2006年高考英语专家讲座材料4月30日[下学期]

05年高考评估06年高考预测备考研讨会
全国统一卷（英语）近五年难度走势解析
成都盐道街中学 熊开国
从2004年开始，全国普通高考实行“统一考试”分省命题。在此之前，北京、上海、内蒙、安徽即已开始地区性命题。包括四川省在内的十三个省、地区在2004年和2005年仍使用全国统一试卷。
全国英语高考统一试卷是由国家教育部全国考试中心命制的。分析和研究自2000年到2005年全国统一卷命题的方向和试卷设制的难度，可以帮助我们明确2006年四川省高考英语科试卷命题的方向、了解各大题和全卷难度的要求，从而制定出科学的复习计划、正确选择复习资料，更大面积提高复习效果。
全国高考英语科试卷的难度系数多年维持在5.1——5.3这个区间。假定5.2为平均难度值，以2000年为起始点，通过对近6年英语统一卷的分析，我们发现，全国统一卷难度如图所示，呈稳中有降的趋势：
(注：5.2为平均难度系数,数字越大,难度越小,反之难度越大)
2005年全国卷难度的下降,其主要原因为:
1、单项检测中的主要考项，即对语法的检测，近年来逐渐摈弃了偏、难、怪题，强调了运用，突出了基础。这一变化已经对中学英语教学起到了积极的正确导向作用，2005年全国卷保持了这一趋势。因此，这一趋势在短时期内不会有大的变化。
2、2005年全国卷（包括I,II,III卷）较大幅度地降低了完形填空题的难度。这是2005年全国卷难度有较大幅度降低的主要原因。这一变化是否对将来产生影响，值得我们研究。
2006年四川省自主命题英语科试卷的难度将会如何，这是所有高中英语教师所关注的问题。经过对近年来全国卷的仔细分析、结合我国教育改革发展的大背景、大形势来考虑，我们认为，四川省2006年自主命题英语科高考卷的命制，其难度将位于2005年试卷难度的水平之上。

语言知识基础训练
全国普通高等学校招生统一考试，从1987年起到1990年为止，英语考题重在语法知识考查，而对考生的阅读理解能力要求略低。1991年至1995年，英语高考题减少了短文改错的考分。从1996年到2000年，减少了语言知识单项填空和短文改错的考分。从2001年至2005年，除个别省市的自主命题而外，英语高考试题的考点分布大致都呈相同的的格局：听力测试30分，完形填空和阅读理解共计6篇短文合计70分，书面表达25分，语言知识单项填空与短文改错大多合计为25分。简言之，几经改进的英语高考试题，合理淡化了对单纯语言知识（尤其是语法术语思维）的要求，明显提高了对考生运用英语听力和阅读能力、捕捉语义信息并能较快而准确地分析、筛选和使用信息能力的考查。从某种意义上说，英语高考试题更多地具备了TOEFL考题的基本特征，可视为引导今后英语高考命题的经典。
如果说，在2004年高考之前，部分师生对英语高考的应试离不开大量演练所谓“仿真”、“模拟”试题的话，那么，随着2004年15套高考英语试题和2005年17套高考英语试题的出现，情况已发生了根本变化。
从四川省中学英语教学的实际出发，暂不考虑近年上海市的英语高考试题。对四川省2006年的高中毕业生而言，现在已经有至少30套英语高考试题可供借鉴。仅以语言知识单项填空题为例，我们已有合乎国家考试中心要求标准的英语语言知识单项填空题共计495个。这是2006级考生必不可少的应试资源。
已经基本稳定的英语高考试题本身鲜明的示范性和统一性，决定了高考全真试题作为经典的不可代替性。深入研究全真试题证明：英语高考试题不论是全国统一试卷还是分省自主命题，其编制体例、命题思想与定位测试决不是散漫、随意的“布朗运动”，而是有明显的考点轨迹可寻。两年32套高考试题的大量考点重复地说明：高三复习阶段仍然沉偭于“食不厌精，脍不厌细”，追求高大全、偏难怪的语言知识专题训练，忽视听、读、写的复习方式已经过时，而且是低效、有害的。因此，必须重视研究作为经典的英语高考试题中出现的常考点和考试热点，方能收到事半功倍的效果。这正应了一句英文谚语：The best way of learning is to learn from the best.
重视回顾与研究近年英语高考全真试题的经典内容，认识语言知识单项填空题的难度，考频和得分权重，定能悟得命题的真谛，掌握应试谋略、解题思路，最后能以“庖丁解牛，游刃有余”的本领，满怀信心地夺取2006年四川省高考英语自主命题卷的优异考绩。
近
5
年
33
套
高
考
题
语言知识考查题数
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
冠
词
形容词与副词
名词的词义与数
主谓语的一致性
代
词
It的用法与强调结构
谓语的时态和语态
动词与短语动词的词义
非谓语动词
情态动词
虚拟语气
等立连接词的词义
介词与短语介词
名词性从句
定语从句
状语从句
语
序
倒装句
交际情景用语
其他短语词组
04共
15套
230
14
11
3
4
13
10
31
29
26
13
1
8
13
8
11
13
9
5
23
20
05共
17套
265
10
10
5
3
12
6
32
24
29
16
1
9
7
12
13
12
6
9
18
10
总计
32套
495
24
21
8
7
25
16
63
53
55
29
2
17
20
20
24
25
15
14
41
30
注明：凡一题考查涉及不止一个知识点的，本表选句做了必要的重复统计。
思考：从近两年全国统一试卷和各省自主命题的考点分布表认识高考题的语言知识考题特点，并预测2006年四川省高考英语自主命题中“语言知识单项填空题”的考点趋向与难易程度。
一．冠词
从2001年至2003年，全国高考的英语语言知识单项填空题中，直接考查冠词有3个小题，2004年15套高考题中直接考查到的有14个小题，2005年17套高考题仅考冠词单选题10个。冠词考题减少变浅，考点后移到“短文改错”和考生容易发生语感型和过失性失分的“书面表达”之中。
冠词用法过于复杂之处会使其母语国家的人也会出错。英国语言学家Michael Swan在其所著“Practical English Usage ”一书中指出冠词使用妙诀有三：遇到复数名词或不可数名词，泛指时不可用“the”；遇到单数可数名词，第一次提到用“a”或“an”；再次提到时用“the”；谈论人的职业或工作且不是唯一职务的时候多用“a”或“an”。
英语冠词用法十分复杂，细节例外也很多。但是，作为基础英语能力水平测试，并未超出初中英语所学范畴。历年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题都降低了对冠词考查的难度。这一点我们将在经典试题精解中加以证明。
冠词是汉语中没有对等形式的一种虚词，放在名词的前面，读音为“冠”（guàn）实则为“冠”（guān）首先是作名词的“帽子”。帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种。“a”是不定冠词，用在首个音标为辅音音标的可数名词单数之前，如 a book, a man；“an”也是不定冠词，用在首个音标为元音音标的可数名词单数之前，如an old woman, an hour 等。“the”是定冠词。
不定冠词的用法：
1．泛指人或事物的某一种类，这是不定冠词a (an) 的基本用法。如：
The (A) horse was a useful animal to farmers in some remote countryside in the old days.
2．指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：
Hi, John. A Mr. Smith is waiting for you at the school gate.
3．表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有“one”强烈。如：
Most children nowadays have a brother or a sister, and they have only one, and no more.
4．用于某些固定词组中，如：
a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of , a cup of, a glass of, a pile of , a quantity of , an amount of等。
定冠词的用法：
1．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，这是定冠词the 的基本用法。如：
There are twelve months in the (a) year.
2．指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如：
—Where is our headmistress?
—She is still staying in the office talking with many of the sport fans in the school .
3．特指上文提过的人或事物。如：
One day, Lei Feng noticed an old woman sitting alone at Shengyang railway station. The old woman was looking worried. Lei Feng went over to the old woman and spoke to her …
再次提到前边所说的人或事，不能再使用不定冠词。否则就是个笑话。不信你试试！
4．用在世界上独一无二的事物前，但有例外。如：
Our world is a world of wonders, always changing and giving us numerous surprises.
5．用在序数词和形容词最高级前，但请注意以下例外。如：
The fisherman cast his net for a second time and drew in a basket of sand. (这里a second time即once again)
6．用在某些含普通名词在内的专有名词词组前，如：
the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Palace Museum, the Capital Stadium, the Monument to the People’s Heroes, the East Street Hospital, the Party等。
7．演奏的乐器名称前使用定冠词，如：
My cousin enjoys playing the guitar but my uncle doesn’t like his music.
8．用在一些习惯用语中。如：
in the day, on the way, the day after tomorrow, the night before last, the next morning, in the course of等。
下列情况中一般不用冠词(或称为零位冠词)：
1．在专有名词和不可数名词前。如：
China, Grade Two, Class Three, science, chalk, ink, paper, water, tea, milk等。
2．名词前已有作定语用的代词。如：
Arthur David was my first English teacher from Australia.(my的前后都不能再使用任何冠词)
3．复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如：
People all over the world are in favor of green food.
4．在节目、日期、月份、季节前。但有例外。如：
He has been in close touch with me since we first met at a fancy ball in the autumn of 1998.
5．在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。如：
She was elected president of the Students Union.
6．在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如：
at noon, at night, at first, at last, by land, in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go boating等。
7．在三餐饭和球类运动名称前。如：
Most school children have breakfast at home .
但有例外，如：
Mr. Fatty usually has a big breakfast every morning.
冠词单项填空题的考点标高将稳定在2001年以来持续不变的水平上，难度不会增加。但是，在“短文改错”中，冠词的错误将成为部分考生的难点；“书面表达”中考生误用冠词或冠词脱落，将继续成为我省考生英语高考题第二卷抽样均分不高的原因之一。
冠词失分的根源在初中英语启蒙阶段忽视英语上口，朗读习惯差，没有形成基本的语感。学好冠词应从初中抓起，重点抓的口头表达训练。值此高三复习阶段，尤应认真研究近5年英语高考试题中冠词单项填空题的难度标高，减少无休止的英语讲评单项填空题的低效劳动，将更多的注意力转移到第二卷主观试题上。
冠词考查失分更多的在于试卷第二部分。仅以2001年至2004年的23套高考短文改错题为例，小题总数230个之中，考查冠词仅13小题。不少考生看不出短文中缺少的冠词。
更为严重的是，由于不少学生在初中英语启蒙阶段忽视英语上口，语感较差，所以造成英语高考的书面表达得分低，原因之一就是冠词的缺失和误用。
今后英语高考的冠词知识单项填空题的考点标高会稳定在2001年以来的水平上。难度不会增加。学好冠词应从初中起始年级抓起，重点抓好口笔头表达时英语冠词的用法而不是无休止的单选题。
冠词“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布表
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
全
国
卷
一
全
国
卷
二
全
国
卷
三
全
国
卷
四
北
京
试
卷
上
海
试
卷
天
津
试
卷
重
庆
试
卷
辽
宁
试
卷
江
苏
试
卷
浙
江
试
卷
福
建
试
卷
湖
北
试
卷
湖
南
试
卷
广
东
试
卷
山
东
试
卷
安
徽
试
卷
江
西
试
卷
04
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
无
无
无
05
1
1
无
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
注1：2005年全国卷Ⅱ与全国卷Ⅲ“语言知识单项填空题”、“完形填空”、“阅读理解”、“短文改错”和“书面表达”题型的考点完全相同。2：“无”表示该项当年无试卷。
二．形容词与副词
从2001年至2003年，全国高考的英语语言知识单项填空题中仅2002年有1题考查形容词的等级。2004年出现4套全国统一命题和11套名省自主命题，为降低上世纪90年代后半期对语言知识考查的难度，有2个省仿效2002年全国卷考查形容词的等级，有9个省市考查形容词和副词的词义，而且天津卷与广东卷出现相同副词考点。2005年出现2套全国统一命题和14套各省自主命题，其中有3个省考查形容词及其等级，也有9个省市考查形容词和副词的词义。一方面是“从众效应”使然,另一方面也反映出形容词和副词的考查重点从单纯语法知识点（如原级、比较级、最高级）向语义、运用转移的总趋势。
历年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题除在“完形填空”和“阅读理解”而外，都还十分重视用“语言知识单项填空题”考查形容词和副词。命题思路明显向词义转移，增加了形容词与副词的四项不同词义的区别选择题，可视为句中小小“完形填空”而大大减少了形容词与副词的比较等级考点。这一点我们将在经典试题精解中加以证明。
形容词和副词的近义词比较和一词多义问题大多不属于普通中学英语教学要求。我省2006年首次自主命题必然从我省实际出发，不会在词汇量上出现上海卷的超纲词汇。我省大多数普通中学在复习迎考阶段不宜在此条目上准备得过多、过细，而应当在基础知识和基本技能方面多下功夫，既能在听力测试中抓住关键信息，又能发现和改正形容词和副词在“短文改错”题中存在的错误，并能在“书面表达”中减少过失性失分。
近年经典试题中形容词与副词应用举例（请注意下列各句中的形容词与副词）：
1．Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors (因素) which would even puzzle (困惑) best poker players.
2． If we make the earth a poor place to live on because we are careless or greedy (贪婪) or quarrelsome, our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us.
3．Jim Hatfield has three boys and his wife died. He has a full-time job at home as well as in a shoe making factory.
4．Today, roller- skating is easy and fun. But a long time ago, it wasn’t easy at all.
5．John and Jim are not unusual people. Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living.
6．Finally, he decided to buy two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skates.
7．Some people are paying as much as 500 Swedish kronor in taxes a year for the right to keep their dogs, money that is spent by the government on dog hospitals and sometimes medical treatment for a dog that falls ill.
8． When two cars traveling at 30 mph hit each other, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.
9．Williams encouraged him to continue, and on February 24th 1982, he found the treasure. It was worth ￡3000 in the beginning, but the excitement it had caused since its burial made it much more valuable.
10．With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City.
再以2005年经典试题中形容词与副词应用举例
11．Interesting yet based on fact, Michael White’s learned yet readable new book offers a true picture of Newton completely different from what people commonly know about him.
12．He says printers that print on both sides are growing in popularity. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste.
13．If we make the earth a poor place to live on because we are careless or greedy (贪婪) or quarrelsome , our grand children will not bother to think of excuses for us.
14．As a first-year student, the boy was not able to do much but wave his long skinny arms and shoot a basket now and then.
15．Of all systems of symbols (符号), language is the most highly developed. It has been pointed out that human beings, by agreement, can make anything stand for anything.
16．Goods must be of proper quality, must be as described on the package and must be fit for any particular purpose made known by them.
17．There are very few roads and paths, or places to land helicopters and aeroplanes. Rivers tend to be the easiest way to enter the forest, but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers completely unsampled (未取样).
18．I really love my job because I enjoy working with small children and like the challenges and award form the job. I also think my work is important.
19．How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments — mostly for entertainment purposes — is fair and respectful?
20．A stronger argument comes from research into school results. Girls grow up earlier than boys, tend to be more orderly and are likely to be better at language. In a mixed class, boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the role of trouble-maker.
形容词与副词“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布图
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
全
国
卷
一
全
国
卷
二
全
国
卷
三
全
国
卷
四
北
京
试
卷
上
海
试
卷
天
津
试
卷
重
庆
试
卷
辽
宁
试
卷
江
苏
试
卷
浙
江
试
卷
福
建
试
卷
湖
北
试
卷
湖
南
试
卷
广
东
试
卷
山
东
试
卷
安
徽
试
卷
江
西
试
卷
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面表达”题型的考点完全相同。2：“无”表示该项当年无试卷。
三．名词的词义与数
“名词的数”在近两年间已属于很少见的考查点，而“名词的词义”考查点却大量地以“单句内小小完形填空”的形式出现。此项属于英语词汇量考查。限于常用语的语义、语用范畴。名词的一词多义问题大量出现在阅读理解题中，考生不可忽视。
历年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题除“完形填空”与“阅读理解”而外，都十分重视用“语言知识单项填空题”考查名词的词义。这一点我们将在经典试题精解中加以证明。
近5年中，“名词的词义与数”考题较少，但不排除2006年四川省自主命题中出现此项考点。建议将常用不可数名词、可数与不可数的名词和主谓语的一致性放在一起进行归纳复习，并注意名词的一词多义性。勤查字典的效果比无休止地做名词词义单项填空题的效果会更好。
现将中学英语教学过程中常见的不可数名词归纳如下：
ink, milk, bread, tea, wine, coffee, soup, porridge,meat, pork, mutton, beef, salt, sugar, vinegar, ice, snow, rain, grass, chalk, smoke, soap, hair, money, wheat, flour, rice, cotton, powder, hay, straw, steel, coal, gold, earth, soil, mud, dust, wax, tobacco, medicine, oil, petrol, gasoline, gas, sap, glue, air, vapour, steam, health, wealth, music, knowledge, news, advice, progress, attention, weather, fun, information, income, silk, fur, clothing, traffic, plastics, rubbish, nonsense…
以下名词在可数与不可数问题上含义不同：
fish, chicken, beef, corn, grain, fruit, orange, sand, glass, rubber, dictation, wood, paper, ash, noise, matter, iron, cloth, work, help, water, food, tax, exercise…
以字母“s”结尾的语言、学科名称和抽象名词仍然当不可数名词看待：
physics, maths, politics…
注意名词单复数失分最多的地方是对“短文改错”的误判和“书面表达”的过失。这同样是初中英语基本功的问题。在高2006级学生在复习迎考阶段，一定要抓住中学英语教材和考纲词汇表中的常用词，不宜过分扩大不分主次的名词词汇。
近年经典试题中名词的词义与数应用举例（请注意下列各句中的名词的词义与数）：
1．The clubs are for people who have some computer knowledge already.
2．Children need to be taken seriously no matter how unimportant their ideas may appear. It lets them know that their opinions and feelings matter.
3．This frightens away non-experts, who are happier going to Computer towns where there are computers for them to experiment on, with experts to encourage them and answer any questions they have.
4．The simplest way to find out what sleep is for is to do without it for a while and see what happens. The brain starts going gently crazy if deprived of sleep for two or three days. It simply stops working in a sensible fashion.
5．However, people are used to speaking their native language , so immigrants (移民) are having many problems between the first generation and the second generation because they don’t have the same native language.
6． If, for example, you are the sort of person who goes running around getting exhausted, then you are going to need more rest, but not necessarily more sleep.
7．My lawyer was at all smiles the first time we met. But after that he avoided seeing me at all. He knew very well the other party was responsible for the accident, yet he hardly did anything.
8．The second racing leg of the tour will be from Changli to the seaside of Nandaihe, covering a distance of 20 kilometres. Saturday night includes the stay at Nandaihe and supper.
9．With their shining brown eyes , wagging tails and unconditional love , dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心).
10．About three quarters of organic food in Britain is not local but imported (进口) to meet growing demand.
再以2005年经典试题中名词的词义与数应用举例：
11．It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or her.
12．Designing buildings of the future gives children a lot of freedom,” says the teacher who developed this program. “They are able to use their own rich imagination and inventions without fear of blame, because there are no wrong answers in a future context.
13．When a rather dirty, poorly dressed person kneels at your feet and puts out his hands to beg for a few coins, do you hurry on, not knowing what to do, or do you feel sad and hurriedly hand over some money?
14．But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child. I was a little worried that Kristen would feel she was being outshined.
15．Some have their own collection, some have parents who do, and some have written complete stories.
名词的词义与数“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布图
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四．主谓语的一致性
主谓语的一致性问题较为复杂。不同层次语法专著讨论的深度和广度也各不相同。一般说来，在中学阶段不宜弄到“食不厌精，脍不厌细”的地步。有句格言说得好：“人在追求完美时可能失去智慧。”复习备考阶段不宜在“either of …”和“neither of …”，“each of …”和“none of …”的活用方面纠缠，使复习工作偏离应试方向，产生负效劳动。
简言之，“主谓语的一致性”只是在“语言知识单项填空题”中不构成主要考点。
历年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题也有时涉及到主谓语的一致性考点。这一点我们将在经典试题精解中加以证明。
主谓语的一致性“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布图
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2004年与2005年的32套英语高考试题与近5年的所有英语高考试题一样，“主谓语的一致性”不再作为语言知识单项填空的必考点。但在1991年至今的45套英语高考试题的“短文改错”中，涉及“主谓语一致性”的考点至少36个，几乎每年必考。加之以“书面表达”中不可回避的动词表达句型和时态、语态要求，“主谓语的一致性”问题，历来是考生在第二类“主观性试题”中失分较多的地方。重视英语动词的用法，注意“主谓语的一致性”，要求尤其要用好第三人称单数的谓语动词，是学习英语的基本功夫。
从历年高考试题审视考点轨迹，除“介词短语不计入主语”和“邻近原则”以外，因为受考纲词汇的局限，“主谓语的一致性”考点很少，而且基本属于初中英语知识考查范畴。
仅以2001年至2004年23套高考题为例，总题数为230个的短文改错中，考查“名词的数”与“主谓语一致性”的题共计25个。考查概率大于10%，足以证明考点已基本上转移到语言运用能力上来。
特别值得注意的是试卷第二部分的“书面表达”。一大批考生因为初中英语基本功差，表达能力没有随年级上升而提高，在名词的单复数形式、谓语动词的人称和数的形式上失分严重，甚是可惜。高三复习迎考阶段，对英语知识的复习应加强应用训练、方能提高复习效率。
主谓语的一致性将仍然不会构成2006年四川省自主命题的考点。复习备考只需要重视“邻近原则”与“介词短语和 as wall as 不计入主语”几条就行。另一方面，要特别重视此项在“短文改错”中的遗漏和在“书面表达”中的失误。历年高考阅卷发现考生失分最多的是动词的句型，而且往往是在“语言知识单项填空题”中不易出错的动词，考生自己写在“书面表达”中错误连篇。复习迎考阶段应重视涉及初中基本句型的单句汉译英口、笔头训练。因为初中英语基本功差，英语表达能力不能随年级上升而提高，但是在“名词的数”、“主谓语一致性”和“谓语动词的时态和语态”诸方面严重失分的现象不能再继续下去了。
近年经典试题中主谓语的一致性应用举例（请注意下列各句中的主谓语）：
1．Sorting (分类) recyclables before they are collected saves the use of expensive materials recovery equipment which otherwise has to do the sorting.
2．That sort of thing looks like doing nothing. A recharging battery (正充电的电池) doesn’t look as if it’s doing anything either. Sitting restores your soul. If you want to enjoy a truly full life, don’t just do something — sit there.
3．Six workmen spent more than eight weeks piling 1,000 tons of snow onto a wooden base, when the snow froze, the base was removed. “The only wooden thing we have left in the igloo is the front door.” He says.
4．Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment (环境) friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem.
5．“In general,” write Rubin in her new book, “women’s friendships with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but men’s relationships are marked by shared activities.
6．Everything a family needs to plan a party, except the cake and ice cream, is delivered to the home in a large basket.
7．About three quarters of organic food in Britain is not local but imported (进口) to meet growing demand. The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year, so it is very fast — growing market.
8．“Having a party at home usually requires a lot of running around on the part of the parents, and often the birthday boy or girl gets lost in wild excitement.
9．Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted . Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment (环境) friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem.
10．Neither device (装置) tells you how many fat grams or calories are in your cart, but they will flash you with items on sale.
五．代词
英语实用语法将代词分为10多个条目进行讨论。从历年高考英语试题考点轨迹研究的技术性要求出发中，我们重视引导名词性从句的连接代词、引导定语从句的关系代词和“It”引导强调结构、“It”作形式主语或形式宾语等语法问题。涉及到代词的语义和用法，我们发现主格代词、宾格代词、人称代词、名词性物主代词、形容词性物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、不定代词、和复合不定代词共10条，也是英语高考命题的兴趣所在。
以不定代词“one”为例：
（2002NMET）Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _________I will always treasure.
A. that B. one C. it D. what
答案选“one”即“one unforgettable moment”，其后省去引导从句的关系代词，作定语从句之宾语的“that”或“which”。绝非简单的语法考分。读不懂句子就不能做出正确的判断和选择。。
（2005安徽卷）Cars do cause us some health problems in fact, far more serious _______than mobile phones do.
A. one B. ones C. it D. those
答案选“ones”，即“health problems”，后半句的谓语动词“do”即“cause us health problems”。这样的考题不是一般所谓的“模拟”、“仿真”或“XX经典”所能企及的。
历年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题都一致重视考查各种代词的语义和语用。这一点我们将在经典试题精解中加以证明。
从2001年到2003年，在全国高考的英语知识单项填空中，直接考查各类代词3个小题，2004年15套高考题中考查各类代词13个小题，2005年17套高考题中考查各类代词12个小题，其考点明显地集中在不定代词、复合不定代词和人称代词上的语义上。
值得注意的是：代词考点在“完形填空”和“阅读理解”中占的比分更高，在“短文改错”中容易被忽视，在“书面表达”中，考生因人称、数的混用，进一步影响了谓语动词句型的正确使用，失分更为严重。复习迎考阶段不可掉以轻心。
虽然中学英语教学可涉及的语法术语在15个以上，但“术语不离口”的语言知识教学已不适应2001年后高考英语对考生实际应用语言能力的要求。
面对即将来临的2006年四川省高考英语自主命题，更应当认真研究近年经典试题的命题思路，使个人的复习和解题思路与之相符，从而大大减轻考生复习应试的负担，收到事半功倍的良好效果。
近年经典试题在代词应用举例（请注意下列各句中的代词）：
1．The easy way out isn’t always easiest. I learned that lesson when I decided to treat Doug, my husband of one month, to a special meal.
2．The robots, each weighing 150 kilograms, can cover 100 meters per day. They are designed to be able to examine the mineral content of the soil, and their special camera will take pictures of the lands and hills.
3．The hot sun had caused the dough to double in size and the fermenting yeast (酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as though it were breathing.
4．Quietly, the graying of America has made us a very different society — one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior (行为) is suitable (合适) at various ages.
5．Before they buy a product, they ask questions like these : “ Will this shampoo damage the environment?” “Can this metal container be reused or can it only be used once?”
6．Many people say, ‘I am much younger than my mother — or my father — was at my age’ No one says ‘Act your age’ anymore.
7．If you ask people to name the one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare,” “Samuel Johnson,” and “Webster,” but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English —William the Conqueror.
8．People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. However, the question that the “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
9．At one time, computers were expected largely to remove the need for paper copies of documents (文件) because they could be stored electronically. But for all the texts that are written, stored and sent electronically, a lot of them are still ending up on paper.
10．The book contained a large number of clues to help readers find the hare, but Williams put in a lot of “red herrings” or false clues, to mislead them.
11．It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computer, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime.
12．The robots , each weighing 150 kilograms , can cover 100 meters per day . They are designed to be able to examine the mineral content of the soil , and their special camera will take pictures of the lands and hills .
13．Before they buy a product , they ask questions like these : “Will this shampoo damage the environment?” “Can this metal container be reused or can it only be used once?”
14．Though I knew I wouldn’t tell her about my parents’ situation, I was looking forward to getting out of the house.
15．Certainly, most of the world’s great religions (宗教) order us to be open-hearted and share what we have with those less fortunate than ourselves.
代词“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布图
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六．It的用法与强调结构
本书将“It”的用法与强调结构作为专章研究讨论，不仅是出于技术上的考虑，而且也必须指出其语言知识考点。2004年15套高考题的“语言知识单项填空”考到10个小题，2005年17套高考试题的“语言知识单项填空”考到7个小题。一方面应注意到“It”引导强调结构的考点概率已接近50%，另一方面也应重视断句阅读，将强调结构与名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句相区别。简言之，是否能读懂句义成为是否能正确选择“It”用法的关键所在。
历年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题除了在“完形填空”、“阅读理解”和“短文改错”考查“it”的用法而外，也重视考查“it”的用法和强调结构。
It的用法与强调结构“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布图
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面表达”题型的考点完全相同。2：“无”表示该项当年无试卷。
七．谓语的时态和语态
从1987年到2000年在全国高考的英语知识单项填空题中，专门考查谓语的时态和语态共计64题，将近占总题数388题的17%。从2001年到2003年在全国高考的英语单项填空题中，考查谓语的时态和语态7题。
2004年15套高考题考查谓语的时态和语态共31题，高考题含21个谓语时态和语态的考题，恰好平均每套占总题数520小题的13%。2005年17套高考题考查谓语动词的时态和语态共32题。在近两年的32套高考题中，考查谓语的时态和语态共计63小题。
中学阶段英语学习涉及的谓语的主动时态类型有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行进、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时、过去完成进行时、将来进行时、将来完成时、主句与从句的谓语时态呼应。
英语可用不同语法手段表示“将……”：
1. Tomorrow is Sunday. = It is Sunday tomorrow.
2. They will be back again before long, won’t they?
3. They will be building many more hotels for the coming Asian Games.
4. I told the boy I was going to join them in their experiment right away.
5. You are to answer for what you have done.
6. He is about to study here for another two weeks.
7. She was just about to knock her door when her son returned home.
8. 现在用be+ ~ing 形式表示“将……”的逐渐多起来。
中学阶段英语学习涉及的谓语的被动语态类型有：一般现在时、一般过去、一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在进行时、过去进行时、含情态动词的被动语态。
谓语的时态和语态“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布图
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注1：2005年全国卷Ⅱ与全国卷Ⅲ“语言知识单项填空题”、“完形填空”、“阅读理解”、“短文改错”和“书面表达”题型的考点完全相同。2：“无”表示该项当年无试卷。
近两年高考谓语动词“语言知识单项填空”具体考查条目表
主动语态
被动语态
情
态动词被动语态
一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
过去完成进行时
过去将来时
一般现在时
现在进行时
现在完成时
现在完成进行时
一般将来时
将来进行时
将来完成时
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去将来时
一般现在时
现在完成时
一般将来时
将来完成时
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八．非谓语动词
如果说英语动词用法是历年全国高考的英语知识单项填空题的2/15，那么非谓语动词的时态和语态，独立主格结构，with结构，动词不定式复合结构，动名词复合结构等的知识考点则更多。由此产生不少地区和学校在此进行大量专题训练，偏离高考英语实际，造成了大量的无效劳动。
从1987年至2000年，在全国高考的英语知识单项填空题中，专门考查非谓语动词知识点共50题，占总题数的13%以上。
从2001年2003年，在全国高考的14套英语单项填空题中，考查非谓语动词64题。2004年15套高考题中考查非谓语动词26题，2005年17套高考题考查非谓语动词31题。两年合计5年共计57题。
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以有宾语和状语。分词和宾语或状语一起构成分词短语。
非谓语动词“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布图
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注1：2005年全国卷Ⅱ与全国卷Ⅲ“语言知识单项填空题”、“完形填空”、“阅读理解”、“短文改错”和“书面表达”题型的考点完全相同。2：“无”表示该项当年无试卷。
1. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just a look at the sports stars.
A. had B. having C. to have D. have
2. My adviser encouraged a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take
3. – Is Bob still performing?
-- I’m afraid not. He is said the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left
4. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
5. I don’t know whether you happen , but I’m going to study in the U.S.A this September.
A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard
6. such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
7. from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any
other country in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated
8. Alice returned from the manager’s office, me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling
9. Don’t leave the water while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
10. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
11. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it often enough.
A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained
12. with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared
13. The disc, digitally in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
14. two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of
15. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
16. I really can’t understand her like that.
A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating
17. – You know, Bob is a little slow understanding,
-- So I have to be patient him.
A. in; with B. on; with C. in; to D. at; for
18. It was a pity that the great writer died his works unfinished.
A. for B. with C. from D. of
19. The mother didn’t know to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.
A. who B. when C. how D. what
20. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
九．情态动词
从2001年到2003年，全国高考的英语知识单项填空题中，直接通过情态动词考查语义逻辑共5题。2004年15套高考题中考查情态动词总计13题。2005年17套高考题中每套试题必考，共考查情态动词17题。由此可见情态动词作为综合考查学生英语语言知识和逻辑思维能力的考查在标准化试题中的地位是不会动摇的。情态动词的考点标高实际上就是汉语语法中的“能愿动词”加上英语语法中情态动词的基本用法规定。应试训练应把握好高考题的要求，千万不可追求高、大、全。
历年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题都一致重视用情态动词考查语义逻辑。这一点我们将在经典试题精解中加以证明。
情态动表示“可以”、“允许”：
“He’s my forth child,” she says. She may think of him and treat him that way, buying his food, paying his health bills and his taxes, but in fact Allan is a dog.
情态动词表示可能性：
But the carmakers haven’t decided if they will put it into production because it would add several hundred dollars to the cost of their cars.
If a 25-year-old man becomes general manager of a big firm, the writer of the text would most probably consider it normal.
情态动词表意愿：
“She was such a good cow! Wouldn’t let anyone but a doctor touch her !” he said and burst into tears again.
情态动词表语气委婉、客气：
Bigwoods Football Pools would like to congratulate you. You have won half a million pounds.
情态动词表猜测：
“Let the dog try a piece first,” suggested one careful officer who was afraid that the mushrooms might be poisonous.
情态动词表示对现今某事的责备或要求：
Should the wallet, found in the street, be put into a pocket or turned over to the policeman? Should the extra change received at the store be forgotten or returned?
情态动词表示对往事的责备：
He even lost his job as a postman because he sent off all the letters when he should have taken them to people’s houses.
情态动词表示过去往往……：
People like his stories, because simple as they were, they would finish with a sudden change at the end, to the readers’ surprise.
情态动词+被动语态：
And when the young girl’s family ranked among the best of Philadelphia’s social (社交界的)families, such an idea could not even be considered.
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，认为“可能”、“应当”、“必要”等等。掌握英语情态动词首先要与汉语的能愿（可能、能够、可以、应该、必须等）动词对应。情态动词除表示一定的意思外，也表示说话人的口气、神态、感情等。阅读时要结合上下文体会，使用时要注意到运用英语语法和惯用法的具体规定，完成语义逻辑。
近年高考英语试题在“语言知识单项填空题”中考查情态动词的一般考点是情态动词加动词原形表示对现在或将来的“猜测”、“责备”或“可以”，较难的考点是情态动词加动词be + ~ ing表示对现在进行的“猜测”、“责备”或“可以”，难度最大的是情态动词加动词的完成时态表示对过去的“猜测”、“责备”或“可以”。如：
You must be hangry after so many hours’ hard work. 表示对现在某件事情的猜测。
The teacher may be waiting for you in his office. 表示对目前正在进行的某一行为的猜测。
Mr. Smith can’t have been abroad because he hasn’t got a passport. 表示对现在已完成的某件事情的猜测。
I am sure their program can be finished soon enough. 表示对现在某件事情已被完成的猜测。
Your uncle might have finished his job by last night. 表示对过去某件事情的猜测。
We needn’t have taken a taxi yesterday because of the short distance. 表示对过去必要或不必做的某件事情的态度。
Tom should have got to school early last Wednesday. 表示对过去某件事情的责备。
Her new dress might have been ready before the tailor left his shop. 表示对过去某件事情已被完成的猜测。
英语的情态动词可以对应于汉语的能愿动词，主要涉及的是上下文中的语义逻辑，不仅是单项填空题的必考点，而且在短文阅读理解中占有一定的地位。在复习迎考阶段应当给予充分的重视。
十．虚拟语气
英语动词一般可带有三种不同的语气陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。不同的语气用动词不同的形式（有的还借助句法形式）来表示。
陈述语气用来陈述事实，有肯定、否定、疑问或感叹等形式。
祈使语气用来表示请求、命令或劝告等。
虚拟语气表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。
虚拟语气在条件状语从句，叙述与现在存在的事实相反，或与将来发生的可能性相反。
虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在It is necessary (important, strange等)that… 句型中，that 引导的主语从句的谓语动词常用should 加动词原形。
虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法：在动词wish的后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用过去式，表示与现在事实相反的愿望：用过去完成式，表示与过去事实相反的愿望。
虚拟语气在动词suggest, demand, order, request, propose（建议）, insist等后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用动词原形（或should加动词原形）。
虚拟语气在由“as if”或“as though”引导的状语从句中，谓语动词用过去式（be 用were）或had 加过去分词，表示虚拟语气。
历年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题用“语言知识单项填空题”考查虚拟语气，但涉题占分不多。重点在于理解使用了虚拟语气的句子从而读懂“完形填空”和“阅读理解”中的文章。这一点我们将在经典试题精解中加以证明。
建议留意 “suggest”变名词“suggestion”，“propose”变名词“proposal”，“require”变名词“requirement”和“demand”，“order”，“request”，“wish”兼作名词，涉及名词性从句用虚拟语气，以减少阅读理解的负担。如：
My aunt gave me a suggestion that I should keep on reading, practice and improve my comprehension in learning advanced English.
As known to all , your demand is always that we should never forget to recite all the boring texts , sentence by sentence , word by word , few of which we students think necessary to bear in mind.
What Mrs.Jackson wishes her students to do is that they should go all out to learn what to learn and how to learn it all by themselves.
建议复习近年经典试题“语言知识单项填空”已经多次考到的“It’s time + 从句”。如：
Hi, Tom , I have told you ten times and more never to stay up so late , It’s time you went to bed . You shouldn’t have been working so slowly .
此外，请注意“语言知识单项填空题”考查虚拟语气的倒装让步状语从句。如：
Should I do what you reminded me to do , I would certainly do it without any hesitation.
Her family would have missed the flight had their trip been delayed by the heavy traffic jam on their way to the airport that very day .
近年经典试题中虚拟语气应用举例（请注意下列各句中的虚拟语气）：
1．Discouraged photographers began following him in secret as though he were an easily frightened giraffe.
2．More than two-thirds of the single men Rubin interviewed could not name a best friend. Those who could were likely to name a woman.
3．If you visited Indianapolis you would be able to find your way around easily because most of the streets cross each other like a chessboard.
4．I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so poor. I was paid the lowest wage of that time — two dollars an hour.
5．If a stranger should enter your territory and threat you, you might shout. Probably this would be enough to frighten him way. If so, you have actually scared the stranger away without having to fight him. A bird does the same thing.
6．Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this.
7．One strict mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open the door and shake hands like a gentleman.
8．Symbols and the things they stand for are independent of each other, yet we all have a way of feeling as if, and sometimes acting as if, there were necessary connections.
9．As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.
10．That fact that most of these young people have gone to Europeanized or Americanized scientists makes it unlikely that they will hold as tightly to the value of duty as they would have if they had not left their countries.
虚拟语气“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布图
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注1：2005年全国卷Ⅱ与全国卷Ⅲ“语言知识单项填空题”、“完形填空”、“阅读理解”、“短文改错”和“书
面表达”题型的考点完全相同。2：“无”表示该项当年无试卷。
十一．等立连接词的词义
等立连接词在“语言知识单项填空题”中占分不多，容易引起忽视。在历年“短文改错”中，占分量值得重视。1991至2003年的19套“短文改错”题，等立连接词占8分，2004和2005年共26套“短文改错”题中，等立连接词占15分。总平均每两套短文改错题就涉及一处考查等立连接词。
在“书面表达”中，正确使用and，but，so，or等等立连接词，做到连句成篇，十分重要。更不必说在转瞬即逝的听力测试时，等立连接词对得分所起的作用了。
常用的等立连接词主要包括“and”，“and yet”，“besides”，“both…and”，“but”，“but…then”，“either…or”，“for”，“however”，“neither…nor”，“nevertheless”，“not only…but also”，“or”，“or else”，“otherwise”，“so”，“therefore”，“yet”。历年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题中对等立连接词所设考点主要是：“and”，“besides”，“but”，“however”，“or”，“otherwise”，“so”，“therefore”和“whereas”。其命题思路主要是考查等立连接在上下文中应有的语义逻辑。
等立连接词and能指出递进关系。but表明转折关系，在近年英语高考语言知识单项填空题中占分量最高，接近1/2。so能体现因果关系。or往往表示选择关系或表示否则，相当于otterwise。
对于等立连接词，我们应从上下文中去求证，应当不是难事。
连接词的词义“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布图
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注1：2005年全国卷Ⅱ与全国卷Ⅲ“语言知识单项填空题”、“完形填空”、“阅读理解”、“短文改错”和“书
面表达”题型的考点完全相同。2：“无”表示该项当年无试卷。
十二．介词与短语介词
英语介词作为介绍前后关系的虚词，具有极为重要的使用价值。
首先是由介词短语作地点状语、时间状语、条件状语，在介词前宜重视断句理解。
其次是介词短语作定语，从后修饰其前面作主语、宾语或表语的名词。
记忆介词短语并不困难。在“完形填空”和“阅读理解”中认识介词短语的语法功能，对快速理解颇有作用。在“书面表达”中，考生误将介词短语当作谓语使用，已成为历年失分较多之处。
介词短语不同于短语介词。如：“at school”是介词短语；“in front of ”是短语介词。
建议学习、记忆与活用介词时注意以下五种短语介词的构成方式及其语义。
1．介词＋名词 构成短语介词。如：“above all”，“as a matter of fact”，“in the end”，“in case”，…
2．介词＋ 形容词 构成短语介词。如：“at first”，“for sure”，…
3．介词＋副词 构成短语介词。如：“before long”，“since then”，…
4．形容词＋介词 构成短语介词。如：“afraid of”，“together with”，…
5．不及物动词＋介词 构成及物的短语动词。如：“look after”，“listen to”，…
历年高考英语介词的考点轨迹
1．about 关于、大约、到处、在周围
2．above 在……上，高出，路过，……以上
3．across 横过，在……对面，在那一边
4．after （与before相反）在……之后
5．against 反对、靠着（与for相反）
6．along 沿着，沿线 ≠ aroud
7．among 在（两个以上）之间
8．around 在周围，在转过……的地方
9．as 作为象（连词=when, because）
10．at 在（某地方）、时刻、在旁、朝向、对、比率
11．before （与often相反）在……前、时、地
12．behind 在后只表位置，不表时间
13．below 低于……，在……之下（≠under）
14．beside 在旁 = at the side of
15．besides 除外还有……
16．between 在两者之间
17．beyond 在那边，超过能力所及
18．but = except 表例外
19．by 被、不迟于（完成时），手段、方式
20．down （反up）沿着
21．during 在……期间
22．except 表示例外
23．for 为了，经历（延续v.），由于，交换，
24．from 从（≠ since）来自，免于free from
25．in 在一段时间，用语言，身穿，
26．inside 在内（反outside）
27．into 进入（反out of），变成
28．like 象（而不是）
29．near 在……附近，（反far from）
30．of 所有关系，承受动作，同位关系，关于
31．off 离开……
32．on 在与某物表面上，在某早午晚，依靠
33．out of 在边……外，从……出来
34．outside （反inside）在……外
35．over 遍于，路过，越过，优于
36．past 过……
37．round 环绕
38．since 自从（≠ from）
39．through 通过，由于
40．throughout 到处
41．till 在前……为止，（not … until之后才）
42．to 向，到，给予，对，差（时刻）
43．toward(s) 向，近，
44．under （反over）在……下
45．until （= till）直到为止，（not, … till）
46．up 向上，沿……而上
47．upon 如：depend upon, look down upon,
48．with以，具有，带，伴随，由于……原因
49．within 在里，不超过
50．without 没有
近年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题都十分重视用“语言知识单项填空题”考查介词与短语介词。这一点我们将在经典试题精解中加以证明。
近年经典试题中介词与短语介词应用举例（请注意下列各句中的介词与短语介词）：
1．There were twelve of us. But no one panicked. We passed the time telling sorties and playing word games. One man wanted to smoke but we didn’t let him. Firemen finally got us out.
2．He told of different men of strange civilizations (文明), broken up by long ‘dark ages’ in between.
3．Equally awe-inspiring are artistic creations in painting, theatre, music, and literature, which have also been brought about by discovery through personal efforts.
4．The Centre has been set up with the help and guidance of members of the Jane Austen Society.
5．As I was not experienced in cooking, I thought if a dozen was good, two dozen would be better, so I doubled everything.
6．That changed because of a man named Joseph Merlin. Merlin’s work was making musical instruments.
7．This remark was made by a Shanghai student when speaking to his fellow students at the Nixon Library in California, U.S.A.
8．On the morning of May 27, the last battle was fought. Four British ships fired on the Bismarck, and she was finally sunk.
9．One Chinese student said, ‘I didn’t find it particularly difficult to talk with Americans. We have our differences, but we have a lot in common. Dialogue is good for us.’
10．John got married six months ago, and like many young people these days, they are struggling to make a home at a time when the cost of living is very high.
11．He moves around her office at work and goes shopping with her.
12．Camels and riders run far into the distance, and then return to the finish line in front of the cheering people.
13．I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book.
14．But studies show that people knocked unconscious (昏迷) due to not wearing safety belts have a greater chance of dying in these accidents.
15．In their skins they have tiny plants which act as “dustman”, taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs to breathe.
16．On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi.
17．Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt — a mistake 75% of the US population make every day. The big question is why.
18．A visit to such schools will leave you in no doubt that the children enjoy themselves. After all, what lively children wouldn’t settle for spending only half the day doing ordinary school work, and acting, singing or dancing their way through the other half of the day?
19．Animals can move from place to place, but plants cannot. When an animal is under attack, it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.
20．In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant.
介词与短语介词“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布图
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注1：2005年全国卷Ⅱ与全国卷Ⅲ“语言知识单项填空题”、“完形填空”、“阅读理解”、“短文改错”和“书
面表达”题型的考点完全相同。2：“无”表示该项当年无试卷。
十三．名词性从句
宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、和同位语从句都属于名词性从句。它们在复合句中的作用都相当于名词。因此这四种从句统称为名词性从句。在阅读实践中，断句方法比语法术语重要。
要重视：名词性从句作主语，从句后出现全句的谓语动词，其断句能力十分重要。暂用竖线“|”断开，表示断句位置。比如：
1．由宾语从句变为主语从句，最能帮助读者迅速理解主语从句。
We haven’t decided when and where we shall have our summer camp hasn’t been decided yet.
When and where we shall have our summer camp | hasn’t been decided yet.
2．由主语从句变为用“It”做形式主语，更能帮助读者在第二谓语动词前断句。
Whether she will come to our help | is still unknown.
It is still unknown whether she will come to our help
3．同理，同位语从句的位置变换，用在第二谓语动词前断句，更能帮助读者理解同位语从句。
We do know the fact that he is always working hard at new ideas.
The fact that he is always working hard at new ideas | makes all of us surprised.
由此可见，当主语在句首时，在第二位动词前断句有助于阅读理解能力的提高。
宾语从句：
本章节在英语高考语言知识单项填空题的主要考点：在由疑问词或“whether（if）”引导的宾语从句中，主谓语的语序和谓语的时态和谓语时态与主句的呼应关系。
复习名词性从句要淡化术语，突出断句。宾语从句通常由下面一些词引导：
由连词that 引导（that在口语或非正式文体中常常省略）
由连接代词或连接副词引导（这种宾语从句中的主、谓语次序不颠倒）
由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if）
表语从句：
首先必须记住“if ”不能代换“which”引导表语从句。本章节在英语高考语言知识单项填空题的主要考点：表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语。引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether, as if （好象；仿佛）；连接代词who, what, which，连接副词when, where, how, why等。
Another reason for considering a visit is that the lighthouses themselves can be very attractive buildings. Mankind could often not be content just to put up a basic structure, but felt the need, even in such an isolated place, to build with an artistic touch. The result is a view for tired eyes to enjoy.
主语从句：
首先必须记住“if ”不能代换“which”引导主语从句。本章节在英语高考语言知识单项填空题的主要考点：主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语。引导主语从句的词有连词that, whether,；连接代词who, what, which，连接副词when, where, how, why等。
That she was chosen made us very happy. Whether she will come or not is still a question.
Who will go is not important. Which team will win the match is still unknown.
What we need is more time. How he became a great scientist is known to all.
When they will start has not been decided yet. Where she has gone is not know yet.
Is what you told me really true? Whether she will be invited to the meeting is not know.
What he is doing seems very difficult. Why he did it wasn’t quite clear.
Where the president will give the speech is not decided yet .
Why the sun in the morning looks bigger than the sun at noon is very interesting.
主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来做形式主语。
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
It’s strange that he didn’t come yesterday.
What we have seen is quite different from what we once heard of.
It is, therefore, desirable that boys and girls grow up together, go to school together, and prepare themselves for a society that does not value sexual separation.
同位语从句：
首先必须记住，同位语从句与定语从句的区别。本章节在英语高考语言知识单项填空题的主要考点：某些名词（如idea, advice, proposal, suggestion, information, message, news, fact, promise等）的后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容。引导同位语的词有连词that, 连接副词how, when, where等。
We heard the news that our team had won.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. The reason why he hasn’t come is that he has to send his mother to a hospital. The news that he has been elected is not true.
The doctor gave us his proposal that the children should eat more green food.
名词性从句在近年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题的“完形填空”和“阅读理解”中，占有十分重要的地位。它与定语从句、状语从句、省略句、倒装句和非谓语一样，要求考生能够对较长的庞大复句进行断句理解。
近年经典试题中名词性从句应用举例（请注意下列各句中的名词性从句）：
1．Decision-thinking is not unlike poker — it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.
2．In his view, what is called the present time is no more than a moment in human history and we are just the Fist Men. In 2,000 million years from now there will be the Eighteenth or Last Men.
3．The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes.
4．Three lies in one day! Yet Dick Spivak is just an ordinary man. Each time, he told himself that sometimes the truth causes too many problems.
5．One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information.
6．Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth’s space.
7．Organic fruit, delivered right to doorstep. That is what Gabriel Gold prefers, and he is willing to pay for it.
8．Ken knew that Katherine of Aragon had died at Kim Bolton in Cambridge shire in 1536 and thought that Williams had buried the hare there. He had been digging there for over a year before a new idea occurred to him.
9．But how many shoppers really know what they are getting, and why are they willing to pay a higher price for organic produce?
10．Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache.
再以2005年经典试题中名词性从句应用举例：
11．It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex makes them better schools.
12．Whatever you do or however you choose to deal with it, at certain times a wonderful, reasonable and helpful child will turn into a terrible animal.
13．The “graying” of the United States is mainly due to the fact that people in the U. S. are living longer. As a matter of fact, the number of U. S. citizens 85 years old and older is growing six times as fast as the rest of the population.
14．And that’s how the most unbelievable friendship between my grandfather and me started. Sitting there in the dark, we talked about our feelings and fears of life — from how fast things change, to how they sometimes don’t change fast enough.
15．In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.
2002年NMET阅读理解C：
He had realized that the words “One of Six to Eight”under the first picture in the book connected the hare in some way to Katherine of Aragon , the first of Henry VIII ’s six wives.
这句话中的宾语从句并不复杂，但是要读懂“One of Six to Eight”并不容易。其实它要表达的是“one of the six wives to Henry VIII”(享利八世平生所娶六妻中的第一位)。
这果真是“a lot of red herrings or false clues , to mislead them ”之一，即“(1 of 6) to 8th ”是红色绯鱼（给人以误导的线索）之一。原来奥妙在这里。
He had realized the words“One of Six to Eight” under the first picture in the book connected the hare
(in some way) to Katherine of Aragon , the first of Henry VIII ’s six wives.
更有意思的是2000年NMET阅读理解C：
Decision-thinking is not unlike poker — it often matters not only what you think , but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.
这句话中除“poker”作“扑克牌”讲而外，对于大多数学生来说，并没有任何生词。但还是有很多人读不懂。其原因就是满脑袋的语法术语却不会断句。我们应该这样断句：
Decision-thinking is not unlike poker — it often matters | not only what you think , but also what others think | you think | and what you think | they think | you think.
翻译得通俗一点，这句话的意思是：决策性思维就像玩扑克牌 — 在通常情况下起作用的不仅在于你是怎样想的，而且在于别人对你是怎样想的，还在于你认为别人对你是怎么想的。
阅读理解C文在后面讲到，只有像玩家不能隐瞒也不能作弊的国际象棋之类游戏，才可看作具有充分信息。而正常的商业经营、政治活动以及人的一生，都只具备不充分信息，具有大量的不确定性和未知因素。
多么简单的语法术语 — 宾语从句，多么难以理解的句义！
历年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题除在“完形填空”和“阅读理解”而外，还十分重视用“语言知识单项填空题”考查名词性从句。这一点我们将在经典试题精解中加以证明。
名词性从句“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布图
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注1：2005年全国卷Ⅱ与全国卷Ⅲ“语言知识单项填空题”、“完形填空”、“阅读理解”、“短文改错”和“书
面表达”题型的考点完全相同。2：“无”表示该项当年无试卷。
十四．定语从句
读不懂定语从句，就不会断句，继而必然影响阅读能力的提高。
有一个很典型的现象，在英语中使用定语从句的格言、谚语之多不可计数。
要重视：定语从句从后面修饰前面的名词、代词或有关事物。主语的定语从句后出现全句的谓语动词，暂用竖线“|”断开，表示断句位置。
认识宾语的定语从句，最能帮助读者迅速理解主语的定语从句。如：
We like the professor who gave us a report on science yesterday?
The professor who gave us a report on science yesterday | is Mr. White will come again.
Let me tell you a true story that has always been inspiring so many people.
The true story that has always been inspiring so many people | inspired us so much.
定语从句“语言知识单项填空题”两年考点分布图
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注1：2005年全国卷Ⅱ与全国卷Ⅲ“语言知识单项填空题”、“完形填空”、“阅读理解”、“短文改错”和“书
面表达”题型的考点完全相同。2：“无”表示该项当年无试卷。
十五．状语从句
在复习迎考阶段，语法术语也不像初学阶段那么重要。在中学和大学，在国内与国外，许多语法术语是并不统一的。比如：状语从句又称为副词性子句。注意目的状语从句、结果状语从句和比较状语从句不会出现在主句之前。
现行高中英语教材的语法知识表述为：复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词等的从句叫做状语从句叫做状语从句，状语从句根据它表达的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较、条件等。在阅读实践中断句比细分语法术语更重要。属于逻辑思维范畴。读者不得掉以轻心。
在阅读实践中，对英语的状语从句和其它句子成分断句比细分语法术语更为重要。
历年英语全国统考试题和各省市自主命题除在“完形填空”和“阅读理解”而外，还十分重视用“语言知识单项填空题”考查状语从句。这一点我们将在经典试题精解中加以证明。
近年经典试题中状语从句应用举例（请注意下列各句中的状语从句）：
1．The bet ended at 9：01 on Monday morning, but Benjamin Barreaux waited until his mother, Roslyn, handed him five 100-dollar bills in front of a gathering a newspapermen in the afternoon before switching on the TV.
2．But when John and his fellow soldiers came in sight some of the people watching couldn’t help laughing at the one who couldn’t keep pace with the others as they marched along.
3．At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all the other floors’ chute (垃圾道) doors and se2006年高考英语备考讲座提纲
沈阳二中 张 健
有可能增加难度（阅读量词汇量）有可能降低常规热点的考查力度语法考题会更新颖完形文体会是记叙文，难度与去年相当 阅读选材会更新，命题上会更科学作文还会是材料作文，看图作文的可能性很大
命题原则
语言必须放在实际的、并且尽可能不同的情景中运用。
语言必须适合具体的交际行为。考核的焦点在于是否达到交际目的
保证覆盖面要广
尽可能增加综合化因素
尽可能增加语境化的因素
单项填空
内容覆盖面广，重点突出，强调动词用法的考查
考查最基本的语法知识，最常用的交际用语
增加语境化的因素
回归基础，不练偏题，怪题，难题
回顾高考单选题，加深理解,总结规律
The films brought the hours back to when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
A computer can only do what you have instructed it to do.
We did’t plan our art exhibition like that but it worked out very well.
We thought of selling this old furniture, but we’ve decided to hold on to it. It might be valuable.
News reports say peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached.
You can take anything from the shelf and read, but please put back the books when you’ve finished with them
The final examination is coming up soon. It’s time for us to get down to our studies.
Could you please tell me where you bought the shoes you had on yesterday?
加强特定情景中的语义领悟水平。
Wait till you are more ______. It’s better to be sure than sorry.
Inspired B. satisfied C. calm D. certain
增加情境识别练习
---Your phone number again:I didn't quite catch it.
--- It’s 9568442
---Nancy is not coming tonight.
---But she promised!
I thought you had gone to London.
You decided that you stopped smoking
---When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
--- They should be ready by 12:00.
完形会保持05的难度，选材上仍会是记叙文（夹叙夹议）
对文章的整体理解会较高（运用语篇知识和语篇分析方法在整体层面上领悟“残缺的”语篇）
Global 的设空仍会在10个以上
完形填空解题技巧：层次性解题法
从宏观到微观（global—local)：先主后次，先解与主题直接相关的题，再解和主题间接相关的细节题。（一定要对文章有全局的理解）
A person my have an idea about himself that will prevent him form doing good work.
He may have the 1belief that he is not capable of it. A child may think he is 2stupid because he does not understand how to make the most of his mental faculties. Older people may be mistaken that they are incapable of 3 learn anything new because of their 4 age .
A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real 5effort , because he feels that it would be useless. He won’t go at a job with the confidence necessary for 6success and he won’t work his hardest, even though he may think he doing so. He is 7therefore likely to fail, and the failure will 8strenthen his belief in his incompetence.
Alfred Alder, a famous doctor, had 9an experience like this. When he was a small boy,-----
Paragraph 1 提出观点A person my have an idea about himself that will prevent him form doing good work.
Paragraph 2 通过对比a child 和 older people 具体阐述观点的第一部分He may have the 1 that he is not capable of it.
Paragraph 3具体阐述观点的第二部分A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real 5
Paragraph 4 通过Alfred Alder的例子说明。
通过分析文章段际关系（并列，对比，递进）对全文有整体理解
通过分析段落发展模式和句子的逻辑关系帮助解题。
点式解题法：从细节上的某一点着手，通过分析词的复现，共现和搭配来解题。
词的复现：原词复现，同义词近义词复现，反义词复现，上下义词复现。
词的搭配：固定搭配 非固定搭配：动宾搭配 动词+副词 名词+名词搭配 形容词+名词
Scott and his four companions were terribly disappointed.When they got to the South Pole,they found the Norwegians(挪威人) had 36beaten them in the race to be the first ever to reach it.After 37planting the British flag at the Pole,they took a photograph of themselves 38before they started the 950?mile journey back.
The journey was unexpectedly 39 ,and the joy and excitement about the Pole had gone out of them.
G---S型段落（演绎型）
The journey was unexpectedly 39slow ,and the joy and excitement about the Pole had gone out of them.The sun hardly 40appeared .The snow storms always made it impossible to sight the stones they had 41set up to mark their way home.To make things 42worse .Evans,whom they had all thought of 43as the strongest of the five,fell badly into a deep hole in the ice.Having 44struggled along for several days,he suddenly fell down and died.
36、层次性解题法。根据句际关系，第二句和首句应是因果关系，beaten与disappointed对应。
37、点式解题法。根据动宾搭配解题。plant作动词表示“put sh. firmly”常见的搭配有：Plant a flag（插旗），plant a stake(打桩），plant one’s feet(站稳双脚），plant a bomb
38、层次性解题法。根据第二段首句的提示。
训练方法
整体训练法
化整为零法
主观题训练法
阅读理解
阅读理解：题材，体裁， 适当增加科技 类文章的训练
选材要新
命题规律
阅读技巧
阅读训练
1. 基本功的训练；
将语法和词汇复习与阅读训练结合起来。
识别动词ing 形式 识别状语从句
识别过去分词 识别名词性从句
识别不定式 难句理解
识别定语从句 长句理解
长句难句的理解
The fact that most of the these young people have gone to Europeanized or Americanized societies makes it unlikely that they will hold as tightly to the value of duty as they would have if they had not left their countries.
70. If young people go abroad, _________.
A. they do not hold to the value of duty at all.
B. they can give some help to their parents back home.
C. they cannot do what they should for their parents.
D. they believe what they actually do is right.
They were surprised to find that the harmful effect of a given amount of physical effort was actually less on the hearts of these trained patients than on those of the patients who were not similarly trained.
74. The experiments done by some scientists showed that _________.
A. some male patients were asked to ride bicycles regularly in the experiments
B. the physical exercise had more harmful effect on the hearts of the untrained patients
C. the physical exercise was harmless to the male patients with heart trouble
D. the physical exercise could be helpful for the patients to take in more oxygen

阅读技巧的训练；
寻找事实与细节 寻找题干和选项在原文中出处（同义，近义，词类，句式之间转换） 根据上下文推测词义
理解内涵 寻找主题句 识别关联词
预测 给文章加标题 把握文章结构
推断作者观点 说明文阅读 论说文阅读 新闻阅读
广告 图表 信函与履历
global 题型 ：主旨大意，观点态度
local 题型 ：微观细节和语义理解
组成一个段落或一篇文章的句子的重量是不相同的， 在阅读中要善于抓住那些更重要的句子,将注意力集中在我们最需要了解的信息上。
通过定义解释，同位语,来猜测词义
Parapsychologist say that humans have a natural ability to sense when someone is looking at them. To research whether such a sixth sense really exist, -----(04 重庆)
Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken.
Cairaigo—words that come from outside—have been part of the Japanese language for centuries.(03 全国)
通过因果关系来猜测词义
The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even it is shallow.
The diver somehow panicked at the sight of me . He was going more than a hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder.
利用文意和逻辑关系来猜测
And if you’ve gathered your friends around you to rebuild a happy family atmosphere, you may fear that saying no will bring back the kind of conflict you grew up with—or destroy the nice atmosphere you now enjoy.(04重庆)
A. dependent life B. fierce fight
C. bad manners D. painful feeling
He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understood anything. Even then all I could make out was that someone called Milly had had a very bad accident. I hadn’t the slightest idea who she was.(99 C)
You won’t believe this but as soon as I got home I crashed out for four hours. Then I had dinner and went back to bed, fearing ---
A. chatted with her friends
B. slept soundly
C. broken down
D. dined out
通过生活常识猜测词义
A deaf-and-dumb guy went into a hard-ware shop to ask for some nails(03完形）
通过对比关系猜测词义(标点，although,even though, while, but )
A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests
通过同类关系猜测词义
通过具体例子猜测词义
给文章加标题
是否具有高度的概括性；
是否具有强烈的针对 性 （title eye)；
是否醒目；
充分利用引导性主题句；
较高阶段
目的：掌握阅读技巧；增加准确率，提高速度；积累阅读经验，增加阅读的深度，使有意识阅读向无意识阅读转变；形成知识的良性循环
1 阅读一定数量的学科性较强，富于哲理，异国文化较深，接近原文或就是原文的文章
2 通过整体阅读来训练学生的思维能力
4 加强课堂限时阅读训练，提高速度
5 增加报刊阅读量
高考作文的评分标准
（内容１０分，语言１２分，组织结构３分，共计２５分）
内容要求：
A档　１０分　重点明确，内容充实
B档 　８分 重点明确，内容较充实
C档 　６分 重点明确，但内容单薄．
D档 　４分 重点不明确，内容松散．
E 档 　２分 严重离题．
高考作文的评分标准
２．语言要求：
１）语言表达正确，文字流畅．（１２分）
２）语法，措词等错误，每处扣１分，同一错误不重复扣分．
３）单词拼写，标点，大小写等错误，每处扣０．５分，同一错误不重复扣分．
４）每句扣分不超过２分．
５）语言分最多扣１２分．
高考作文的评分标准
３．组织结构要求：
凡内容和语言两部分得分超过１６分，词数超过１２０个，并符合下列条件者可加分．
１）凡全文的措词，句子结构，上下文连贯性等方面比较出色者，可酌情加１－２分．
２）凡内容充实，语言正确，用词贴切的优秀作文，可加３分．
４．词数要求：不足１２０个酌情扣分，少于６０个，总分得分最多不超过１０分．
情景作文
明确情景作文考查意图：
情景作文的命题意图是考查考生能否根据所给情景（表格、图、文字等）撰写主题明确、内容完整、语言连贯的短文能力。在考查考生的书面语言水平的同时，还考查他们的想象能力和逻辑思维能力，考查他们能否清楚地表达试题要求表达的内容。
注意：文章短（60词）所以要做到主题突出，语言精练。过渡词语的准确运用，语言的前后衔接，直接影响到文章的条理性、逻辑性。
写作要领
时间顺序要理清；事件过程要讲清；
信息归类要分清；开头点题要鲜明；
结尾扣题要简明；
要点全、时态清，主题思想要分明。逻辑强、语言精、表达交流要完整。
?
几点建议：
1. 审题。
（1）审人称、审时态、审语境说话的对象
（2）注意文字提示及图画、图表内容的要点。要点要全；详略得当；不要随意发挥加入过多的个人看法和感情抒发（主题不突出；易出错。）。忌：不审题，盲目动笔，随意发挥。列提纲，打腹稿。这样可以使你的文章内容条理化，逻辑严谨，成为一个完整的语篇。
忌：思维混乱；顺序颠倒；前言不搭后语。
2. 看清文体；组织好文章结构。
记叙（记叙+描述；记叙+议论）
描述（描述+议论；）
说明（列举、对比利与弊不同观点，看法。）
图表 （描述+议论）
3. 正确运用语言；表达清楚；把好语言关。
用自己熟悉的句型和词语。不用把握不大的词。力求文理通顺，语言准确。写出符合英语习惯的地道句子，并要准确使用时态和语态。
忌：中文式的英文。
4. 正确运用过渡词。句式多样化。
在有把握的情况下，灵活运用过渡词，句型和短语，能使语篇连贯，漂亮、优美的句子往往会给文章增添色彩，从而取得好成绩。但不要为了用而用，显得文章很涩。你写的文章应是让读者能一口气读完，读懂。而不是要停下来琢磨你到底想说什么。
忌：滥用句式，长句。
5. 避开不会的词语。
遇到不会的词可以用同义和近义词代替。或换个句型，改变一下表达形式。
忌：钻牛角尖。
一篇好的文章应该是：语篇连贯、逻辑性强、用词准确、句式丰富、言简意赅。
6. 书写工整，卷面整洁。
字迹工整，卷面整洁。否则会影响阅卷，影响你的成绩。
7. 复查全文。
检查的内容有：
·句子完整吗？
·名词是否该加s / es；是否要用冠词？
动词时态是否正确、前后一致？
·此动词是否作谓语？形式对吗？
·此词该用形容词/名词、形容词/副词、动词/名词形式？
·用了衔接词吗？
·要点全了吗？
·标点正确吗？
注意写好开头和结尾
给写作留出足够的时间（ 30分钟左右）
熟背范文是写作得高分途径之一
信头
1. How nice to hear from you again.
2．?I’m writing to ---
例：I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we’ve had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.
3．?I’m so glad/pleased to learn that ---
例：I’m so glad to learn that you’re coming in September.
4. I’m so excited to write you a letter a bout my spring outing.
5．It’s very kind of you to write me and let me know about ---. Now I’d like to tell you something about ---
? 例：It’s very kind of you to write me and let me know about Your beautiful city. Now I’d like to tell you something about my hometown, Jiangcheng.
6．? I would like to tell you that ---
7．? I am very pleased to hear from you and are writing to tell you something about ---
8．? How are you? I’m glad to know that you ---
9．? How is everything with you? I hope things are going well.
信尾
1. Best wishes 2. I’m looking forward to your reply
3. I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon.
4. With kindest regards to you and your parents.
5. Best regards to you all.
6. Thank you very much.
7. Remember me to your parents.
看图写话
1．? It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8,2000. I was walking along Park Road when ----
2．One Sunday morning, there were some people in Zhongshan Park. At a stand, a woman----
3．The other day my brother and I went to ---
4．When I was on my way home from school this after noon, I came across an old man who---
5．What happened to me on ---- is just unbelievable/unforgettable.
看图
1．? It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8,2000. I was walking along Park Road when ----
2．? One Sunday morning, there were some people in Zhongshan Park. At a stand, a woman----
3．? The other day my brother and I went to ---
4．? When I was on my way home from school this after noon, I came across an old man who---
5．? What happened to me on ---- is just unbelievable/unforgettable.
6．? I will never forget that day/night: September 26, 2004.
7．? About 9 o’clock yesterday evening, I was busy preparing for --- when suddenly ----
8．? It was quite an experience for us , which I’ll never forget /value for the rest of my life.
9．? Hopefully, from this incident, they will draw the same lesson: follow the traffic rules.
10. The worst to happen was that it would do serous harm to people’s eyes.
课上与课下相结合；
重视翻译；
自批，互批，老师批结合,练后要讲评；
多用学生的习作；
教给学生一些写作技巧；
针对写作中出现的问题有计划地训练；
可做一些口头作文做铺垫
简洁及句子多样化手段
用修饰语开头或位于句中
The lines, by seven o’clock, stretched from the box office to the corner.
Considering his age, his health is fairly good.
In order to get there before dark, he set off early in the morning.
2. 使用关系词
He has a son who is a genius.
A dog that barks may bite.
3. 合并句子，删除赘词
These were the voters. They were worried about unemployment. Unemployment kept rising. The voters were also worried about the dollar. The dollar was decreasing in value.
从2006年高考题看出题方向及复习策略
东北育才中学 葛丽萍
从单项填空，完型填空，阅读理解，短文改错和作文五个方面分别分析全国十六套试卷，看出规律，得出共性，判断命题趋势，并结合具体教学给出相应建议。
1、《考试说明》中给出的高考的词汇范围，是高考命题的依据。所
以基本的词语、短语，应被作为学习掌握的第一对象，这也是为做好单选和完型考题奠定基础。尤其是临近高考之时，更要抓好基础知识的落实，切忌掉以轻心，应少做难、怪、偏题。但是，对这些基础知识的把握决不等于死记硬背，依据现在英语知识的考查特点，是要能做到灵活迁移，举一反三。
迁移知识，精选习题
动词多变化，练习加观察
题干设置语境化，语篇理解是重点
2、完型填空训练的目的：两个提高 1）提高阅读理解能力； 2）提高词语运用能力。两个培养 1）培养良好的解题习惯； 2）培养语言逻辑思维能力。两个忠告 1）不求语言知识增长，只求解题能力提高； 2）不求100%的理解和正确率，只求训练过程 和良好解题习惯的养成。
3、阅读理解
熟记单词打地基，限时阅读提速度；
克服长句困难，定位理解重点；
题材广体裁新，英语思维强化快
4、短文改错
考查面广；注重语篇；注重基础
5、背范文、背句型让你高考作文得心应手
在高考英语书面表达题目中，答题时动词与主语关系不清、句子之间的逻辑关系不清、过多的长句使句子复杂化，单一化是造成学生“丢分”的重要原因。
用词造句，扬长避短
变换句式，长短结合
连句成文，过渡自然