(共14张PPT)
The Skills
for
Translation
julietangshan@
Tang Ruixia
(2003SH) 1. 请尽早做出决定，不然你会坐失良机。（or）
julietangshan@
祈使句+or…
miss the good/golden chance/opportunity
make up one’s mind/make one’s decision
as early as possible/one can
(2003SH) 1. 请尽早做出决定，不然你会坐失良机。（or）
julietangshan@
Please make up your mind/make your decision as early as possible/you can, or you’ll miss the good/golden chance/opportunity.
(2003SH) 2. 勤洗手是避免疾病传染的有效方法之一。（infect）
wash hands often/ frequently/ regularly
julietangshan@
……是……的有效方法之一。
Washing hands often/ frequently/ regularly
…is one of the effective ways…
avoid being infected by disease(s)
(2003SH) 2. 勤洗手是避免疾病传染的有效方法之一。（infect）
julietangshan@
Washing hands often/ frequently/ regularly is one of the effective ways to avoid being infected by disease(s).
(2003SH) 3. 这部有关第一次世界大战的历史小说引人入胜，我简直爱不释手。（so…that）
julietangshan@
这部……历史小说（如此）引人入胜（以至于）我简直爱不释手。
attractive
can’t bear( to do…) / stand parting with it / putting it down ( back, aside) / leaving it aside
(2003SH) 3. 这部有关第一次世界大战的历史小说引人入胜，我简直爱不释手。（so…that）
julietangshan@
The historical novel about / describing World War I / the First World War is so attractive that I can’t bear( to do…)/ stand parting with it / putting it down ( back, aside)/ leaving it aside.
The Skills for Translation
julietangshan@
First, read the whole sentence, and decide what sentence structure and expressions should be used in it.
Second, think about the tense to be used in the sentence.
At last, check the whole sentence.
(2002SH) 5. 如果方便的话，请帮我从邮局取回包裹。（convenient）
julietangshan@
If (it is) convenient, please…
If (it is) convenient, please fetch me the parcel from the post office/please go to the post office and fetch me the parcel.
(2002SH) 6. 应该鼓励学生将课堂上所学的知识运用到实践中去。（apply）
julietangshan@
apply sth. to…
encourage sb. to do sth.
what they have learned in class
Students should be encouraged/We should encourage students to apply what they have learned in class to practice.
(2001SH) 7. 我们应从这件事中吸取教训：玩火者必自焚。（burn）
julietangshan@
will surely get burnt
We should learn a lesson from this incident: he who plays with fire will surely get burnt.
play with fire
learn a lesson from
(2001SH) 我们的祖国从来没有像今天这样强大。（Never…）
julietangshan@
Our country has never been so powerful before as it is today.
Never before has our country been so powerful as it is today.
Some Points We Should Pay Attention To
julietangshan@
First, avoid English in Chinese way.
Second, pay some attention to the idioms or sayings.
At last, think about how to use some conj. correctly.
THANK YOU!
julietangshan@
Tang Ruixia
The Skills for Translation(共23张PPT)
高考英语复习—综合填空
Tang Rong
考试机构对“综合填空”项目的描述
“综合填空”是一种要求较高的综合性语言测试题。它既考查语言知识水平，又检验分析判断和综合运用语言的实践能力。因此，考生应从语篇的整体内容出发，依据具体语境，结合语言结构、语法关系、词语用法、语义辨析等方面，全面考虑问题。
----上海高考英语试卷结构说明
综合填空在01-03年高考试卷中的难度系数比较 (数据来源：《如何进行考前复习》 ----舒运祥教授）
Cloze项目的考核指标
1、语法运用能力
2、上下文中获取信息的能力
3、逻辑推理能力
4、同义词的识别运用能力
5、识别词汇搭配能力
核心：阅读能力
语境理解能力
Last Sunday I saw the worst storm in years. At first，the sky grew 1 all of a sudden. Within minutes，forks of lightening forced a way in the sky. Then it was 2 by the boom－boom－boom of 3 . A very strong wind blew into my room .My valuable notes 4 high into the air. I jumped up to 5 them but unluckily a few sheets 6 out of the open window. As I ran out to get the notes，big drops of rain began to 7 . As soon as I ran into the house，the 8 began to pour in waves. I 9 to close the windows. I did it but was wet all over. Then I heard a sudden loud 10 from the back of the house. A tree was broken.
阅读全文&预判空缺项
1. A. bright B. grey C. blue D. dark
2. A. followed B. caused C. made D. brought
3. A. rain B. thunder C. wind D. storm
4. A. threw B. jumped C. flew D. rose
5. A. take B. catch C. draw D. stop
6. A. moved B. came C. ran D. sailed
7. A. fall B. rain C. drop D. burst
8. A. storm B. water C. wind D. rain
9. A. walked B. fought C. went D. got
10.A. explosion B. scream C. voice D. sound
(1) Japan is an island country and its ________ go all over Japan．
(2) Japan is an island country and its ________ go all over the Pacific looking for fish to catch．
(3) Japan is an island country and its ________ go over the Pacific looking for the fish groups．
(4) Japan is an island country and its ________ go on the Pacific looking for the missing people．
(5) Japan is an island country and its ________ go all over Japan, sending people to work and back．
A．fishing boats B．lifeboats
C．planes D．trains
语境对语言运用的约束
Cloze 解题技巧（一）通读全文或利用上下文信息（1）
Most people picture sharks as huge, powerful, frightening predators(食肉动物), ready at any moment to use their sharp teeth to attack swimmers. There are a lot of ______about sharks.
First, there are about 350 species of shark, and not all of them are large. They range in size from the dwarf shark, which can be only 6 inches (0.5 feet) long and can be held in the hand, to the whale shark, which can be more than 55 feet long.
The second misunderstanding of shark concerns the number and type of its teeth, which can vary tremendously among the different species of shark.
A. wrong ideas B. interesting information
C. stories D. description
Cloze 解题技巧（一）通读全文或利用上下文信息（2）
Chinese scientists are again becoming excited about the fact that a large hairy animal may live in central China. Now they hope it won’t be too long before they are able to prove its existence. Their confidence is the result of a new discovery of the mystery animal in Hubei Province.
Ten Chinese _______, enjoying a holiday in a National Forest Park, were driving down a road. As their bus turned a corner, the men were suddenly amazed by what they saw. Three tall animals, covered with long dark hair, were crossing the road. On seeing the animals, the engineers immediately stopped and ran after them.
A. travelers B. engineers
C. scientists D. explorers
Cloze 解题技巧（一）通读全文或利用上下文信息（3）
We have recently heard a great deal about the effects of computers on our social and economic organizations. In industry, computers mean automation, and automation puters in the United States have already begun to take the place of workers whose tasks are simple. The variety of jobs, done only by humans in the past, that the machine can perform more rapidly, accurately and economically, increases with each new generation of computers. If we follow this trend, we will be faced with mass unemployment.
A. development B. advancement
C. unemployment D. intelligence
Cloze 解题技巧（一）通读全文或利用上下文信息（4）
Farmers, as we all know, have been having a hard time of if lately, and have turned to new ways earning income form their land. This involves not only planting new kinds of crops, but some_____ ways of making money, the most unusual of which has got to be sheep racing.
A. common B. strange
C. swift D. illegal
Cloze 解题技巧（二）把握文章或段落的主旨(1)
Helicopters have one distinct difference from all over other vehicles: they do not need to have anything built on the ground before they can begin work. A railway train cannot run until the track had been laid. Ships need _______ and cars need road ways. But a helicopter is easy to go almost anywhere.
A. ports B. passengers
C. fuel D. crew
Cloze 解题技巧（二）把握文章或段落的主旨(2)
Many people find that regular physical activity gives them an unexpected benefit. They sleep better and wake up feeling more refreshed, in part due to increased amounts of deep sleep. Deep sleep may play a role in the body restoring(恢复)itself _______, as opposed to REM (rapid eye movement) or dreaming sleep.
A. physically B. mentally
C. emotionally D. regularly
Cloze 解题技巧（二）把握文章或段落的主旨(3)
“I noticed a tiny hole in one of my stockings earlier,” she recalls. “I thought about changing them, but I knew I’d be late if I did. And by the time I got to the interview, it was enormous. I walked in apologizing for not looking my best.” The would-be teacher didn’t get the job. In fact one of her friends told her that the Head’s only comment was: “If someone doesn’t take the time to present her best _____ at an interview, what kind of person is she going to be ”
A. figure B. image C. aspect D. shape
Cloze 解题技巧（三）分辨同义词的不同含义和语法功能（1）
The 28-year-old girl had spent six years working nights while she gained her university degree during the day. When she finally graduated, she had her eyes on a teaching ______ at a nearby primary school. With the help of her friends, she had an interview with the Head.
A. profession B. position
C. career D. occupation
Cloze 解题技巧（三）分辨同义词的不同含义和语法功能（2）
First impressions are____ ones. In other words, if you’re viewed positively within the critical first four minutes, the person you’ve met will probably assume everything you do is positive. Leave the interviewer a bad impression, and often he will assume you have a lot of other unsatisfactory characters.
A. lasting B. remaining
C. continuing D. persisting
Cloze 解题技巧（四）利用语法/句式结构作选择（1）
Most people picture sharks as huge, powerful, frightening predators, ready at any moment to use their sharp teeth to attack swimmers. There are a lot of wrong ideas about sharks.
First, there are about 350 species of shark, and not all of them are large. They range in size from the dwarf shark, which can be only 6 inches (0.5 feet) long and can be held in the hand, _____the whale shark, which can be more than 55 feet long.
A. and B. but C. to D. while
Cloze 解题技巧（四）利用语法/句式结构作选择（2）
Americans love bargains. If a woman receives a compliment on a new dress, she will often respond with great pleasure about how she got the dress in a wonderful sale. ____ did she get what she wanted, but she bought it at less than usual price: the dress was a real bargain.
A. By no means B. Rarely
C. Scarcely D. Not only
Cloze 解题技巧（四）利用语法/句式结构作选择（3）
…In a usual sheep race, half a dozen sheep race down hill over a course of about half a mile. Food is waiting for them at the other end of the track just to give them some encouragement, I ought to add! The sheep run surprisingly fast, although they have probably not eaten for a while. Anyway, the crowd around me were obviously enjoying their day out at the races, ____ by their happy faces and the sense of excitement.
A. observing B. judging
C. considering D. inferring
The end
Thanks for your time(共25张PPT)
透视五年上海高考英语
作文试题
（１９９９－２００３）
高考作文的评分标准
（内容１０分，语言１２分，组织结构３分，共计２５分）
内容要求：
A档 １０分 重点明确，内容充实
B档 ８分 重点明确，内容较充实
C档 ６分 重点明确，但内容单薄．
D档 ４分 重点不明确，内容松散．
E 档 ２分 严重离题．
高考作文的评分标准
２． 语言要求：
１） 语言表达正确，文字流畅．（１２分）
２） 语法，措词等错误，每处扣１分，同一错误不重复扣分．
３） 单词拼写，标点，大小写等错误，每处扣０．５分，同一错误不重复扣分．
４） 每句扣分不超过２分．
５）语言分最多扣１２分．
高考作文的评分标准
３． 组织结构要求：
凡内容和语言两部分得分超过１６分，词数超过１２０个，并符合下列条件者可加分．
１）凡全文的措词，句子结构，上下文连贯性等方面比较出色者，可酌情加１－２分．
２）凡内容充实，语言正确，用词贴切的优秀作文，可加３分．
４． 词数要求：不足１２０个酌情扣分，少于６０个，总分得分最多不超过１０分．
记叙文的写作
Write an English composition about 100 to 120 words, according to the situation given in Chinese.
我最难忘的一课．
具体说明为何难忘．
感想．
（２０００年上海高考题）
In my school life, I have attended many classes. But the most unforgettable lesson I have ever had is an English lesson when I was at Grade Two.
It is the teacher’s way of teaching that I always remember. On the day, we took out our English books and waited for our English as usual. But to our surprise, she entered the classroom without the English book, but a radio and some paper instead. She gave out the paper and told us that we would learn an English song and she asked us fill in the blanks in the paper while we listened to the song. How wonderful! It was the first time that we had had such a text. We were very excited and listened to the song very carefully. What surprised us most was that we could memorize the words more quickly than ever before.
I like the lesson. This new method of teaching makes it easy for us to learn English words. It can also develop our interest in English. I will never forget my lesson.
SIMILAR TOPICS
An unforgettable test
An unforgettable person
A happy journey
Great changes on the campus/ in Shanghai/ in my neighbourhood…
A class meeting before graduation
My favourite TV programs
Growing pains
提示作文的写作
根据提示用英语写出一段１００－１２０词的短文．
一些学生认为学英语很重要．
一些学生认为不必学英语．
我认为．．．（观点，理由）
（１９９９年上海高考题）
People’s views on learning English vary from person to person. Some think in today’s world we need to make frequent contacts with different people in different parts of the world, so it is absolutely necessary to learn English. Others consider English useless. They feel learning English is nothing but a burden. But I regard English as one of the most important subjects. Of all the subjects I like English best.
There are several reasons why I like English best.
Firstly, English is one of the most widely used languages in the world. Nearly all information on the Internet and over half of the world’s technical materials are in English. Therefore, a good command of English will greatly benefit me in my work.
Secondly, as the world becomes more and more globalized, we need to learn modern technology in order to catch up with developed countries. A solid foundation of English means chances and opportunities. In the competition for a well-paid job, the one who can speak fluent English has an advantage over those who cannot.
For all these reasons we should not only learn English but master it in the shortest time possible.
SIMILAR TOPICS
Studying abroad
Necessity for examinations
My view on mixed-ability teaching
Should a student own a mobile phone
Students doing part-time jobs
The advantages and disadvantages of private tutoring
My view on school uniforms
Students doing cosmetic surgery
My view on raising pets
How to spend a weekend
The Teacher-student relationship
Should private cars be encouraged in China
看图作文的写作
Write an English composition in over 120 words on the picture and instructions given
(2002上海高考题）
Due to the one-child policy in China, most families have only one child and therefore this child is regarded as the treasure of the whole family. Both the parents and grandparents usually over-indulge the child.
We can see in the picture, when a child is learning to ride bicycle, the parents and grandparents are sweating from running alongside the bike and are trying their best to protest the child; for fear that she should fall and hurt herself.
We all know the greatest glory consists not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall. So I think, for the parents, they should be aware of the negative effect too much pampering has on their child. Under the parents’ protection, the children know only comfort and ease. If they don’t learn how to live independently, how can they cope with the adversities which they will meet with in the future
For the children, they should let their parents know that they have confidence in themselves and are able to exist in the competitive community without the constant watchful eye of an eager parent.
The path to success is filled with various kinds of difficulties and obstacles. Only when we have learned to stand on our own two feet, can we survive in the 21st century.
SIMILAR TOPICS
A video game trap
How to spend holidays
Traffic rules are the friends of our lives
材料的来源：报纸，杂志,漫画书上的comics
图表作文的写作
根据所给图表，简要描述某城市试题近年每百人受机用户的增长情况，并试分析其增长的原因．（２００２年上海春考）
The chart above indicates that the number of mobile phones has increased in the city in recent years. Between 1995 and 1999 the number of mobile phone users increased by 10 percent each year. In 2001, the number almost doubled. It is predicated that the number will skyrocket in the years to come.
The reason for the increase can be various. First a mobile phone is convenient for people especially business people. Because of its small size, light weight and portability, you needn’t go to a phone booth to make a telephone call. One user says, “With a mobile phone, I can make a phone call to do business without worrying about time and space. This saves me time and trouble.
Besides, mobile phones are finding their way into ordinary families. Mobile phone lovers talk with their friends, family members whenever they like. Of course, there are some other people buying mobile phones merely to follow the fashion or show their position in society.
Whatever reason it may be, I think the increase will continue into the future because they can make our life convenient and the world smaller.
SIMILAR TOPICS
1.请你谈谈轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭，环境，经济可能产生的影响．（２００１年高考试题）
２．大学入学人数三年递增说明的问题及你的 感想．
３．长假期间人们不同的休闲方式及你的分析或建议．
书信类作文的写作
你的好友因为家境一般买不起名牌而闷闷不乐.给他写份信,谈谈你的看法和建议.
收信人:徐海青
寄信人:黄平
写信日期: 2003年6月8日
（２００３年高考试题）
June 8,2003
Dear Xu Haiqing,
You said in your letter that many of your classmates were wearing fashionable clothes, but you couldn’t afford to buy the best brands. So you felt very depressed. There are different views on people’s wear. The following are my ideas about it.
firstly, you shouldn’t put too much emphasis on physical appearance. You must always remember the most important task for you today is to concentrate your attention on your studies. No matter what you wear, you will really look your best when you come out first in your examinations.
A famous saying goes, “Frugality is the mother of virtue.” So, secondly, you must understand that it is a fine virtue to learn to live in frugality. Since your family is not able to provide you wit enough money to buy clothes of the best brands, it is all the more necessary for you to try every means to lighten the financial burden of your family. You will find the virtue of frugality will benefit you a lot in your later life.
I hope you understand what I mean. I am sure you will take positive attitudes towards life and will be happy again when you read my letter.
Best regards.
Yours
Huang Ping
SIMILAR TOPICS
A letter of application
A letter of suggestion
A letter of complaint
A letter of congratulation
A letter of invitation
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
1. 上海社科院出版社：《高考英语作文直通车》
２．上海交通大学出版社： 《高考英语写作３００篇》(共4张PPT)
2001/2/3年上海市英语高考语法选择题部分分析比较
语法部分
20分
01年
02年
03年
冠词
1分
1分
1分 25 题
不定代词
1分
1分
1分 27题
主谓一致
1分
介词
1分
1分
1分 26题
状从句/倒装句
2分
2分
4分
33 /42/38/35题
虚语
2分
1分
分词
2分
2分
11.5分 39题30题0.5分
3
动名词
2分
1分
1分
37题
不定式
1分
2分
1.5分
43题
44题0.5分
时态
1分
1分
1分 32题
强调句
1分
1分 36题
代词
1分
情态动词
1分
1分
1分 29题
前位限定词
1分
2分
28/34题
宾语从句
3分
1 分 40题
同位语从句
1分
1分
1分 44题
定语从句
1分
1分 41题
反意问句
1分
1分
省略句
2分
1分 31题
类
别
动词及非谓语
前位限定词
名词性从句
状语从句/倒装 其他
不定代词
冠词，介词，情态，强调，定从，省略
分
数 5分 2分 2分 4分 7分
占
比
列 25% 10% 10% 20% 35%(共45张PPT)
Choices for Grammar
I. Grammar
1.Some Web sites are _______ free of charge; others may require ________ fee to access information.
A./…a B./…/ C. the…the D. /…the
2. If you don't like this magazine, I've got more here. You can take ________.
A. another B. another ones
C. one more D. the other
A
A
3.The size of an audience ______ not important; what matters is whether the audience ________ paying attention.
A. are…is B. is…is C. are…are D. is …are
4.Julia enjoyed researching the information. The process of searching for topic information exposed her ______ "real" English vocabulary and usage.
A. in B. for C. to D. with
D
C
5. __________ a student learns writing or not may depend on their attitudes towards writing and what requirements they actually want to fulfill.
A. Whether B. No matter what C. If D. Whenever
6. Though _________ of dictation, grammar based vocabulary practice and text copying, the writing class was interesting.
A. consisted B. to be consisted
C. being consisted D. consisting
A
D
7. ________ merely for grades when they took a special interest in paragraph writing.
A. No more were the students writing
B. No longer the students writing
C. Not any longer were the students writing.
D. No more the students were writing
8. Mary's intelligence was ______ she was almost good at every course she _____.
A. such… learnt B. so… took
C. so that… had D. that… began
A
A
9. ______ my sister likes black coffee, I prefer coffee with sugar and cream.
A. When B. While
C. So long as D. As long as
10. The knowledge ________ there is no one who will check the diary for grammatical mistakes makes the student much more relaxed and eager to write.
A. when B. while C. which D. that
B
D
11. Your well-made plan means _______ for _______.
A. to have worked hard... some time
B. to work hard... a long time
C. working hard... quite a few days
D. being busy... quite few days
12. With the Sun _______, the students watched the National flag ________.
A. raised... rising B. rising... raised
C. raising...rising D. rising... being raised
C
D
13.By then, I expect, everything about it _______if nothing wrong happens.
A. will have been settled B. will be settled
C. had been settled D. has been settled
14. ________ in such a kind of unjust war is really not worth it. Hardly anybody shows any interest in getting involved in it.
A. Killed B. Being killed
C. Having been killed D. To have been killed
A
B
15. She walked as quickly as she could . She could hear footsteps following her but she ________ look round .
A. hardly dare B. dared not to
C. dared D. didn’t dare
16. Tim is surely aware of what’s going on. He is ________.
A. too intelligent not to understand
B. very intelligent to understand that
C. enough intelligent to understand
D. much intelligent to understand that
D
A
17. Most people present at the party were rather disappointed. Everybody said that it _______ better organized.
A. must have been B. could have been
C. would have been D. should be
18. Our company needs a capable person to hold this important position, ______ is suitable
A. Do you think who B. Who do you think
C. whom do you suppose D. Do you suppose who
B
B
19. Her brother takes little interest in surfing the Internet whenever he has too much homework to do, ________
A. doesn’t he B. does she
C. does he D. does he not
20. The way ________ my desk-mate showed me to solve the problem was simple.
A. / B. in which
C. by which D. with which
C
A
II. Vocabulary
21. My cousin looks rather upset. She must have a ________.
A. question B. problem
C. request D. demand
22. The ways of education have to be changed in order to _____ the need of fast changing situation.
A. meet B. assure C. suit D. fit
B
A
23. There is usually _______ traffic on Monday. Which of the following is not right to finish the sentence
A. a lot of B. heavy
C. busy D. crowded
24. These birds are pretty ________, and protected by law.
A. common B. rare C. scarce D. usual
D
B
25.I really hope the weather will be ________.
A. favorable B. favorite
C. changeable D. cleared up
26. To my _______,_______ none of the students failed in the English test.
A. relief...almost B. relief...nearly
C. joy...nearly D. disappointment...almost
A
A
27.________of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches, the most important
examinations in ancient times were spoken, rather than written ones.
A. Included B. Consisted
C. Made D. Made up
28. The brave passer-by showed his _______ courage at the time of critical moment when a girl was attacked by a robber.
A. respectable B. respectful
C. right D. moral
D
D
29. This is a composition _______ of that particular period in European history.
suitable B. classical
C. imaginable D. typical.
30. Do you happen to know the ________ of the novel by Earnest Hemingway” The “Old Man and the Sea”
A. setting B. place
C. surrounding D. environment
D
A
This kind of shoes is out of date.
She is always trying to find fault with her husband.
You may call the hospital in case of emergency.
The poor man lost his heart to the girl.
Don’t lose heart. Try again. You know failure is the mother of success.
free of charge
in fear of
out of date
in fashion
find fault with
in case of fire
in use
by chance
on account of
take hold of
by day
by night
day by day
year by year
in place of
make use of
from beginning to end
catch sight of
lose heart
lose one’s heart
in time
on time
by machine
by hand
in cash
on credit
do something out of habit
get into
fall into
grow out of
break away from
give up
do away with
lose
form
develop
the habit of doing something
The boy fell into the habit of watching a lot of TV.
Her daughter formed the habit of reading at an early age.
Do something
out of
from
by
habit
Some people smoke out of habit.
替代词的省略
We prefer green tea to black.
The old equipment works just as well as the new.
如不可数名词之前有形容词修饰, 下文常省略该名词，也不用替代词。只用形容词。
在形容词比较级, 最高级和某些限定词,如next/another; 序数词; 疑问代词,如which之后可以省略one;ones.
If you don’t like this picture, take another
Here are all the pictures. Which do you like best
The second story is much longer than the first.
If I miss the 9:15 train, I’ll catch the next
Of all the boys in the class, John is the tallest
one
one.
one
one
one
This is my house and that’s Peter’s. I don’t like to live long in a foreign country; I want to go back to my own.
one/ones 不能出现在名词属格或one’s own之后
His bicycle is better than that of mine. Their children are not as intelligent as that of mine. The airport in Beijing is not more advanced than those in New York. The big fish is eating the small one/ones.
替代词的单数that/the one或复数those一般与上文所指代的词数上保持一致。但有时下文的替代词单复数形式可根据情况与上文不一致.
police
cattle
people
youth
The youth of our country are doing their best to study science and technology.
The police are looking for the murderer.
The cattle are grazing at the foot of the hill.
这些名词不用a ; 词尾不加s. 做主语时谓语必须用复数形式.
但是people表示民族时, 为可数名词, 可用a/或s
youth表示青年男子时,为可数名词
The Chinese people is a hard working people.
比较 The Chinese are a hard-working people.
There are many peoples in Africa who speak French.
A few youths are dancing in the corner of the park.
audience
public
The public is the best judge.
The public are requested to write their names in this book.
There was a large audience in the great hall.
The audience were excited.
public, audience 一般没有复数形式, 但做主语时,谓语根据情况用单数或复数．强调抽象概念时，谓语用单数，强调所有成员时，谓语用复数．
Exception: He traveled around the country, talking to audiences.
class
family
crowd
committee
party
group,
team
union,
government
enemy
The team, which is famous for its long history was formed many years ago.
The popular football team are all famous footballers. (all the members)
Class four are going to have an outing.
Class four has only 15 students.
The committee consists of 13 lawyers
The committee are discussing some important problems.
这些为可数名词, 其单数形式做主语时, 谓语根据情况用单数或复数强调所有成员动词用复数形式 主语可用all the members of + 主语替代
找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：
1. If we will have a meeting hasn't been decided yet.
2. It depends on if the weather is suitable for us to do it.
3. The question is if he himself will be present at the
meeting.
4. He asked me if or not I could go with him.
Whether we will have a meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
It depends on whether the weather is …...
The question is whether he himself will be present …...
He asked me whether I could go with him or not.
名词性从句if与whether.规律: 5种情况只能用whether ：
（1）位于句子开头；或句末的主从 （2）前面有介词；
（3）引导表语从句;（4）与or not连用; (5)同位语从句
不及物动词作谓语时,不用被动态；作状语等非谓语时,不用过去分词;表示时间;原因等时用现在分词
_______ very good, the fruit imported from Cuba was sold out immediately.
Tasting B. tasted
C. being tasted D. to be tasted
常见的不及物动词 happen; belong to; take place; taste; appear, consist of, break out
A
no longer
My friend no longer drinks in that bar.
实义动词之前
They are no longer staying with us.
助动词之后；
I see him no longer. 句尾.
He is no longer at school.系动词之后
not…any longer; not any more
no longer…; no more
not…any longer /not… any more 用于否定句 (置句末)
I do not see him any more/any longer.
He’s not at school any more/longer.
no more; no longer用于肯定句. No more 可置于句尾或句首;句首时,句子须倒装.
No more do I see him.
I see him no more.
I didn't mean to hurt you.
Your plan would mean spending hours.
To raise wages means increasing buying power.
If you miss the train, it will mean waiting for another two hours.
Somebody means
to do something
某人打算做某事(主观)
It
Something
To do something
means +动名词
意味着…(客观）
动名词作主语
的形式
Doing something
Having done something
Being done
Having been done
主动态
被动态
Respecting others is a proper thing one should do.
Being respected makes one feel happy.
主动
被动
特殊句型
George is too smart not to understand what the teacher thinks of him. = He is so smart that it is impossible for him not to know what the teacher thinks of him
too.. not to… 太…不可能不…
The man loved the girl too much not to marry her. He is quite aware that he can’t do without her.
could have done something
1). 表示过去们有可能发生，但是事实上没有发生，可用于表示埋怨或责怪 (知道结果）
I could have lent you the money. Why didn’t you ask me
We could have started a little earlier.
You could have warmed me of the danger.
2).表示对过去可能发生的事的推测 （不知道结果）
Could have done something/ couldn’t have done something
A: Where is Mary
B: I don’t know. She could have gone out with some friends.
He couldn’t have heard them because
of the noise from the river then.
对现在之前不可能发生的事的推测可用
can’t have done something/couldn’t have done something
She can’t have finished her work so soon.
She couldn’t have finished her work so soon.(更婉转)
没有can have done something
主句带有否定意义的代词和副词
Nobody seems to be interested in this game, does he
Nothing is more enjoyable than doing some reading in such hot weather, is it
Tim hardly goes swimming in summer, does he
My friend shows little interest in browsing the Internet, does he
主句带有否定意义的代词和副词.如：no one nobody, nothing,nowhere, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, never,seldom;或no+noun时，简短的问句用肯定形式。
主句带有否定意义的动词和形容词
Joyce disbelieves her boss,
Mary dislikes eating pizza,
比较Mary likes eating pizza,
This is something unimportant,
The job is unfit for a woman,
doesn’t she
doesn’t she
doesn’t she
isn’t it
isn’t it
如陈述句中带有否定意义的动词如dislike, disbelieve, dissatisfy或形容词impossible, unfit, unnecessary, unimportant, uncomfortable，unbelievable,illegal时, 简短的问句用否定形式.
meet the situation /requirements/
needs/expenses
To meet the needs of the war, a call for troops was issued.
In order to meet his expenses, he had to do extra work at night.
满足…的需要
satisfy one's needs
fill the requirements
Favorable adj.
favorable winds. (helpful)顺风 有利的
a favorable impression 好印象
a favorable reply 表示赞同的回答
Favorite adj./n
She is a favorite friend of mine.
Surfing the Internet is my favorite.
1. 在具体的数词前,两者可以互换
1). It is nearly 5,000 years old.
2). Because he was Aristotle, the great thinker, no one questioned his idea for almost 2,000 years.
2. 在表示时间,程度, 进度时, almost比nearly语气更强一些, 等于very nearly.
A bridge that is almost completed 比a bridge that is nearly completed更接近于完成.
Almost 和nearly的用法
3. almost可以放在否定词 no, none, never 和nothing 之前,而nearly不能.
Almost no one has been to the church.
It is almost nothing surprising.
4. almost 能放在more than和too之前,而nearly不能.
This is almost more than we supposed.
What he said was almost too much.
5. nearly可以被not修饰,而almost不能
He is not nearly 16 yet. 不用almost
Nearly all the professors didn’t arrive on time.
Exercises:
Choose the correct answer: A. almost B. nearly C. A and B
1. There is ______ none left.
2. The leader said ______ nothing worth hearing.
3. The milk in the bottle was ______ too little.
4. The situation is ______ more than everybody expected.
5. He is not _______ ready.
6. The old women are ______ blind.
Moral adj 道德上的；有道德的
A man with moral principles 道德原则
moral standards are declining. 道德标准在降低.
a moral lesson 道德教训
Typical adj 典型的；有代表性的
The typical family may remain childless and consist only of a man and a woman.
（常与of连用）特有的，具有…特征的
a style of art typical of that period of time
setting n
安装；调节；
The cooker has several temperature settings.
（小说等的）背景
The setting of the story is a hotel in London.
The setting of the sun 太阳的落山
