2006高考考前辅导---各个题型全击破[下学期]

课件213张PPT。2007级
高考题型辅导2007级英语高考应试技巧一.单项选择 （3~23）
二.听 力 （24~42）
三.阅读理解 （43~57）
四.完形填空 （58~72）
五.短文改错 （73~175）
六.书面表达 （176~211）单项选择的解题方法通读题干,弄清句子结构,理解大概句意.
体会语意情景.
细看所有的选项,一一套入题干空白处,选择最佳答案.（一）基础知识考查要点
1 名词：考查的重点是名词单复数，名词辨义及名词搭配。如：
He gained his ___ by printing ___ of famous writers.
wealth; work
B.wealths; works
C.wealths; work
D.wealth; works 答案：D。
分析： wealth为不可数名词。work作不可数名词，意为“工作”；作可数名词，意为“作品”、“著作”。2 冠词和数词：考查的重点是冠词和数词的基本用法。如：
She is ___ newcomer to ___ chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.
the, the
B. the, 不填
C. a, 不填
D. a, the答案：C。
分析：newcomer是泛指，用不定冠词。学科名词chemistry，不用冠词。3 代词：考查的重点是不定代词与物主代词的用法。如：
---Is your camera like Bill's and Ann's?
---No. But it's almost the same as___.
A. her B. yours C. them D. their答案：B。
分析：此处比较的是camera，要用物主代词。形容词性物主代词只能作定语，空格后没有名词，所以要用名词性物主代词。4 形容词和副词：考查的重点是形容词和副词的比较结构、词语辨异和系表结构。如：
---Have you finished your report yet？
---No, I'll finish in ___ten minutes.
A. another B. other C. more D. less答案：A。
分析：another后可接单数名词，也可跟few或带数词的复数名词表示“再、还”之意。5 动词的时态和语态：在历年的高考中所占的比重最大。考查的重点是复合句中的动词形式, 语态常与时态一起考查。如：
---Have you moved into the new house?
---Not yet. The rooms ___.
A. are being painting B. are painting
C. are painted D. are being painted 答案：D。
分析：先确定语态为被动，再确定时态为进行时。 6 情态动词：考查的重点是情态动词的基本用法、虚拟语气的意义与结构。如：
---There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
---It ___a comfortable journey.
A. can't be B. shouldn't be
C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been 答案：D。
分析：此处谈论过去的情况，为对过去情况的否定性推测。 7 非谓语动词：在高考中的分数比重及题量逐步增加。考查的重点从及物动词后用不定式或动名词作宾语，转向非谓语动词的句法功能、时间概念、主动还是被动。 如：
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to have invented
B. inventing
C. to invent
D. having invented答案：A。
分析：consider表示“思考”时，常用动名词短语作宾语。但此处consider表示“认为”，后接不定式复合结构。不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前，要用完成式来表示。 8 特殊句型：考查的重点是倒装、强调、感叹、否定转移、部分否定、反意问句以及省略和替代。如：
Not until all the fish died in the river ___ how serious the pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize
B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize
D. didn't the villagers realize答案：A。
分析：否定词位于句首时，主句须倒装并且不能再出现not。 9简单句、并列句和复合句：考查的重点连接词的用法。如：
It worried her a bit ___ her hair was turning grey.
A. while B. if
C. that D. for 答案：C。
分析：it是形式主语，而真正的主语是空格后的整个句子。此处只有that能引导主语从句。10 短语与搭配：考查的重点一般是动词短语辨义，以及介词与动词、形容词的搭配。如：
John has put on so much weight recently that his mother has to ___all his trousers to his measure.
A. let out B. give away
C. bring in D. make up答案：A。
分析：let out表示“放大”。11交际用语：考查的重点是日常交际用语，一般是根据上下文情境来判断答语。如：
A: May I take your order?
B: I’d like a cup of coffee and a hot dog. What about you, Lisa?
Lisa: ___.
A. The same to me
B. Same again, please
C. It’s very kind of you
D. Thank you all the same.答案：B。
分析：Same again, please.表示“同样的再来一份”。（二）单项选择解题技巧?
1 利用上下语境。如：
---Where shall I ___?---At the next stop.A. drop you
B. find you
C. pick you up
D. call on you 答案：A。
分析：就第一句而言，四个选项都有意义。但是，答语At the next stop暗示：两个人说话时在一起。B、C、D都不能用于这一情境。2 参照类似表达。如：---Where are you going to do the shopping?---At the ___ store. A. shoes
B. shoe
C. shoe’s
D. shoes’答案：B。分析：想一下熟悉的the book store，此题就迎刃而解了。此题涉及名词作定语的用法，一般规则是：名词作定语用单数。但是，也不能形成定势：①有时也用复数，例如：a clothes shop, a communications satellite, a sales department等。②名词的所有格表达时间、距离和价值，例如：three days’ stay, a stone’s throw, ten dollar’s worth of oil等。3 避免思维定势。如：The young man spent as much time as he ___ over his lessons.A. went B. would go
C. could to go D. could going 答案：D。
分析：spend 的句型是spend + time + doing。不要受She did what she could to help him.的影响。 4 分析句子成分。如：The exciting moment we looked forward to ___ at last.A. coming B. came C. come D. comes答案：B。
分析：本句主语是The exciting moment，we looked forward to是个定语从句，前面的关系代词which被省略了。所选部分是谓语，不是look forward to的宾语。 5 分析句子结构。如：
⑴___in the doorway, everyone in the room gave her a cheer.A. Appearing
B. As she appeared
C. Having appeared
D. When appearing答案：B。
分析：in the doorway的不是everyone，而是she，所以in the doorway之前要有she。此句运用的是as引导的时间状语从句。⑵___, she had to stay at home and looked after her.A. Her mother was ill B. As she was ill
C. Her mother being ill D. Being ill答案：C。
分析：生病的不是she，而是Her mother。逗号不能连接两个句子，要么用并列句Her mother was ill, so she had to stay at home and looked after her.要么用主从复合句Because her mother was ill, she had to stay at home and looked after her. 此句运用独立主格结构Her mother being ill作原因状语。 6 重视标点符号。如：
___, the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world.A. That is well-known B. It is known that C. As is well-known D. We all know 答案：C。
分析：逗号说明此句是由as引导的非限制性定语从句，不是主语从句。7 重视一词多性。如：
I saw a ___ good girl on TV last night.A. lovely
B. handsome
C. pretty
D. nice答案：C。
分析：四个都可以作形容词，但pretty还可作副词，表示“相当”。8 重视一词多义。如：
Jane’s pale face suggested that she ___ill, and her parents suggested that she ___a medical examination.A. be; should have B. was ; have
C. should be; had D. was; has答案：B。
分析：suggest表示“暗示”，从句用陈述语气；表示“建议”，从句用虚拟语气（should可以省略）。 听力
要求考生听懂有关日程生活中所熟悉话题的简短独白和对话。考生应能：
理解主旨要义；
获取事实性的具体信息；
对所听内容作出简单推断；
理解说话者的意图，观点和态度。听力答题方法保持良好的心态.
考场上沉着冷静,集中注意力.
听前抓紧时间进行抢读,积极预测话题,听时善于抓住关键词.
运用归纳,综合等技巧,分析和判断对话或独白整体的主旨要义.
初听和复听结合,边听边记.
（一）听力理解的考查方式
⒈ 场景题型。
⑴地点题型。常见的提问形式有：
①Where does this conversation probably take place?
②Where did it happen?
③Where is. . . ?
④What kind of store is she going to? 例如：
Q: Where did this conversation most probably take place?
A. At a concert.
B. At a flower shop.
C. At a restaurant.录音：M: The music and the flower are lovely.
W: Yes, I hope the food is good, too.答案：C。该题需要合理的推断。题中关键词为the food。 ⑵时间题型。常见的提问方式有：①When does the conversation take place？
②when does the man want to leave？
③How long did it take the man to write his paper？
④When did the football match start？例如：
Q: At what time does the train to Leeds leave?
A. 3:00. B. 3:15.
C. 5:00. 录音：W: Excuse me, could you tell me when the next train to Manchester is?
M: Sure. Well, it's 3 now. The next train to Manchester leaves in 2 hours, but you can take the train to Leeds, which leaves in 15 minutes, and then get off at Manchester on the way. 答案：B。该题需要简单的计算。说话时是3点钟，M建议乘去Leeds的车，该车途径Manchester，15分钟后发车。 例如：
Q: What is the relationship between the two speakers?
A. Neighbors.
B. Father and daughter.
C. Husband and wife.录音：W: Hello!
M: Hello, Lucy, this is John. Look, could you do me a favor? I've tried to phone my wife six times and I can’t get through. The line is busy all the time. Could you possibly go next door and give her a message?
W: Sure, what do you want to tell Mary?答案：A。解题的关键是抓住phone my wife，go next door等关键性的词语。⑶人物关系题型。常见的提问形式是：
What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?⑷职业判断题型。常见的提问形式有：① What's the woman's job?
② What's the profession (职业)of the man?
③ Who is the woman probably speaking to? 例如：
Q: Who is the woman most probably speaking to?
A. A railway porter.
B. A taxi driver.
C. A postal clerk.录音：W: Excuse me, sir. I'm going to send this parcel to London. What's the postage for it?
M: Let me see. It's one pound fifty.答案：C。根据parcel（邮包）和postage（邮资）等关键词可以判断：这位女士是在跟邮局职员讲话。 ⒉ 推断题型。常见的提问形式有：
①What do we learn from the conversation?
②What does the conversation tell us?
③Why can't the woman find the book?
④What is the man doing?
⑤What will the weather be like?
⑥What's their opinion of Linda's brother?
⑦What does the man mean?
⑧What can we conclude from the man's reply?
⑨What happened to the woman?
⑩What was the consequence of the accident? 例如：
Q: What does the man mean?
A. She can use his car.
B. She can borrow someone else's car.
C. She can't borrow his car.录音：W: I need a car this weekend, but mine has broken down.
M: I'm sorry to hear it, but you can always rent one if you have a license.答案：C。女士讲话有借车之意。男士委婉地拒绝了女士的请求。例如：
Q: What did the man do last night?
A. He watched television with his friend.
B. He stayed at home talking with his friend.
C. He went to see a film with his friend.录音：W: Did you see last night film on Channel 4?
M: Well, I meant to see it, but a friend of mine came to see me. We had a nice long talk about our school days.答案：B。but后面的内容：一是朋友来访，二是畅谈过去。 ⒊ BUT题型。题型特征为：对话答语由两部分组成，先是一个短句，后接一个较长的句子，短句与长句子之间用but连接。题目的答案通常在but之后。⒋ 虚拟语气题型。
⑴虚拟条件句。
例如：
Q: What happened to the woman?
A. She got home before 9 o'clock.
B. She had a bad cold.
C. She was delayed.录音：W: If it hadn't been snowing so hard, I might have been home by 9 o'clock.
M: It's too bad you didn't make it. Jane was here and she wanted to see you.答案：C。女士讲话表达与过去事实相反，即9点未能到家。 ⑵wish+从句。
例如：
Q: What do we learn from the convention?
A. The man is planning a trip to Austin.
B. The man has not been to Austin before.
C. The man has been to Austin before.录音：W: I'm thinking of going to Austin for a visit. Do you think it's worth seeing?
M: Well, I wish I had been there.答案：B。男士讲话表达一种未能实现的愿望。事实：他从未去过那里。 ⒌ 建议题型。
⑴Why don't you...? 与Why not...?
例如：
Q: What is the man suggesting?
A. Coming back for a later show.
B. Waiting in a queue.
C. Coming back in five minutes.录音：W: The movie starts in 5 minutes and there's bound to be a long line.
M: Why don't we come back for the next show? I'm sure it would be less crowded.答案：A。男士的建议中用的是the next show，而在选项中用a later show作替换。录音：W: We do need another bookshelf in this room, but the problem is the space for it.
M: How about moving the old dining table to the kitchen?⑵What/How about...？
例如：
Q: What does the man suggest they should do?
A. Find a larger room.
B. Sell the old table.
C. Rearrange some furniture.答案：C。建议内容是：把旧餐桌搬到厨房里。⒍ 比较题型。常见的提问方式有：①What do(es)… think of …?
②Who/Which is better…?
③What do(es)… like best?例如：
Q: What does Tome like to do most?
A. Tom like best to make phone calls.
B. Tom likes to talk with his friends most.
C. Tom likes to visit his friends most.录音：M: Does Tom like to visit his friends?
W: Yes, but he likes nothing better than to talk on the telephone with his friends.答案：A。比较级 nothing better than表达最高级的含义 。 听取信息Who 人物、身份、职业、称呼等
When 有关时间的词（日、月、星期、昨天、今天、上午、下午、晚上、夜里等及和介词的搭配）
Where 有关场所的词及它们和介词的搭配。
Number 数词要记牢，听清。
What to do 要注意动词的形式。阅读
要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日程生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告，说明，广告以及书，报，杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：
理解主旨要义
理解文中具体信息；
根据上下文推断生词的词义；
作出简短判断和推理；
理解文章的基本结构；
理解作者的意图和态度。阅读理解的备考方略在平时复习时,应以词汇为核心,根据构词法建立语义网络,扩大词汇量.
句法分析是解题的关键,同学们应能熟练的判断出主从句,懂得如何分析句子结构.对复杂的语法现象做出正确的判断.
同学们的复习要坚持不懈,循序渐进.
尽可能的选择地道的英文,在时间安排上要见缝插针,确保能在7分钟内完成阅读300字左右的文章,并能解答习题.
养成良好的阅读习惯,阅读时不要纠缠语言细节.
（二）阅读理解的考查方式
⒈ 推断词义。
⑴利用形合手段。形合指的是：同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系。例如：Finally, renewable energy sources are used even though they are often expensive to develop. One form of these is geothermal energy. In certain parts of the world the temperature of the earth increases thirty degrees centigrade with each kilometer down. At six kilometers, therefore, it rises to nearly two hundred degrees. To get the heat, water is pumped down into the rocks and back up to the surface. Heat from the earth is already used in certain countries. The underlined words in the paragraph mean _______.
A. renewable source
B. underground source
C. heat inside the earth
D. temperature of the earth答案：C。geothermal energy是renewable energy的一种形式，属上下义关系。geothermal energy与heat from the earth是同义关系。⑵利用语言情境。语境指的是照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等。例如：The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways---education , medicine, and business. Quietly, the graying of America has made us a very different society---one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages. The underlined word ‘one’ refers to ___.
A. a society B. America C. a place D. population答案：A。one 是society的同位语。⒉ 概括主旨。常见的提问方式：
①This news story is mainly about ________.
②The text is mainly about ________ .
③The best headline (标题) for this newspaper article is_________.
④What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?
⑤What would be the best title for the text? 例如：Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal. Such a person is not really a thief. They are sick and cannot help themselves. All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions- People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them. With medical help they may become normal citizens again- The things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value. They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them.What is the topic of the text?
A. Young thieves.
B. An unusual illness.
C. Reasons for stealing.
D. A normal child's actions.答案：B。本文议论的中心为一种罕见的疾病， 浓缩于第一句主题句中： Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal. ⒊ 捕捉细节。常见的提问方式：
①Which of the following statements is true according to the paragraph(passage) ?
②Which of the following statements is false (not true), according to the paragraph (passage) ?
③All the following statements are (not true) EXCEPT
④ The author (writer) mentions all of the items listed below EXCEPT
⑤ In this paragraph (passage), we find support for all of the following statements EXCEPT
⑥ The statements made by the author (writer) are based on evidence (example, fact)
⑦The author (paragraph, passage) states (informs, tell us) that例如：Sam and Joe were astronauts. There was once a very dangerous trip and the more experienced astronauts knew there was only a small chance of coming back alive. Sam and Joe, however, thought, it would be exciting though a little dangerous. "We're the best men for the job," they said to the boss. "There may be problems, but we can find the answers. ""They're the last people I'd trust," thought the boss. "But all the other astronauts have refused to go." Most of the astronauts were unwilling to go on the trip because___________ .
A. there was little chance of being selected
B. they weren't experienced enough
C. they thought they might get killed
D. it wasn't exciting enough答案：C。本题答案在文中可直接找到： the more experienced astronauts knew there was only a small chance of coming back alive. ⒋ 推断信息。
⑴针对主题大意/中心思想的推断题。常见的提问方式：
① We can conclude that...
② We may infer that...
③The writer suggests that...
④The story implies that...
⑤What the writer really means is...
⑥It can be inferred from the passage that...
⑦According to the passage, you can see...
⑧It can be seen from the passage that...
⑨The passage suggests that...
⑩In the writer’s opinion, ...⑵针对作者的观点、态度和意图的推断题。
①What does the author think of…?
②How does the author feel about…?
③In the writer’s opinion, …?
④What's the tone of this passage?⑶针对写作思路、文章体裁和来源的推断题
①What does/did the paragraph preceding the passage most probably discuss?
②The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses
③This selection（节选）might be some parts of a book concerned with...
④This passage might be taken out of a book dealing with...
⑤Where did this passage most probably appear?
⑥These extracts（摘录）are probably taken from... 例如：We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn't even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched mouth open in surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop. She pushed the mop past the desk ….
Mum just pushed harder , each swipe (拖一下) of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight ….
"Of course. I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow….After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?
A. It is a children's hospital.
B. It has strict rules about visiting hours.
C. The conditions there aren't very good.
D. The nurses and doctors there don't work hard.答案：B。本文主要叙述Mum巧妙地骗过护士在非探视时间看望女儿Dagmar的经过，说明医院有严格的探视制度。本题的推论必须与文章主题相联系。完形填空解题方法快速浏览全文.首先集中注意力,将文章从头到尾看一遍.在浏览中注意扑捉关键词,记忆相关信息,如时间,地点,人物,事情,经过,把握文章发展的基本线索.
开始复读答案.利用语法知识,词语的固定搭配,惯用法,常见句型等进行判断选择.利用已经选出的答案帮助推断未确定的答案,根据相关内容,及上下文的逻辑关系进行推断,根据全文内容或背景知识从常识的角度去考虑选择.
将全文连同所选答案一起通读一遍,检查前后是否连贯,内容是否清楚.
（二）完形填空的考查方式
⒈ 运用复现
⑴原词复现。上下文中同一概念重复出现。⑵同义词、近义词复现。借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言使上下文语义得以连接起来。⑶同源词复现。同一词根，通过前缀、后缀、合成和转化等方式构成同源词。⑷上下义词复现。上义词具有概括性，下义词具有分述作用。⑸概念复现。同一概念在上下文中以不同的词语出现。⑹评述性复现。用一种表达方式对另一种表达方法进行解释或说明。⑺反义复现。通过反义词或对比使文章前后衔接照应。⒉ 利用联想
⑴利用话题联想。就某一话题而言，有许多信息和表达方式与之同现，形成一个个词汇链。⑵利用因果关系联想。⑵利用结构联想。通过关键词进行固定结构联想。eg. People of Burlington are being disturbed by the sound of bells. Four students from Burlington College of Higher Education are in the bell tower of the 26 and have make up their minds to ring the bells non stop for two weeks as a protest. (NMET1999)
26. A. college B. village C. town D. church
在英语国家钟楼通常设在教堂里或与教堂连在一起，因此不难判断此题选D。（3）利用背景知识和常识eg. One thing we all do now and again is to lose our 54 with a friend and close relatives. The odd thing is that we more often display great 55 towards some one we are fond than towards 56 . (NMET 2002 上海卷）
54. A. mind B. memory C. manner D. temper
55. A. anger B. interest C. love D. respect
56. A. strangers B. friends C. relatives D. colleagues
在日常生活中人们通常会对亲戚朋友或者自己发脾气，但却不在陌生人身上。 加上more…than…的句型，则可以判断出答案了。⒊ 借助语言标志。
⑴借助转承语。⑵借助并列连词。写作
要求考生根据题示进行书面表达。考生应能：
准确使用语法和词汇；
使用一定的句型，词汇，清楚，连贯地表达自己的意思。写作的答题方法细读提示.
写全要点.
卷面干净.
书写认真.
层次分明.
承上启下.
繁简有度.
亮点突出.
（一）认识失分原因
1．审题不仔细，遗漏要点。
例如：2000年全国卷（目击交通事故）目击报告: It was 7 : 15 on the morning of February 8, 2000. I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street. Then I saw a yellow car drive up Third Street and make a right turn into Park Road. The next moment the car hit the man while he was crossing the road. He fell with a cry. The car didn't stop but drove off at great speed heading west. I noticed the driver was a young woman and the plate number was AC864. About two minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital.
?
Li Hua 2．过渡不自然，单纯翻译。
例如：叙述国庆节去北京动物园的情况。
有位学生写道：Today is National Day. Li Ming and I went to Beijing Zoo. We took the No. 15 bus. We got there ten minutes later. There were many people in the zoo. Most of them were children. In the zoo, we saw elephants. We saw bears. We saw lions…. At 12 o’clock, we went back home. We had a wonderful day today. We felt tired. We felt happy.这位学生把该表达的内容都写出来了，而且没有句子结构方面的错误，但是，他写的不是一篇短文，而是孤零零的句子。有效地运用连接词，可使上下文连贯流畅。
Today is National Day. Li Ming and I went to Beijing Zoo. We took the No. 15 bus and ten minutes later we got there. There were many people in the zoo, most of whom were children. In the zoo, we saw many kinds of animals, such as elephants, bears and lions…. At 12 o’clock, we went back home. What a wonderful day we had today. Although we were tired， we felt very happy. 3. 逻辑不恰当，有悖常理。 结尾：It is very clear that the pollution has harmed not only people around the factory but also the manager himself. The manager was criticized by the government. Now he has realized the importance of keeping the air clean.短语、从句可使短文更富有表现力。
Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more，it will become necessary to build gates and walls，which will do harm to the appearance of a city.4．表达不丰富，结构单调。
例如：2002年全国卷（讨论公园是否收门票）
The entrance fees are charged. People will not come. Walls and gates should be built. They will not make the city look bad.5．语言不地道，汉式思维。
例如：2002年全国卷（给英文报纸写信）
不少同学写成：I want to tell you about the discussion we’ve had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.
就I wan to tell you……而言，本身没有错，但用在此处就不符合英语习惯了。书信中应写：I am writing to tell you about the discussion we’ve just had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.6．用词不贴切，缺乏积累。
例如：2002年北京卷（记叙野外生存训练）
结尾部分有学生写成：Then we set up the camp and set fire to cook food.最后部分应写：Li Ming then put up the tent，and I made a fire and started cooking. 姑且不谈to cook food的对错，单就set fire而言就是个不可原谅的错误，set fire to a place系“纵火烧某处”，显而易见是对make a fire这个词组没有掌握。7．语法不正确，错误不断。
【误】Can you tell Asia elephants from Africa?
【误】He will remember firmly that the teacher said and did. 【正】Can you tell Asian elephants from African ones?
【正】He will remember clearly what the teacher said and did. 8．书写不规范，多词少词。
评分原则：
·词数少于80和多于120的，从总分中减去2分。
·如书写较差，以至影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。
说明：
1．内容要点可用不同方式表达。
2．对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分。 （二）学会句型转换
⒈ 简单句合并为简单句。
⑴用连词and, both…and, nor, neither…nor, or, either…or, as well as, not only…but also, as much as, rather than, more than等。

例如：
We cannot expect her to do housework. And we cannot expect her to look after the children.
We can neither expect her to do housework nor look after the children.⑵用同位语，例如：
Edison was a great inventor. He was born in 1847.
Edison, a great inventor, was born in 1847.

⑶用介词短语，例如：
The boy was in bad health. He was therefore unable to do it.
Because of his bad health, the boy was unable to do it. ⑷用不定式短语，例如：
She is very young. She can’t go to school.
She is too young to go to school.
⑸用分词短语，例如：
I saw a bus. It came slowly up to me.
I saw a bus coming slowly up to me.
⑹用形容词（短语），例如：
They spent several days in the wind and snow. They were cold and hungry.
They spent several days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry. ⑺用副词短语，例如：
I will return to this point in my lecture. It will be in a little while.
I will return to this point in my lecture soon.
⑻用独立结构，例如：
My father was ill. I had to stay at home.
My father being ill, I had to stay at home. ⒉ 简单句合并为并列句：
⑴表示句与句之间关系平等，而意义引申，主要连词有：
①and，例如：
She has lent us one of her new books. The book is the latest one in her collection.
She has lent us one of her new books and it is the latest one in her collection.（表示增补）
He is jack-of-all-trades. He is master of none.
He is jack-of-all-trades and he is master of none.（含义向否定引申） An urgent telegram was sent to her husband. She was waiting for his reply.
An urgent telegram was sent to her husband and she was waiting for his reply.（表示动作先后）
The day is short. The work is heavy.
The day is short and the work is heavy. （表示让步）
Think it over again. You will find a way out.
Think it over again and you will find a way out.（表示条件）
Many of the papers are good. These papers are the best.
Many of the papers are good and these papers are the best.（表示对比）They have finished half of it. This is not bad.
They have finished half of it and this is not bad.（表示评注）
②not only…but also，例如：
He said it. He did it too.
Not only did he say it, but also he did it.
③nor, neither, neither…nor，例如：
Mary can’t speak French. Jane can’t speak French either.
Neither can Mary speak French, nor can Jane.⑵表示选择关系，主要连词有：or, either…or, whether…or, otherwise等。
例如：
Stop! If not, I will shoot.
Stop or I’ll shoot.
You must behave yourself. You’ll never go out with me again.
Either you must behave yourself , or you’ll never go out with me again. ⑶表示转折关系或对比关系，主要连词有：but, still, yet, however, on the other hand, all the same, though, after all, while等。
例如：
Tom was not here. His brother was here.
Tom was not here, but his brother was.
There is no milk in the container. You can find some in the kitchen.
There is no milk in the container but you can find some in the kitchen. ⑷表示因果关系，主要连词有：for, so, therefore, thus, in that case等。
例如：
He was absent this morning. He was ill.
He was absent this morning for he was ill.
⑸用when，表示突然发生，相当于just then, just at that time/moment，常用结构有：
①was (were, did)…when，例如：
He was on his way home. Suddenly two boys stopped him.
He was on his way home, when two boys stopped him. ②was (were) doing…when，例如：
I was thinking of this. Suddenly I heard my name called.
I was thinking of this, when I heard my name called.
③was (were) (just) about to do…when，例如：
I was just about to pick up the receiver. At that moment the phone stopped ringing.
I was just about to pick up the receiver, when the phone stopped ringing.
④had (just) done…when，例如：
Harry had just left home. His son rushed out to play.
Harry had just left home , when his son rushed out to play. ⒊简单句合并为主从句：
⑴名词从句：
①主语从句。
例如：
You didn't go to see such a wonderful play. It's a pity.
It's a pity that you didn’t go to see such a wonderful play. ②宾语从句，例如：
He is going somewhere. I don’t know.
I don’t know where he is going.
③直接引语，例如：
What should we do first? This is my question.
This is my question: “What we should do first?” ④表语从句，例如：
Can we finish our work by tomorrow evening? That is my question.
My question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
⑤同位语从句，例如：
What did he come here for? I tried to find the explanation to this question.
I tried to find the explanation to this question what he came here for. ⑵定语从句：
①用关系代词。
例如：
In our courtyard there was a big date tree. I liked it very much.
In our courtyard there was a big date tree, which I liked very much. ②用关系副词，例如：
He will never forget the day. He joined the League on that day.
He will never forget the day when (on which) he joined the League.
③用whose，例如：
A young man from your college has brought you this parcel. I have forgotten his name.
A young man from your college, whose name I have forgotten, has brought you this parcel. ⑶状语从句：
①表示时间，例如：
He told me yesterday. I heard about it only then.
I didn’t hear about it until he told me yesterday.
②表示地点，例如：
He put his book on the kitchen table. He found it there.
He found his book where he put it. ③表示原因，例如：
Everybody is present. Let’s begin our discussion.
Since everybody is present, let’s begin our discussion.
④表示目的，例如：
We must listen more and speak more. In this way we’ll be able to learn English better.
We must listen more and speak more so that we’ll be able to learn English better. ⑤表示结果，例如：
It was raining cats and dogs. We couldn’t go out.
It was raining so hard that we couldn’t go out.
⑥表示条件，例如：
You can go out. You must promise to come back before eleven.
You can go out as long as you promise to come back before eleven. ⑦表示比较，例如：
The color of your cap is blue. The color of mine is blue too.
Your cap is the same color as mine .
⑧表示让步，例如：
He has had great success. He is working very hard.
Though he has had great success, he is still working very hard.
⑨表示方式，例如：
He did the experiment. His teacher showed him how to do it.
He did the experiment as his teacher showed him. （三）活用过渡用语
⑴表示时间关系的过渡词语：
first, in the beginning, first of all, next, second, then, soon, meanwhile, meantime, in the meantime, now, earlier, later, after that, afterward, at that moment, by that time, from then on, presently, eventually, at last, finally, before..., after..., since..., when..., while..., as soon as..., once..., until...
⑵表示添加的过渡词语：
and, also, too, again, besides, also, another, moreover, furthermore, in addition, as well as, what is more
⑶表示比较的过渡词语：
like, alike, in comparison, likewise, in the same way, at the same time, similarly, in like manner, as, as well as ⑷表示对照的过渡同语：but, yet, still, however, unlike, instead, whereas, in spite of, despite, on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand, though, although, for one thing…for another
⑸表示原因的过渡词语：because, for, since, as, because of, due to, owing to, thanks to
⑹表示结果的过渡词语：so, thus, therefore, hence, so that, as a result, in this / that way ⑺表示例证的过渡同语：
for example, for instance, such as, that is, namely, in particular, specifically, as proof of
⑻表示总结的过渡词语：
to sum up, to conclude, to summarize, on the whole, all in all, lastly, in short , in brief, in a word, in conclusion, in closing, in summary ⑼表示强调的过渡词语：
surely, certainly, truly, undoubtedly, clearly, indeed, in fact, after all, above all, most important, to be sure, without doubt, without a question, as a matter of fact
⑽表示重述的过渡词语：
in other words, that is to say, in simpler terms, simply stated, to put it differently
⑾表示综述的过渡词语：
generally, generally speaking, in general, in a word, in short, on the whole, as a rule, for the most part
⑿表示让步的过渡词语：
anyhow, anyway, of course, however, in any case, at any rate 写作中常见的错误 中国人说话重复很多，代词用得不如英文多。比如，我们说“男孩有男孩的特点，女孩有女孩的特点” ，不会说成“男孩有他们的特点，女孩有她们的。” 而英文却通常是这么说的：Boys have their traits, girls theirs. 因此，我们写英文很可能在代词方面出错误。
语法错误 _________ 第一节 代词错误（4－1）第一节 代词错误1. Before leaving the classroom, we usually clean the teacher's desk first and our later.（提示：注意物主代词的用法。名词性物主代词有： mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, its等。这句话中our应是ours表示our desks。）2. Every one in our dormitory takes the
room as the second home.语法错误 _________ 第一节 代词错误（4－2）3. I am looking for a flat. I’d like it with a garden.（提示：everyone 与 every one 是不同的， every one 应与of 短语连用，如：every one of us 等。）（提示：英语中用以指代前面出现的单数名词的代词较多，如it,one,that等，而犹以it最为常见。学生往往倾向于用it指代任何单数名词。此处的it，实是指不确定的某一公寓（a flat）,应用one来指代为佳。）语法错误 _________ 第一节 代词错误（4－3）4. Each boy has himself’s favorite toys.（提示：反身代词表达“自己”的概念。学生易根据名词所有格的构成规则，生造出himself’s的表达方式，这是大错特错的。此句宜改为:
Each boy has his own favorite toys.
Each boy has favorite toys of his own. )
语法错误 _________ 第一节 代词错误（4－4）5. You can sit at both ends of the boat.（提示：英语中有both,either,neither等词，都是对“两个”的概念作出不同的陈述。中国学生易将“两”的概念无限放大，而忽略了他们各自的内在意义，如both表示“两者全部”；either表示“两者中取一”。根据“一个人在同一时间只能坐在一个地方”的基本常识，此句应改为：You can sit at either end of the boat.） 中文句子结构是意合，也就是说词与词在意义上合成一句话。英文的句子结构则是形合，它用连词合成句子。比如：中文说“他不来，我不去”。英文不可以说He doesn't come, I won't go，而应说成 I won't go until / before / unless he comes. 我们写英文时常在连词方面出一些错误。语法错误 _________ 第二节 连词错误（4－1）第二节 连词错误2. You can stick to your opinion, I'll insist on my own view.1. Her parents died, so she lived with her grandfather in a small wooden house. However, her aunt was a bad woman and she sold her to a rich family.语法错误 _________ 第二节 连词错误（4－2）[提示：however是in spite of this 或nevertheless的意思，有的语法专家称为“半连接词”，然而，可是,较but意味稍弱，如：
Scotland sometimes has very strong winds,especially in winter.However, that night was the worst one in history.(Lesson 42, The Hurricane, Unit 11, SEFC-BII-B)
显然，此处的however 在连接下面句子时起了误导作用。可以what's even worse 来替换。]（提示：两句话之间没有连词，只用一个逗号连接，是病句。该句应在I'll 前加but。）3. I have a lot of good friends in the school. We were very close to each other. One of them cried sadly when we left school last summer.语法错误 _________ 第二节 连词错误（4－3）（提示：我们在做书面表达题时，应有效使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑，上下文连贯。显然这是个较高层次的要求，但它对增强文章逻辑性、可读性、交际性很有好处，不少学生写出来的短文虽然单个句子语法正确，但语句间缺少照应和过渡。上面这个句子最好能在one of them…前加上That‘s why，这样可以说明上下文的因果关系。下面还有几句。)4. In the evening I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. What's more, I can go to bed earlier. As far as I know, everyone is happy about the new arrangement of thee things.5. We have some activities in our school, like English Festival, SBA, that is Students’ Basketball Association.语法错误 _________ 第二节 连词错误（4－4）（提示：以上是2001年高考书面表达题参考答案，如果去掉划线部分的过渡性连接用词，文章可能不会准确表达作者的特定心理。）（提示：同样，SBA需要一个句子来说明。）几乎每个句子都会有名词，在使用名词时，我们常犯的错误会有以下几种：①单复数及主谓一致问题；②同义、近义词误用；③按中国意思来修饰或表达。2. The company will make a lot of things such as computers, machine robots.1. I hope that I can become a member of Chinese country team.语法错误 _________ 第三节 名词错误（3－1）（提示：country 应改为national。country, state, nation应该区别清楚的。）（提示：robot 就是“机器人”的意思了。）第三节 名词错误3. I used to visit his house to spend the weekends together.（提示：谓语动词的数只与主语一致，而与介词短语[如这里的as well as]没有关系。故此处的take应与he的数保持一致。常常会有同学因为主谓间隔过长而迷失判断方向 。）（提示：house应为family，因为后面说了spend the weekends。）语法错误 _________ 第三节 名词错误（3－2）4. He as well as the other group members are supposed to take turns to speak.5. A woman’s doctor came up to me and asked what was the matter.语法错误 _________ 第三节 名词错误（3－3）（提示: 汉语中“…的”有时表示拥有关系，如“我的书”，有时不表示拥有关系，如“红的书；而英语中的“’s”则通常[不是百分百]表示拥有关系。有些同学学了所有格的用法，往往矫枉过正，以为什么样的名词修饰另外一个名词时都要加“’s”。若此处用a woman’s doctor，则意为“一个女士拥有的医生”！如何不令人啼笑皆非！。宜改为a woman doctor才好。）
中文语法没有时态一说，各种时间概念是由状语表示的，如“现在”、“过去”、“正在”、“将来”等等;而在英文里，这些时间概念则可以由各种时态来表现出来。再者，英语中的时态很复杂，例如，现在时态不一定表示“现在”的时间概念，再加上被动语态和虚拟语气，问题可就更复杂了。1. If the library will be built before the students graduate from the school, they can also benefit from it.语法错误 _______ 第四节 动词时态错误（4－1）第四节 动词时态错误（提示：在条件式时间从句中，一般现在时态用来表示将来的动作，will be 应改为is。）2. How is your trip to New York?3. I felt asleep while attending the concert.语法错误 _______ 第四节 动词时态错误（4－2）（提示：该问句所涉及到的时间是“过去时”，这一点中国的英语学习考往往出错，应把is 改为was。另外：再看一句，“Oh, you are back home, I don’t know you were here. 同理，don't 应为didn't，是“刚才”我还不知道你在这里。）（提示：英语中有不少动词的过去式、过去名词易混肴的。如, fall / fell / fallen 和 feel / felt / felt 便是一组。）
4. It was Grandma's birthday. Father, Mother and I went to visit her. She lived with my uncle in a village not too far away. Early in the morning we bought some presents and took the bus to get there.语法错误 _______ 第四节 动词时态错误（4－3）（提示：这是1999年高考题中书面表达题的一段。看上去每个句子的时态很一致，都用了过去时，然而lived是唯一可以从“过去——现在，可能还会持续到将来”的一个动作，它必须是lives。）5. He had lived in New York for three years when he was a child.语法错误 _______ 第四节 动词时态错误（4－4）（提示：在时态判别中，常常会有同学唯“时间短语”马首是瞻，而忽略了情景的分析。他们认为这里的for three years就是跟完成时连用的。实际上，live的动作是在was a child（过去时）中间发生的，而非在它之前发生，故也就不能用过去完成时。应把had lived改为lived才对。）
非谓语动词是中文中所没有的。非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、动名词和动词不定式。非谓语动词用法较为复杂，我们容易用错，其中常见错误是状语动作行为者与主句主语不一致。?1. Studying alone, his attention is concentrated on his lessons.语法错误 _____ 第五节 非谓语动词错误（3－1）第五节 非谓语动词错误（提示：这句话译成中文似乎很通：一个人学习，注意力集中在功课上。但是，从英文角度来看，状语的动作行为者应该是he。我们可以把句子改动一下：Studying alone, he concentrates his attention on his lessons） 3. Whenever I got to the market, the first thing I did was look for cartoons.2. In his opinion, get fat is a terrible thing.语法错误 _____ 第五节 非谓语动词错误（3－2）（提示：get是谓语动词，而我们却需要做主语的动名词，我们可以这样说: Getting fat is a terrible thing.）（提示：I did 是定语从句，显然与后面的was 没有关系，但是，was后面竟再次出现谓语动词，我们可以将look for变为to look for ，或looking for 这两种非谓语动词。）5. The children made the beds without asking.语法错误 _____ 第五节 非谓语动词错误（3－3）（提示：是用现在名词还是过去分词，关键在于这个动作是谁发出的。句中出现了itself一词，这就说明call这个动作的发出应是team，故应改为calling。）（提示：许多同学对谓语动词的“态”的熟悉远不如对“时”的熟悉那么强烈，更不要说是非谓语动词的态了。因此简易大家以后把“时态”叫做“态时”算了！根据逻辑意义，此处的asking应改为being asked。） 不少学生分不清形容词和副词，形容词、副词间的同义、近义词分不清，所以有必要把它们作为一个项目提出来。2. Because of the rain in the morning, the roads became smooth.语法错误 ____第六节 形容词、副词错误（3－1）第六节 形容词、副词错误（提示：应把 smooth改为slippery。smooth是光滑的，而slippery则是difficult to hold、drive or walk， 有个例句可以说明这一点：Drive very carefully, the roads are wet and slippery.）（提示：注意副词修饰动词，该用wonderfully。）1. You can’t imagine how wonderful she sings. 3. Mary : John says I'm pretty. Andy says I'm
ugly. What do you think, Peter?
Peter : A bit of both. I think you're prettily ugly.4. I very miss her.（提示：pretty可以用作形容词，也可以用作副词。类似词还有hard, straight等。这句话里的pretty就是副词，修饰good。）（提示：very 虽然是副词，但它不修饰动词，该句可以这样说：I miss her very much. 类似的句子还有，I like English very much. I treasure that very much等等。）语法错误 ____第六节 形容词、副词错误（3－2）5. Life today is more better than it was 50 years ago.（提示：比较级不可以修饰另一个比较级。对比较级的常见修饰词[如even,much,still等]应了然于心。此处宜将more改为much。）6.The river is very wide to swim across.（提示：副词very,quite,too等意义相近，用法却有所差别。只有“too”常用在“too…to do sth”的结构中，表示“太…而不能”之意。）7.He looked angry at the the couple sitting behind.（提示：look可作系动词，后接形容词，意为“看上去”。但此处的look与at连用，是个实义动词，表达一个动作的概念。应将angry改为angrily。） 语法错误 ____第六节 形容词、副词错误（3－3） 英语中有大量的介词与动词搭配式组合。例如：to put up with 表示“忍受”，只能用介词with，又如：英文“抢劫”是 rob sb. of sth.，不是rob sth. of sb.。 这就给我们写作带来不少困难。1. Suddenly, a football hit my face and of course I felt very painful.语法错误 ___第七节 介词与固定搭配错误（3－1）第七节 介词与固定搭配错误（提示：“打在某人脸上”就象rob sb. of sth.一样，是一种固定说法，应该说，hit sb. in the face.同类的还有:hit sb. on the shoulder, pull sb. by the arm(sleeve)等。）3. She is a good example for me.2. By working hard, I can make it reality. （提示：“给……树立了榜样”是be an example to sb. ，同类的说法还有，set / follow an example to sb. ，如：Mary’s courage is an example to us all.。）
（提示：“将……变成现实”是turn sth. into reality,类似的说法，come true, 而一般不能说 be come true。）语法错误 ___第七节 介词与固定搭配错误（3－2）5. He went to visit one of his friends during he stayed in the city.4. I swear I won't cry even as tears fall from my eyes.语法错误 ___第七节 介词与固定搭配错误（3－3）（提示：此句从汉语意思上看并无不妥。但during乃典型介词，后不接从句。故句子应改为He went to visit one of his friends during his stay in the city.才妥当。）（提示：from侧重于 “来源”，宜改为out of为妥。当然我们也常说：even as tears come to my eyes或even as tears press behind my eyes。） 英语从句的种类很多，有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、同位语从句、状语从句等。2. I always think of what am I going to be in 10 years.语法错误 _________ 第八节 从句错误（3－1）第八节 从句错误1. I hope there will be more picture books that our children find it interesting to read them.（提示：注意定语从句中的that, which, who, when, where等在从句中起一定成分的作用。） （提示：what所引导的宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。）3. It's a six-storey building, the color of it is light yellow.4. I can’t find him. Because I have lost his address.语法错误 _________ 第八节 从句错误（3－2）（提示：这个句子应该是个非限制性定语从句，it 应改为which。）
（提示： “从句”就是“跟从别人的句子”。此处的Because显然已经独立于前一个句子了。宜将整个句子改为：I can’t find him, because I have lost his address.）语法错误 _________ 第八节 从句错误（3－3）5.Who wants to go please sign up at the Service Desk by 9:00 AM.（提示: who引导名词性从句，此从句可译为“谁想要去[这事情]”。许多同学只去关注“谁想要去”这一意义，而忽略了这一从句表达“…的事情”的概念。宜将Who改为Anyone who或Whoever.）许多学生在写英文作文的时候，只考虑意思，对英语语言本身却是顾不过来，漏词可能会导致误解。同样累赘也可能会导致误解。1. The reason why so many people prefer to live in the country is because the air in the city is polluted.语法错误 _________ 第九节 漏词与累赘（3－1）第九节 漏词与累赘（提示：既然已经有了the reason，就不要再用because了，应改为that。）
3. The world people live in the future is determined by what we do it today.2. I appreciate detective stories better than any stories.（提示：中国学生写英文，由于中文说话习惯的影响，往往漏掉other这个词。）
（提示：注意people live in 是定语从句，修饰the world, 其中介词in不可省略。）
语法错误 _________ 第九节 漏词与累赘（3－2）4. Today I visited the Smiths---my first time visit to an American family.语法错误 _________ 第九节 漏词与累赘（3－3）（提示：虽然my first time的表达是正确的，但first可以直接修饰一个名词，因此此处要将time删去。）（提示：汉语中的连词常有“因为…所以”“虽然…但是”等表达方式。但英语中的连歌分句只能用一个连词连接。Although和but都是常见连词，因此去除but。）5. Although I felt sorry for him, but I was secretly happy. 这一章节中所收集的只是很少一部分有关不同的思维方式所造成的语言运用失误，解决这些失误的根本方法是刻意了解东西方文化差异，模仿地道英语的表达方式，日积月累自然会成功的。因为这个过程本身就在polishing our English。语用失误 _________ （10－1）1. One day I visited the Internet and I opened QICQ. 2. After the talk to the students, I looked around the school. I found great changes in my former school. (explored )( toured )visited3. When I arrived at my former school, I saw students in the school campus, shouting "Welcome to our school."5. Sometimes there was a lot of rubbish in his desk or there are used bowls borrowed from the cafeteria on the bed. 4. Don't fight. Now you are required go back to the classroom and wash the windows. 语用失误 _________ （10－2）( Welcome back)( clean; windows 后加as a punishment)(uncleaned)usedwash"Welcome to our school."6. The movie "Pearl Harbor" is wonderful. Its sense of reality is very good.语用失误 _________ （10－3）( I can sense its reality)7. My family is very happy. 8. Jin Yong's Books. ( I have a happy family.)( Books by Jin Yong)9. The teachers were both kind and strict. They taught us carefully. (patiently)Its sense of reality is very good.carefully语用失误 _________ （10－4）10. But sometimes I feel unhappy because the study is very difficult.( I have great difficulty in my studies.)11. Tears sometimes fall down my face. 12. I must grasp the time which belongs to me. (cheeks)( treasure)13. I don't think your plan will be useful. ( work)facegraspbe usefulthe study is very difficult语用失误 _________ （10－5）14. I was very glad when we went to the country, because of the interesting things there. 15. These places gave me much happiness.16. We could not boil the rice ripe.( I feel really happy when I remember these places.)( We had difficulty boiling the rice.)( I always enjoyed seeing the beautiful things in the country.)17. But if I wanted to get home, I must go across a small stream.语用失误 _________ （10－6）18. But my curiosity tells me to go on swimming.19. At last, I was afraid that my parents would beat me. That was a problem.(However, every time I wanted to get home I needed to go across a small stream.)( However, I was very curious to have a swim and to see what it was like.)( One of the problems was that I was afraid that my parents would beat me.)
21. My company will be able to extend all over the world. 20. On the evening of Oct.18, the Chinese national football team got the ticket to the world cup.语用失误 _________ （10－7）( On the evening of Oct. 18, the Chinese national football team secured their place in the world cup.)( My company will be able to expand all over the world.)
23. It is fine Sunday and many people are free. The sly Japanese launch a sudden attach on Pearl Harbor.22. Sometimes there were two or three trains staying in the station.语用失误 _________ （10－8）( Sometimes there were two or three trains waiting at the station.)( It is a fine Sunday and many people are enjoying themselves. They sly Japanese unexpectedly launch a sudden attack on Pearl Harbor.) 24. The classroom was very noisy yesterday evening.语用失误 _________ （10－9）(It was very noisy in the classroom yesterday evening.)25.He sent his son to school on foot every morning.26.My bicycle lost air yesterday on my way home.(He walked his son to school every morning.)(I got a flat tire yesterday on my way home.)sent27.Class is finished.语用失误 _________ （10－10）28.It has no meaning to get up so early.29.I didn’t hear your name.30.I thanked him and stopped the phone.(Class is over.)(It doesn’t make any sense to get up so early.)(I didn’t quite catch your name.)(I thanked him and hung up the phone.)1.你走那条路的？Which road did you walk?
2.这本书写什么？What was the book written?
3.我有一个意想不到的东西给你？I have surprise for you.
4.论文我还没打完。还有三页。I am not through typing the paper. I have three pages to go.
5.学习语言很有意思。Learning languages should be funny.
6.汤姆的生日就在这个星期。Tom’s birthday is in this week. 以下10个句子的翻译可能存在不同问题。请根据本节课所学的知识对句子进行修改或润色。1. Which road did you take?
2. What is the book all about?
3. I have a surprise for you.
4. I am not through typing the paper. I have three more pages to go.
5. Learning languages should be fun.
6. Tom’s birthday is this week.
7. I didn’t mean to hurt you.
8. Waste paper was all over the floor.
9. He knew what was happening all along.
10. The tea tastes a bit strange.7.我不是故意要伤害你的。I don’t mean to hurt you.
8.地上都是废纸。The floor was full of paper.
9.他自始至终都知道事情的发生。He knew what was happening from beginning to end.
10.这茶喝起来有点怪。The tea tastes a bit strangely.第四章 模拟作文文句库（课内外句子的欣赏）
第一节：事件
开头:
(1)、More than 220 people were killed in the fire which destroyed the Capital Building on February 4th , 1974.
(2)、Kunta wondered why the white people had done this to him. Born a free man, he was now in chains.
(3)、Why do earthquakes happen? Scientists explain that the outside of the earth is made of a number of different plates.故事的发展：
（1）、 But this was before Annie Sullivan came to stay. She was a lively young woman with patience and imagination.
（2）、From then on, Marie and Pierre worked together on their research. They devoted all their hours to working in their laboratory.结尾：
（1）、Holmes said to her, “ you were supposed to die like that. I’m not sorry that I drove the snake back into this room where it attacked its keeper.”
（2）、That necklace you borrowed from me wasn’t a real diamond necklace. It was worth five hundred francs at the most.
（3）、Quite right, sir, quite right. One moment-------Let me show you out, sir. Good day, sir, good day.课外欣赏：
开头：(1). From today’s newspaper I learn that you need a part—time singer. I hope to get the job. 选自《新思维》
(2). The east---Midland city of Leicester(莱斯特市) has hardly been known as a hotbed(温床) of sports.选自《莱斯特足球目标已定》
(3). Our company requires a Market Assistant(营销助理) to assist our foreign based sales staff（驻外销售人员）. 选自《营销管理》发展：(1)、Whether you’re at a party, dinner, meeting your new neighbors, in your first day on the job, or in any one of a million different settings(在任何一种背景下). The subjects that you can open a conversation with are almost unlimited(无穷无尽的). 选自《如何在交谈中打破僵局》
(2)、We are different ; We were different in ways of thinking and behaving(思维方式和举止) ; But I can still say we are different ; If there had been no differences between East and West ; I’m afraid if there had been no differences.选自《东方和西方-----我们能否在两种文化中生活？》结尾：
(1)、Cathy passes away（死了）. However, people sometimes still see Heathcliff（人名：希斯克利夫） and Cathy wandering along the moor（荒野）together. They say that it is their immortal love（不死的爱）. 选自《呼啸山庄》
(2)、Please send your resume(简历) in English Before April 8, 2002 to Jing Guang Center. 选自《营销管理》
（1）、I’m looking forward to hearing from you. I hope I can receive your letter soon. I’m waiting for your good reply.etc. 第二节：人物
一、????????? 一般性介绍。
1、??? 人物生平的介绍
(1)、Abraham Lincoln, the son of a poor family, was born in Kentucky, USA, on February 12th, 1809. He spent very little time at school.
(2)、Albert Einstein was born in Germany on March 14th , 1879. When he was a young boy he used to ask lots of questions.
课外欣赏：
(1)、When she was 16, living in the Bronx, Mamie Levy (my mom) was known as one of the best ballroom dancers（小舞星） in the neighborhood（街坊）.
(2)、Risca was born and raised in Romania. She emigrated（移居） to the United States in 1991. 2．对人物的赞美
(1)、He’s very successful. Who’s he? Haven’t you heard of him ? He’s a very famous singer.
(2)、There was once a famous detective named Sherlock Holmes. Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs.
(1)、I felt a deep appreciation for Steve Allen.
(2)、Tyrone was different.
Warm—hearted; clever; work hard; devote---- to; iron will; be liked and admired; be successful3．人物的健康状况
(1)、I don’t feel well. I’ve got a high temperature and my back aches. I’ve got a pain here.
(2)、 A boy sneezed, he said he had a headache, he was in bed with a high temperature.
课外欣赏：
（1）、I’m built like a horse: thick, strong, good to go.
（2）、Mama with health problems most of her life, she traveled little in her 78 years. 《我最难忘的人》
（3）、In order to carry out the keep—fit program throughout the country, our school has decided to hold 10,000—metre race . 选自《复习备考》
(4). Now more and more students are getting near—sighted in schools. 选自《复习备考》 3二、????????? 人物的心理描写
喜：Tears of joy filled his eyes. / I left him standing by the counter so happy that I almost envied him.
怒: I was extremely angry. / He hated the cruel deeds of the French nobles and the way they treated the peasants.
哀：Looking up at me with a weak smile, the boy left the store. / Four times I saw the boy’s eager face turn to disappointment.
乐：He cries out, full of joy. / It was the first joy I had know for years.
课外欣赏:
(1)、It is an indescribale（难以描述） moment when a son sees his mother getting the greatest thrill（快乐） of her life. The tears welled up in my eyes. (2)、I wasn’t sure what I was doing. (我简直是气昏了头了。)
三、????????? 人物的神态描写:
(1)、外貌描写：His hair had turned white. / He was a little man with thick glasses. / She pretended to be a lawyer, and her maid, Nerissa, dressed herself as a lawyer’s clerk.
(2)、表情描写： How eagerly he looked up at the sales assistant for an answer, and how disappointed he looked when the man refused his request. / The bookseller with a curious look.
课外欣赏:
(1)、Me , tall, blonde（白皙的肤色） and fair（金黄色的头发） with my hand on Uncle Melrose’s bent back. He is fair, too, but very small.
(2)、He was very small, perhaps only about 165 centimeters with skinny（皮包骨的）arms and legs 四、????????? 人物的品质描写
But she is also remembered for her determination and courage, her willingness to share her knowledge, her interest in woman’s rights, and her medical service during the war. (高尚情操的描写)
The people had considered him to be a great leader, and a wise, kind and honest man. Such was Albert Einstein. (优秀品质的描写)
Not only do disabled people read , write, draw pictures, paint and cook, but they also study, go to university, and have jobs. （自强不息的精神）
在写作中下列词组会有所帮助：be always ready to help sb. be strict with himself love doing sth be patient with sb. live a simple life have a warm heart etc.课外欣赏:
(1). He was a great entertainer(艺人), a deep thinker. But he was also kind. I suspect that’s a quality that his audiences were drawn to(被吸引) through the years.
(2). Mama took time for everyone. She was really somebody. (妈妈总替别人分忧解愁，她是真正了不起的人。) 选自《我最难忘的人》
“一个伟大的艺人，一个深刻的思想家”，一个多么了不起的人。但笔锋一转，有良好品质的人才能真正吸引人。“总替别人分忧解愁”、“真正了不起”这样一些从字面翻译不能理解的词或句子需要我们多阅读才能掌握。第三节、环境
自然环境
(1). New Zealand, with its natural beauty, mountains, rivers and National Parks, attracts from all over the world.
(2). As the sun sinks lower, shadows spread across the courtyard. After sunset, the sky turns pink.
(1)、The scenery all the way from the Miao Gao Mountains to the pavilion was particularly fine, with locust trees（槐树） on both sides dancing in the wind like fairy maidens（仙女） .选自《黄昏》
(2)、Several years ago, there used to be only a few small cottages and our school was nothing but a shabby little house. 选自《黄冈试题》2．人为环境
(1). New York never sleeps. The underground railway runs 24 hours a day, and there are all—night cinemas, bars and restaurants.
(2). The killing of the bison changed the whole wildlife of the plains. With fewer bison, grass shoots were not eaten so grass did not grow as strongly. 人类在历史的进程中既创造了象纽约等繁华的都市，同时也毁坏了赖以生存的环境。
课外欣赏：
(1). A modern school has been built, where all the children in our town can go and study. 选自《黄冈试题》
(2).The garden has been carefully designed to mix traditional British skills with the local Chinese environment. 选自《昆明世博会》第四节 热门话题
1.交通
交通状况：
(1). There is little (heavy) traffic on these roads. 这几条道路行人车辆很少（多）。
(2). You’d better avoid the rush—hour traffic. 你最好避开高峰时间的车流。
(3). The bus was jammed full. They jammed on to the bus. 公共汽车挤得满满的。 他们极上公共汽车。
类似的词组还有：a traffic police box(交通警岗亭); traffic regulations(交通规则); get stuck in traffic(遇上堵车); traffic jam(交通阻塞); traffic light(红绿灯)交通急救
(1). Check that the person can breathe.
(2). If the person is not breathing, you must try to start his/her breathing at once. The best thing is to use the mouth—to—mouth way.
(3). If the person is bleeding badly, you must try to stop the bleeding.
(4). Don’t move the injured, the ambulance is coming.
(5). The truck driver stopped the truck quickly and phoned the emergency service.因特网
负面影响：
(1). Getting hooked on the Internet isn’t confined to a few computer nerds.（沉醉于因特网而难以自拔的人已不再局限于少数计算机迷了。）
(2). A person starts spending more and more time on the Net. (3). Kelli literally became a computer hacker because of her husband’s constant online chatting.
(4). As more and more offices and homes connect to the Internet, millions of PCs, printers, servers and other devices gobble significant quantities if energy. （ 因为越来越多的办公室和家庭上网，数以百万的个人电脑、打印机、服务器和其他设备消耗了大量的能源。）积极影响：
(1). New technology marrying the internet with mobile phones will be the next big wave in telecommunications and will have a great effect on the way of life.
(2). Home computers are becoming part of the fabric of everyday life. （家用电脑正在成为日常生活结构中的一部分。）
(3). Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality.
常用词汇还有：e—mail (电子邮件); surfing(冲浪); shopping online(网上购物); portable computer(手提电脑); download MP3 music programmes (下载MP3音乐节目); Webaholic(网虫); chat room污染
(1). Global warming is becoming a serious problem. （全球的变暖正成为一个严重的问题。）
(2). Beijing has acknowledged its pollution problem and vowed to tackle it.(北京已经意识到它的环境污染问题，并发誓要解决这一问题。)
(3). Wastes from large factory farms are among the greatest threats to our nation’s waters and drinking water supplies. (大型工厂化饲养场产生的粪便是对全国水源和饮用水供应的最大威胁之一。)
(4). When people think about air pollution, they usually think about smog(烟雾), acid rain(酸雨) and other forms of outdoor air pollution. But did you know that air pollution also can exist inside homes and other buildings?(5). The health of many people is affected by chemical substances present in the air within buildings.
(室内空气中存在的化学物质影响了许多人的健康。)
(6). The problem with noise is not only that it is unwanted, but also that it negatively affects human health and well—being.
(噪音不仅仅是人们不愿听的问题，而且对人的健康和幸福有害的。)
(7). When it is unfit for its intended(想要) use, water is considered polluted. 4．学业负担
(1). I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well.
(2). The great danger that students face is over commitment(过分的负担).
(3). Schools were called on to reduce learning load(学习负担).
(4). I can follow my own interests such as doing sports, Visiting museums, and taking computer lessons.
(5). Correct quizzes and exercises help to lighten students’ learning load.短文改错的解题技巧快速阅读短文,抓住中心思想,把握短文大意,了解语篇结构及行文逻辑.
利用语言的基础知识从句子结构,词的变化,词类的选择,词的搭配,习惯表达 出发,进行分析判断,尽快找出错误.
改错后要认真检查,可把改正后的答案带入文中,如发现语句不畅,则要重新考虑.
“题以行出，错从句生”,以句子为单位而不是以行为单位进行判断,一般来说没有标点,大小写及拼写方面的错误.
概括起来就是：通篇考虑;依句查错; 瞻前顾后;
仔细复查;按要求答题。 一般原则
（一）、错误以改动最少为上策
（二）、虚词以添加或删除为主
（三）、实词以改变形式为原则
（四）、原意以坚持不变为原则
表1（缺词）表2（多词）表3（错词）表3（续）
⑴一致性问题
①主谓一致
a. The new boy or girl in school quickly become one of the class after a few games.
主语the boy or girl是单数，谓语动词也要用单数becomes。
b. Every means have been tried to settle the problem.
主语every means为单数概念，故将have改为has。 短文改错常见问题分析②单复数一致
a. We have been to Europe many time.
time改为times。
b. Different people speak different language.
language改为languages。
③代词一致
a. The game speaks for themselves.
themselves改为itself。
b. And I can’t forget the food you cooked for I.
I改为me。
c. Nothing will be damaged during the move, will they？
they改为it。 ④时态语态一致
a. Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past.
is改为was，与in the past保持一致。
b. He knew how young people feel about the world.
feel改为felt，与knew保持一致。
c. She closed the door and hurries away to class.
改为She closed the door and hurried away to class. hurried时态跟and前的closed保持一致。
d. Books may be keeping for two weeks.
此句为被动语态，故将keep改为过去分词kept。 ⑵搭配问题
①People in industrial countries can expect to live for twice so long as people who lived a few hundred years ago.
so long as改为as long as。
②Mother is cooking tea for the guests.
cooking改为making。 make tea为习惯表达。
③ The glass is filled of water.
of改为with，固定词组为be filled with。
④When they came down the police were angry to them.
to改为with，be angry with sb为固定搭配。 　⑶非谓语动词
①He allowed me go with my friend.
go前加to，allow sb to do sth．allow与带to的不定式连用。
②Let me to sing a song.
去掉to，let sb do sth．let与不带to的动词不定式连用。
③I want to thank you again for have me in your home for the summer holidays.
have改为having，因为for是介词，后面要跟名词或动名词作宾语。 　⑷冠词的用法
①There's public library in every town in Britain.
is后加不定冠词a。a常用于可数名词单数之前，表示类别，或介绍某个。
②Not every young man tried to get the rich.
去掉the。 get后跟形容词。get rich意为“变为富有”，而get the rich（富人），则语意不通。　⑸连词的使用
①It was not like a rope and a fan.
and改为or。or常用于否定意义的句子；and常用于肯定意义的句子。
②I told Mother, Father, Sister, all my friends here the great time I had.
all 前加 and 。
③She could not hear that other people were saying.
that改为what。what既连接从句，又在从句中作saying的宾语。
④There are still some countries which people have shorter lives.
which改为where。where在定语从句中作地点状语。
⑤We hurried, we didn't miss the last bus.
改为We hurried, so (that) we didn't miss the last bus. 　⑹形容词和副词的用法
①This film is more less interesting than that one.
more改为much。 much修饰比较级，表示程度。
②They are