2007高考英语福建卷“阅读部分” 主旨大意题（选择题）解题方法总结[上下学期通用]
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| 名称 | 2007高考英语福建卷“阅读部分” 主旨大意题（选择题）解题方法总结[上下学期通用] |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2007-04-21 18:18:00 | ||
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How to grasp the main idea of a passage in NMET
2007高考英语福建卷“阅读部分”考核目标：
1． 能理解文章的基本内容；
2． 能归纳文章的主旨大意；
3． 能推测文章中的隐含意思；
4． 能根据上下文正确理解词语和句子；
5． 能运用阅读技能完成不同文体的阅读任务。
分析阅读理解命题趋势
1． 生疏短语增多，句子结构复杂。
2． 组篇方式新颖，深层理解要求较高。
3． 命题方式灵活多样，整体理解和推断题增加
分析趋势，掌握技巧，赢取高分
从以上两点可以看出，现在的阅读题远非停留在理解词句和看懂内容上。为了增加阅读理解题的区分度，考查学生的综合理解能力，拉开差距，近年高考阅读题中概括主旨题和推断题明显增加。若要获得高分，关键在于能否正确回答此类能力题（在此，我们统称为主旨大意题。）
＃本讲座分为以下部分：
Ⅰ常见提问方式
Ⅱ. 主要答题步骤
Ⅲ. 分析典型例文,掌握答题技巧
1．读首句抓大意。
2．读尾句抓大意。
3．读首尾段抓大意。
4．从段落中抓大意。
5．归纳要点抓大意。
6、文章标题的选择或拟定
Ⅳ. .总结主旨大意题选择题答题技巧
Ⅰ.常见提问方式：
主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。常见的设题方式有：
1标题类常见的标题型题干：
1) The best title/ headline for this passage might be_____________.
2) The text (passage) could be entitled ______________.
3) What is the best title for the passage
4) Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage
2 大意类常见的主题型题干：
5) This passage chiefly deals with____________.
6) What’s the topic of the article
7) What is the subject discussed in the text
8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned
3 目的主旨大意题
The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is______.
The passage is meant to _____
The purpose of this article is _______
Ⅱ.主要答题步骤：
1. 先看问题, 是否有和主旨大意题有关的题目,了解题目类别和提问方式。
2. 再看文章首尾，或各段的开头，找出主题句，或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握文章主旨。
3. 以掌握文章主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气或意图等其它深层理解的问题。
Ⅲ.分析典型例文，掌握答题技巧：
1．读首句抓大意。
一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在说明文、议论文、科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。因此，要寻找这类文章的主旨大意就需研究文章的首句。
Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal．Such a person is not really a thief．They are sick and cannot help themselves．All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions．People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them．With medical help they may become normal citizens again．The things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value．They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them．
Question：What is the topic of the text？
A．Young Thieves．B．An Unusual Illness． C．Reasons for Stealing． D．A Normal Child's Actions．
该题的答案，就是由文章第一句话而得，答案为B。
2．读尾句抓大意。
主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。
On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin．Everyone was astonished to see him． There was just one problem．Merlin had no way to stop his roller skater．He rolled on and on．Suddenly he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall．Down fell the mirror，breaking to pieces．Nobody forgot Merlin's grand entrance for a long time！
Question：What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the paragraph？
A．The roller skates needed further improvement．
B．The party guests took Merlin for a fool！
C．Merlin succeeded beyond expectation．
D．Merlin got himself into trouble．
这段文字从Merlin入场的细节开始叙述，到最后一句做了总结：“大家很长一段时间都没有忘记Merlin不同凡响的入场。”可见Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案为C。
3．读首尾段抓大意。
有些文章或段落的开头和结尾部分都有主题句。这种结构是为突出主题思想而使用两次点题的写作方法。这两个主题句在句子结构和用词上有所不同，而且在内容上前句和后句也不重复。
As prices and building costs keep rising，the” do-it-yourself”（DIY）trend（趋势）in the U．S．continues to grow．
"We needed furniture for our living room,” says John Ross, "and we just didn't have enough money to buy it. So we decided to try making a few tables and chairs.” John got married six months ago, and like many young people these days, they are struggling to make a home at a time when the cost of living is very high. The Roses took a 2-week course for $ 280 at a night school. Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house.
Jim Hatfield has three boys and his wife died. Hs has a full-time job at home as well as in a shoe making factory. Last month, he received a car repair bill for $ 420."I was deeply upset about it. Now I've finished a car repair course, I should be able to fix the car by myself."
John and Jim are not unusual people．Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high costly living．If you want to become a “do-it-yourself”，you can go to DIY classes．And for those who don't have time to take a course，there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself．
Question：What would be the best title for the text？
A．The Joy of DIY． B．You Can Do It Too！
C．Welcome to Our DIY Course！ D．Ross and Hatfield：Believers in DIY．
读文章第一段和最后一段会发现答案是B。
4．从段落中抓大意。
有些文章或段落的主题句居中，这种文章或段落往往以一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。
In the 1930s，a lot of people in the USA were out of work．Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts．He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”． However，he was not completely satisfied with the game，so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”．He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn't have any real commercial（商业性的）success．
Question：The text is mainly about ____ ．
A．Lexico B．three men C．a word game D．Alfred Butts
根据这一段落中间部分的叙述，我们能推断出答案是C。
5．归纳要点抓大意。
有些文章或段落无明显的主题句，只是暗示性地体现主题。这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意。
例1） In Shanxi Province you may be offered brains to eat． Frightened？You shouldn't be，because these brains are only a kind of food，which is famous for its unusual name and rich nutrition（营养）．
Brains as a kind of food were invented more than 300 years ago by Fu Shan，an artist whose mother had been ill for a long time．To help her become well again，he studied medicine and invented a kind of soup（汤）made of meat，vegetables and a number of Chinese medicines．Rice wine was also used in the soup to help illness caused by old age．Fu's soup became the talk of the town．Many people came to see him．One day a restaurant owner asked him what was in the soup．“I'll tell you，”Fu said，“but if your restaurant is going to sell the soup，you must call it brains because of its shape and color．And your restaurant should be renamed after my mother．”
Question：The best headline for this newspaper article is ____ ．
A．A Good Son B．A Special Soup C．How to Make Brains D．How to Live a Long Life
要解答此题，必须通读全文。读完全文，并结合各段大意，本文主旨凸现出来，答案应是B。
例2） On December 1,1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks boarded a bus in downtown Montgomery, Alabama, paid her fare and took a seat in the front of the Negro section at the back end. It felt good to sit down after a long day’s work. At the next stop, however, the driver told the Negroes to move back to make room for new white passengers.
All but one of the blacks gave up their places obediently. Rose Parks hesitated. The bus was now full: if she got up, she would have to stand all the way home. A white man waiting for her seat glared impatiently.
At that moment, something in Rosa Parks snapped. Maybe her soul had had enough of humiliation; maybe it was just that her feet tired. Anyway, the 42-year-old seamstress refused to give up her seat.
Black and white passengers alike stared at the troublemaker. The bus drier hailed a policeman. Mrs. Parks was arrested.
Montgomery’s 17,000 Negroes were enraged. Some wanted violence —“Burn the buses, tip them over.” Others kept their cool. With the help of a 27 Year-old preacher who had been inspired by the non-violent ways of Mahatma Gandhi, they organized a boycott of the bus line.
The boycott lasted 380 days, and cost the bus line millions of dollars. Finally, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that segregation on the buses was unconstitutional. Rosa Parks could now sit anywhere on a bus. Although most of us have forgotten her, the revolution she started changed America.
For the unknown preacher, however, there was no way back to obscurity. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a dream. And the world—at least in part because o Rosa Parks—was finally ready to honor that dream, and to listen.
… Acts of honor, all of them … Acts of sacrifice, integrity, love. And no one is laughing. Perhaps we have not lost our sacred Honor after all.
( C )1. The author’s chief intention in telling the story is .（概括主旨或推断意图题）易误选A
A. to expose racial discrimination in the 1950s
B. to applaud the non-violent boycott led by Martin Luther King, Jr.
C. to sing the praise of Rosa Parks` bravery and firmness
D.all of the above
( B )2． Which word best describes the character of Rosa （概括人物特征）易误选A
A. stubborn B. courageous C. timid D. arrogant
分析：
Q1:由于本文为记叙文,无明显主题句,该文体的中心常贯穿于全文.对于这类文章，我们可以通过抓住动词来概括主要情节，从而归纳中心思想。本文线索: board----sit----be told to move----hesitate----refuse----be arrested---be enraged----boycott----desegregate---change America. Rosa上了公交车坐在黑人车厢，司机要求她将座位让给后来上车的白人。她犹豫了，但最终她拒绝让座，Rosa因此而被捕。黑人门被激愤了，组织了“抵制公交车”事件。最终美国最高法院废除了公交车上实行的种族隔离制度。Rosa的这一行为改变了美国。
许多同学选(A),理由是文中叙述Rosa由于拒绝给白人让座而被捕是种族歧视现象,初看(A)没错.但这只是本文其中一个情节,是后文“抵制公交车”事件的导火线,并非中心思想.从以上分析的文章线索可确定本文主旨应为：Rosa坚强勇敢的行为迫使美国废除公交车种族隔离。作者的意图是赞扬Rosa的坚强无畏.应选(C)。
Q2: 通过对文章主旨的把握,首先排除(C)和(D).但同学有可能会选( A ),因为“stubborn”与第一题答案中“firm”相近.但“stubborn” 是贬义词,意为”固执,倔强”.本文旨在赞扬Rosa 的坚强勇敢,显然该词不恰当.(B)courageous (勇敢的=brave)才是最佳答案.
例3） NMET1999全国卷A篇51题
Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book.
This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure--a 120-page diary kept 190 years age by Deborah Logan, "a woman who knew everybody in her day, “James Green, the librarian told the magazine American Libraries.
Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia; it also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington.D. C in the war of 1812.She describes President James Madison on horseback as "perfectly shaking with fear" during the troubled days. George Washington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man， and praised her excellent English．
The adventure of the lost book began September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor(祖先)to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary.
Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession "about five minutes" when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi.
Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck, "I've felt sick since then, "Luxmoore told reporters.
According to Green， no one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building.
Tom Brennan received a reward(奖励)of 1,000,Philadelphia gained another treasure for its history, and Luxmoore told reporters, "It's wonderful news. I'm on high".
51. This article mainly tells about the story of _____.
A. A lost diary B. Deborah
C. Cory Luxmoore D. The Library Company
主题分析 解题时必须首先理顺文章时间顺序：
1. Deborah Logan kept a 120-page diary 190 years ago.
2. Cory Luxmoore delivered the diary to the library Company.
3. James Green, the librarian, had the diary in his possession about five minutes.
4. Cory Luxmoore left the diary in the taxi.
5. Tom Brennan noticed a black bag， which contained a book (the diary).
从以上的时间顺序中，可以清楚地看到整个时间段内所发生的事情均与the diary有关，是贯穿全文的主线，故此题应选A。
6、 文章标题的选择或拟定
标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想的最精炼的表达形式。
文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小，恰如帽子，太大能遮太阳却也遮了眼睛，太小则发挥不了应起的作用且风一吹必跑；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？
1. 要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系；
2. 再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；
3. 要注意题目是过大还是过小；
4. 要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。
要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。
比如某一文章的中心句子为： Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world．
话题：Coffee
控制性概念：is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world
标题：Coffee Around the World
例 2005北京B篇
Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions. They will allow the worker to keep the elbows（肘）next to the body to prevent damage to the shoulder and arm.
Overuse injuries can therefore be prevented or reduced if the employer provides, and workers use:
●power tools rather than having to use muscle（肌肉）power
●tools with specially designed handles that allow the wrist（手腕）to keep straight
(See figure 1). This means that hands and wrists are kept in the same position as they would be if they were hanging relaxed at a person's side
Figure l. Bend the tool, not the wrist
●tools with handles that can be held comfortably by the whole hand. This means having a selection of sizes-remember that tools that provide a comfortable firm hold for a person with a very large hand may be awkward for someone with a very small hand. This is a particularly important consideration for women who may use tools originally designed for men.
●tools that do not press fingers (or flesh) between the handles, and whose handles do not have sharp edges or a small surface area.
60． What is the best title for the passage
A． Good Tool Design for Women.
B． Importance of Good Tool Design.
C． Tool Design and Prevention of Injuries.
D． Overuse of Tools and Worker Protection.
主题分析 本文是一篇说明文，Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.句首第一句先点明文章的主题，"工具的良好设计在防止伤害方面是非常重要的"。下面一段则分别说明了好的工具设计的几项标准。从此可知考题第60题答案为C。选项A和B对文章主题"概括不够"。选项D与主题无关。
有些文章像记叙文，主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就需要通过阅读全文，抓关键字眼或主要话题来归纳文章主题。
例2005全国III卷A篇
Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to my house. No card came with it. Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to discover the sender's name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.
But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be. Some of my happiest moments were spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these imaginings. She'd ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness. Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail I'd delivered during the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into.
One month before my graduation, my father died. I felt so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didn't care if I had a new dress or not. But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things. She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable. In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery(神秘).
My mother died ten days after I was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenia stopped coming.
41． Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A． A childhood Dream.
B． A Mother's Love.
C． A Graduation Party.
D． A Special Birthday.
主题分析 本文写的是一位母亲在自己女儿成长的过程中以一种独特的方式--每年在女儿生日那天不署名送女儿一束栀子花来表达对女儿的爱。本篇围绕爱来展开，开头写暗送女儿栀子花，并鼓励女儿去想象美好。当女儿遇到挫折时，母亲鼓励女儿要坚强地勇敢地面对困难。以上这些关键事实充分说明了B项A Mother's Love. 正确。
限时训练
Passage 1
When I asked my daughter which item she would keep: the phone, the car, the cooker, the computer, the TV, or her boyfriend, she said, "the phone". Personally, I could do without the phone entirely, which makes me unusual. Because the telephone is changing our lives more than any other piece of technology.
Point 1. The telephone creates the need to communicate, in the same way more roads create more traffic. My daughter comes home from school at 4:00 pm and then spends an hour on the phone talking to the every people she have been at school with all day. If the phone did not exist, would she have anything to talk about
Point 2. The mobile phone means that we are never alone. "The mobile saved my life," says Crystal Johnstone. She had an accident in her Volvo on the A45 between Otley and Skipton. Trapped inside, she managed to make the call that brought the ambulance to her rescue.
Point 3. The mobile removes our secret. It allows marketing manager of Haba Deutsch, Carl Nicolaisen, to ring his sales staff all round the world at any time of day to ask where they are, where they are going, and how their last meeting went.
Point 4. The telephone separates us. Antonella Bramanate in Rome says, "We worked in separate offices but I could see him through the window. It was easy to get his number. We were so near---but we didn't meet for the first two weeks!"
Point 5. The telephone allows us to reach out beyond our own lives. Today we can talk to several complete strangers simultaneously () on chat lines (at least my daughter does. I wouldn't know what to talk about). We can talk across the world. We can even talk to astronauts (if you know any) while they're space-walking. And, with the phone line hooked up to the computer, we can access the Internet, the biggest library on Earth.
1. Point 1 mainly tells us that __________.
A. the writer's daughter enjoys talking on the phone.
B. More roads create more traffic.
C. phones create the need to communication
D it's easy to communicate through phones.
2. People's attitude towards mobile phone is that it _________.
A. helps people deal with the emergency.
B. brings convenience as well as little secret to people.
C. is so important and should be encouraged.
D. is part of people's life.
3. Which do you think support the idea that phones improve people's life
A. Point 1 and 2.
B. Point 3 and 4.
C. Point 1 and 3.
D. Point 2 and 5.
4. It is possible to talk to several complete strangers at the same time through __________.
A. the TV screen.
B. a fax machine.
C. the Internet.
D. the phone.
5. Which is the most suitable title for the passage
A. Phone Power
B. Kinds of Phones
C. How to Use Phone
D. Advantages of Phones
Correct answers: CBDCA
作好本文阅读理解测试题的关键是准确把握短文的中心主旨，重点是准确，不偏不倚。
第一段作者提及自己的女儿可以舍弃其它，但必须保留电话。作者写到：Because the telephone is changing our lives more than any other piece of technology. 作者随后分五点(five points) 探讨了电话给人们生活带来的变化。
细读这五点，可以发现：第一点，电话创造了交流的需要，是个中性的变化，说不上是好是坏。第二和第五点是电话带给人们的便利和用途，显然是电话的优点长处,即advantages。但第三和第四点：The mobile removes our secret. / The telephone separates us. 显然是讨论电话的缺点和弊端，即disadvantages 。
综上所述，作者并没有因女儿选择保留电话机就一面倒地夸奖电话，而是客观分析电话给人们生活带来的变化和电话在人们生活中所起的作用，既有正面的，也有反面的。 有了上述理解，阅读理解测试题就迎刃而解了。尤其是题2和题5，必须选能包括正反两方面的表述，才符合作者的原意
Passage 2
A green house is a building made of glass which is used for keeping plants warm when the outside temperature is low. In a similar way there are several gases in the atmosphere which trap the heat produced by the sun and prevent it from escaping. These gases are known as "greenhouse gases", and the way in which they trap heat in the atmosphere is called the "greenhouse effect". this is not simply air pollution. Most of the main greenhouse gases exist naturally in small amounts in our atmosphere, and with out them the earth would be 30 degrees colder and human life would not exist. In other words, the greenhouse effect is a natural course, which is to some degree helpful to us.
The problem is that in the last century and a half, we have been putting too many of these gases into the earth's atmosphere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests. The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer. The world's temperature has already gone up by half a degree this century, and the sea level has risen by 10 centimeters. If the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles, there will probably be a rise in the earth's temperature of between 1 and 4. This may seem a small increase, but it would be enough to cause major changes in geography and agriculture. Large areas of the world would be flooded, and some areas would become dry and unable to produce crops. It is important, too, to consider that there may be a delay of about 30 years in the greenhouse effect. This means that we are probably experiencing only now the effect of the gases put into the atmosphere before the 1960s. Since then, our use of these gases has greatly increased.
1. "Greenhouse effect" means __________.
A. the way in which gases are used for keeping plants warm.
B. a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us.
C. the way 'greenhouse gases' trap heat on the earth.
D. the whole course in which greenhouse gases prevent heat.
2. If there were no greenhouse effect, __________.
A. no plants would grow on our planet.
B. the earth would be 30 degrees colder.
C. man could not live on the earth.
D. all of the above answers are correct.
3. Which of the following is not true
A. Burning too much coal and oil produces lots of greenhouse gases.
B. It has become warmer on the earth now than in the past.
C. Gases put into the atmosphere now will effect the earth years later.
D. The temperature in a greenhouse is as high as that in the atmosphere.
4. Suppose the earth's temperature rose by 3 degrees __________.
A. great harm would be done to mankind.
B. the sea level would go up by 10 centimeters.
C. all the land in world would be flooded.
D. crops would be unable to grow on earth.
5. The passage mainly deals with __________.
A. the concept (概念) and harm of greenhouse effect.
B. the relation between greenhouse gases and man.
C. the concept and change of greenhouse effect.
D. the effect of the rise of the earth's temperature.
Correct answers: BDDAC
作好本文的理解测试题的关键是：摈弃先入为主的概念，认真阅读原文。
本文讨论的“温室效应”问题是目前环保热点问题，妇孺皆知，“温室效应”已是大气污染的代名词，“温室效应”等于空气污染，这是普罗大众已经接受的概念和已经认可的说法。
但本作者从科学的角度准确地解释了“温室效应”这一概念，为其“正了身”，“平了反”。在第一段里，作者解释了“温室气体”和“温室效应”之后，明确说到：
This is not simply air pollution. Most of the main greenhouse gases exist naturally in small amounts in our atmosphere, and with out them the earth would be 30 degrees colder and human life would not exist. In other words, the greenhouse effect is a natural course, which is to some degree helpful to us.
可见“温室效应”是大气层生来具有的一种作用。正由于这种作用，地球上才能万物生长。至于大气污染，全球变暖，则是由于人类活动改变了“温室效应”的过程和作用所至。正如作者所说：
The problem is that in the last century and a half, we have been putting too many of these gases into the earth's atmosphere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests. The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer.
准确理解温室效应的概念后，我们就不难作对有关中心主旨的三道题了：
题1的答案是B, "Greenhouse effect" means B. a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us.
题2的答案是D。
题5的答案是C, The passage mainly deals with C. the concept and change of greenhouse effect.
在我们阅读时，有时需要运用我们已有的背景知识来帮助理解。但同时我们也要警惕先入为主的观念干扰影响我们对文章的准确理解。总之，“虚心拜读”，“决不想当然”，才能有有效的阅读。
Passage3
Money spent on advertising is money spent as swell as any I know of. It serves directly to bring about a rapid sale of goods at reasonable prices, so setting up a firm home market and making it possible to provide for export at good prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps greatly to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it causes an increased need for labor, and is therefore a nice way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisement your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, your price of television program would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or subway would cost more.
And perhaps the most important of all, advertising provides a promise of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Besides the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for the public has the good sense not to but the poor goods more than once. If you see the product frequently advertised, it is the proof I know that the product does what it promised for it, and that it has good value.
Advertising does more for the good of the public than other force I can think of.
There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television person declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was telling us the real difference. Of course advertising tries to persuade.
If its message were nothing but information, that would be difficult to get more people to buy, for even the choice of the color of a shirt is a bit persuasive--advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television person wants.
1. By the first sentence of the passage the writer means that __________.
A. he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
B. everybody knows well that advertising is a waste of money
C. advertising costs more money than anything else
D. money spent on advertising is worth spending
2. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising
A. Getting greater fame.
B. Providing more jobs.
C. Raising living standards.
D. reducing newspaper costs.
3. The writer thinks that the well-known TV person is __________.
A. quite right in passing his judgement on advertising
B. interested in nothing but the buyer's attention
C. correct in telling the difference between persuasion and informing
D. obviously unfair in his views on advertising.
4. In the writer's opinion, __________.
A. advertising can seldom bring material interest to man by providing information
B. advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
C. there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
D. the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
Correct answers: DADC
本篇阅读训练共四道题，其中有三道题涉及到作者的基本观点和立场，若能在阅读中正确理解和把握作者的基本观点和立场，题目便能做对，若不能，则四道题全错。在一次练习中，一个班有十四人没有作对一道题。
本篇文章篇幅较长，有些生词和不熟悉的表达法，第一遍阅读时，考生容易陷在词句中，茫然不知作者所云。此时若动笔答题，非出错不可。此时应当跳出词句，以段落为单位回顾一下全文，你会发现：
第一段：作者介绍广告的优点用途。
第二段：广告业有正规管理，虚假广告不会长久。
第三段：反驳一个著名电视人的不利于广告的言论。
作者的态度与立场已清晰可辩：支持广告业。一旦有了这一认识，四道题迎刃而解。
提示：
考生既要看到树木, 更要看到森林；要跳出一词一句，而俯瞰全文；要通读全文，通篇理解。此篇虽未考察中心意思，或最佳题目，但同样考察对全文主旨大意的理解和把握。
Ⅴ.主旨大意题（选择题）解题方法总结:
1.解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章主旨。
＃ 概括主旨的方法是: 先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句.若无明显主题句,就通过关键词句来概括.(如:议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句,记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词.)
2．文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如：but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。
3．选定篇名或标题类题考查的也是学生对文章主旨的归纳概括能力，备选标题通常只是一个短语，甚至一个单词。在答题时必须仔细阅读文章，仔细推敲选项中直接引自语篇的措辞，既要排除过于具体或断章取义、以偏盖全的标题，又要排除范围太大、空洞、不着边际的标题，选出最佳答案。
4. 答推理题和识辨意图、语气题时，一般无法直接从文中找到答案，但绝不可凭空猜测，也要找到依据。要通过文章主旨、字里行间或文中例子进行推断，通过含有感彩或描述情景的措辞来领会作者的态度或语气。
5. 必须看清题目，要求回答的是“全文主旨”还是“段落主旨”；推断的是“作者的观点、意图”还是“别人的观点、意图”。
2007高考英语福建卷“阅读部分”考核目标：
1． 能理解文章的基本内容；
2． 能归纳文章的主旨大意；
3． 能推测文章中的隐含意思；
4． 能根据上下文正确理解词语和句子；
5． 能运用阅读技能完成不同文体的阅读任务。
分析阅读理解命题趋势
1． 生疏短语增多，句子结构复杂。
2． 组篇方式新颖，深层理解要求较高。
3． 命题方式灵活多样，整体理解和推断题增加
分析趋势，掌握技巧，赢取高分
从以上两点可以看出，现在的阅读题远非停留在理解词句和看懂内容上。为了增加阅读理解题的区分度，考查学生的综合理解能力，拉开差距，近年高考阅读题中概括主旨题和推断题明显增加。若要获得高分，关键在于能否正确回答此类能力题（在此，我们统称为主旨大意题。）
＃本讲座分为以下部分：
Ⅰ常见提问方式
Ⅱ. 主要答题步骤
Ⅲ. 分析典型例文,掌握答题技巧
1．读首句抓大意。
2．读尾句抓大意。
3．读首尾段抓大意。
4．从段落中抓大意。
5．归纳要点抓大意。
6、文章标题的选择或拟定
Ⅳ. .总结主旨大意题选择题答题技巧
Ⅰ.常见提问方式：
主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。常见的设题方式有：
1标题类常见的标题型题干：
1) The best title/ headline for this passage might be_____________.
2) The text (passage) could be entitled ______________.
3) What is the best title for the passage
4) Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage
2 大意类常见的主题型题干：
5) This passage chiefly deals with____________.
6) What’s the topic of the article
7) What is the subject discussed in the text
8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned
3 目的主旨大意题
The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is______.
The passage is meant to _____
The purpose of this article is _______
Ⅱ.主要答题步骤：
1. 先看问题, 是否有和主旨大意题有关的题目,了解题目类别和提问方式。
2. 再看文章首尾，或各段的开头，找出主题句，或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握文章主旨。
3. 以掌握文章主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气或意图等其它深层理解的问题。
Ⅲ.分析典型例文，掌握答题技巧：
1．读首句抓大意。
一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在说明文、议论文、科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。因此，要寻找这类文章的主旨大意就需研究文章的首句。
Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal．Such a person is not really a thief．They are sick and cannot help themselves．All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions．People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them．With medical help they may become normal citizens again．The things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value．They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them．
Question：What is the topic of the text？
A．Young Thieves．B．An Unusual Illness． C．Reasons for Stealing． D．A Normal Child's Actions．
该题的答案，就是由文章第一句话而得，答案为B。
2．读尾句抓大意。
主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。
On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin．Everyone was astonished to see him． There was just one problem．Merlin had no way to stop his roller skater．He rolled on and on．Suddenly he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall．Down fell the mirror，breaking to pieces．Nobody forgot Merlin's grand entrance for a long time！
Question：What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the paragraph？
A．The roller skates needed further improvement．
B．The party guests took Merlin for a fool！
C．Merlin succeeded beyond expectation．
D．Merlin got himself into trouble．
这段文字从Merlin入场的细节开始叙述，到最后一句做了总结：“大家很长一段时间都没有忘记Merlin不同凡响的入场。”可见Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案为C。
3．读首尾段抓大意。
有些文章或段落的开头和结尾部分都有主题句。这种结构是为突出主题思想而使用两次点题的写作方法。这两个主题句在句子结构和用词上有所不同，而且在内容上前句和后句也不重复。
As prices and building costs keep rising，the” do-it-yourself”（DIY）trend（趋势）in the U．S．continues to grow．
"We needed furniture for our living room,” says John Ross, "and we just didn't have enough money to buy it. So we decided to try making a few tables and chairs.” John got married six months ago, and like many young people these days, they are struggling to make a home at a time when the cost of living is very high. The Roses took a 2-week course for $ 280 at a night school. Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house.
Jim Hatfield has three boys and his wife died. Hs has a full-time job at home as well as in a shoe making factory. Last month, he received a car repair bill for $ 420."I was deeply upset about it. Now I've finished a car repair course, I should be able to fix the car by myself."
John and Jim are not unusual people．Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high costly living．If you want to become a “do-it-yourself”，you can go to DIY classes．And for those who don't have time to take a course，there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself．
Question：What would be the best title for the text？
A．The Joy of DIY． B．You Can Do It Too！
C．Welcome to Our DIY Course！ D．Ross and Hatfield：Believers in DIY．
读文章第一段和最后一段会发现答案是B。
4．从段落中抓大意。
有些文章或段落的主题句居中，这种文章或段落往往以一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。
In the 1930s，a lot of people in the USA were out of work．Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts．He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”． However，he was not completely satisfied with the game，so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”．He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn't have any real commercial（商业性的）success．
Question：The text is mainly about ____ ．
A．Lexico B．three men C．a word game D．Alfred Butts
根据这一段落中间部分的叙述，我们能推断出答案是C。
5．归纳要点抓大意。
有些文章或段落无明显的主题句，只是暗示性地体现主题。这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意。
例1） In Shanxi Province you may be offered brains to eat． Frightened？You shouldn't be，because these brains are only a kind of food，which is famous for its unusual name and rich nutrition（营养）．
Brains as a kind of food were invented more than 300 years ago by Fu Shan，an artist whose mother had been ill for a long time．To help her become well again，he studied medicine and invented a kind of soup（汤）made of meat，vegetables and a number of Chinese medicines．Rice wine was also used in the soup to help illness caused by old age．Fu's soup became the talk of the town．Many people came to see him．One day a restaurant owner asked him what was in the soup．“I'll tell you，”Fu said，“but if your restaurant is going to sell the soup，you must call it brains because of its shape and color．And your restaurant should be renamed after my mother．”
Question：The best headline for this newspaper article is ____ ．
A．A Good Son B．A Special Soup C．How to Make Brains D．How to Live a Long Life
要解答此题，必须通读全文。读完全文，并结合各段大意，本文主旨凸现出来，答案应是B。
例2） On December 1,1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks boarded a bus in downtown Montgomery, Alabama, paid her fare and took a seat in the front of the Negro section at the back end. It felt good to sit down after a long day’s work. At the next stop, however, the driver told the Negroes to move back to make room for new white passengers.
All but one of the blacks gave up their places obediently. Rose Parks hesitated. The bus was now full: if she got up, she would have to stand all the way home. A white man waiting for her seat glared impatiently.
At that moment, something in Rosa Parks snapped. Maybe her soul had had enough of humiliation; maybe it was just that her feet tired. Anyway, the 42-year-old seamstress refused to give up her seat.
Black and white passengers alike stared at the troublemaker. The bus drier hailed a policeman. Mrs. Parks was arrested.
Montgomery’s 17,000 Negroes were enraged. Some wanted violence —“Burn the buses, tip them over.” Others kept their cool. With the help of a 27 Year-old preacher who had been inspired by the non-violent ways of Mahatma Gandhi, they organized a boycott of the bus line.
The boycott lasted 380 days, and cost the bus line millions of dollars. Finally, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that segregation on the buses was unconstitutional. Rosa Parks could now sit anywhere on a bus. Although most of us have forgotten her, the revolution she started changed America.
For the unknown preacher, however, there was no way back to obscurity. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a dream. And the world—at least in part because o Rosa Parks—was finally ready to honor that dream, and to listen.
… Acts of honor, all of them … Acts of sacrifice, integrity, love. And no one is laughing. Perhaps we have not lost our sacred Honor after all.
( C )1. The author’s chief intention in telling the story is .（概括主旨或推断意图题）易误选A
A. to expose racial discrimination in the 1950s
B. to applaud the non-violent boycott led by Martin Luther King, Jr.
C. to sing the praise of Rosa Parks` bravery and firmness
D.all of the above
( B )2． Which word best describes the character of Rosa （概括人物特征）易误选A
A. stubborn B. courageous C. timid D. arrogant
分析：
Q1:由于本文为记叙文,无明显主题句,该文体的中心常贯穿于全文.对于这类文章，我们可以通过抓住动词来概括主要情节，从而归纳中心思想。本文线索: board----sit----be told to move----hesitate----refuse----be arrested---be enraged----boycott----desegregate---change America. Rosa上了公交车坐在黑人车厢，司机要求她将座位让给后来上车的白人。她犹豫了，但最终她拒绝让座，Rosa因此而被捕。黑人门被激愤了，组织了“抵制公交车”事件。最终美国最高法院废除了公交车上实行的种族隔离制度。Rosa的这一行为改变了美国。
许多同学选(A),理由是文中叙述Rosa由于拒绝给白人让座而被捕是种族歧视现象,初看(A)没错.但这只是本文其中一个情节,是后文“抵制公交车”事件的导火线,并非中心思想.从以上分析的文章线索可确定本文主旨应为：Rosa坚强勇敢的行为迫使美国废除公交车种族隔离。作者的意图是赞扬Rosa的坚强无畏.应选(C)。
Q2: 通过对文章主旨的把握,首先排除(C)和(D).但同学有可能会选( A ),因为“stubborn”与第一题答案中“firm”相近.但“stubborn” 是贬义词,意为”固执,倔强”.本文旨在赞扬Rosa 的坚强勇敢,显然该词不恰当.(B)courageous (勇敢的=brave)才是最佳答案.
例3） NMET1999全国卷A篇51题
Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book.
This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure--a 120-page diary kept 190 years age by Deborah Logan, "a woman who knew everybody in her day, “James Green, the librarian told the magazine American Libraries.
Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia; it also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington.D. C in the war of 1812.She describes President James Madison on horseback as "perfectly shaking with fear" during the troubled days. George Washington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man， and praised her excellent English．
The adventure of the lost book began September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor(祖先)to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary.
Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession "about five minutes" when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi.
Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck, "I've felt sick since then, "Luxmoore told reporters.
According to Green， no one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building.
Tom Brennan received a reward(奖励)of 1,000,Philadelphia gained another treasure for its history, and Luxmoore told reporters, "It's wonderful news. I'm on high".
51. This article mainly tells about the story of _____.
A. A lost diary B. Deborah
C. Cory Luxmoore D. The Library Company
主题分析 解题时必须首先理顺文章时间顺序：
1. Deborah Logan kept a 120-page diary 190 years ago.
2. Cory Luxmoore delivered the diary to the library Company.
3. James Green, the librarian, had the diary in his possession about five minutes.
4. Cory Luxmoore left the diary in the taxi.
5. Tom Brennan noticed a black bag， which contained a book (the diary).
从以上的时间顺序中，可以清楚地看到整个时间段内所发生的事情均与the diary有关，是贯穿全文的主线，故此题应选A。
6、 文章标题的选择或拟定
标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想的最精炼的表达形式。
文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小，恰如帽子，太大能遮太阳却也遮了眼睛，太小则发挥不了应起的作用且风一吹必跑；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？
1. 要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系；
2. 再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；
3. 要注意题目是过大还是过小；
4. 要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。
要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。
比如某一文章的中心句子为： Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world．
话题：Coffee
控制性概念：is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world
标题：Coffee Around the World
例 2005北京B篇
Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions. They will allow the worker to keep the elbows（肘）next to the body to prevent damage to the shoulder and arm.
Overuse injuries can therefore be prevented or reduced if the employer provides, and workers use:
●power tools rather than having to use muscle（肌肉）power
●tools with specially designed handles that allow the wrist（手腕）to keep straight
(See figure 1). This means that hands and wrists are kept in the same position as they would be if they were hanging relaxed at a person's side
Figure l. Bend the tool, not the wrist
●tools with handles that can be held comfortably by the whole hand. This means having a selection of sizes-remember that tools that provide a comfortable firm hold for a person with a very large hand may be awkward for someone with a very small hand. This is a particularly important consideration for women who may use tools originally designed for men.
●tools that do not press fingers (or flesh) between the handles, and whose handles do not have sharp edges or a small surface area.
60． What is the best title for the passage
A． Good Tool Design for Women.
B． Importance of Good Tool Design.
C． Tool Design and Prevention of Injuries.
D． Overuse of Tools and Worker Protection.
主题分析 本文是一篇说明文，Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.句首第一句先点明文章的主题，"工具的良好设计在防止伤害方面是非常重要的"。下面一段则分别说明了好的工具设计的几项标准。从此可知考题第60题答案为C。选项A和B对文章主题"概括不够"。选项D与主题无关。
有些文章像记叙文，主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就需要通过阅读全文，抓关键字眼或主要话题来归纳文章主题。
例2005全国III卷A篇
Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to my house. No card came with it. Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to discover the sender's name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.
But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be. Some of my happiest moments were spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these imaginings. She'd ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness. Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail I'd delivered during the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into.
One month before my graduation, my father died. I felt so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didn't care if I had a new dress or not. But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things. She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable. In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery(神秘).
My mother died ten days after I was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenia stopped coming.
41． Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A． A childhood Dream.
B． A Mother's Love.
C． A Graduation Party.
D． A Special Birthday.
主题分析 本文写的是一位母亲在自己女儿成长的过程中以一种独特的方式--每年在女儿生日那天不署名送女儿一束栀子花来表达对女儿的爱。本篇围绕爱来展开，开头写暗送女儿栀子花，并鼓励女儿去想象美好。当女儿遇到挫折时，母亲鼓励女儿要坚强地勇敢地面对困难。以上这些关键事实充分说明了B项A Mother's Love. 正确。
限时训练
Passage 1
When I asked my daughter which item she would keep: the phone, the car, the cooker, the computer, the TV, or her boyfriend, she said, "the phone". Personally, I could do without the phone entirely, which makes me unusual. Because the telephone is changing our lives more than any other piece of technology.
Point 1. The telephone creates the need to communicate, in the same way more roads create more traffic. My daughter comes home from school at 4:00 pm and then spends an hour on the phone talking to the every people she have been at school with all day. If the phone did not exist, would she have anything to talk about
Point 2. The mobile phone means that we are never alone. "The mobile saved my life," says Crystal Johnstone. She had an accident in her Volvo on the A45 between Otley and Skipton. Trapped inside, she managed to make the call that brought the ambulance to her rescue.
Point 3. The mobile removes our secret. It allows marketing manager of Haba Deutsch, Carl Nicolaisen, to ring his sales staff all round the world at any time of day to ask where they are, where they are going, and how their last meeting went.
Point 4. The telephone separates us. Antonella Bramanate in Rome says, "We worked in separate offices but I could see him through the window. It was easy to get his number. We were so near---but we didn't meet for the first two weeks!"
Point 5. The telephone allows us to reach out beyond our own lives. Today we can talk to several complete strangers simultaneously () on chat lines (at least my daughter does. I wouldn't know what to talk about). We can talk across the world. We can even talk to astronauts (if you know any) while they're space-walking. And, with the phone line hooked up to the computer, we can access the Internet, the biggest library on Earth.
1. Point 1 mainly tells us that __________.
A. the writer's daughter enjoys talking on the phone.
B. More roads create more traffic.
C. phones create the need to communication
D it's easy to communicate through phones.
2. People's attitude towards mobile phone is that it _________.
A. helps people deal with the emergency.
B. brings convenience as well as little secret to people.
C. is so important and should be encouraged.
D. is part of people's life.
3. Which do you think support the idea that phones improve people's life
A. Point 1 and 2.
B. Point 3 and 4.
C. Point 1 and 3.
D. Point 2 and 5.
4. It is possible to talk to several complete strangers at the same time through __________.
A. the TV screen.
B. a fax machine.
C. the Internet.
D. the phone.
5. Which is the most suitable title for the passage
A. Phone Power
B. Kinds of Phones
C. How to Use Phone
D. Advantages of Phones
Correct answers: CBDCA
作好本文阅读理解测试题的关键是准确把握短文的中心主旨，重点是准确，不偏不倚。
第一段作者提及自己的女儿可以舍弃其它，但必须保留电话。作者写到：Because the telephone is changing our lives more than any other piece of technology. 作者随后分五点(five points) 探讨了电话给人们生活带来的变化。
细读这五点，可以发现：第一点，电话创造了交流的需要，是个中性的变化，说不上是好是坏。第二和第五点是电话带给人们的便利和用途，显然是电话的优点长处,即advantages。但第三和第四点：The mobile removes our secret. / The telephone separates us. 显然是讨论电话的缺点和弊端，即disadvantages 。
综上所述，作者并没有因女儿选择保留电话机就一面倒地夸奖电话，而是客观分析电话给人们生活带来的变化和电话在人们生活中所起的作用，既有正面的，也有反面的。 有了上述理解，阅读理解测试题就迎刃而解了。尤其是题2和题5，必须选能包括正反两方面的表述，才符合作者的原意
Passage 2
A green house is a building made of glass which is used for keeping plants warm when the outside temperature is low. In a similar way there are several gases in the atmosphere which trap the heat produced by the sun and prevent it from escaping. These gases are known as "greenhouse gases", and the way in which they trap heat in the atmosphere is called the "greenhouse effect". this is not simply air pollution. Most of the main greenhouse gases exist naturally in small amounts in our atmosphere, and with out them the earth would be 30 degrees colder and human life would not exist. In other words, the greenhouse effect is a natural course, which is to some degree helpful to us.
The problem is that in the last century and a half, we have been putting too many of these gases into the earth's atmosphere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests. The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer. The world's temperature has already gone up by half a degree this century, and the sea level has risen by 10 centimeters. If the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles, there will probably be a rise in the earth's temperature of between 1 and 4. This may seem a small increase, but it would be enough to cause major changes in geography and agriculture. Large areas of the world would be flooded, and some areas would become dry and unable to produce crops. It is important, too, to consider that there may be a delay of about 30 years in the greenhouse effect. This means that we are probably experiencing only now the effect of the gases put into the atmosphere before the 1960s. Since then, our use of these gases has greatly increased.
1. "Greenhouse effect" means __________.
A. the way in which gases are used for keeping plants warm.
B. a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us.
C. the way 'greenhouse gases' trap heat on the earth.
D. the whole course in which greenhouse gases prevent heat.
2. If there were no greenhouse effect, __________.
A. no plants would grow on our planet.
B. the earth would be 30 degrees colder.
C. man could not live on the earth.
D. all of the above answers are correct.
3. Which of the following is not true
A. Burning too much coal and oil produces lots of greenhouse gases.
B. It has become warmer on the earth now than in the past.
C. Gases put into the atmosphere now will effect the earth years later.
D. The temperature in a greenhouse is as high as that in the atmosphere.
4. Suppose the earth's temperature rose by 3 degrees __________.
A. great harm would be done to mankind.
B. the sea level would go up by 10 centimeters.
C. all the land in world would be flooded.
D. crops would be unable to grow on earth.
5. The passage mainly deals with __________.
A. the concept (概念) and harm of greenhouse effect.
B. the relation between greenhouse gases and man.
C. the concept and change of greenhouse effect.
D. the effect of the rise of the earth's temperature.
Correct answers: BDDAC
作好本文的理解测试题的关键是：摈弃先入为主的概念，认真阅读原文。
本文讨论的“温室效应”问题是目前环保热点问题，妇孺皆知，“温室效应”已是大气污染的代名词，“温室效应”等于空气污染，这是普罗大众已经接受的概念和已经认可的说法。
但本作者从科学的角度准确地解释了“温室效应”这一概念，为其“正了身”，“平了反”。在第一段里，作者解释了“温室气体”和“温室效应”之后，明确说到：
This is not simply air pollution. Most of the main greenhouse gases exist naturally in small amounts in our atmosphere, and with out them the earth would be 30 degrees colder and human life would not exist. In other words, the greenhouse effect is a natural course, which is to some degree helpful to us.
可见“温室效应”是大气层生来具有的一种作用。正由于这种作用，地球上才能万物生长。至于大气污染，全球变暖，则是由于人类活动改变了“温室效应”的过程和作用所至。正如作者所说：
The problem is that in the last century and a half, we have been putting too many of these gases into the earth's atmosphere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests. The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer.
准确理解温室效应的概念后，我们就不难作对有关中心主旨的三道题了：
题1的答案是B, "Greenhouse effect" means B. a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us.
题2的答案是D。
题5的答案是C, The passage mainly deals with C. the concept and change of greenhouse effect.
在我们阅读时，有时需要运用我们已有的背景知识来帮助理解。但同时我们也要警惕先入为主的观念干扰影响我们对文章的准确理解。总之，“虚心拜读”，“决不想当然”，才能有有效的阅读。
Passage3
Money spent on advertising is money spent as swell as any I know of. It serves directly to bring about a rapid sale of goods at reasonable prices, so setting up a firm home market and making it possible to provide for export at good prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps greatly to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it causes an increased need for labor, and is therefore a nice way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisement your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, your price of television program would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or subway would cost more.
And perhaps the most important of all, advertising provides a promise of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Besides the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for the public has the good sense not to but the poor goods more than once. If you see the product frequently advertised, it is the proof I know that the product does what it promised for it, and that it has good value.
Advertising does more for the good of the public than other force I can think of.
There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television person declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was telling us the real difference. Of course advertising tries to persuade.
If its message were nothing but information, that would be difficult to get more people to buy, for even the choice of the color of a shirt is a bit persuasive--advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television person wants.
1. By the first sentence of the passage the writer means that __________.
A. he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
B. everybody knows well that advertising is a waste of money
C. advertising costs more money than anything else
D. money spent on advertising is worth spending
2. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising
A. Getting greater fame.
B. Providing more jobs.
C. Raising living standards.
D. reducing newspaper costs.
3. The writer thinks that the well-known TV person is __________.
A. quite right in passing his judgement on advertising
B. interested in nothing but the buyer's attention
C. correct in telling the difference between persuasion and informing
D. obviously unfair in his views on advertising.
4. In the writer's opinion, __________.
A. advertising can seldom bring material interest to man by providing information
B. advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
C. there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
D. the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
Correct answers: DADC
本篇阅读训练共四道题，其中有三道题涉及到作者的基本观点和立场，若能在阅读中正确理解和把握作者的基本观点和立场，题目便能做对，若不能，则四道题全错。在一次练习中，一个班有十四人没有作对一道题。
本篇文章篇幅较长，有些生词和不熟悉的表达法，第一遍阅读时，考生容易陷在词句中，茫然不知作者所云。此时若动笔答题，非出错不可。此时应当跳出词句，以段落为单位回顾一下全文，你会发现：
第一段：作者介绍广告的优点用途。
第二段：广告业有正规管理，虚假广告不会长久。
第三段：反驳一个著名电视人的不利于广告的言论。
作者的态度与立场已清晰可辩：支持广告业。一旦有了这一认识，四道题迎刃而解。
提示：
考生既要看到树木, 更要看到森林；要跳出一词一句，而俯瞰全文；要通读全文，通篇理解。此篇虽未考察中心意思，或最佳题目，但同样考察对全文主旨大意的理解和把握。
Ⅴ.主旨大意题（选择题）解题方法总结:
1.解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章主旨。
＃ 概括主旨的方法是: 先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句.若无明显主题句,就通过关键词句来概括.(如:议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句,记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词.)
2．文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如：but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。
3．选定篇名或标题类题考查的也是学生对文章主旨的归纳概括能力，备选标题通常只是一个短语，甚至一个单词。在答题时必须仔细阅读文章，仔细推敲选项中直接引自语篇的措辞，既要排除过于具体或断章取义、以偏盖全的标题，又要排除范围太大、空洞、不着边际的标题，选出最佳答案。
4. 答推理题和识辨意图、语气题时，一般无法直接从文中找到答案，但绝不可凭空猜测，也要找到依据。要通过文章主旨、字里行间或文中例子进行推断，通过含有感彩或描述情景的措辞来领会作者的态度或语气。
5. 必须看清题目，要求回答的是“全文主旨”还是“段落主旨”；推断的是“作者的观点、意图”还是“别人的观点、意图”。