and generous efforts by which my son was saved from the lake. Surely, if it had not been for your help, my son would not be alive now. I shall be most happy to have a chance of serving you in return.
I extend you again a thousand thanks for the great favor.
Yours faithfully,
Wang Bing
④ 请求帮助信
Dear Harry,
I expect to leave Shanghai for Nanjing next Monday and intend to stay there for a month or so. You told me you had been there for a long time and knew a lot of people. I, therefore, shall thank you if you will kindly let me have one or two letters of introduction to them as I am an entire stranger in that place.
⑤ 申请信(申请作为研究助理)
Dear Sir,
I’m a graduate student in the Physics Department of Qinghua University.
Recently I read that you are hiring an assistant to do research on solar physics. As you can see from my resume (简历)，I have had experience in this field. I’m very interested in your project and hope to work with you. My telephone number is 83745102.
Thank you for your consideration. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
⑥道歉信
[范文]
256 Weeton road Hong Kong 7 th June, 2000Dear David, I am very sorry that I could not meet you last night. I hope that you did not wait too long outside the New York Theatre. I had to look after my small brother until my mother returned home. She spent a long time at the doctor’s and she arrived home very late. I am all the way to the bus stop, but I had already missed the bus. And so I decided to get on a train and I arrived at the New York Theatre at eight o’clock. I didn’t think that you would still be there because It was three quarters of an hour late. I do hope that you will forgive me. Anyway, how about next Friday Love, Sue
这类信件一般包括三个部分：1)道歉(apology) 2) 叙述原因或问题(reason/problem) 3)后果及解决办法(consequence + offer of solution)。
范文是比较典型的致歉信。Sue首先在信的开头向David 为昨晚未能按时到剧院见他表示道歉。然后叙述昨天未能准时到剧院的原因，结果晚8点才赶到剧院，迟到了45分钟。Sue 以为David已经走了，没有见到他，最后一句“How about next Friday ”提出下周五再见面的解决办法。
三 启事
1遗失启事以Lost作为标题放在启事的上方正中。在Lost 的右下角处写出遗失启事的时间。启事的正文包括遗失物品，遗失的时间、地点，若有人发现遗失物品送交的人、地点。启事正文右下角写上失主的姓名，Loser 可写可不写。
2招领启事以Found作为标题放在启事上方正中。在found的右下角处写上招领启事的时间。启事的正文包括招领的物品。拾到物品的时间及丢失者去认领失物的地点。启事正文的右下角写上登这一启事的单位。
遗失启事
Lost
September 1, 2000
I was careless and lost a green school bag in the dining-hall on the morning of 21 st of August. Inside were an English textbook, a workbook, a dictionary and a key to my bike. Will the finder please send it either to the monitor of Class 3, Senior Grade 3 or to myself Many thanks to the finder. Our classroom is in Room 303, Building 2.
Zhao Meng
(Loser)
失物招领启事
Found
June 8th, 2000
A wallet was found yesterday afternoon, inside of which there is some money and other things. The loser is expected to come to the Office of Senior Grade 2 to identify it.
The Office of Senior
Grade 2
四 通知
通知是一种常用应用文体，用来把有关事情告知特定的读者或听众。通知的正文就是通告的内容，这是主体部分，包括通告的对象、事由、时间、地点等。它分为书面通知和口头通知两种，这两种通知在格式上有较大差别。
书面通知的常见形式有一般通知、布告、海报等。它们一般张贴在布告栏或黑板上。通知的正文上方有Notice (或全部大写NOTICE)或Announcement (或全部大写ANNOUNCEMENT)
为题目。以海报形式出现时，通知常以海报内容为题，如Lecture, Football Match等。当然题目中还可以出现发通知的单位，如Student Union Notice, English Department Announcement，通知题目要求居中打印、书写，有时为了强调，甚至可以以粗体形式出现。书面通知一定要有发通知时间及落款。出通知的时间一般写在通知正文的下方左角，落款于右下角，当然时间及落款也可都写右下角。书面通知的正文一般用第三人称来写。时间、地点、参加者、内容、注意事项是通知的要点，应直截了当地一一予以说明。我们既可以用包容量较大的长句，也可以用简明的短语，前者正式，后者易懂易记。在正文中切忌添枝加叶的评论。一般情况下通知以段落形式出现，海报则按信息分行居中书写或打印。
口头通知一般不用写题目，也不必有出通知的时间。发布口头通知首先说明被通知的对象，在正文前面有呼语且顶左格写，如：Ladies and gentlemen, Boys and girls 等等。为了引正听者的注意，需另起行不顶格写一些引人注意的话，如：Be quiet, please! May I have your attention Attention, please! 等。口头通知要口头发布，因而可以用较随意口语体，如：I’ll, I’ve等。口头通知在结束时要有结束语，这是因为口头通知需要用一些语言表明通知的起止，如用That’s all. 表示通知到此为止宣布完毕。另外结尾处还需要一些如Thank you. 一样的客套语。口头通知的一些常用的开头语和结束语。
开头语
Be quiet, please! Attention, please!
Listen, please.
A Please be quiet, everyone.
Please stop talking over there!
May I have your attention, please!
Please be quiet, everyone, There is something I have to tell you.
B Be quiet, please. There is something you need to know.
Listen, please. There is going to be…
结束语
Any questions
Does everyone understand
That’s all. Thank you.
不论是口头通知还是书面通知都是宣布即将发生的事情及其具体内容，因而多用将来时态，其中往往有一些注意事项，一般用祈使句来强调。通知的语言要简洁明了，条理清晰，要求精确，特别是时间概念很重要，必须写得十分明确，不容丝毫含糊。
①会议通知
[题 材]
你班决定在下周三(5月15日)下午3：30在你班教室召开会议，讨论如何学习英语。目前在
西北轻工业学院任教的史密斯教授将应邀在会上讲话。今天是5月11日。请你写一个通知，要求大家准时参加。
词数：70左右。
[范 文]
A Meeting to Be Held
Notice
A meeting to discuss how to learn English is to be held in our classroom on next Wednesday May 15th, 1999, at 3:30 p.m..
The discussion is very interesting. At the end of the meeting, Professor Smith working at the Northwest Institute of Light Industry will give us some useful advice.
All the students of our class are expected to be present on time.
May 11, 1996 Class 1, Grade 3
② 庐山郊游通知
[题 材]
假如你是高三(2)班班长，你班要在5月4日即下星期六去庐山郊游。请你拟一份通知，准备向同学们宣读。内容包括：
1、郊游日期：5月4日，下星期六；
2、主要内容：攀登比赛、摄影等；
3、早餐后8点坐校车出发，午餐自带，下午3点回校；
4、欢迎全体同学参加。凡参加者先登记并交给班长5元钱。
注意：通知词数约70—120。要求意思连贯。
[范 文]
An Outing to Lushan
An Announcement
Class, please be quiet. I am glad to tell you that we have decided to have an outing to Lushan next Saturday, May 4th. The expense is about five yuan. Those who wish to go should put down the names on this piece of paper and give the money to me. We will go by school bus which is to start after breakfast at 8:00 a. m. and come back to school at 3:00 p.m.. Remember to bring your lunch with you.
We’ll have a contest of climbing the hill and take photos there. All the students are welcome. That’s all. Thank you.
Monitor
Class 2 of Senior Grade 3
③某中学将有一位美国教授布菜克博士来访，该教授将给师生们作一次报告，介绍美国的教育情况。学校要求同学们在星期三下午2：30准时到105大教室参加报告会，并带上笔记本，以便会后讨论。请你根据上面要点，用英语写一通知。(字数：80左右)
参考词语
美国教授American professor
有关教育的报告a report on education
作笔记to take notes
讨论to have a discussion
Notice
An American professor, Dr Black will visit our school this Wednesday afternoon. He will give us a report on the education in America. Everyone is supposed to be in Room 105, the big classroom exactly at 2:30 p.m. Wednesday. Please bring your notebooks with you and take notes while listening to the lecture, so that we can have a discussion about it after it is over.
④假如你是班长，通知你班同学本周星期六晚上7：30—在本班教室举行一次英语晚会，节目有唱歌、朗诵、讲故事、话剧等，要求本班同学都参加，欢迎外班同学光临，请同学们作好准备。(字数：80左右)
参考词语
朗诵recitation
节目programme (或program)
欢迎to be welcomed
表演 to perform
Fellow students, attention, please.I have some good news to tell you. We’re going to have an English evening, in our classroom at 7:30 on Saturday evening. The programme includes songs, recitations, storytelling and short plays. Everyone in our clas must take part in it and students form other classed are also welcome. Everone who takes part in the party should perform once.
That’s all. Thank you.
五 便条
便条多用于较熟的亲友、同事之间，以代替一般的私人书信及公务书信,因此便条除具有书信的一般特征外，还有某些特殊性：
（1）临时性和紧迫性。便条多是临时性的通知、询问，内容大多有较紧迫的时间限制，比如通知当事人立即给某处回电话，通知医生即刻出诊等等。所以，便条大多是匆忙写在纸条上托人转交或留在某处。
（2）非正式性。便条所写的基本都是可以公开的普通事宜，而且内容大都非常简单，几句话就可以说清楚，不必采用非常的书信形式，也不用缄口。
由于便条的以上两个特征，便条在形式上具有以下特点：
（1）简化书信格式。便条既不用信封，不写收信人与发信人地址，也不写结尾问候语。不详细写明年月日，而只写星期，或日月。由于时间大多发生在一两天内，常常要写明上、下午或钟点。日期可写于正文右上角或末尾署名之下，没有很严格的限制。
（2）简化称呼及签署。便条多用于相熟的朋友、同事或家人之间，称呼用语应亲切、随便，不可过于正式。如可用Mary, Dear Johnson等等。署名也可以只写姓或只写名。因为即使公务便条，也多用于同一部门，大家相互熟悉，笔迹也容易认读。
（3）语言通俗而口语化。便条形式随便，语言也应通俗。要尽量避免用大词和过分正式的句子。如尽量用：“Just a line to tell you that…”而不用“This is to inform you that…”，用“put off ”而不用“postpone”。句子的结构尽量简单。
例如：
① 你到一个叫李英的同学家，通知他一件事，碰巧他不在家，你给他留了张便条，内容如下：
a. 明天的课将推迟到本星期六下午2点，因为明天你要参加劳动—植树，上午7点在校门口集合出发。
b.前天你把雨伞落在他家房子的前门外，请他明天上课时替你带来。
×××
8.10
Aug.10
Li Ying,
Tomorrow’s class will be put off to Saturday. Instead, we’ll take part in the labour—planting trees. We’ll gather at the school gate and start off at 7:00 a.m.
I left my umbrella at the front door of your house the day before yesterday. Please bring it to me when you come to school tomorrow.
Thank you very much.
Yours,
Wei Ping
六 介绍地点
介绍地点，有四项基本要求：一是抓住此处所的基本特征；二是要遵循一定的顺序，使文章条理清楚，中心突出；三是要运用恰当的方法进行说明；最后是语言要做到准确无误。
介绍地点，目的是让人明白无误地了解它，并且给人留下深刻印象。因此写作时首先抓住事物的特征，即一事物区别于其他事物的标志。我们可描绘的地点多得不胜枚举，诸如village(乡村)，city(城市)，school(学校)，library(图书馆)，factory (工厂)等，它们各有其特点。所以在介绍地点时，要抓住其基本特征，加以客观地说明、描述，使读者在短时间内获得足够的信息。
要把一个地点介绍清楚，必须言之有序，富有条理。所谓“言之有序”，即要符合人们认识事物、欣赏事物的习惯。有的适宜按空间顺序，一般为由上至下或由下至上，由远及近或由近及远，顺时针方向或逆时针方向等来介绍；有的宜按逻辑顺序，由概括到具体、由理想到本质、由主要到次要、由整体到部分等来说明；还有的可按时间顺序来介绍，但第三类较少动用。有的还可采用多种顺序来说明，但初学者以一种顺序为好。
运用恰当的方法可以把处所说明得更为具体、明确。常见的方法有列数字、做比较、打比方、举例子、引资料等。不过，这类文章最容易写得呆板单调，缺乏生气，让人读起来感到乏味。所以除上述几种方法外，适当地运用描写，可增加文章的文采，使所写内容打动读者，达到最佳的表达效果。例如下面一段文字：The village where I was born is a beautiful place. There are green hills and clear water around it. Trees grow everywhere; a river flows in front of it …. Duck swim in the pools; cows bellow (哞哞叫)in their sheds. Occasionally you can hear a dog bark or a cock crow (喔喔叫)….这段文字通过生动的描写，向我们展示了一幅乡村的自然美景图。同时，它又激发了我们心中对乡村生活的想象和向往。
最后，要注意语言的准确性，遣词造句不可过分渲染或模棱两可，要简洁、明白。尤其要注意方位词的准确运用。常用的方位词或词组有：to the right (在右边)，to the left (在左边)，north (北)，south (南)，east (东)，west(西)，front (前面的)，back (后面的)，above(在……中间)，in (在……里)等，要注意这些方位词及它们的一些常用搭配的运用。
南极洲
[题材]
请根据下面表格，以“南极洲”为题写一篇短文(词数80—110)。
名 称 南极洲
位 置 地球的最南端(extreme south)
面 积 大约14万平方公里
气 候 世界上最寒冷的地方，常年有冰雪覆盖
自然资源 企鹅(penguin)、鲸(whale)、铁、煤等
人口 只有科学工作者
[范 文]
Antarctica
Antarctica, which is the coldest continent in the world, lies in the extreme south of the earth. it has an area of about 140,000 square kilometers. It is covered with cold thick ice and deep snow all year long. But it is a very rich continent. It has many well-known animals such as penguins, whales and it is also rich in mineral resources including iron, coal and so on. Up to now only some visiting scientists live there. maybe one day lots of households will live there.
七、介绍事物
一、抓住事物的特征
介绍事物，一定要抓住事物的特征，所谓特征，就是人或事物所具有的独特的地方。只有把握住事物的独特性，并以此来展开说明或描述，才能把要说明的对象说清楚。你想描述的任何事物都有其特征。比方说，我们拿起一支铅笔，仔细地观察它，就会注意到它的颜色、形状、
长度、锐利程度以及硬度等。也许你的作文以“This pencil is of normal size and shape.”开头，接着你就描写这支铅笔所具有的与众不同的特点。这种写作方法尤其适用于描写大家所熟悉的而又具有新的、与众不同的特征的事物。再比如下面一段文字：“去年，妈妈从北京给带回一套西服，质地上乘，做工考究，可棒了。”“质地上乘，做工考究”的服装很多，这几个字并未把这套西服的特征说清楚，因此不会给我们留下什么印象。总之，介绍一件事物，要考虑从哪方面着手才可抓住事物的具有代表性的特征。
二、要遵循一定的顺序
写任何文章都要做到条理分明。介绍一件事物，目的是上让读者清楚地了解事物本身的特点、性质以及用途等，因此更需要条理清楚。我们可以按以下三类顺序说明事物：1、时间顺序，即按事物的发生、发展的先后顺序进行说明。2、空间顺序，即按事物空间位置的顺序，由上至下，由近及远或由里至外地进行说明。3、逻辑顺序，即按人们认识事物的规律进行说明，如由概括到具体，由整体到部分，由现象到本质，由表及里，由原因到结果，由主要到次要，由特点到用途等。
三、选用恰当的方法
说明事物，我们常采用以下方法；
1、定义法。定义法的目的是让不知此事物的人对此物有一个起码的了解，以利于下文的展开。如：A thermometer is an instrument used for measuring temperature. 就是对thermometer下了一个定义。有些事物也许不好下个明确定义，但我们可以交待这个事物的背景，来源，或列举出它的一些典型特征，以便让读者明白。这类事物可以是术语，也可以是外国人所不了解的中国的传统事物，如龙舟节等。2、举例说明法。举出具有代表性的例子，能够真切地说明事物，化抽象为具体，使段落变得有血有肉，丰富起来。举例时常用的表达有：for example(例如)，for instance(例如)，as an example of (作为……的例子)，take… for example (以……为例)等。3、比较法。为了突出事物鲜明的特点，我们常把它与其他事物进行比较。比方说我们想向读者介绍什么是“电脑”，我们可以说“It’s a kind of electrical or artificial (人工的)brain.”这样把电脑和人脑进行了比较，从而使人们对“电脑”有更清晰的认识。4、细节描述法。介绍一种事物，仅用概述性的词语如beautiful, friendly, boring, good 或bad 是不够的。作者要提供一些细节，使被描述的对象更加形象具体，从而加深读者的印象。
除上述几种方法外，我们还可以通过引经据典(即引用专家、名人等的话语)、列举数字等其他方法说明一件事物，从而使文章更加严密，内容更具有科学性，更有说服力。
四、运用恰当的语言
介绍事物，文字要力求简洁、明白、准确。比如：The cover of the magazine is very nice. 在此句中“nice”一词的意义不够明确，如果改用“artistic”就清楚了许多。再如下句：We wish to state that this electric car was designed with the idea of safety in mind. 此句冗长，不够简洁，应改为：The electric car was designed for safety. 除讲究语言平实准确的前提下，我们还可以运用描写的方法，来增添文章的可读性。例如在写题目为“My Pencil Box”这一文章时，若写成“I have a pencil-box, which was given to me by classmates as a birthday present. On it are three little bears. Inside are my pencils, a rubber and a pen-knife.”这样的表达是不是显得干巴巴的，毫无情趣？若能对三只小熊憨态可掬的形象加以描述，则会给读者留下深刻的印象。另外，在介绍事物时，语言易流于单调，若插入传说、趣事，或引用诗文、成语，或运用比喻、拟人、反问等修辞手段则可使语言生动形象，引人入胜。
(1)、家用电脑
[题 材]
家用电脑体积小，价格低，造型优美，简单易用，使用方便，灵活；可用于计算，记事，打电话，打印信件；儿童可用它来学英语，做游戏。你通过家用电脑能学会怎样使用微机，为将来找工作提供便利；电脑工作比人快数倍；我们已经得到了电脑的巨大帮助。
请根据以上内容写一篇介绍家用电脑的说明文。
要求：
1、短文需包括以上全部内容，但不可逐条翻译；
2、词数为120左右。
[范 文]
The Family Computer
The family computer is small. Its price is not high, and it has a good look. It can be used easily. You can use it to calculate, make notes, call others and type letters, etc. Also, children can learn English or play games with it. Besides, you can use a family computer as a training computer. You can learn how to use an office computer, which will give you convenience to find a good job in a company. Computers can work hundreds of times faster than human beings. We have been greatly helped by computers.
(2)、茶
[题 材]
就题目“茶(Tea)”写一篇120词左右的短文。内容包括：
1、饮茶源于中国，现已遍及全世界；
2、中国有许多世界名茶。用不同的方法加工茶，可生产出红茶(black tea)，绿茶，花茶(scented
tea)保健茶(tea)等；
3、饮茶已成为我们生活的一部分。饮茶可以使人保持大脑清醒，解除疲劳。茶里的营养成分
(nutritious elements)以及微量元素(trace elements)可以使人健康。
[范 文]
Tea
Tea drinking originated① in ancient China and has spread all over the world. China grows several kinds of the world famous tea. By using different ways to treat and process② tea, the Chinese can produce black tea, green tea, scented tea, medical tea and the like.
Tea drinking has become part of our life. In China, there are tea houses③ where people talk to one another, tell stories and play chess while drinking tea, People drink tea to refresh the mind and get rid of tiredness. Tea has nutritious elements and trace elements, which can make people healthy.
Tea drinking will become more and more popular.
[注 释]
① originated v. 起源
② process v. 加工
③ tea houses 茶馆
八 叙述事件
记事记叙文，就是以记叙事件为主，通过事件表达思想内容的文章。事件有它自身的发展过程，因此，记事的记叙文要说清楚事件发生的时间、地点，事件所涉及的人物、事件的起因、经过和结果。因为叙述的事件都是过去发生的，因此文章的时态主要是过去时。但在插叙时，要用过去完成时，下面着重谈一谈记事记叙文写作中应注意的一些问题。
一、明确中心思想和写作目的
我们写文章总是为了反映一个问题，也就是说在写作前就应该知道写作的目的是什么，想反映怎样的主题。并且，每篇文章都有其中心思想。因此在写作时应对文章的中心思想非常明确，情节的描写、人物、对话的叙述，遗词造句都应围绕中心展开。
二、精心选材
作者应在初步编排素材的基础上，选择生动有