如何使书面表达 显出文采；展示个性；亮而出众[下学期]
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| 名称 | 如何使书面表达 显出文采；展示个性；亮而出众[下学期] |  | |
| 格式 | rar | ||
| 文件大小 | 12.7KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2007-01-10 13:34:00 | ||
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2007届市二高校本资料 主编人：朱文雪 高桂琴 审核人：李春娥 2006-10
2007届高考写作系列指导材料（二）
如何使书面表达 显出文采；展示个性；亮而出众
（一）Try to avoid mistakes
A: “缺胳膊少腿”型：
（1）( 缺少主语)： But was 6 o’clock.(was前加it )
（2）( 缺少谓语)：However, other students against the idea. (against前加are)
（3）( 缺少宾语 )：He seated on the grass.(seated后加 “himself” 或在”seated”前加 “was”) B：“画蛇添足”型：( pair work )
（1） 语意重复：He returned back yesterday.(back)
（2） 谓语重复：But there are 60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fee. (去掉there are,或在 are 前加关系代词who;)
（3） 多宾语（或宾语不恰当）：He dressed his clothes quickly. (去掉his clothes，或把his clothes 改为 himself;)
C. “张冠李戴”型：
1)． 误用主语。Don’t worry. Your body will get well soon. (your body→you )
2)． 误用谓语。The time past quickly. (past→passed)
3). 误用宾语. I was so pleased to hear from your letter. (your letter→you; hear from----receive)
4). 误用表语. The price of my car is very expensive. (expensive→high)
5). 误用定语. China has a more population than Japan. (more→larger )
6). 误用介词. The thief ran away to the direction of the coast. ( to→in)
D. “Chinglish.”型。
Eg ．高考: “High exam”
1）．The hope of our parents is very high. （→Our parents expect too much of us.）
2）．His right eye is blind. （→He is blind in the right eye）
E．“瞻前不顾后”型。( Individual work )
1)．Although he was very tired ，but he went on working in the office.（→Although， but either one is OK）
2)．On one hand ，60% of the students are against the idea，but 40% of the students think it is reasonable.（→but 后加On the other hand 与前面的 On one hand 对应）
F．“生搬硬套” 型。
There used to have an old church here.（have→ be）
●*Judge whether the following sentences are right or not.
a. The old lady had three sons, all of them killed in the war.(Right,独立主格结构 )
b. Although he was very tired ，yet he went on working in the office . (Right)
.Although不可与but 连用，但可与yet连用。
（二）Try to use complex sentences (Class work )
1)、Use so-----that
→The little boy knows so many things that he feels surprised .
2)、强调句。
→It is that the little boy knows so many things that surprises him.
3)、Attr. Clause.
→The little boy knows so many things which surprises him.
4)、N---Clause. (There are two possible ways .)
→① What surprises him is that the girl knows so many things.
→ ② That the girl knows so many things surprise him.
（三）Try to use different sentence structures or complicated
按括号中的要求改写下列各句。
1）.They sang and laughed as they went back home. (Use --- ing form)
→Singing and laughing, they went back home.
2）. (Use PP.)The teacher walked out of the lab and many students followed her.
→Followed by many students, the teacher walked out of the lab.
The woman doctor came into the ward and two men nurses followed her.
→ Followed by two men nurses, the woman doctor came into the ward.
3）. (Use prep.)I passed the English exam because of your help.
→But/Without your help, I couldn’t have passed the English exam.
4）. (Compound sentence)
If you study harder, you will keep up with your classmates.→ Study harder and you will keep up with your classmates.
5）(Inversion) A . I could hardly believe it.
→Hardly could I believe it.
B .The door opened and a woman came in. She was Bob’s wife.
→ The door opened and in came a woman, who was Bob’s wife.
C .Although she is a girl, she knows a lot about the world.
→ Girl as she is, she knows a lot about the world.
（四）Try to use transitional words, which can make your composition natural and logical.
满分作文都有个共性就是有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。文章的连贯性和紧凑感是很重要的。作为最小的语言表意单位的句子如果只是被随意的整合，是无法达到有效表达的目的。常见的句子之间的连接手段有：使用代词指代上一句中的名词；重复使用上一句中的词；使用连接词；使用平行结构。
常用的过渡词语有：
1)表示起始above all，first of all，at all，etc。
2)表示时间 since then， at last，;soon after ; before; later ; and then ; next ;finally ; afterwards.
as soon as，the next moment，in the past，now，in the future etc.
3)表示空间 in the center of，in the middle of，at the foot /top（of），on the right/left，on one side of ，on the other side of etc.
4)表示顺序for the first time， first，then ;finally，the former，the latter，etc.
5)表示递进 what’s more, what’s better , besides, even, moreover, furthermore ;in addition ,etc.
6)表示并列或选择and，or，as well，as well as，both---and，either---or，neither---nor，some---others otherwise etc.
7)表示转折 but，however，on the contrary，instead，yet; in spite of ; etc.
8)表示因果 so，therefore，for，as a result，because of，due to，owing to，thanks to etc.
9)表示列举 for example，for instance，that is ; namely ; such as，and so on etc。
10)表示总结after all ; in a word，in short，in all in general ; generally speaking , etc。
11)表示程度 above all，first of all，at all，etc.
12)表示对比 while，on one hand，on the other hand etc.
13)表示解释说明 that is （to say），in other words etc.
14)表示条件as long as，if，on condition (that)，otherwise，unless，etc.
15)表示目的for this purpose，in order that，in order to，so as to，so that，etc.
16)表示陈述事实actually，after all，as a matter of fact，as far as I know，in fact，etc.
Practice.
请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。( Individual work )
1).He was tired.
He went to bed.
→He was tired, so he went to bed.
2).The child hid behind his mother's skirt. He was afraid of the dog.
→The child hid behind his mother's skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.
3).He made a promise. He didn’t keep it.
→He made a promise, but he didn’t keep it.
2. Complete the following passage , using proper transitional words.
It is known to us all that some student cheat in examination at school.
As student, we often take examinations at school,___1__ sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us._____2_____, some of us are lazy and don’t work hard at their lessons. _3_ when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better result to please their parents and teachers.
____4____, it is wrong to cheat in examinations __5___ it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard ___6____ cheating in examinations. ____7____, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.
Answers :1. but 2.On the other hand 3.So 4.In my opinion 5.because 6.instead of 7.What’s more
（五）Try to use advanced words (Class work )
Eg. in the end-----eventually
1.Richard‘s wife came back home after the advanced training class ，feeling very tired。 （exhausted）
2. I used to do a lot of homework even at weekends.
----I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework.
3. He didn’t listen to what I said in the class.
---- He turned a deaf ear to what I said in the class.
（六）巧用小词、短句 (Class work )
如：cut 可以和不同的介词及副词表达多种不同的含义，正确、恰当使用可使你的作文生动、生辉。
( Show the following on the screen .)
E. g. One day ,on my way to work ,I met a woodcutter, who was cutting down(砍倒)a tree by the road . We greeted to each other when I passed by . My job was to build a railway in a mountainous areas and today we had to cut a tunnel through a mountain (开凿出一条隧道) . But we were just about to start when the electricity was cut off（ 切断）. And when I went back home I met the woodcutter once again .He was now standing by a fallen tree ,cutting it up（劈碎）.I stopped and we started chatting ,when a stranger cut in（插嘴）.
如能巧短句，其效果可胜过千言万语。
E. g. What a day (boy )!
How nice ! etc .
（七）避生就熟，进行“曲线”表达
巧用思维拐弯法。当表达某一意思有困难时，巧用常用词语或自己熟悉的词语来进行表达，可达到同样效果，又可避免出错。在表达过程中，应选用自己熟悉的和有把握的词汇及句型，千万不能自己去创造或生搬硬套汉语式的句子。如果遇到确实难以回避的内容，一时又想不起确切的表达法，那就要“拐弯抹角”地去表达，尽量找同义或近义的词语或句型来代替，英语有句谚语：“All roads lead to Rome.”这样既可节约时 间又可避免犯大的错误。
Please think: How to say “人山人海”in English
Eg. 1．“是公众休闲的地方。”
既可用复合句：People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves.
也可用简单句：People need a place to have a rest and enjoy themselves.或：Park is a good place for people to relax and enjoy themselves in.
“游客纷至沓来”
⑴A large number of visitors come here.
⑵There are lots of visitors coming here every day.
⑶Many people visit here every day.
⑷A lot of people pay a visit here every day.
（八）多种表达法交替使用
如：喜欢 可以用like ,love ,enjoy ,be fond of ,be into ,be keen on ,take to ,go in for ,go for ,My favourite …is 等多种方式表示，可避免重复，单调，显出你具有较强的驾驭语言的能力。
Practice . 一句多译
Put the following sentence into English in alternative ways .
一到家，我就把所见到的一切都记了下来。
Suggested answers :
On/Upon arriving home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
As soon as I arrived home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
The moment/ The instant I arrived home ,I wrote down everything I had seen.
Hardly had I arrived home when I wrote down everything I had seen.
No sooner had I arrived home than I wrote down everything I had seen.
三．书面表达六步法
书面表达
审 审题：明确体裁，掌握格式文字信息；图画信息；题材、人称、时态、要点
抓 抓住要点，一 一对应。以词及点：用一两个单词或短语写出每句话的细节要点。
扩 选词造句，点石成金。联词成句：用联词成句的方法将上述要点 的词语扩展成句子。
连 联句成文：注意：①主语和谓语②背景（适当增加时间、地点条件等）③逻辑关系④开头与结尾⑤语篇衔接
改 检查修改检查文章中的拼写和标点错误、语法错误逻辑错误等；检查词数是否符合要求；检查内容要点是否全面，删繁就简，使表达更加精炼，措词更加恰当。
抄 誊写工整定稿后应认真誊写，要求书写规范、正确、美观，并保持卷面整洁。
PAGE
1
2007届高考写作系列指导材料（二）
如何使书面表达 显出文采；展示个性；亮而出众
（一）Try to avoid mistakes
A: “缺胳膊少腿”型：
（1）( 缺少主语)： But was 6 o’clock.(was前加it )
（2）( 缺少谓语)：However, other students against the idea. (against前加are)
（3）( 缺少宾语 )：He seated on the grass.(seated后加 “himself” 或在”seated”前加 “was”) B：“画蛇添足”型：( pair work )
（1） 语意重复：He returned back yesterday.(back)
（2） 谓语重复：But there are 60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fee. (去掉there are,或在 are 前加关系代词who;)
（3） 多宾语（或宾语不恰当）：He dressed his clothes quickly. (去掉his clothes，或把his clothes 改为 himself;)
C. “张冠李戴”型：
1)． 误用主语。Don’t worry. Your body will get well soon. (your body→you )
2)． 误用谓语。The time past quickly. (past→passed)
3). 误用宾语. I was so pleased to hear from your letter. (your letter→you; hear from----receive)
4). 误用表语. The price of my car is very expensive. (expensive→high)
5). 误用定语. China has a more population than Japan. (more→larger )
6). 误用介词. The thief ran away to the direction of the coast. ( to→in)
D. “Chinglish.”型。
Eg ．高考: “High exam”
1）．The hope of our parents is very high. （→Our parents expect too much of us.）
2）．His right eye is blind. （→He is blind in the right eye）
E．“瞻前不顾后”型。( Individual work )
1)．Although he was very tired ，but he went on working in the office.（→Although， but either one is OK）
2)．On one hand ，60% of the students are against the idea，but 40% of the students think it is reasonable.（→but 后加On the other hand 与前面的 On one hand 对应）
F．“生搬硬套” 型。
There used to have an old church here.（have→ be）
●*Judge whether the following sentences are right or not.
a. The old lady had three sons, all of them killed in the war.(Right,独立主格结构 )
b. Although he was very tired ，yet he went on working in the office . (Right)
.Although不可与but 连用，但可与yet连用。
（二）Try to use complex sentences (Class work )
1)、Use so-----that
→The little boy knows so many things that he feels surprised .
2)、强调句。
→It is that the little boy knows so many things that surprises him.
3)、Attr. Clause.
→The little boy knows so many things which surprises him.
4)、N---Clause. (There are two possible ways .)
→① What surprises him is that the girl knows so many things.
→ ② That the girl knows so many things surprise him.
（三）Try to use different sentence structures or complicated
按括号中的要求改写下列各句。
1）.They sang and laughed as they went back home. (Use --- ing form)
→Singing and laughing, they went back home.
2）. (Use PP.)The teacher walked out of the lab and many students followed her.
→Followed by many students, the teacher walked out of the lab.
The woman doctor came into the ward and two men nurses followed her.
→ Followed by two men nurses, the woman doctor came into the ward.
3）. (Use prep.)I passed the English exam because of your help.
→But/Without your help, I couldn’t have passed the English exam.
4）. (Compound sentence)
If you study harder, you will keep up with your classmates.→ Study harder and you will keep up with your classmates.
5）(Inversion) A . I could hardly believe it.
→Hardly could I believe it.
B .The door opened and a woman came in. She was Bob’s wife.
→ The door opened and in came a woman, who was Bob’s wife.
C .Although she is a girl, she knows a lot about the world.
→ Girl as she is, she knows a lot about the world.
（四）Try to use transitional words, which can make your composition natural and logical.
满分作文都有个共性就是有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。文章的连贯性和紧凑感是很重要的。作为最小的语言表意单位的句子如果只是被随意的整合，是无法达到有效表达的目的。常见的句子之间的连接手段有：使用代词指代上一句中的名词；重复使用上一句中的词；使用连接词；使用平行结构。
常用的过渡词语有：
1)表示起始above all，first of all，at all，etc。
2)表示时间 since then， at last，;soon after ; before; later ; and then ; next ;finally ; afterwards.
as soon as，the next moment，in the past，now，in the future etc.
3)表示空间 in the center of，in the middle of，at the foot /top（of），on the right/left，on one side of ，on the other side of etc.
4)表示顺序for the first time， first，then ;finally，the former，the latter，etc.
5)表示递进 what’s more, what’s better , besides, even, moreover, furthermore ;in addition ,etc.
6)表示并列或选择and，or，as well，as well as，both---and，either---or，neither---nor，some---others otherwise etc.
7)表示转折 but，however，on the contrary，instead，yet; in spite of ; etc.
8)表示因果 so，therefore，for，as a result，because of，due to，owing to，thanks to etc.
9)表示列举 for example，for instance，that is ; namely ; such as，and so on etc。
10)表示总结after all ; in a word，in short，in all in general ; generally speaking , etc。
11)表示程度 above all，first of all，at all，etc.
12)表示对比 while，on one hand，on the other hand etc.
13)表示解释说明 that is （to say），in other words etc.
14)表示条件as long as，if，on condition (that)，otherwise，unless，etc.
15)表示目的for this purpose，in order that，in order to，so as to，so that，etc.
16)表示陈述事实actually，after all，as a matter of fact，as far as I know，in fact，etc.
Practice.
请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。( Individual work )
1).He was tired.
He went to bed.
→He was tired, so he went to bed.
2).The child hid behind his mother's skirt. He was afraid of the dog.
→The child hid behind his mother's skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.
3).He made a promise. He didn’t keep it.
→He made a promise, but he didn’t keep it.
2. Complete the following passage , using proper transitional words.
It is known to us all that some student cheat in examination at school.
As student, we often take examinations at school,___1__ sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us._____2_____, some of us are lazy and don’t work hard at their lessons. _3_ when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better result to please their parents and teachers.
____4____, it is wrong to cheat in examinations __5___ it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard ___6____ cheating in examinations. ____7____, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.
Answers :1. but 2.On the other hand 3.So 4.In my opinion 5.because 6.instead of 7.What’s more
（五）Try to use advanced words (Class work )
Eg. in the end-----eventually
1.Richard‘s wife came back home after the advanced training class ，feeling very tired。 （exhausted）
2. I used to do a lot of homework even at weekends.
----I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework.
3. He didn’t listen to what I said in the class.
---- He turned a deaf ear to what I said in the class.
（六）巧用小词、短句 (Class work )
如：cut 可以和不同的介词及副词表达多种不同的含义，正确、恰当使用可使你的作文生动、生辉。
( Show the following on the screen .)
E. g. One day ,on my way to work ,I met a woodcutter, who was cutting down(砍倒)a tree by the road . We greeted to each other when I passed by . My job was to build a railway in a mountainous areas and today we had to cut a tunnel through a mountain (开凿出一条隧道) . But we were just about to start when the electricity was cut off（ 切断）. And when I went back home I met the woodcutter once again .He was now standing by a fallen tree ,cutting it up（劈碎）.I stopped and we started chatting ,when a stranger cut in（插嘴）.
如能巧短句，其效果可胜过千言万语。
E. g. What a day (boy )!
How nice ! etc .
（七）避生就熟，进行“曲线”表达
巧用思维拐弯法。当表达某一意思有困难时，巧用常用词语或自己熟悉的词语来进行表达，可达到同样效果，又可避免出错。在表达过程中，应选用自己熟悉的和有把握的词汇及句型，千万不能自己去创造或生搬硬套汉语式的句子。如果遇到确实难以回避的内容，一时又想不起确切的表达法，那就要“拐弯抹角”地去表达，尽量找同义或近义的词语或句型来代替，英语有句谚语：“All roads lead to Rome.”这样既可节约时 间又可避免犯大的错误。
Please think: How to say “人山人海”in English
Eg. 1．“是公众休闲的地方。”
既可用复合句：People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves.
也可用简单句：People need a place to have a rest and enjoy themselves.或：Park is a good place for people to relax and enjoy themselves in.
“游客纷至沓来”
⑴A large number of visitors come here.
⑵There are lots of visitors coming here every day.
⑶Many people visit here every day.
⑷A lot of people pay a visit here every day.
（八）多种表达法交替使用
如：喜欢 可以用like ,love ,enjoy ,be fond of ,be into ,be keen on ,take to ,go in for ,go for ,My favourite …is 等多种方式表示，可避免重复，单调，显出你具有较强的驾驭语言的能力。
Practice . 一句多译
Put the following sentence into English in alternative ways .
一到家，我就把所见到的一切都记了下来。
Suggested answers :
On/Upon arriving home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
As soon as I arrived home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
The moment/ The instant I arrived home ,I wrote down everything I had seen.
Hardly had I arrived home when I wrote down everything I had seen.
No sooner had I arrived home than I wrote down everything I had seen.
三．书面表达六步法
书面表达
审 审题：明确体裁，掌握格式文字信息；图画信息；题材、人称、时态、要点
抓 抓住要点，一 一对应。以词及点：用一两个单词或短语写出每句话的细节要点。
扩 选词造句，点石成金。联词成句：用联词成句的方法将上述要点 的词语扩展成句子。
连 联句成文：注意：①主语和谓语②背景（适当增加时间、地点条件等）③逻辑关系④开头与结尾⑤语篇衔接
改 检查修改检查文章中的拼写和标点错误、语法错误逻辑错误等；检查词数是否符合要求；检查内容要点是否全面，删繁就简，使表达更加精炼，措词更加恰当。
抄 誊写工整定稿后应认真誊写，要求书写规范、正确、美观，并保持卷面整洁。
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